2013 APEC - psma.com | Power Sources Manufacturers Association

advertisement

APEC 2013

Power and Energy Management at Remote Cell Sites

Dave Wilson – Emerson dave.wilson@emerson.com

Why the Energy Distinction?

 We pay for energy used, maybe peak power, but it is energy we consume!

 So the industry forward path is to conserve energy and enable

“multiple energy sources”.

AC Power Consumed from the Utility - Statistical Summary - Sep 2010

6.50

6.00

5.50

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

Average

Median

Min

Max

Solar Off

 Remote applies to: On-Grid, Bad-Grid and Off-Grid

2

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Utility Rates and Consumption

.

Year Factor 2009 2010 2011 Delta

Terabyte throughput million 67.87 78.65 88.59 12.64%

Electricity (kWhr) billion 10.27 10.24 10.00 -2.34% kWhr / Terabyte million 151.7 130.3 112.8 -13.4%

Verizon 2011 Sustainability Report

@0.10 USD / KWhr , we estimate Verizon’s Annual Utility Bill at 1B USD

Much of the technology sector has relied upon Moore’s Law, 30% annual reductions, but Energy Costs will not follow Moore’s Law.

So is a shift of emphasis coming? The need to manage energy costs.

3

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

1

st

Response - Efficiency

Migration to High Efficiency Power

1.00

0.98

0.96

0.94

0.92

0.90

0.88

0.86

0.84

0.82

0.80

NetSure R3200 vs R3500e Efficiency

Rectifier

R3200

R3500e

0 20 60 80 100 40

% Load

Case: 2 2000A DAS Installation at a large theme park - 70% Load and a low utility rate of 0.07 USD/ kWhr.

NetSure R3200 at 0.9168 efficiency – 98878.48 USD per year.

NetSure R3500e at 0.9655 efficiency – 93361.31 USD per year.

Annual Savings – 5571.11 USD per year

Ripple > Turn off idle power equipment (ECO Mode)

4

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

2

nd

Response – Reduce Losses

 Cooling

 Temperature hardened (& smaller) equipment – eliminate HVACs.

 Ripple: OEMS addressing heat loss and efficiencies.

 Mixed cooling solutions.

 The weak link is batteries and the industry is responding.

 Reduce Transmission Losses

 Wireless OEMs starting with LTE, but has worked its way back to

3G, to reduce power demands of equipment – moving transmission power closer (reduce losses) to the antenna, changes in backhaul and of recent energy adaptive monitor-adjust of services (versus always full on).

 Cautionary note, some implementations of DAS (a form of small cells) have relied on “line-powering”, an effective way to provide low power to remote locations, but losses are high.

5

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

.

On-Grid versus Bad-Grid

A look at India (2009)

 Average Daily Outage: 6.1 hours

 Power Quality: Poor

Though a grid provides a source of cheap power, it cannot be relied upon.

 Sites without power: 30%

Primary Source: Generators

Ripple: Shared Power Centers

Multiple Carriers sharing the same energy infrastructure – generators, rectifiers, batteries, et cetera.

6

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

And the trend?

… annual deployments of off-grid power supplies, using renewable or alternate energy sources, for remote mobile base states will grow from fewer than 13,000 worldwide in 2012 to more than 84,000 in 2020. In all, more than 390,000 such base stations will be deployed from 2012 through 2020.

Pike Research Report “Off-Grid Power for Mobile Base Stations”

.

7

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Cost of Diesel - Operation

 Cost of diesel (USD / liter)

 Turkey 2.03

 Germany 1.68

 Congo 1.27

 United States 0.84

 Kazakhstan 0.51

 Iran 0.02

 Venezuela 0.01

 Operating cost of generators is masked by national politics and revenue needs

8

 But what is a typical operating cost of a Diesel Generator?

 From 0.50 USD / kWhr in Urban Growth Regions to over 1.00 in Rural Regions.

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

3

rd

Response – Reduce Fuel

Changes roles – Batteries are the Primary Energy Source

.

Loads are typically

<2 KW in Growth Markets

>2 KW in North America

But traditional Generators are oversized

<20 KW in Growth Markets

>20 KW in North America

The generator’s function is to recharge the batteries.

9

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Management Changes

 All DC – Minimize conversions and inversion.

 Security station, tower lights, battery charger on generator, et cetera.

 Relook at how efficiency is measured. (Component vs System)

 Efficiency is effectively measured by the consumption of fuel at site!

 Operation Partial State of Charge .

 Balance: Battery Life vs Fuel Savings

Typical Battery Recharge

PSOC

10

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

4

th

Response - Renewables

One site – Two Off-Grid Solutions

Primary: Cyclic Battery

Supporting: Generator

Supplementary: Solar

Generators (2) (Fuel)

Bridging Battery

--------

11

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

BB Site Energy Review

Off-Grid Southern California

– February 2013

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

1-Feb

1st Generator Start:

20130002 00:38

8-Feb 15-Feb 22-Feb

February 2013

8th Generator Start:

20130304 05:30

1-Mar

Sky Summary

Heavy Rain-Snow

Light Rain-Snow

Heavy Cloud

Light Cloud

Clear

12

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

How real are the savings?

On-Grid, as a power unit, or Off-Grid, as a energy source, the application of multiple energy sources to reduce operating costs.

8760 3500 1110

BB Reference Site

Forecast Annual Generator Runtime (hrs)

13

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Management Changes

 Good Energy Management now starts with site planning

 Clearances, landscaping and shade management

 Use the solar array to shade and cool critical equipment

 Neighbourhood acceptance

 Ability and Willingness to Support Smart Grid “flexing”

 Some US Utilities today do ask and reward our carriers to disconnect from the grid, when the grid is under stress. More to come?

 Coordination of Resources.

 Managing a hierarchy of energy sources.

 Scheduling best-fit of resources.

 Active Monitoring and Reporting of Energy

 Versus getting a monthly bill for fuel and electricity used.

14

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Summary

 Drive for efficiency and reduction of losses will continue, but the savings well is not infinite.

 Remote Systems will continue to roll-out, but a higher mix of sites will be …

 Bad-Grid

 Off-Grid (also “Near-Grid”)

 Roll-out of renewable-alternate parts will grow.

 Moore’s Law does not apply to Energy Costs.

 Though most current procurement practices will hinder, we are seeing a transition >

 Manage the energy & be responsible for system operating cost.

15

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Dialogue

dave.wilson@emerson.com

16

Emerson Network Power, Energy Systems North America, Inc.; Proprietary and Confidential Information.

Download