MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
SUSTAINABLE
STREET LIGHTS
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
OUR APPROACH
WRAP OUR HEADS AROUND THE ISSUES
MURFF, KUNTZ, W
WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE
TAINABLE CITIES INITIA
T
ATIVE: SALEM
STREET
T LIGHTS
LEDs
LED specifications show benefits of lower energy use, lower
maintenance need and lower carbon emissions.
-LEDs don’t use a filament that could
burn out which lengthens bulb life.
Biggest concern: Thermal Management
-essential for long usable life
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Solar
-When solar is paired with LED it creates a zero carbon
emission street light
-Can be easily installed in new locations because there
is no trenching or wiring to be done.
-Can store enough power for 2 to 5 days of cloud cover
while being on 8-10 hours a day
-Can be used with 240-1000 Leds, High Power LED,
Fluorescent or Low Pressure Sodium
-In conjunction with LED’s can last up to 11 years
http://www.oksolar.com/lighting/
http://www.solar-street-lighting.com/
http://www.salem-news.com/articles/march042008/earth_talk_03-04-08.php
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Case Study: Ann Arbor, Michigan
2005 - Starts testing cobra-head LED’s; technology deemed unready for street lights.
- Later the city launches pilot project to change all globe lights
with LED’s - projected savings is $963 per light over 10
years
2007 - First city to pledge to change all downtown streetlights to
LEDs. Plans to install 1,000 lights.
-Project estimated to cost $630,000 but once complete was
estimated to save $100,000 a year in energy costs .
2010 - Still testing cobra-head lights while receiving input form the
community, most of which is positive.
http://blog.mlive.com/annarbornews/2007/10/ann_arbor_to_install_led_stree.html
http://www.annarbor.com/news/more-led-streetlight-changeovers-in-ann-arbor-this-year/
http://www.gabreport.com/2010/03/city-of-ann-arbor-pilots-led-street-lights-and-reduces-costs
MURFF, KUNTZ, W
WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE
TAINABLE CITIES INITIA
T
ATIVE: SALEM
STREET
T LIGHTS
Case Study: Masdar, United Arab Emirates
First zero-carbon footprint city
Using solar-powered LED streetlights from SolarOne Solutions the
streetlights can remain lit even after multiple cloudy days and even
sandstorms.
“Because there is no need to connect to an electrical grid or dig
trenches for underground cabling, solar powered LED streetlights
can be operational soon after delivery. ”
http://solarpanelspower.net/solar-power/solarone-zero-carbon-streetlights
http://www.solarone.net/products/essentials.cfm
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Primary Research: Site Analysis
-There is no consistency when it come to the street lighting in Salem
-Not very aesthetically pleasing
-The costs of replacing so many different styles would appear to be more
then if there was just one or two
- There are plenty of lights in the downtown area
-residential areas could use some more lighting
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Survey:
Aware of light Pollution
Lights bright enough
Not enough in Residential
Unaware of cost
Aesthetics
Hard to contact maitnence
Like luminosity of LED
Want better coverage
Want LED’s
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
HELIX S594 ANNUAL
PRODUCTION CURVES
ANNUAL POWER OUTPUT (kWhr) .
16000
14000
12000
10000
k=1.5
k=2.0
k=2.5
k=3.0
k=3.5
k=4.0
Constant
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED (m/s)
* Cut-in Speed - 5 m/s (11.1 MPH)
» The lowest wind speed at which the turbine begins producing usable power.
* Optimal Annual Wind Speed - An average of 7 m/s (15.6 MPH) or greater
SALEM AIRPORT: 1996-2006 average windspeed 6.5 mph = 2.9 m/s
MURFF, KUNTZ, W
WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE
TAINABLE CITIES INITIA
T
ATIVE: SALEM
STREET
T LIGHTS
Solar
Solar Insolation
Annual Average
Saint
Helens
Pendleton
Hood
Portland
River
Beaverton
Tigard
Tillamook
Gresham
Lake
City of the
Dalles
Enterprise
Moro
Heppner
Oswego
Salem
McMinnville
La
Grande
Condon
3.5–4.0
4.1–4.5
4.6–5.0
5.1–5.5
5.6–6.0
6.1–6.5
6.6–7.0
Fossil
Dallas
Newport
kWh/m2/day
Baker
Albany
City
Corvallis
Madras
Sweet
Home
Canyon
City
Prineville
Eugene
Bend
Springfield
Vale
Burns
Coos
Bay
County
Interstate
Coquille
Roseburg
Gold
Beach
Grants
Pass
Medford
Ashland
Falls
Klamath
Lakeview
Data source: National
Renewable Energy
Laboratory 2002
0
20
40
miles
Oregon’s Electricity Generation Potential:
Salem’s potential solar energy is roughly:
68 million MWh/yr.
800,000 kWh/yr.
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Maintenance: has been a common theme throughout
our research process.
Guest Speakers:
BCG Tech: focuses on developing LED technology.
Lightbeam: focuses on building and designing custom
LED lighting solutions that help our clients with their
specific needs and applications.
City of Salem tour:
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Extension Cable Lights
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Adjustable Solar Panel
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Simple Adjustable Elegant
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Taking A New Form
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
THANK YOU!
http://blog.mlive.com/annarbornews/2007/10/ann_arbor_to_install_led_stree.html
Wednesday, October 17, 2007, 8:00 AM
Once completed, project officials estimate converting all its downtown lights will save the city $100,000 a year in energy costs and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of taking 400 cars off the road for a year.
Mayor John Hieftje on Tuesday proclaimed Ann Arbor to be the first city in the country to pledge to fit all its downtown street lights with the more
efficient LED light bulbs.
Then with the CTN cameras rolling at a afternoon press conference, Hieftje turned to Mike Bergren, the city's assistant field operations manager,
and asked, "First in the world, maybe?"
Bergren shrugged. "Possible."
As part of its goal to be a national leader in energy efficiency, the city announced that it will replace all 1,046 of its 120-watt incandescent street
lights downtown with the 56-watt light-emitting diode. Hieftje estimated that would take two years.
It will cost $630,000 to do the installations, which is being paid for by the Downtown Development Authority. Eventually, Hieftje said the entire
city will have LED lights.
Once completed, project officials estimate converting all its downtown lights will save the city $100,000 a year in energy costs and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of taking 400 cars off the road for a year. The LED lights also provide better light quality for improved
visibility and safety, according to LED City, an
organization of government and industry parties that is promoting their use.
Raleigh, N.C., and Toronto are two other cities that have installed LED lights in their downtown, according to Greg Merritt, a spokesman for
CREE, the company that manufacturers semi conductors in LEDs. They just haven't committed to doing the entire downtown like Ann Arbor has,
Merritt said.
Ann Arbor recently completed converting all of its traffic signal lights to LEDs.
Like those traffic lights, a big savings with the street lights will be with maintenance, Bergren said.
The older street lights have a two-year life after which they all had to be replaced. The LEDs have a seven-year warranty and are expected to last as
long as 10 years.
The LEDs also don't contain mercury, something that is in the city's common street lights, Bergren said.
http://www.annarbor.com/news/more-led-streetlight-changeovers-in-ann-arbor-this-year/
Jan 15, 2010 at 6:00 AM
The City of Ann Arbor is converting more city streetlights to light-emitting diodes, or LEDs, in the next year after seeing at least $10,000 in
energy savings in 2009 from using the lights.
City Energy Programs Manager Andrew Brix said he estimates the city saved an additional $40,000 in maintenance costs last year from having
LED lights instead of incandescent street lights.
In all, the city owns about 2,000 streetlights and has about 800 additional streetlights it expects to switch over by the end of 2011. The changeover
is being funded by a $1.2 million Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant.
There are about 7,000 streetlights throughout the city, including about 5,000 lights owned by DTE Energy, with energy costs paid by the city. The
city energy office is evaluating whether it would save money in energy costs by purchasing those lights and installing the LED street lights.
In 2009, the energy office said it was able to save the city $153,000 in energy costs from streetlight and traffic light energy savings, as well as
savings in natural gas costs from locking in prices earlier in the year.
http://www.gabreport.com/gabreport/2010/03/city-of-ann-arbor-pilots-led-street-lights-and-reduces-costs.html
March 17, 2010
LED (light emitting diode) is a solid-state semiconductor device that converts electrical energy directly into light. Its development started in the
1960s and has been typically utilized as indicator lights in numerous electronic products, signage and flash light applications. Just in the last few
years as its technology advanced, LEDs are now used in real lighting such as traffic lights and brake lights/tail lights (take a look at those dotted
brake lights in many of the new car models). Unlike conventional light bulbs, LED lamps use less energy and are more efficient, safe, and durable.
So far, LEDs still cost more upfront (just think about how much you pay for a LED flash light vs. a flash light with a standard light bulb).
However, the energy savings in the long term can result in tremendous savings; not even mentioned is the reduction in CO2 emissions.
Furthermore, with their directional light beams, LEDs used for outdoor lighting can reduce light pollution since we can direct more light to the
streets rather than towards the sky!
Ann Arbor, Michigan has been piloting LED street lights for several years now. The first pilot project replaced all the “globe” street light bulbs in
the downtown area. It is indeed a successful project. Per the City, the initial installation will save the City over $100,000 per year in energy costs
and reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 267 tons of CO2. Below is the detailed cost comparison by the City of Ann Arbor.
LED “Globe” Light Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Existing Light Bulbs Over 10-Year Span Number Unit Cost Total Cost
Bulb replacements (2 year life)
5
$37
$186
Bulb labor & equipment
5
$211
$1,056
Ballast (10 year life)
1
$59
$59
Igniter (10 year life)
1
$35
$35
Energy cost (4,380 kWh)
-
-
$325
Total Cost
$1,661
LED Bulbs Over 10-Year Span Number Unit Cost Total Cost
Bulb replacements (10 year life) 1
$460
$460
Bulb labor & equipment
1
$56
$56
Energy cost (2,100 kWh)
-
-
$182
Total Cost
$698
10-year bulb, assembly, and maintenance savings: $820
10-year energy savings: $143
Total savings: $963
* Per the City of Ann Arbor: “Each LED replacement bulb saves $962 in energy and maintenance costs over its ten-year lifetime. At this savings
rate, the new bulb pays for itself in 4.4 years ($423 / $96).” [This is how the 4.4 years is calculated: Bulb cost/ yearly saving = ($460-$37) /
($962/10 yr) = 4.39 year]
The biggest saving is the maintenance cost. Getting a crew on a lift to replace street light bulbs and parts is not cheap. Reduced maintenance cost is
sufficient to make LED fixtures cheaper on a life-cycle basis than do conventional fixtures.
In addition to the “globe” street light project, the City of Ann Arbor also plans to replace the conventional “cobra-head” type of street lights.
Evaluation of LED cobra-head street lights started in 2005. The City installed the first LED cobra-head street light sample in the City Hall parking
lot and the finding was that the “the new technology was not ready at that time.” However, as the technology improved on light output and color
rendition in the past few years, the possibility of installing reliable LED cobra-head street lights was becoming more of a real option. Thus, the City
started the second test trial by inviting several more LED manufacturers to provide more LED cobra-head street lights for evaluation while the City
installed the lights at its own expense.
Wattages in this new group of LED cobra-head test lights varied from 50 to 80 watts as compared to the existing 250-watt fixtures. The City has
been conducting its own evaluations which include a four-part assessment: light output; heat management (very critical to the lifetime of fixture);
energy consumption; and general public input. The test is still on-going now.
I have visited the various lighting test locations several times and my personal experience with the test lights is very positive. The low-wattage
LED lights are so bright (except for one sample) that I could not tell the differences between the LED lights and the conventional street lights other
than the appearance since these lights look so unique. So far, the following manufacturers are involved with trial testing: Holophane, IntenCity,
Leotek, Lumecon, Millenia Technologies, and RUUD from Canada. The City Program Manager has told me that even the most economic brand is
still above $500/ea and it is way more than the cost of conventional lights.
The LED light colors are all like blue/white except for one that is like blue/purple. From the durability point of view, I have noticed only one “dot”
(chip) that was not lit in one of the test lights, but there was no real affect on the luminance output perceived by my eyes. The public comments so
far are overwhelmingly good but some people did complain that the lights are kind of “harsh” and few neighbors complained that they lost free
“night lights” because the LED light provides a direct light beam rather than a spreaded light beam. My take on this is that it is uncomfortable only
if you stare at these LED lights directly. It may affect driving only at certain angles but it is no different than that of the conventional street lights.
One problem that I did notice is at Nixon Road, a newly re-designed/repaved street where a couple of new LED cobra-head street lights were
installed in a row and designed to light the 2-way road/sidewalk. In my first test drive on this street, I felt like I was passing through a bunch of
“light columns.” The LED light points are very direct and they produce minimum glare when compared to those of conventional HID lights. Since
the speed limit is 35 mi/hr, I cannot say how the effects would it be if I drove faster. Even though it feels different, I have to say that the street was
brighter than it was before. Maybe the new lighting layout or light pole height are different, but I have no doubt that the LED cobra-head street
light can be used as a replacement for the HID lights. The LED technology definitely still has room to grow in uniform luminance distribution, but
the energy saving, low maintenance, and environmental friendly advantages will make LED street lights the preferable option in the near future.
O R E G O N
Oregon Renewable Energy Resources
Existing Generation Mix
Oregon ranks third in the region for installed
Renewable Energy
Installed Renewable Capacity1
capacity of renewable energy, behind California
1% Renewables
7% Coal
12% Gas
80% Hydro
Data source: Energy Information Administration 1999
and Washington. However, renewables account
Resource
Type
Installed
Capacity
for less than 1% of the state’s total energy mix.
Wind
Renewable energy development has picked up in
Solar (PV)
recent years with the construction of four commer-
Solar (Thermal)
cial wind farms and the expansion of biomass
Geothermal
energy production.
Biomass
145 MW
Total
303 MW
157.52 MW
0.05 MW
0 MW
0 MW
Source: REPIS database, plus known installations
1
Renewable Energy Policies
Solar Ashland
SBC
System Benefits Charge
$8.7 million raised annually for
renewables
NM
Net Metering
Maximum capacity – 25 kW
GP
Green Power Programs
$T
Personal/Corporate Tax Incentives
theater productions but also have the
$P
Property Tax Exemption
chance to view the newest addition
$
The City of Ashland is home to the
famous Oregon Shakespeare Festival,
which attracts over 110,000 people
each year. Visitors not only enjoy
to the Solar Ashland program: a 5 kW
Rebate, Grant or Loan Program
Data source: Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy
(www.dsireusa.org)
solar PV array. Solar Ashland is a solar
demonstration program funded by the
Ashland’s Real-Time Solar Display
Bonneville Environmental Foundation. The first phase of
this project generates 30 kW of electricity at highly visible
Source: Applied Power Corporation
Annual Electricity
Consumption (1999)
locations, including the Shakespeare Festival, police station,
City Council chambers, and Southern Oregon University.
The city’s Web site hosts a real-time solar index (see image
at left), where residents can keep track not only of the
48 million MWh
electricity generated by the solar arrays but also how much
air pollution the systems have prevented.
w w w. E n e r g y A t l a s . o r g
55
O R E G O N
Wind
Wind Power at 50 Meters
Oregon electricity consumers served by Portland
Wind Power Density
General Electric, Eugene Water and Electric Board,
Class
W/m2
and Pacific Power have the option to buy blocks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0–200
200–300
300–400
400–500
500–600
600–800
> 800
of wind-generated electricity through utility green
pricing programs. Revenue from these programs
funds new “home-grown” green power projects
throughout the state of Oregon. Oregon has over
Poor
Marginal
Fair
Good
Excellent
Outstanding
Superb
1 million acres of windy land, including the region
Data Withheld
bordering Washington.
County
Interstate
Transmission Line
Substation
Electricity Generation Potential: 70 million MWh/yr.
Data source: TrueWind/NWSEED 2002; POWERmap,
powermap.platts.com ©2002 Platts, A Division of The
McGraw-Hill Companies
Astoria
0
20
40
miles
Saint
Helens
Gresham
Beaverton
Tigard
Tillamook
Pendleton
Hood
River
Portland
City of the
Dalles
Lake
Oswego
Moro
McMinnville
La
Grande
Condon
Salem
Fossil
Dallas
Newport
Enterprise
Heppner
Baker
City
Albany
Corvallis
Madras
Sweet
Home
Canyon
City
Prineville
Eugene
Bend
Springfield
Vale
Burns
Coos
Bay
Coquille
Roseburg
Gold
Beach
Grants
Pass
Medford
Ashland
56
Klamath
Falls
w w w. E n e r g y A t l a s . o r g
Lakeview
O R E G O N
Geothermal
Oregon has an outstanding geothermal resource,
geothermal power to supply its district heating
ideal for individual home heating, district heating
system since 1981.
and commercial-scale electricity production. For
Electricity Generation Potential: 17 million MWh/yr.
example, the city of Klamath Falls has used
Astoria
Geothermal Potential
Saint
Helens
Portland
Gresham
Beaverton
Tigard
Tillamook
City of the
Dalles
Lake
Oswego
Moro
Enterprise
Heppner
McMinnville
La
Grande
Condon
Salem
Fossil
Dallas
Newport
High
Pendleton
Hood
River
Baker
City
Albany
Corvallis
Medium
Madras
Sweet
Home
Canyon
City
Prineville
Eugene
Bend
Springfield
Vale
Low
County
Interstate
Burns
Coos
Bay
Geothermal well
with greater than
150 (mW/m2)
Coquille
Roseburg
Gold
Beach
Grants
Pass
Data source: Western United States
Geothermal Database, Southern
Methodist University Geothermal
Lab 2001
Medford
Ashland
Klamath
Falls
0
Lakeview
20
40
miles
Oregon Institute of Technology
Campus
The Oregon Institute of Technology has
been using a geothermal district heating
system since 1964. Today, the system
heats eleven buildings (600,000 square
feet), provides domestic hot water, melts
snow on 2,300 square feet of sidewalk
and even cools five buildings during the
summer. The district heating system saves
around $225,000 each year.
Photo: Mary Smothers, Oregon Institute of Technology
w w w. E n e r g y A t l a s . o r g
57
O R E G O N
Solar
Increased citizen interest in solar energy has
agricultural operations show great promise,
resulted in several high-profile urban PV projects
especially considering Oregon’s array of tax
in the populous Willamette Valley in northwestern
incentives for residents and businesses.
Oregon. The state’s best solar resource is found in
Electricity Generation Potential: 68 million MWh/yr.
the southeast, where solar-powered homes and
Astoria
Saint
Helens
Gresham
Tillamook
City of the
Dalles
Lake
Oswego
Moro
Enterprise
Heppner
McMinnville
La
Grande
Condon
Salem
kWh/m2/day
Fossil
Dallas
Newport
Solar Insolation
Annual Average
Pendleton
Hood
River
Portland
Beaverton
Tigard
3.5–4.0
4.1–4.5
4.6–5.0
5.1–5.5
5.6–6.0
6.1–6.5
6.6–7.0
Baker
City
Albany
Corvallis
Madras
Sweet
Home
Canyon
City
Prineville
Eugene
Bend
Springfield
Vale
Burns
Coos
Bay
Coquille
County
Interstate
Roseburg
Gold
Beach
Grants
Pass
Medford
Data source: National
Renewable Energy
Laboratory 2002
Klamath
Falls
Ashland
Lakeview
0
20
40
miles
Biomass
Oregon generates nearly 150 MW of electricity
gas could provide the state with additional clean
from biomass, the third largest capacity in the
power generation.
region behind California and Washington. Wood
Electricity Generation Potential: 10 million MWh/yr.
residues, agricultural crop residues and landfill
Astoria
Total Energy Potential
from Biomass Residue
Saint
Helens
Portland
Gresham
Beaverton
Tigard
Tillamook
Pendleton
Hood
River
City of the
Dalles
Lake
Oswego
Moro
Total Potential
(mmbtu)
La
Grande
Condon
Salem
Fossil
Dallas
Newport
Enterprise
Heppner
McMinnville
50–775,000
775,001–2,500,000
2,500,001–5,500,000
5,500,001–11,200,000
Baker
City
Albany
Corvallis
Madras
Sweet
Home
Canyon
City
Prineville
Eugene
Bend
Springfield
Vale
No Data
Burns
Coos
Bay
Interstate
Coquille
Roseburg
Data source: US Department of
Agriculture, 1996, 2002; Environmental Protection Agency 2001
Gold
Beach
Grants
Pass
Medford
Ashland
58
Klamath
Falls
w w w. E n e r g y A t l a s . o r g
0
20
miles
Lakeview
40
HELIX S594 ANNUAL
PRODUCTION CURVES
ANNUAL POWER OUTPUT (kWhr) .
16000
14000
12000
k=1.5
k=2.0
k=2.5
k=3.0
k=3.5
k=4.0
Constant
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
ANNUAL AVERAGE WIND SPEED (m/s)
13
14
15
16
HELIX
WIND
S594
1. Are the street lights bright enough in Salem?
Yes: 7
No: 3
2. Does the color of the lights bother you/your eyes?
Yes: 0
No: 10
3. Does the light pollution from the street lights affect you? Is it a positive or negative experience?
Yes: 0
No: 10
4. If you have heard about new LED street lights what are your thoughts about them? Is it something you
would like to see in Salem?
Yes: 4
No: 6
Concens:
Concerned about color (against the blue car LED lights)
Not sure if they are going to be bright enough.
Might be too bright
Comments:
Think they will be brighter/better
X4 - think they will be good, last longer/use less energy/save money
5. Are you aware of the current energy consumption of the street lights of Salem?
Yes: 0
No: 10
6. Are you aware of the aesthetics of the current street lights? Does it matter to you that there are so
many different designs of street lights around Salem?
Care: 0
Don't Care: 10
Comment:
Think the down town lights look nice, but don't care that the city isn't consistent.
7. Do you have and other problems with the current street lights in Salem?
No: 1 (lives in Turner)
Yes: 9
Comments:
X8 To few lights in residential areas.
X2 Specifically area between Lancaster to Cordon road, Ward Drive etc.
X3 Lack of ability to contact maintenance about malfunctioning/burnt out street lights.
There are hopes that there isnʼt a new light design being implemented because there was a large
resounding don't care/please don't spend money on it.
Based on previous led lights, such as car lights
Great led flashlight
Personal opinions based on previous experiences with leds
Payroll of maintainence
S594 Wind Turbine
Retail Price: $16,000 USD
Includes:
•
•
•
•
4.5 kW (peak) vertical axis wind turbine
Inverter - Aurora PVI 6000
Wind Interface Module
Diversion Load
Basic Information
Double the size, double the power, the Helix S594 is designed to deliver. A bigger platform for
applications requiring more power, the S594 continues producing through all wind speeds and
conditions. Turbulent gusty wind? High speeds? Rapid changes in direction? Our patent pending design
efficiently and safely captures the wind's power across a broader range of conditions than traditional
HAWTs or other VAWT designs.
Specifications
* Swept Area - 5.88m2 (63.29 ft2)
* Rotor Dimensions - 1.21m W x 4.87m H
(4ft x 16ft)
* Overall Height - 6.0m (19.8')
* Rotor Construction - Ultra tough Aluminum Alloy
* Type - Vertical axis helical Savonius rotor (VAWT)
* Generator - 4.5 kW (peak) high efficiency Permanent Magnet Generator
* Cut-in Speed - 5 m/s (11.1 MPH)
» The lowest wind speed at which the turbine begins producing usable power.
* Optimal Annual Wind Speed - An average of 7 m/s (15.6 MPH) or greater
* Braking - No braking needed for normal operation. Manual override for maintenance.
* Grid Connection - 110 VAC - 240 VAC, 50-60 Hz Grid Tied Inverter.
* Tower - Recommended 4.57m (15 ft) depending on obstructions.
* Weight - 605 kg (1330 lb)
* Design Life - 30 years
* Monopole Tower - 4.5m to 6.0m (15 ft to 20 ft) depending on obstructions
* Warranty - 5 year Limited Warranty.
* Monopole - NOT INCLUDED
Other Details
* Unique patent pending design.
* Rugged aluminum and steel construction for extreme environments
* Modular, 3D blade for easy assembly and toughness.
* Helical turbine for smooth power production.
* Ultra reliable Low RPM Permanent magnet generator.
* Design gives silent operation at less than 5 decibels above background noise.
* Completely safe for our friends, the birds and bats.
* Utilizes turbulent omni-directional air instantly, no yaw control required.
!
"In nighttime conditions, the human eye is more sensitive to short-wavelength light, which produces 'cool' tones like blue or green, as opposed to
long-wavelength light, which produces 'warm' tones like yellow and red," said LRC Director of Energy Programs Peter Morante. "By replacing
traditional, yellowish high-pressure sodium (HPS) lights with 'cool' white light sources, such as induction, fluorescent, ceramic metal halide, or
LEDs, we can actually reduce the amount of electric power used for lighting while maintaining or even improving visibility in nighttime
conditions."
Lunar resonant streetlights sense and respond to ambient moonlight, dimming and brightening each month as the moon cycles through its phases.
Utilizing available moonlight, rather than overwhelming it, saves energy and mitigates light pollution, while facilitating the urban experience of one
of the most fundamental and beautiful cycles of nature."
They note that streetlights account for 38% of all electricity used for lighting in the US. This energy produces about 300000000 tons of carbon
emissions per year. A combination of LEDs and lunar resonance could save 90% of this electricit
!
Guzzini designs OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LEDs into highly efficient streetlamps
With iGuzzini’s new Archilede, designed and manufactured by iGuzzini for Enel Sole, LEDs are being
used on a large scale for the first time for street lighting in Italy. Several hundred of these innovative
LED luminaires are now installed in various Italian cities. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors’ durable and
highly efficient LEDs with a light output of 100lm/W illuminate the northern Italian cities of Piacenza,
Lodi and Alessandria and are already reducing energy costs and eliminating large amounts of CO2.
New Archilede, iGuzzini by ENEL Sole, street luminaire shine with OSRAM Opto Semiconductors’
Golden DRAGON Plus LEDs with a color temperature of 6,000K. The color rendering of the LEDs
provides a natural color impression which can enhance safety and security. Due to their directional
nature, LEDs eliminate stray light and reduce overall light pollution. In additional to their high efficiency
this LED also provides long life (between 60,000 and 100,000 hours depending on operating conditions)
which translates to lower maintenance costs.
The light-emitting diodes have given iGuzzini’s designers considerable creative freedom due to their
small dimensions. The luminaire itself was developed specifically for street lighting requirements and
has its own individual, contemporary design. The Archilede has been designed for use on any type of
roadway.
With its intelligent control system and various programming options these LED street luminaires are
capable, for example, of automatically shining more light in one direction depending on the volume of
traffic or of shining more light on a roadway crossing than other areas of the road. It is also possible to
customize the lighting for different “user groups”, for example, pedestrians, cyclists or motor vehicles – and adapt lighting specifically for them.
LED as an efficient and economical alternative to conventional technologies
Compared with the sodium vapour and mercury vapour lamps widely used in street lighting, LED luminaires achieve energy savings of 40–60
percent. Extrapolated to 1,000 lamps with 84 LED each, this equates to savings in CO2 uptake of more than 6,600 trees compared with conventional
sodium vapour lamps.
Markus Klein, Senior Director SSL at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, says, “Even though the initial investment costs of an LED street lighting
system is higher than a conventional lighting system, over a few years time the LED system will end up costing less due to the high efficiency, long
operating life and low maintenance costs of the LED system.”
“With OSRAM Opto Semiconductors’ high-performance LEDs we are able to provide local authorities with street luminaires that are attractive
looking on the one hand and represent a sustainable solution on the other; as well as electricity costs they also drastically reduce CO2 emissions and
maintenance requirements”, says Adolfo Guzzini, iGuzzini President.
!
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MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Additional Secondary Research
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Site Analysis Pictures
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Competitive Landscape
Product
Light Type
DIA
Light Color
Battery
Voltage
TPM Sol
Lighting
High Lux street Hammerhead Project-A-Light
Light
Light
Balmoral
LED
LED
LED
LED
LED
Approved
Approved
Undeclared
Approved
Approved
White
White or Amber
White
White or Amber
White
12
14.2
10
12
12
http://www.wirefreedirect.com/LED_solar_street_lighting.asp
http://www.solarilluminations.com/acatalog/info_228.html
http://www.solarlightingusa.com/pm-series.html
MURFF, KUNTZ, WASSON: PD 484 WINTER 2011
SUSTAINABLE CITIES INITIATIVE: SALEM
STREET LIGHTS
Competitive Landscape
Product
Light Type
DIA
Light Color
Battery
Voltage
TPM Sol
Lighting
High Lux street Hammerhead Project-A-Light
Light
Light
Balmoral
LED
LED
LED
LED
LED
Approved
Approved
Undeclared
Approved
Approved
White
White or Amber
White
White or Amber
White
12
14.2
10
12
12
http://www.wirefreedirect.com/LED_solar_street_lighting.asp
http://www.solarilluminations.com/acatalog/info_228.html
http://www.solarlightingusa.com/pm-series.html