Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
MODELING OF GRID CONNECTED DC LINKED
PV/HYDRO HYBRID SYSTEM
Sweeka Meshram1, Ganga Agnihotri2 and Sushma Gupta3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, (M.P.) – 462051 INDIA
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, (M.P.) – 462051 INDIA
3
Department of Electrical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, (M.P.) – 462051 INDIA
sweekam@gmail.com
ganga1949@gmail.com
sush_gupta@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with simulation modeling of grid connected DC linked PV/hydro hybrid system. A 10 kW
PV system and 7.5 kW Pico-hydro system is connected in parallel to form hybrid system and this hybrid
system is integrated with power grid. The PV/hydro hybrid system acts as a dominant system and primarily
they supply power to the community. As the PV or hydro system cannot supply power in rainy or summer
days, therefore the power grid is integrated to overcome the problem of PV or hydro system. The DC bus of
the PV system and Pico-hydro system is interlinked to reduce the cost and complexity of the system. The
proposed system is modeled so that in the normal days (when solar and hydro energy is available) the
PV/hydro hybrid system will feed power to load without power grid.
KEYWORDS
PV System, Pico-Hydro System, Hybrid System, Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG), Current
Controller
NOMENCLATURE
, = d and q axis component of the stator voltages of SEIGs in Volts.
, = d and q axis component of the rotor voltages of SEIGs in Volts.
, = d and q axis component of the stator currents of SEIGs in Amp.
i
, i = d and q axis component of the rotor currents of SEIGs in Amp.
, = Stator and Rotor resistance of the SEIGs respectively in Ω.
, = Stator and Rotor inductance of the SEIGs respectively in H.
= Mutual inductance of the SEIGs in H.
, = d and q axis component of the capacitor bank currents in Amp.
, = d and q axis component of capacitance of the capacitor bank in F.
= Current generated by PV array in Amp.
= Voltage generated by PV array in Volts.
= Photocurrent of the PV cell i.e. 5.96 Amp.
= Number of series connected PV modules.
= Number of parallel connected PV modules.
= Reverse saturation current of diode i.e. 0.0002 Amp.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
k = Boltzmann’s constant i.e. 1.38× 10 !J/0 K.
T = Cell Temperature (K).
" = Reference Temperature i.e. 25°C.
A = Ideality factor i.e. 2.42.
q = Charge of an electron i.e. 1.602× 10#$ C.
= Cell reverse saturation current at " in Amp.
= Cells short-circuit current at reference temperature and radiation in Amp.
%& = Energy Gap of semiconductor used in PV cell in volts.
' = Constant (0.004).
β = Constant (0.06).
S = Solar radiation in kW/m2.
() = Short circuit current temperature coefficient i.e. 0.00023A/K.
1. INTRODUCTION
The escalating rates of fossil fuels forced the researchers to envisage the renewable energy
system. The power generation from the fossil fuel may not be possible very long as they are
depleting and also they are disadvantageous because they cause the environment pollution.
Recently, the researchers are interested in the techniques for power generation with the renewable
energy sources such as solar, hydro, wind, tidal biomass etc. The power generation using the
renewable energy sources are advantageous because renewable energy sources are omnipresent,
free of cost and maintenance and have longer life.
The hybrid power plant is a complete electrical power supply system that can be easily configured
to meet a broad range of remote power needs. Solar-wind, hydro-wind, wind-diesel, solar
thermal-biomass etc. are the well known hybrid power generation system [1]-[7]. The energy
management is required to determine the optimum combination of energy systems. A software
tool is developed to design hybrid renewable energy system and to determine the optimum
combination of technologies for energy management of complex integrated system. This software
tool sets the priorities for energy production and energy storage for each system technology [8].
The hybridization of renewable energy system is possible, as per the availability of renewable
energy sources in the particular areas. The solar energy is omnipresent energy source. The energy
conversion from solar energy to electrical energy via PV array is the only solution for better as
well cleaner energy as it is naturally harnesses the sun energy. The only disadvantage of the solar
energy system is that it cannot generate the power in cloudy/rainy days and at night. The
performance of the solar system can be improved by integrating the other energy system such as
wind power generation system and diesel generator with energy storage [9]. The wind power
generation system is also intermittent and diesel generator is non renewable. Hence, with these
systems continuous power flow is not possible. Optimal results can also be obtained from PV
system by combining the hydro power plant [11]-[12]. The sizing of the micro-hydro and PV
based hybrid system has been done according to the seasonal variations of both solar and hydro
resources via the HOMER software. This gives the possibility to analyze the complementary
contribution of both parts of the system [13]. The feasibility study of hydro and PV based hybrid
system has been done by incorporating the diesel and biogas generator for rural electrification
[14]-[15]. Furthermore to improve the performance of PV system and to seek the continuous
power, study of hybrid diesel/solar/hydro/fuel cell and small Hydro/PV/Wind energy systems has
been done [16]-[17].
Possibility of realization of the sustainable energy supply by a hybrid PV-pump storage
hydroelectric (PSH) power plant has been theoretically studied and it is found that the this
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
technological concept of a hybrid PV-(PSH) power plant is feasible for continuous power
supply[18]. A method has been proposed to analyze the effects of different degree of
complementarities in time of the energy sources on the performance of hydro and PV plants [19].
A Grid-connected photovoltaic system as alternative source of electricity to supplement hydro
power has been examined instead of using diesel in Uganda [20].
The difficulty with connecting the two or more renewable energy systems in parallel or with the
grid is the control of those energy systems. In [24] two Degree of Freedom (DOF) controller and
in [25] Constant Current Controller (CCC) has been proposed to integrate the solar power
generator with the grid. Some PV/hydro based hybrid system has also been reported [26-29].
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro Hybrid system
In this paper, simulation modelling of the grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro hybrid system has
been done. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro
hybrid system. The DC bus of the PV and hydro system has been common linked to reduce the
cost and complexity of the hybrid system. The hybrid system acts as a dominant system and
power grid will be acts as a standby to compensate the deficit in the hybrid system. In rainy
days/night, the solar energy will be unavailable, hence the power requirement will fulfilled by
hydro system and power grid. In summer, the hydro power will be less, in that case the power
requirement will be fulfilled by the PV system and power grid. In other days, the power will be
fed by the PV/Hydro hybrid system. Thus, the power requirement throughout the year can be
satisfied by the proposed system. The proposed system is tested under the linear resistive, RL and
Induction Motor (IM) as a dynamic load.
2. HYDRO SYSTEM
Figure 2 depicts the schematic diagram of the hydro power plant. A 3-phase, ∆-connected
induction machine has been used for converting hydro power into electrical power. The induction
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
machine driven by constant speed prime mover is used and operated as a Self Excited Induction
Generator (SEIG). The reactive power requirement of the SEIG is met by the 3-ф excitation
capacitor bank connected across the stator terminals. The elementary difficulty with the SEIG is
its incapability to control the generated terminal voltage and frequency under varying load
condition. An external source of reactive current is required for terminal voltage regulation of the
SEIG with varying load and to utilize the machine to its rated capacity. The utility grid is
considered as a reactive current source for SEIG.
Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Hydro Power Plant
The dynamic model of the three phase Self Excited Induction Generator is developed using the
stationary d-q reference frame. The concerned equations are as follow:
*+ = *+*+ + *+ ∗ /*+ + 0*1+*+(1)
Hence, the current derivative can be expressed as,
/*+ = *+# 4*+ − *+*+ − 0*1+*+6(2)
Where,
*+ = *
*+ = *
*+ = 9:;*
L>? + L@
0
L==
L@
0
0
0
1==
0
0
L>? + L@
0
L@
0
0
−
0
+8
+8
+
L@
0
L> + L@
0
0
0
0
+ 0
0
A
0
L> + L@
0
0
A
− − 0
The three phase stator variable is transformed into the stationary reference frame using abc to dq
transformation.
B = *(+*CD +(3)
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Where,
GHI J
2
( = F IL J
3
1/2
GHI(J − ф)
IL(J − ф)
1/2
GHI(J + ф)
IL(J + ф) N
1/2
The reactive power source used for the excitation can be mathematically modelled by the state
equation using d-q components of the stator voltage ( and ) as the state variables:
9
= (4)
9R
9
=
(5)
9R
Where, and are the excitation capacitor values along with the q and d axes. To integrate the
DC link of the hydro and solar power plant, the generated AC voltage of the SEIG is converted
into the DC voltage via diode rectifier. The Converted DC voltage contains some ripple content,
which is reduced using the passive filter.
3. PV SYSTEM
Figure 3 depicts the schematic diagram of the solar power plant. The solar power plant consists of
PV panel, boost converter and MPPT controller. The PV panel is the series and parallel
combination of the PV modules. A high valued capacitor CB is connected across the PV panel
terminal to reduce the harmonics, which is generated due to variation in temperature and solar
irradiation.
Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of Solar Power Plant
The Mathematical modelling of the PV array can be given as:
= − UVW/ XY8Z ∗
[\]
^_
` − 1a
(6)
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
The diode reverse saturation current Ic varies with the temperature according to the following
equation,
8 !
= U8 a VW/ X YZf U8 − 8a`
e
d
#
d
#
(7)
The energy gap of the semiconductor used in the PV cell dependent on the temperature is given
as:
%& = %& (0) − 8ij
g8 h
(8)
The photo current depends on the solar radiation and cell temperature as follows,
= * + k) (" − " )+ #BB
(9)
The PV power can be calculated using the following expression,
l = = UX
YZ8
∗
[
`−
^_
1a
(10)
The effects of solar irradiation and temperature have been considered while designing the PV
panel. The variation in solar irradiation causes changes in output power and the temperature
affects the terminal voltage.
The generated DC voltage of the PV panel is very low for the application. Hence, the generated
DC voltage level is increased using the DC-DC boost converter. The boost converter simply
controls the output voltage of the PV panel (VPV) to a constant dc link voltage (VDC). The
converter also performs the MPPT function for acquiring high energy conversion efficiency. The
MPPT controller uses the Incremental conductance with Integral Regulator MPPT technique by
considering the PV panel voltage and current.
The modeling of the DC-DC converter depends on the various sequences of operation by
controlling the duty ratio D. There are two sequence of operation of converter depending on the
state of the IGBT switch (SB).
When the switch is in ON state,
= m
0 = n
When the Switch is in OFF State,
= n
9
(14)
9R
9n
+ n (15)
9R
9n
+ n (16)
9R
By considering that D = 1, when switch is in ON state and D = 0, when switch is in OF state, the
converter can be represented by the single system of equation,
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
9
+ n (1 − p)(17)
9R
9n
(1 − p) = n
+ n (18)
9R
[ = m
9
n = −(1 − p)
+
(19)
9R
m
m
n
9n
= (1 − p)
−
(20)
9R
n n
From eq. (17) and eq. (18)
The PV array can be controlled for obtaining the maximum power point by the regular correction
in duty ratio (D), which is obtained by the MPPT controller. The MPPT controller also controls
the D, for maintaining the regular voltage using the reference voltage and generates the control
signal for the converter switch SB.
4. GRID INTERFACING INVERTER
To reduce the overall cost of the system the DC link of both hydro and solar power plant is
integrated. To feed the AC load or to inject the real power to the utility grid the DC-AC power
conversion is carried out using the grid interfacing bridge inverter. Figure 4 shows the simplified
circuit of the grid interfacing inverter.
The phase voltages of the VSI denoted as Vha(t), Vhb(t), and Vhc(t). The phase potentials of the
utility grid denoted Vga(t), Vgb(t), and Vgc(t). The currents flowing through the VSI denoted as
Iha(t), Ihb(t), and Ihc(t), while the DC-link current and voltage of the solar system are denoted as
Idc(t), and Vdc(t) respectively.
The AC side of the solar side inverter is modelled using the differential equation,
t
9CD (R)
+ CD (R) = CD (R) − CD (R)(21)
9R
Using the vector notation, the eq. (21) can be rewritten in the αβ stationary frame as,
t
9gj (R)
+ gj (R) = gj (R) − ugj (R)(22)
9R
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Figure 4. Simplified circuit of grid interfacing inverter
Eq. (22) can be rewritten in rotating reference frame, which is synchronized with hydro power
plant voltage,
t
9 (R)
+ ( + v0 ) (R) = (R) − u (R)(23)
9R
The eq. (23) can be expressed in the state space form,
Where,
9w
= x. w − z. {(24)
9R
w = *
+8
−|
t
0u
{ = *
x=F
1|
t
z=F
0
−0u
0
1|
t
u
u +8
−|
t
− 1|
0
N
t
The DC side of the solar side inverter can be modelled as,
0
− 1|
t
N
9 (R)
= (R) − (R)(25)
9R
5. CONTROLLER FOR INTERFACING INVERTER
The controller for interfacing the different types of DGs or interfacing the DGs to the grid is an
essential part of the distribution system as they can take care of the large transient current during
the connection/disconnection of the DGs/grid. In this paper, two DG Systems (i.e. one is Solar
System and another is Hydro System) are connected in parallel to form a Hybrid System and the
hybrid system is integrated to the utility grid. The DC link of both the renewable energy system is
coupled to avoid cost and complexity of the system. An interfacing inverter is used to convert the
DC link voltage into AC for feeding the AC load or to inject the real power into the grid. The
control of interfacing inverter should be such that the output voltage must fulfil all the desirable
condition for integrating the utility grid.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Figure 5. Current Controller for Solar side Inverter
Figure 5(a) depicts the block diagram of current controller adopted for controlling the interfacing
inverter. The grid current is sensed and transformed from abc to dq frame by using Clarke and
park transformation (26). The sin(θ~ ) and cos(θ~ ) signals for transformation are obtained from
grid.
uC
u
 € = k(J ) F uD N(26)
u
u
Where,
K(Ju ) = M.F(Ju )
and
GHIJu
F(Ju ) = 
−ILJu
1
ILJu
€; ‚ = F
GHIJu
0
−
#
√!
−
−
#
√!
N
Ju = 0u t and 0u is the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage.
Figure 5(b) depicts the basic control blocks for Voltage Regulator. The Voltage Regulator
minimizes the error occurred due to variation in the DC link voltage with respect to change in the
solar irradiation using the PI controller. Voltage Regulator generates DC d-axis component (IDC_d)
for processing in the Current Regulator. Figure 5(c) depicts the basic control blocks for Current
Regulator. The DC d-axis component IDC_d is drawn from Voltage Regulator and compared with
the d-axis component of grid current (Igd). The compared signal is processed through the PI
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
controller for minimizing the error. Similar process is adopted for the q-axis component. The DC
q-axis component is considered as zero. The outputs of the PI controllers are processed through
the saturation block, so that the errors cannot exceed the upper or lower limits. The Idq_ref ,
generated by the Current Regulator is converted into the three phase by the Reference Current
Generator. The reference current acts as a control signal for the PWM generator. The generated
switching pulses are able to control the inverter output voltage according to the grid voltage.
6. MATLAB SIMULINK MODEL
Figure 6 depicts the MATLAB simulink model for the grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro
hybrid system.
Figure 6. MATLAB model of Grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro Hybrid System
The subsystem of PV system consists of PV array and DC-DC Boost converter. The PV array
configured by 8 parallel connected PV string and each string consists of 5 series connected PV
module. The Pico hydro subsystem model configured by 7.5 kW hydro system and a diode
rectifier. A large valued capacitor is connected at the output terminal of the PV and hydro system
as a battery. The DC bus voltage is converted into the AC via 3-ф Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
and harmonics injected by the inverter is removed by the LC filter. The 132 kV, 2500 MVA
power grid is connected to the hybrid system and linear R, RL and IM load are fed by the
proposed system.
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A 7.5 kW, 415 V, 50 Hz induction machine is used as a Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG).
At no load, requirement of reactive power to the SEIG is provided through the 5 kVAr balanced
capacitor bank, which is connected across the stator terminals of the SEIG. Figure 7(a) and figure
7(b) shows the generated AC voltage and current of the SEIG. Under varying loading condition,
the reactive power requirement is fulfilled by the power grid. Figure 7(c) shows the generated
power of the SEIG. To integrate the DC link of both the hydro and solar power plant, the
generated AC voltage of the SEIG is converted into DC voltage via diode rectifier.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Vs
500
0
-500
0
0.5
1
1.5
(a)
2
2.5
3
20
Is
0
Ph1
-20
0
0.5
1
1.5
(b)
2
2.5
3
0
0.5
1
1.5
(c)
2
2.5
3
5
0
Figure 7. Output Voltage, Current and Power of the SEIG
Ir (W/m2)
10
5
0
Vpv
1000
500
0
Ppv
The PV array is generating 10 kW at 1 kW/m2. The PV array consists of 8 parallel connected
strings and each string consists of 5 series connected PV modules. A PV module is series and
parallel combination of 196 PV cells. Figure 8(a) and figure 8(b) shows the variation in the solar
irradiance and power generation at the variable solar irradiance. Figure 8(c) shows the generated
voltage at variable solar irradiance.
0
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
(a)
2
2.5
3
1.5
(b)
2
2.5
3
2.5
3
200
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (in sec.)
(c)
2
Figure 8. Generated DC voltage of the PV array
The PV array generates 321 V at 1 kW/m2, which is very low for integrating the DC link of the
power plants. Hence, DC-DC boost converter is used for enhancing the voltage level up to 500 V.
The DC link voltage of both the power plant is coupled to form DC bus with 500 V DC voltage.
Figure 9 shows the generation of power by the hydro and solar based hybrid power plant with the
variation in solar irradiation.
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Phybrid
20
10
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time (in sec.)
2
2.5
3
Figure 9. Generated Power with the PV/Hydro hybrid system
To integrate grid with the Hybrid Energy system, the DC voltage is converted into pure sinusoidal
AC voltage. Figure 10(a) shows the interfacing inverter output voltage before filtering. The
harmonics generated by the inverter is reduced through the passive filter with Lf = 250 µH and Cf
= 470 µF. Figure 10(b) shows the interfacing inverter output voltage after filtering. For clear
vision one phase with the time range 0.8 second to 1.2 second is shown.
Vh_inv
500
Vh_invf
0
-500
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
400
200
0
-200
-400
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
(a)
1
Time (in sec.)
(b)
1.05
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.2
Figure 10. Interfacing Inverter Output Voltage before and after filtering
To connect the hybrid power plants in parallel with the 132 kV, 2500 MVA utility grid the
voltage level must be same. Hence, step up transformer increasing the voltage level of the
interfacing inverter from 260 V to 415 kV and a step down transformer decreasing the voltage
level of the grid voltage from 132 kV to 415 kV. The distance from the hybrid power plants to the
utility grid is 20 km.
IL_R
10
0
-10
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
(a)
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
IL_RL
5
0
-5
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
(b)
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
Is_IM
10
0
-10
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
(c)
0.8
1
1.2
24
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Electrical and Electronics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
1500
1000
500
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (in sec.)
(d)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Figure 11. Current through the linear R/RL/IM load
Figure 11(a) and figure 11(b) shows the waveform of load current for the resistive load of about 5
kW and RL load of about 2.5 kW with 0.8 lagging power factor. For clear vision one phase with
the time range from 0.8 sec. to 1.2 sec. is shown. Figure 12(c) and figure 12(d) shows the stator
current and speed of 3.7 kW, 415 V, 1500 rpm, 50 Hz IM load respectively.
8. CONCLUSION
The simulation modelling and performance analysis of the grid connected DC linked PV/Hydro
Hybrid System has been done using the MATLAB simulink toolbox. The proposed system has
been analysed to be implement in the rural areas. The proposed system is having less cost and
complexity as compared to the AC linked hybrid system. The power grid works to compensate
the difficulty found in the PV/Hydro hybrid system. It will anticipate the weather uncertainty and
fulfill the need during the peak load. The linear resistive, RL and induction motor loads are fed by
the proposed system. The results are demonstrating that the proposed system can supply electric
power to the community efficiently.
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26
Electrical and Electronics
ics Engineering: An International Journal (ELELIJ) Vol 2, No 3, August 2013
Authors
Sweeka Meshram was born in Jabalpur, India, in 17 July 1984. She received the
B.E. (Electrical) degree from Ujjain Engg. College, Ujjain, India in 2006 and M.E.
(Power Electronics) from S.G.S.I.T.S. Indore, India in 2008. She is currently a
Research Scholar in the Department of Electrical
Elec
Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal,
#
India.She has 2 year teaching experience in TIETECH, Jabalpur (MP) INDIA. She
has 3 research papers in International Journal, 3 papers in International Conference
and 3 papers in national conference. Her main research interests are power
electronics, self excited induction generator and PV systems.
Ganga Agnihotri was born in Sagar, India, in 27 May 1949. She received the B.E.
(Electrical) degree from MACT, Bhopal, India. She received the M.E. (Advance
Electrical Machine)
ine) and PhD (Power System Planning Operation and Control) from
University Of Roorkee, Roorkee in 1974 and 1989 respectively.She
respectively.
has research
papers
in
IEEE/IEE
journals/Proceedings
and
research
papers
in
International/National Conferences. The fields of interest
i
are Power System Planning,
Power Transmission Pricing, Power System Analysis and Deregulation.
Dr. Agnihotri has a membership of Fellow IE(I), LISTE and IEEE.
Sushma Gupta was born in Lalitpur (U.P.) on 8th May 1971. She received B. E.
Degree in Electronics and Instrumentation from S. A. T. I. Vidisha, Barkatullah
University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India in 1993. She received M. E. Degree in
Power Electronics from S. A. T. I. Vidisha, Barkatullah University,
University Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India in 1999 and Ph. D. Degree in Electrical Engineering from I. I. T. Delhi
in 2005, India.She has twelve research papers in IEEE/IEE journals/Proceedings and
fourteen research papers in International/National Conferences. The fields
f
of interest
are Power Electronics, Microprocessor and Renewable Energy Sources.
Dr. Gupta has a life membership of ISTE and IEEE.
27