JOURNAL OF INDIAN LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION
MAY 2012 VOL. LXII NO.5 RNI NO 2839/57 REGD.NO. ISSN 0019-5738
Hony. Editor
Dr. Goutam Mukherjee
Contents
Communications for Publication:
E- mail: jiltaeditor@gmail.com
Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391-403
Cover Designed & Printed by
TAS Associate
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ILTA News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404-412
Kolkata - 700 036
Published & Printed by
S. D. Set on behalf of Indian Leather
Technologists’ Association
Designing of Orthosis for Cerebral
palsy using hydraulic system feasibility study.
D. Sureshkumar*, G. Saraswathy, Gautham
Gopalakrishna, Md. Sadiq, B N Das . . . . 413-421
Published from
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44, Shanti Pally
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Printed at
Necessity of Accreditation and
Process of Accreditation for an
industry with Specific Significance
to the Leather Industry.
Chayan Mukherjee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
News Corner
...............
TAS Associate
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422-430
431-436
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JILTA MAY, 2012
385
JILTA MAY, 2012
386
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JILTA MAY, 2012
387
INDIAN LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION
(Affiliated to the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies GENEVA)
ILTA Executive Committee
2011-2013
President
Mr. Arnab Kumar Jha
Vice-Presidents
Mr. Asit Baran Kanungo
Dr. Bhabendra Nath Das
Mr. P. K. Bhattacharjee
General Secretary
Mr. Susanta Mallick
Joint Secretaries
Mr. Jiban Dasgupta
Mr. Shiladitya Deb Choudhury
Treasurer
Mr. Kaushik Bhuiyan
Committee Members
Mr. Alokesh Ray
Mr. BibhasChandra Jana
Mr. Jayanta Chaudhuri
Mr. Mrinal Kanti Chakraborty
Mr. Pradipta Konar
Mr. Ratan Choudhury
Mr. Sudhansu Kumar Biswas
Ex-Officio Member
Dr. Goutam Mukherjee
JILTA MAY, 2012
388
JOURNAL OF INDIAN LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION
E DITORIAL B OARD
Chief Patron
Advisers
OF
JILTA (2011-2013)
:
Dr. T. Ramasami
:
Prof. Dr. A. B. Mandal
Mrs. Antara Kumar
Dr. Bi Shi
Dr. B. N. Das
Dr. Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
Dr. Campbell Page
Dr. Carlo Milone
Dr. Chandan Rajkhowa
Mr. E. Devender
Dr. Pisi
Mr. Paresh Rajda
Dr. Roberto Vago
Dr. Samir Dasgupta
Prof. Swapan Kumar Basu
Mr. Suparno Moitra
Dr. Tim Amos
Dr. Tapas Gupta
Peer Reviewing Committee
:
Prof. A. K. Mishra
Mr Abhijit Dutta
Mr. Animesh Chatterjee
Dr. B. Chandrasekharan
Mr. Diganta Ghosh
Dr. J. Raghava Rao
Mr. Jayanta Chaudhuri
Dr. N. K. Chandrababu
Mr. Prasanta Kumar Bhattacharyya
Dr. Subhendu Chakrabarti
Mr. Satya Narayan Maitra
Hony Editor
:
Dr. Goutam Mukherjee
Joint Editors
:
Dr. Sanjoy Chakraborty
Dr. Anjan Biswas
LEATHER SCIENCE ABSTRACTS
EDITORIAL BOARD
CHAIRMAN
V I C E -C H A I R M A N
Prof. Dr. A. B. Mandal
Director, CLRI, Chennai
Shri D. Chandra Mouli
Scientist - G, CLRI, Chennai
E DITOR - IN -C HIEF
Dr. B. U. Nair
Scientist - G, CLRI, Chennai
E DITOR
Dr. V. Kasi Rao
Documentation Officer, CLRI, Chennai
JILTA MAY, 2012
389
Journal of
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JILTA MAY, 2012
390
Editorial
LEATHER INDUSTRY TO BENEFIT FROM PRESENT CENTRAL BUDGET
The leather industry is thankful to the Hon’ble Union Minister Finance for announcing certain major schemes
for the benefit of the leather industry in the Union Budget 2012-13.
Budget Provisions:
· Setting up of dormitories for women workers in the 5-mega clusters relating to handloom power looms
and leather sectors.
· The exemption limit of Central Excise duty available to non-leather footwear is being increased from
·
·
·
MRP Rs 250 to Rs 500.For non-leather footwear exceeding Rs 500, the applicable duty is increased
from existing 10% to 12%.
The rate of service tax is being increased from 10% to 12%.
The basic excise duty enhanced from 10% to 12%.
Exemption of Service tax has been extended with retrospective effect from 16.6.2005 to the Common
Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) set up with the assistance of Central or State Government in the
leather industry.
Budget Impact:
Enhancing the limit of excise duty exemption for non-leather footwear to Rs 500 per pair might highly benefit
the manufacturers; particularly the manufacturers who are selling footwear in the domestic markets. Apart
from this, the hike of basic excise duty and service tax from existing 10% to 12% will impact the sector.
Besides, the extension of the Service Tax exemption to the (CETPs) is likely to help the leather industry
effectively in implementing environment management programmes.
The dormitories provided for women workers in five mega clusters will be great help in creating a comfortable
and secure boarding facility near the workplace for women, particularly for those women whose residence is
located beyond from work place. This scheme would also attract more women workforce for the leather
industry.
Leather and leather product sector derives sizeable portion of revenues from exports. We can expect upward
revision in duty draw back due to hike in excise and service tax. This revision generally happens in June and
this time, we can expect the same in June 2012. Accordingly, the global competitiveness of Indian leather and
leather product exports can improve marginally, or the players can improve their margins by retaining part of
the benefits.
Central Excise duty exemption for non-leather footwear of Rs 500 per pair is likely to benefit the leather sector.
The increase in excise duty and service tax might lead to increase in the prices of leather products on the back
of passing the prices to the end users. On overall, the Union Budget 2012-13 was quite satisfactory for the
leather industry as their major recommendations were accomplished.
JILTA MAY, 2012
391
An announcement has been made to provide assistance in setting up of dormitories for women workers in the
5 mega clusters relating to handloom, power loom and leather sectors. This will be of great help in creating a
comfortable and secure boarding facility near the workplace for women, particularly for those women whose
residence is located beyond 50 kms from work place. Thus, this scheme will facilitate in attracting more women
workforce for the leather industry.
The Central Excise exemption limit for footwear on the basis of Retail Sale Price has been enhanced from
Rs.250/- to Rs.500/- per pair. This will be highly beneficial to the manufacturers, particularly the MSME manufacturers who are selling footwear in the domestic market.
Service Tax exemption with retrospective effect from 16.6.2005 has been provided to the Common Effluent
Treatment Plants (CETPs) set-up with the assistance of Central or State Government aid in the leather industry. This is a huge benefit which will help in effectively implementing environment management programme in
the leather industry. Other major announcements made in the Union Budget are given in the enclosed note.
SPECIFIC MEASURES FOR LEATHER SECTOR
1.1
Assistance for setting-up of dormitories for women
It is proposed to provide assistance in setting up of dormitories for women workers in the 5 mega clusters
relating to handloom, power loom and leather sectors.
1.2
Amendment in Customs Notification (Tariff) No. 27/2011 – Notified by Customs Notification (Tariff)
No. 10/2012 dated 17 th March 2012
Customs Notification (Tariff) No. 27/2011 dated 1 st March 2011 specifies the export duties of various items
including certain types of leathers. Serial no. 21 of the said notification mentioned that export duty on
Finished leather of goat, sheep and bovine animals and of their young ones is “Nil”. However, the explanation
given at the last para of the Notification mentioned that For the purpose of this notification, “finished
leather of goat, sheep and bovine animals and of their young ones” means the leather which complies with
the terms and conditions specified in the Public Notice of the Government of India in the Ministry of
Commerce No. 3/ITC (PN)/92-97, dated the 27th May, 1992, as amended from time to time issued, under the
provisions of the Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992(22 of 1992)
The earlier finished leather norms notified by Public Notice No. 3/ITC (PN)/92-97, dated the 27th May, 1992
for identification of finished leather for export were revised by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade and
accordingly a new Public Notice No. 21/2009-14 dated 1 st December 2009 was notified by the DGFT. However,
the revised finished leather norms were not incorporated in the explanation to Customs Notification (Tariff)
No. 27/2011 dated 1 st March 2011. Hence, now a Customs Notification (Tariff) No. 10/2012 dated 17 th March
2012 has been issued wherein the words 3/ITC (PN)/92-97, dated the 27th May, 1992 have been replaced by
JILTA MAY, 2012
392
the words 1/2009-14, dated the 1st December, 2009, thereby implying that finished leather export
consignments will be identified according to revised finished leather norms notified by DGFT Public Notice
No. 21/2009-14 dated 1 st December 2009.
1.3
Amendments to Customs Notification No. 21/2002 dated 1.3.2002 – Notified by Customs
Notification (Tariff) No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012
The Customs Notification No. 21/2002 is a master circular wherein the exemptions/concessions on Customs
Duty for various items for import into India were notified. This Notification has now been superceded by
Customs Notification No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012 wherein the following changes have been made, as
far as leather sector is concerned
Duty Free Import Scheme (DFIS)
The Govt. is implementing the Duty Free Import Scheme (DFIS), as per provisions of Serial Nos. 167, 167 A and
168 of Customs Notification (Tariff) no. 21/2002 dated 1.3.2002, as amended from time to time. Serial nos. 167
aforesaid Customs Notification contains the list of inputs required in the manufacture of leather garments
which can be imported by a manufacturer of leather garments or merchant exporter of leather garments tied-up
with a supporting manufacturer, to an extent of 3% of FOB value of exports in the previous year, subject to
fulfillment of condition no.21 specified in the Notification. Serial No. 168 of the aforesaid Customs Notification mentions about the lining and inter lining materials which can be imported by manufacturer of leather
garments or merchant exporter of leather garments tied-up with a supporting manufacturer to an extent of 2%
of FOB value of exports in the previous year, subject to fulfillment of condition no.21 specified in the Notification. Serial no. 167 A of the Customs Notification contains the list of certain inputs required in the manufacture
of leather footwear or synthetic footwear or other leather products by manufacturers of these items to an
extent of 3% of FOB value of exports in the previous year, subject to fulfillment of condition no.21 A specified
in the Notification. The above serial nos. have now been amended as indicated below vide Customs Notification No. 12/2012 dated 17.3.2012.
Serial no. of Customs
Serial no. of Customs
Notification No.21/2002
Notification No.12/2012
dt. 1.3.2002
dt. 17.3.2012
167 read with condition
no. 21
JILTA MAY, 2012
282 read with condition
no.24
Remarks
The Union Budget 2011-12 had extended
the DFIS facility to merchant exporters of
Leather Garments tied-up with supporting
manufacturers also but this had not been
mentioned in condition no. 24 of Customs
393
Serial no. of Customs
Notification No.21/2002
dt. 1.3.2002
Serial no. of Customs
Notification No.12/2012
dt. 17.3.2012
Remarks
Notification No.12/2012. Hence, CLE will
take-up this issue, along up with our earlier
request for extending the scheme to
manufacturer -exporters tied-up with
supporting manufacturers also.
167 A read with condition
no. 21A
283 read with condition
no. 27
168
259 read with condition
no. 24
Condition no. 27 wrongly mentions
about applicability of the duty free
facility to “Leather garments” instead
of footwear and other leather products.
Hence, CLE will take-up this issue,
along with our earlier request for extending the scheme to manufacturerexporters tied-up with supporting
manufacturers also. Also, in the list of
items, the expansion in description
some inputs made in the past have not
been mentioned. Hence, this also will
be taken-up.
-------
The following Customs duty concessions (for import into India) earlier granted vide earlier Customs Notification no. 21/2002 continues to be provided, as notified vide the following serial nos. of Customs Notification
No. 12/2012 dated 17.3.2012.
JILTA MAY, 2012
394
S. No
Chapter or
Heading or
sub-heading
or tariff item
Description of
goods
Standard
rate
Additional
duty (CVD)
rate
255
41
Wet blue chrome tanned
leather, crust leather,
finished leather of all kinds,
including splits and sides
of the aforesaid
Nil
-
-
256.
4114 20 10
Patent leather
Nil
-
-
257.
4301 or 4302
fur skins
Raw, tanned or dressed
-
Nil
-
258.
4301 or 4302
All goods (other than those
falling under tariff item
4301 30 00)
Nil
-
-
349.
84 or any
other chapter
Machinery or equipment for
effluent treatment plant for
leather industry
Nil
-
Condition
No.
38*
*Condition no. 38 for importing machinery or equipment for effluent treatment plant for leather industry.
If, - (a) the importer furnishes a certificate from an officer not below the rank of Deputy Secretary to the
Government of India in the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion in the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry to the effect that goods being imported are required for effluent treatment plant for leather
industry or handloom sector, as the case may be.
390.
84,85 or
90
Goods specified in List
29 (give at Annexure A)
designed for use in the
leather industry or
the footwear industry
5%
-
-
Note: The amendments made to description of some machinery in Union Budget 2009-10 have not been
incorporated in the list 29 and hence the Council will take-up this issue with the Dept. of Revenue.
JILTA MAY, 2012
395
1.4
Exemption on Central Excise Duty for footwear
Hitherto, footwear was subject to a three-tier excise duty rate structure. Footwear with Retail Selling Price
(RSP) not exceeding Rs. 250 per pair was fully exempt; that with RSP exceeding Rs.250 but not exceeding
Rs.750 per pair attracted the merit rate of 5% ad valorem and that with RSP exceeding Rs.750 was chargeable
to the standard rate. This rate structure is being rationalized into two slabs. Thus, footwear with RSP not
exceeding Rs.500 per pair has been fully exempted, while full duty would be chargeable on footwear with RSP
exceeding Rs.500 per pair. The full exemption available to this item is subject to the fulfillment of the condition
that the RSP should be indelibly marked or embossed on the footwear itself. It may kindly be ensured that this
condition is complied with both for imported footwear and footwear manufactured domestically. This exemption has been notified vide Central Excise Notification (Tariff) No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012 (serial no.
180).
Also, the “Nil” Central Excise Duty on (a) Footwear-chappal (sole without upper, to be attached to the foot by
thongs passing over the in-step but not even round the ankle) commercially known as hawai chappal, of
material other than leather; or (b) Parts of hawai chappals, of materials other than leather (serial no. 179 of
Central Excise Notification (Tariff) No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012), is being continued.
1.5
Abatement Facility for Footwear
Vide Central Excise (Non-Tariff) Notification No.49/2008, abatement facility as a percentage of retail sale price
was granted to the extent of 35% for Footwear of MRP exceeding Rs.250 per pair and not exceeding Rs.750 per
pair and 40% for Footwear of MRP exceeding Rs.750 per pair. Now vide Central Excise Notification No.07/
2012-Central Excise (Non-Tariff), the variation of MRP prices has been removed and 35% abatement facility
has been applied to all footwear without any price discrimination.
The table below gives the earlier and new Central Excise duty structure for footwear.
Central Excise Duties earlier applicable
Type of footwear
Central Excise Duty
Footwear of MRP not exceeding Rs.250/- per pair
Nil
Footwear of MRP exceeding Rs.250 per pair, and not
exceeding Rs.750 per pair
5% Central Excise duty
with 35% abatement.
Footwear of MRP exceeding Rs.750 per pair.
10% Central Excise duty
with 40% abatement.
JILTA MAY, 2012
396
Central Excise Duties notified in Union Budget 2012-13
Type of footwear
Central Excise Duty
Footwear of MRP not exceeding Rs.500/- per pair
Nil
All other footwear
12% Central Excise duty with
35% abatement
Service Tax exemption for CETPs
Service Tax exemption with retrospective effect from 16.6.2005 has been provided to the Common Effluent
Treatment Plants (CETPs) set-up with the assistance of Central or State Government aid in the leather industry. This has been notified vide Service Tax Notification No. 1/2012 dated 17 th March 2012 by amending Service
Tax Notification 42/2011-ST dated 25th July, 2011. The Finance bill 2012 mentions about the exemption being
effective from 16.6.2005.
CUSTOMS DUTY
-
There is no change in the overall rate structure of basic customs duty. Thus, the Peak Rate of Customs
Duty will remain at 10%.
-
Baggage Allowance : The duty-free allowance under the Baggage Rules is being increased from
Rs.25000/- to Rs. 35000/- for passengers of Indian origin and from Rs.12000/- to Rs.15000/- for children upto 10 years of age. This has been notified Vide Customs Notification (Non- Tariff) No. 21/2012
dated 17 th March 2012.
CENTRAL EXCISE DUTY
-
Peak Rate of Central Excise Duty has been enhanced from 10% to 12%. Central Excise Notification
(Tariff) No. 18/2012 dated 17 th March 2012 specifies the General Rates of Central Excise duties applicable for various items including items in Chapters 42 (leather goods) and Chapter 64 (footwear).
-
The merit rate of excise duty for non-petroleum goods that hitherto attracted 5% has been increased to
6%. On account of this, the footwear components falling under tariff no. 6406 (except 64069040 and
64069050) will how attract a Central Excise duty of 6%. This has been notified vide Serial No. 182 of
Central Excise (Tariff) Notification No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012.
-
CENVAT Credit Rules are being amended to permit transfer of unutilized credit of SAD (Special Additional Duty) lying in balance at the end of each quarter to other registered premises of the same
manufacturer. This change would come into effect from 1.4.2012. [Central Excise Notification (NonTariff) No.21/2012 –CE (NT) dated 17th March, 2012 refers]
JILTA MAY, 2012
397
SERVICE TAX
-
The Peak Rate Service Tax has been enhanced from 10% to 12% . Hence, Notification No. 8/2009-ST
dated February 24, 2009 which reduced the Service Tax rate to 10% has been rescinded effective April
1, 2012 vide Service Tax Notification No. 2/2012 dated 17 th March 2012.
-
There is paradigm shift in the way services are proposed to be taxed in future. Taxation will be based
on what is popularly known as “Negative List of Services”. In simple words, it means that if an
activity meets the characteristics of a “service” it is taxable unless specified in the Negative list,
comprising 17 heads listed in proposed new section 66D, or otherwise exempted by a notification
issued under section 93 of the Act. Most of the 88 exemptions at present will be either rescinded,
being no more needed, or modified in some manner, or merged in a mega notification, leaving the final
tally of exemptions to just 10. The negative list of services have been notified vide Service Tax
Notification No. 12/2012 dated 17 th March 2012. Further, some concessions on Service Tax on certain
services have been notified vide Service Tax Notification No. 13/2012 dated 17 th March 2012.
-
Service Tax Refund : The scheme for electronic refund of service tax paid on taxable services (eighteen
different taxable services) used for export of goods at the post-manufacture /post-removal stage has
been made operational since 3rd January, 201. The scheme is operated at present as a general exemption under section 93(1) of the Finance Act, 1994. To strengthen the electronic refund further, it is
proposed to amend section 93A of Finance Act, 1994.
After its enactment, Service Tax Notification 52 /2011-ST dated 30/12/2011 concerning refund service
tax paid on export of goods at the post-manufacture/ removal stage, will be placed under this section.
This means that in future, service tax refunded will be recoverable, without any time bar from the
exporter, against whose shipping bill, sale proceeds have not been received from abroad. Moreover
the service-specific exemption will be revisited and suitably altered.
EDUCATION CESS
-
The method of computation of Education Cess and Secondary & Higher Education cess on imported
goods is being simplified. Currently, these cesses are first charged on the CVD portion of customs
duty and thereafter on the aggregate of customs duties (excluding special CVD). The portion of cesses
leviable on the CVD portion of customs duty is being exempted so as to avoid computation of such
cesses twice.
-
These changes in Education Cess applicability have been notified vide Customs Notification (Tariff)
No. 13/2012 dated 17 th March 2012 and No. 14/2012 dated 17 th March 2012. An illustration of Calculation of the Education Cess as notified by the Government is given in the next page
JILTA MAY, 2012
398
Illustration:
Present
Proposed
A
Assessable value (CIF + Landing Charges)
100
100
B
Basic customs duty (BCD) 10%
10.00
10.00
C
Value for CVD (A+B)
110.00
110.00
D
CVD equivalent to central excise duty 10% (old rate)
11.00
11.00
E
Educational Cess on CVD 2%
0.22
0
F
Sec. and Higher Educational Cess 1%
0.11
0
G
Customs duty for calculation of Cess
21.33
21
H
Customs Educational cess 2%
0.43
0.42
I
Customs Secondary and higher educational cess 1%
0.21
0.21
J
Value for SAD
121.97
121.64
K
SAD @ 4%
4.88
4.865
26.85
26.495
Total Duty
DIRECT TAXES
The Direct Taxes Code (DTC) Bill was introduced in Parliament in August 2010. However, the Parliamentary
Standing Committee has given its report on the DTC March 9, 2012 and the Government is examining the report
and will take steps for the enactment of DTC at the earliest.
GST
A preparatory step in the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in Parliament in
March 2011 and is before the Parliamentary Standing Committee. As the recommendations of the Committee are
awaited, drafting of model legislation for Centre and State GST in concert with States is under progress.
The structure of GST Network (GSTN) has been approved by the Empowered Committee of State Finance
Ministers. GSTN will be set up as a National Information Utility and will become operational by August 2012.
The GSTN will implement common PAN-based registration, returns filing and payments processing for all
States on a shared platform. The use of PAN as a common identifier in both direct and indirect taxes, will
enhance transparency and check tax evasion.
CORPORATE TAX
There is no change in the Corporate Tax structure
JILTA MAY, 2012
399
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
At present, FDI in single brand and in cash and carry wholesale trade is permitted to the extent of 100 per cent.
The decision in respect of allowing FDI in multi-brand retail trade up to 51 per cent, subject to compliance with
specified conditions, has been held in abeyance. Efforts are on to arrive at a broad based consensus in
consultation with the State Governments.
MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
In order to enhance availability of equity to MSME sector, it is proposed to set-up a Rs. 5,000 crore India
Opportunities Venture Fund with SIDBI.
With the objective of promoting market access of Micro and Small Enterprises, Government has approved a
policy which requires Ministries and CPSEs to make a minimum of 20 per cent of their annual purchases from
MSEs. Of this, 4 per cent will be earmarked for procurement from MSEs owned by SC/ST entrepreneurs.
LIST OF MACHINERY ALLOWED FOR IMPORT WITH 5% CONCESSIONAL BASIC CUSTOMS DUTY AS
PER PROVISIONS OF SERIAL NO. 390 AND LIST 29 OF CUSTOMS NOTIFICATION NO. 12/2012 DATED
17.3.2012
(1) Air blast dust removing machine (2) All types of staking machines except slocum (slow combing process)
(3) Automatic Drying machine (4) Automatic Lacing machine (5) Automatic Leather Perforating and/or
Punching machine (6) Automatic Lock-Stitching Cylinder Bed Bartacker (7) Automatic machine to control,
to slant and to glue leather straps (8) Automatic Milling machine (9) Automatic Milling-Boring Machine (10)
Automatic or semi-automatic hydraulic press (750 tonnes or more) (11) Automatic Padding machine (12)
Automatic Spraying machine (13) Automatic Tacks - Reinforce machine (14) Automatic Work Unit for
assembling the complete Insole (15) Back Part Moulding machine (16) Band-saw with or without Flier (17)
Bandknife Splitting machine (18) Belt Punching and cutting machine (19) Bobbin machine with counter (20)
Boot leg ironing machine (21) Bottom Leather Grain Crack Tester (22) Bottom roughing and/or scouring
machine (23) Box Stamping machine (24) Buckle Stappling machine (25) Button Hole (Eyelets end) machine
(26) Button Sewing machine (27) Button stitch / Sewing machine (28) Cementing machine (29) Cementing
machine and cementing gun (30) Chain Slotting machine (31) Channel Closing machine (32) Channelling
and Grooving machine (33) Clicking Board levelling machine (34) Clicking machine (35) Clicking Machine
Hydraulic (Bottom) (36) Coloriemeter (37) Column Boring machine (38) Computerised Sewing Machine (39)
Computerised Skiving machine (40) Conveyor system (41) Counter Cementing Machine (42) Counter
Moulding machine (43) Counter Tightening machine (44) Coupling and edge pre- trimming machine (45)
Crimping machine (46) Crumpling and embossing machine (47) Curtain coating machine (48) Cylinder Bed
Sewing machine (49) Die Bending machine (50) Double Band Cleaning machine (51) Dust removing
machine- pneumatic/hydraulic (52) Dyeing machine (53) Edge buffing machine (54) Edge Inking machine
(55) Edge Pre-Trimming machine (56) Edge Setting machine (57) Edge Trimming machine (58) Elastic
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400
inserting machine on variety of garments (59) Electrical machine for cutting and slanting straps (60) Electro
pneumatic weaving machine for leather (61) Electronic skin assessor (62) Embossing Plates for Press for
leather printing (63) Engraved rollers for Press for leather printing (64) Evening and Roughing machine for
Soles and Insolses (65) Fibre Board Flexing machine (66) Fine Turn machines for Lasts (67) Finish Sheet
Resistance Tester (68) Finishing Machine for Lasts (69) Fixed Head/Travailing Head Clicking Cutting
machine (70) Flat Bed Double Needle Sewing machine (71) Flat Bed Single Needle Industrial Sewing
machine with or without trimer (72) Folding machine for brief cases and other leather products (73) Folding
machine for sides for Brief Case (74) Forepart conditioning machine (75) Frame Fixing/Frame Folding
machine (76) Fusing presses (77) Halogen and Adhesive Application machine (78) Hand Operated Press for
Inserting Perforation Tubes and Prickers (79) Heat Setting plant (80) Heat transfer press (81) Heel and
Sole Brushing machine (82) Heel and Sole Buffing machine (83) Heel Attaching machine (84) Heel Breast
Cementing machine (85) Heel breast roughing machine (86) Heel Breasting machine (87) Heel Building
machine (88) Heel Covering machine (89) Heel Molder Flanger (90) Heel Nailing machine (91) Heel profiling machine (92) Heel seat and side lasting machines (93) Heel Seat Cement Lasting machine (94) Heel
Trimming / pretrimming / Cupping or combined machine (95) High Speed Corner Stitching machine (96)
Hole punching machine (97) Hot Melt Applicators (98) Humidifier for Uppers (99) Hydraulic / Pneumatic
sammying and /or setting machine (100) Hydraulic automatic plating ironing machine (101) Hydraulic Bending machine (102) Hydraulic Fleshing machine (103) Hydraulic Ironing and Embossing Press (104) Hydraulic Scudding machine (105) Hydraulic Setting machine (106) Hydraulic Shaving machine (107) Hydraulic
Shearing machine (108) Hydraulic Splitting machine (109) Hydraulic Sulphide applicator (110) Injection
Moulding of PVR/TPR/EVA Soles, Inserts and Half Soles (111) Injection Moulding press to produce Plastic
shoe Lasts (112) Insole Attaching machine (113) Insole Backpart Stiffener Tester (114) Insole Bevelling
machine (115) Insole Covering machine (116) Insole moulding machine (117) Ironing and Conditioning
machine (118) Kamborian Lasting machine (119) Knife Grinding machine (120) Knife making equipment for
cold steel and forged steel (121) Label stitching machine (122) Last Turning machine (123) Lastometer
(124) Leather buffing machine (125) Leather cover cutting machine for Heels (126) Leather Polishing
machine (127) Leather rolling machine (128) Lining roughing machine (129) Lining Trimming machine
(130) Loop closing machine (131) Loose / Nailing machine (132) Manual loop cutter (133) Mckay Stitching
machine (134) Milling machine for shoe Uppers (135) Moccasin Lining Trimming machine (136) Moccasin
Performing machine (137) Motorised hides and skins stamping machine (138) Moulds for rubber sole direct
vulcanising press and PVC direct injection soling machine (139) Multiple Row Upper Chain Stitching
machine i.e. 3 Rows and above (140) Three Needles for Small Arm Cylinder machine for Multiple Row
Stitching (141) Outsole Stitching machine (142) Paste drying unit (143) Pattern binding machine (144)
Pattern corner cuting and binding machine (145) Pattern Grading machine (146) Pattern making machine
(147) Pattern Perforator (148) Pattern Plan (149) Pattern scanner (150) Pattern Scanning machine (151)
Piping machine for trimming and embelishment fixing machine (152) Plan Computer Controlled Nesting
System (153) Pneumatic Broaching machine (154) Pneumatic control moulder machine for buckles (155)
Pneumatic fusing machine for ironing fusible interlining (156) Polishing machine (157) Polyshanking
machine (158) Polyurethane / PVC / TPR Sole, Insole, Heel, Heel Tip Injection Moulding machine (single or
multiple station) (159) Pore part lasting machine (160) Post Bed Double Needle Sewing machine (161) Post
Bed Single Needle Sewing machine (162) Post Bed Single Needle under Edge Trimming (163) Pounding or
beating or ironing machine or combination of such machines (164) Pre-lasting conditioner (165) Preparing
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401
and polishing machine (166) Pulling Over and Cement Lasting machine (167) Pulling Over Machine (168)
Punches for model room (169) Punches of all varieties (170) Punching and / or eyeletting machine (171)
PVR/TU/EVA direct injection soling machine (DIP construction) (172) Quilting machine (173) Raised Cord
Sewing machine (174) Reactivating Plant for Shoe and Soles (175) Recessing and Roughing Soles machine
(176) Recessing Welt machine (177) Rotary Collection Unit (178) Rotary Pigment Coating machine (179)
Rotary Printing machine (180) Rough Turn machine for lasts (181) Roughing machine for Plastic Blocks
(182) Roughing machinery for upper or soles or insoles (183) Rubber sole direct vulcanising press (DVP
construction) (184) Satra Plan and Knife search (185) Scissors Cutting machine for plate (186) Scouring
and Blending machine (187) Screwing machine (188) Seam Ironing machine (189) Sectioning machine (190)
Sewing machine Cylinder Bed (191) Sewing Machine for Ruffled Work and Genuine Mocassin (192) Sewing
Machine Zig Zag Flat Bed (193) Shank / Sole / Counter reducing machine (194) Shank Rivetting machine
(195) Shears for cutting pattern (196) Shears for Iron Bars (197) Side Lasting machine (198) Sidewall
Roughing machine (199) Skiving machine (200) Slike Fastener Fatigue Tester (201) Snap fasteners fixing
machine with or without dies therefor (202) Sole / Heel / Seat Roughing machine (203) Sole Edge Recessing
/ Shapping machine (204) Sole Levelling machine (205) Sole Stamping / Embossing machine (206) Soling
Material Abrasion machine (207) Spiral Cutting machine/ Cutting Press (208) Spray Booths (209) Stamping
machine for Upper / Lining / Socks (210) Steam Toe Press (211) Stich Marking machine (212) Strap / Strip
Cutting machine (213) Strap Folding machine (214) Stretching and drying machine with or without conveyor
and toggles (215) String Lasting machine (216) Strobel type stitching machine (217) Studs Attaching
machine (218) Suit Case Stitching machine (219) Tack heel seat lasting machine (220) Tack Lasting
machine (221) Tack Side lasting machine (222) Tanning and colouring drums (223) Tapping and seam rubbing machine (224) Testing Equipments, namely :- Flexometer / Upper material flexing machine, Tensometer
/ Lastometer, Permeometer / Upper leather water proofness tester, Penetrometer / Bottom Leather water
penetration machine, Finish rub fastness tester, Upper leather abrasion resistance machine, Dome plasticity
apparatus, Finish fleat resistance tester, Adhesion of finish tester, Leather shrinkage temperature determination apparatus, Wrinklometer, Bottom Leather grain crack tester, Electronic moisture meter, Dyeing and
fumbling machine for laboratory, fibre board flexing machine, State of cure apparatus, Ross Flexing
machines, Soling materials abrasion machine, Heel fatigue tester, Heel impact tester, Centilever tensiometer, Viewing box for assessing visible damage, Slide fastener fatigue tester, Insole backparts stiffness
tester, shoe flexing machine, Break / pipness scale, Sole Adhesion tester, Safety Footwear impact tester,
Rapid tear tester, Needle holding jig, Shoe lace adhesion machine (225) Thermo cementing and folding
machine (226) Toe Cap Applicator Thermoplastic (227) Top Lift Slugging machine (228) Transfer Arm (229)
Trimming/milling machine with or without polishing device (230) Twin Needle, needle feedlock stitch sewing machine (231) Twin Sole Attaching machine (232) Two Needle Lock Stitching machine (233) Unlasting
machine (234) Upper Cementing machine (235) Upper Edge Inking machine (236) Upper Embossing machine
(237) Upper Folding machine (238) Upper Forming machine (239) Upper Perforating machine (240) Upper
Reinforcing machine (241) Upper Seam Rubbing / Beating machine (242) Vaccum Drying machine (243)
Vaccum forming machine for last with vaccum pump (244) Vice for holding pattern (245) Vision Lasting
System for Toe Lasting machine (246) Vulcanizing Press (247) Welt (Rand) Attaching machine (248) Aquamix
for use in Tanning industry (249) Prodomix for use in Tanning industry (250) Microtan / Computan for use
in Tanning industry (251) Pneumatic press for engraving and marking (252) Pneumatic staple gun for
stapling insoles, heels and uppers (253) Stapling machine for lows to upper on leather shoes (254) Lighting
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402
assessment cabinet (for checking colour under different light conditions) (255) CAD/CAM equipment for
shoe desgining and pattern engineering including software (256) Bistep cutting machine (257) Spiking
machine (258) Airhood with grinder (259) Sock liner press (260) Box folding machine (261) Outsole plates
(262) Dust collector systems (263) Shoe box making machine (264) Splitting machine (fitted with electronic
and computer devices,etc.) (265) Moulds for footwear (266) Colouring/painting machines for soles and heels
(267) High frequency welding/cutting machines for uppers and insoles (268) Degreasing/ cleaning machine
for polyurethane soles (269) Strap fitting machine (270) R P box strapping machine (271) Dies for canvas
shoes (272) Dies for soles and straps for footwear
You can also hyperlink to the following mentioned sites to get details of the orders issued by the Govt. of India
Union Budget 2012-13 Highlights
Notification No.1/2012 - Service Tax
Notification No.2/2012 - Service Tax
Notification No.12 /2012 –Customs
Notification No. 10/2012-Customs
Notification No. 12 /2012-Central Excise
Notification No. 07/2012-Central Excise (N.T.)
Goutam Mukherjee
Hony. Editor, JILTA
JILTA MAY, 2012
403
ILTA News
FROM THE DESK OF THE GENERAL SECRETARY
1 s t L e c t u r e o f “ P r o g r a m m e f o r I m p l e m e n t i n g E m e r g i n g a n d S u s t a i n a b l e Te c h n o l o g i e s
(PrIEST)” :
Individual Invitation cards were posted to Members & Guests on Tuesday 17th April 2012 extending cordial
invitation to the 1 st lecture to be held as a part of the year long “Programme for Implementing Emerging
and Sustainable Technologies (PrIEST) at the Design Studio, Plot No. 1647 Zone 9, ILPA Leather Goods
Park, Calcutta Leather Complex, 24-Parganas (South) on Thursday 26 th April, 2012 at 10.00 hrs.
The lecture was titled “Optimization of Wastewater Pretreatment Systems in Kolkata Tanneries’
and was delivered by Dr. G. Sekaran, Chief Scientist and Head, Environmental Technology Division, CLRI,
Chennai and was organized by Indian Leather Technologists’ Association and CSIR – Central Leather
Research Institute in association with CLC Tanners Association and Indian Leather Products Association.
The Programme commenced with Dr. Sandipan Chatterjee of RCED, CLRI, Kolkata requesting Mr. Arnab
Jha, President, ILTA to deliver his Welcome address after which Dr. Dipankar Choudhuri, Scientist-inCharge RCED, CLRI, Kolkata briefed the gathering on Programme details.
Mr. Paresh Rajda, Regional Chairman, Eastern region, CLE, Kolkata, Mr. Shams Tabrej, General Secretary, CLCTA, Mr. Shankar Dawn, President, ILPA and Mr. S. S. Kumar, Chairman, Governing Body,
GCELT were then greeted with flower bouquets and each of them said a few words.
After introduction of the speaker by Dr. Dipankar Choudhuri, Dr. G. Sekaran, the speaker delivered the
lecture titled “Optimization of Wastewater Pretreatment Systems in Kolkata Tanneries” The Interaction Session which followed was most enthusiastic. The programme concluded with presentation of a
Memento to Dr. Sekaran by Mr. Arnab Jha, President , ILTA and offering Vote of Thanks by Mr. Susanta
Mallick, General Secretary, ILTA.
Around 130 participants were there. Light refreshment was served in the end.
The second lecture under PrIEST titled “Segregation of Wastewater and Optimization of Chromium
Recovery and Reuse Process” is scheduled on Thursday the 31 st May 2012 at 10.00 hrs at the Design
Studio, Plot No. 1647, Zone 9, ILPA Leather Goods Park, Calcutta Leather Complex, 24-Parganas (South).
ILTA Library :
The following books have been added to the Library in the recent past:
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ILTA News
1 . Surface Defects of Hides & Skins & Leather – Dr. R. A. Venkatesan
2.
Hand Book of Glue & Gelatine – Dr. S. Divakaran
3.
Principles of Selection, Assortment & Grading of Leathers – T. S. K. Mahadeven
4.
Vegetable Tanning Materials of India – Dr. V. S. Sundar Rao
5.
Introduction to the Modern Footwear Technology – B. Venkatappiah
6.
Physical Chemistry of Leather Making – K. J. Bienkiewicz
7.
The Machines in the Tannery – Walter Landman
8.
Practical Leather Technology – Thorstensen
9.
Leather Technician’s Handbook – J. H. Sharphouse
10. International Encyclopedia of Applied Science and Technology (2011) – Arun Kumar Singa
(15 volumes)
Besides above, there are a number of useful reference books in our Library, the list of which is exhaustive but
can be gone through at our Library. Some of these are :
1.
Leather Industries Laboratory Book of Analytical & Experimental method by H. R. Pocter (1908).
2.
The Manufacture of Lubricant Shoe Polish & Leather Dressing by Richard Bwinner (1923).
3.
Manufacturer of Leather by Bennett (1926).
4.
The Manufacture of Chrome Leather by M. C. Lamb (1929).
5.
Hand Book of Tanning by B. M. Das (1945).
6.
Boot and Shoe Production by J. Korn (1953).
7.
Studies on the Microbiology of Some Vegetable Tan Liquors by B. C. George (1961)
8.
Hazard and Risk Analysis in Chemical Processing Industry by K. V. Raghavan (1988).
9.
Report of All India Survey of Raw Hides and Skin by CLRI (2005).
10. Leather Dressing, Dyeing & Finishing by Dr. D. Woodroff (2005).
11. Tanning Chemistry & the Science of Leather by Dr. A. D. Kovington (2010)
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ILTA News
12. Proceedings of 8 th Asia International Conference of Leather Science & Technology (AICLST) – “Leather
2020 : Challenges & Opportunities” (2010).
We would like more of our members to visit the Library so that our objective is served. While visiting, we
would also request you to go through the list of books available and make suggestions in respect of further
purchase of books, giving details such as title, author’s name, publisher’s name, availability source etc. if
known.
This will help us to enrich our Library further.
You are requested to kindly send us your ‘E-mail ID’, ‘Mobile No’. & ‘Phone No.’ to ILTA’s Email ID :
admin@iltaonleather.org or over Telephone Nos. 24413459 / 7320.
JILTA MAY, 2012
406
ILTA News
Bereavement :
With profound grief and a heavy heart, we inform you the sad demise of our Life Member
‘Sisir Ranjan Saha’ on 14 th April 2012.
He took great interest in the activities of the Association and served as Convener of LEXPO
at Kolkata, as Treasurer in 1968-69, 1972-73 and 1986-87. The ‘Conference of South and South East
Asian Countries,’ organized by ILTA at Netaji Indoor Stadium under his convenership was a grand
success. For his life time contribution to ILTA, he was felicitated on 12 th August’ 2000 at the Science
City Auditorium during the Inaugural Ceremony of Golden Jubilee Celebration of ILTA.
He was a man of simplicity with a smiling face.
We have lost one of our most active life members.
May his soul rest in peace and may God give strength to the members of the bereaved family
to bear the irreparable loss.
Susanta Mallick
General Secretary
JILTA MAY, 2012
407
Executive Committee Members meet every Thursday
at 18-30 hrs. at ILTA Office.
Members willing to participate are most welcome.
JILTA MAY, 2012
408
DESIGNING OF ORTHOSIS FOR CEREBRAL PALSY USING
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM – FEASIBILITY STUDY
D. Sureshkumar*, G. Saraswathy, Gautham Gopalakrishna, Md.Sadiq, BN Das
Gait Laboratory, Shoe Design and Development Centre,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Leather Research Institute,
Adyar, Chennai- 600020, INDIA
ABSTRACT:
Cerebral palsy is defined as the non-progressive neurological disorder which affects the function of the motor
nervous. Cerebral palsy has different types depending upon the disability it makes with the persons. In this
work the study is made on the suitable mechanism for orthotics. Spastic cerebral palsy is a disorder of motor
which makes the muscle tone high, affects the voluntary movement and alignment of bones. The project work
aims to study orthosis which replaces the functional and structural deficient of the lower extremity. There are
several way to make the orthosis functional namely by hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical systems. However
the more economical and viable mechanisms are not discussed properly. Here an attempt is made to study the
feasibility of using hydraulic system in orthosis were discussed.
INTRODUCTION:
Cerebral palsy is a persistent disorder of movement and posture caused by non-progressive defects or lesions
of the immature brain [1]. As per the statistical data available 1.5 to 2.5 children per 1000 are affected [1], which
is quite alarming. This clearly reflects a huge demand in the development of rehabilitation methodology and
the need to increase the research activity towards this area.
"Cerebral Palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture,
causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of
sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior; by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problem."[2]
This paper addresses the issue of the design and development of an orthosis which replaces the functional
and structural deficient lower extremity. The main focus given to the relationship between hip, knee, ankle and
sub talar joints with respect to its natural static and dynamic positions in various stages on gait cycle. By
considering relationship between the static and dynamic positions of joints it is made easy in properly fitting
and aligning it with patients. This helps in getting reduction in the effect of existing deformity and preventing
from future deformities.
Corresponding Author; E-mail: dsureshkumar@live.com
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413
Etiology:
The exact cause for Cerebral palsy in not defined properly; however, it is mainly influenced by factors like
improper development or brain injury in the stage of prenatal, natal or postnatal. Important among them are
consider to be the premature birth and low birth weight baby[3].
Different Forms CP:
The specific forms of cerebral palsy are determined by the extent, type, and location of a child's abnormalities.
Classification of cerebral palsy is made according to the type of movement disorder involved spastic
(stiff muscles), athetoid (writhing movements), or ataxic (poor balance and coordination) with any additional
symptoms. Cerebral palsy type is often described based on which limb or limbs are affected. The names of the
most common forms of cerebral palsy use Latin terms to describe the location or number of affected limbs,
combined with the words for weakened (paresis) or paralyzed (plegia). For example, hemiparesis (hemi = half)
indicates that only one side of the body is weakened. Quadriplegia (quad = four) means all four limbs are
paralyzed.
(a) Spastic hemiplegia/hemiparesis.
This type of cerebral palsy typically affects the arm and hand on one side of the body, but it can also include
the leg. Children with spastic hemiplegia generally walk later and on tip-toe because of tight heel tendons.
The arm and leg of the affected side are frequently shorter and thinner. Some children will develop an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Depending on the location of the brain damage, a child with spastic
hemiplegia may also have seizures. Speech will be delayed and, at best, may be competent, but intelligence is
usually normal.
(b) Spastic diplegia/diparesis.
In this type of cerebral palsy, muscle stiffness is predominantly in the legs and less severely affects the arms
and face, although the hands may be clumsy. Tendon reflexes are hyperactive. Toes point up. Tightness in
certain leg muscles makes the legs move like the arms of a scissor. Children with this kind of cerebral palsy
may require a walker or leg braces. Intelligence and language skills are usually normal.
(c) Spastic quadriplegia/quadriparesis.
This is the most severe form of cerebral palsy, often associated with moderate-to-severe mental retardation. It
is caused by widespread damage to the brain or significant brain malformations. Children will often have
severe stiffness in their limbs but a floppy neck. They are rarely able to walk. Speaking and being understood
are difficult. Seizures can be frequent and hard to control.
(d) Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (also includes athetoid, choreoathetoid, and dystonic cerebral palsies).
This type of cerebral palsy is characterized by slow and uncontrollable writhing movements of the hands, feet,
arms, or legs. In some children, hyperactivity in the muscles of the face and tongue makes them grimace or
drool. They find it difficult to sit straight or walk. Children may also have problems coordinating the muscle
movements required for speaking. Intelligence is rarely affected in these forms of cerebral palsy.
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414
(e) Ataxic cerebral palsy.
This rare type of cerebral palsy affects balance and depth perception. Children will often have poor coordination and walk unsteadily with a wide-based gait, placing their feet unusually far apart. They have difficulty
with quick or precise movements, such as writing or buttoning a shirt. They may also have intention tremor, in
which a voluntary movement, such as reaching for a book, is accompanied by trembling that gets worse the
closer their hand gets to the object.
(f) Mixed type:
It is common for children to have symptoms that don't correspond to any single type of cerebral palsy. Their
symptoms are a mix of types. Child with mixed cerebral palsy may have some muscles that are too tight and
others that are too relaxed, creating a mix of stiffness and floppiness.
Effects of CP:
Pathology of Cerebral Palsy results in the abnormalities of the muscle and tone (spasticity) and joint movement, it is not a mental retardation. Spasticity causes not only contractures but also torsional deformities
which makes them physically challenged. Orthopedic clinical decision making for children with Cerebral Palsy
should be based on a global approach regrouping information on gait patterns, skeletal misalignments and
muscle-tendon unit deformities.
Cerebral palsy, also known as Little's disorder or disease of childhood is characterized in most cases by
spastic pending of one or more limbs [5]. This is due to muscle tone (spasticity) variation which results in
improper or absence of gait pattern (walking pattern of human locomotive) itself. The tone of a muscle is the
response it shows to passive stretching [4] and gait deals with the walking pattern of human locomotion [7].
CP management:
To reduce the spasticity of each joint there are many methods used, prominent amongst them being surgical
method [5], drug therapy and physiotherapy [6]. In most cases the above methods have follow-up or supportive treatment is to make the patient wear orthotic devices. The main objective of study is to tackle the
problems caused by cerebral palsy using orthotic management.
Orthotic Management of CP:
The orthotic device is used to enhance the stability of the limb joints, prevent the propagation of the severity
of the deformity and to prevent any new deformity development due to spasticity. In orthosis depending on
the use of the orthosis mainly it is classified as Supportive orthosis, Corrective orthosis, Preventive orthosis
and Functional orthosis.
Orthosis Classification:
1) Supportive type 2) Functional type 3) Corrective type
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4) Protective.
415
(1) Supportive orthoses
These types of orthoses permit the patient to control and uncontrollable segment or the entire lower limb.
They stabilize the joints by preventing unwanted motion. This type is prescribed for flaccid paralysis, spastic
paralysis traumatic incidents and congenital abnormalities.
(2) Functional orthoses
These orthoses have stabilization and also replace a lost function of the affected joint. For example rubber
bands and elastic straps have enabled to support and drop foot.
(3) Corrective orthoses.
Corrective orthoses characterizes simplicity of design and complexity of the use. It is used to correct or
realign the parts of a limb. Corrective braces achieve significant results in the case of infants only. They have
been used successfully in clubfoot, flat foot congenital metatarsus varus, genu varum and genu valgum.
(4) Protective orthoses
These orthoses protect or maintain alignment of a diseased or injured limb. For example weight relieving
calipers to achieve significant weight relief for femur special modifications of above knee caliper and needed.
For tibial weight relief a patellar tendon bearing socket can be sued with a below knee caliper.
Principles of orthotics fit and alignment
The basic principle behind the orthotics is called three point pressure principle. Pressure is the form of force
which donated when it consider the amount of area. Here three pressure points are used to make the upright
alignment of lower extremity. Usually one point of pressure is countered by an equal and opposite second and
third pressure point.
Criteria for prescription of lower limb orthosis
Clinical assessment of the following are necessary for the prescription of lower limb orthosis.
1.Muscle power, 2. Deformities, 3. Type of paralysis flaccid or spastic,
4. Range of movement of the joints, 5. Length of the limb, 6. Locomotion
Qualities of a good orthosis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
It should be light and strong
It should easy to wear and remove with minimum effort.
The orthosis must not pinch the skin.
All joints should lock and unlock easily.
It should be rust proof.
The leather should not be frayed and the stiches should not be loose.
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416
CSIR-CLRI Interventions in the Design and Development of Orthoses for Cerebral Palsy patients
Design of Orthoses Bar:
Designing the orthosis bar or splint bar is an essential part of the entire design. Bar is the component having
main function of transferring entire weight of body to ground. This is component going to hold on more stress
than any other components and contributes much to weight of orthosis as well. The careful design will give
the exact material to be used and dimension of the base to get optimized material without compromising
strength required.
The process of designing generally has sequence of first selecting the material based on the stress required to
hold on and keeping the selected material property dimensional parameters are calculated.
Important aspects of the Splint bar is that the stiffness of the muscle is countered by these bars. So the bar
should be enough capable to withstand the bending stress generated by the leg muscles. For designing any
mechanical components the primary step is to make freebody diagram which represents all the forces and
counter forces acting on the system.
Point of Pressure
Counter Pressure 1
Counter Pressure 2
Fig 1: Freebody diagram of bar
From above freebody diagram (fig.1), the splint bar can be assumed as the simply supported (fig 2) beam. The
calculation method for the simply supported beam can be followed to derive at the parameters required.
Fig 2. Simply supported beam
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417
Flexing mechanism:
The flexing mechanism (fig. 3) is done using the extension and retraction of the hydraulic cylinder. Here the
orthoses is divided into two parts namely thigh part, calf part connected in pivot in the knee. As shown the
two ends of the piston is connected in two parts each.
So when the cylinder extends or retracted the torque is created in the joint which makes the required rotational
motion of the joint.
Fig 3: Flexing mechanism
Proposed hydraulic system:
Hydraulic system(fg 4) is the considered as an efficient system concerning from the force transmission point
of view. Here the pressurized fluid used as the force transmitting mechanism. This fluid stored in tank often
called reservoir, where the fluid goes out to transfer force and after transferring again returns for next cycle.
Form the reservoir the power fluid is sucked by the compressor through a filtering medium. The energized fluid
is transferred to the hydraulic cylinder by means of a controlling circuit.
The hydraulic cylinder generally classified into two types, one is single acting another double acting. In
single acting fluid controls the movement in one direction and retraction by default whereas double acting
both the forward and retraction movements are controlled by fluid power. Selected cylinder for modeling was
a single acting cylinder because of its simplicity in designing the control system. Again the sub types in single
acting cylinder are available depending on the initial position of activator. Here considered type is extended
position is the normal condition and the retraction is controlled by the power fluid. So naturally the orthosis
position is going to be upright which is necessary for orthosis. As the pressurized fluid enters the cylinder the
piston is forced to overcome the force exerted by the spring. This fluid is flows into the cylinder in controlled
manner with the help of controlled flow rate driven by control unit.
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418
.
The extension of actuator is made possible when the pressurized fluid is released from control circuit to
cylinder. Actuator starts moving when the following condition satisfied
Force generated by cylinder
cylinder
≥ Force by the body weight + Force by the stiffened muscle + Spring force inside
Force = Pressure x Area, Here the force by the body can be calculated by calculating the body weight.
Fig 4: Proposed Concept Hydraulic circuit
Pump:
A pump is the heart of hydraulic system, converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The mechanical
energy is delivered to the pump via a prime mover such as an electric motor. Due to mechanical action, the
pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the
inlet line and into the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.
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Directional Control Valves:
Valves receive external commands from a mechanical, pneumatic or electrical source and release, stop or
re-direct the fluid that flows through them. Directional Control Valves can be used to provide a number of
different functions. They can:
•
Control the direction of cylinder movement;
Select the path fluid takes through the system
Perform logic control functions
Stop and start fluid flow (on-off valves);
Sense cylinder positions (limit valves)
Directional Control valves are classified according to a number of design characteristics
The internal valve mechanism (i.e. 'poppet' or 'sliding spool')
The number of switching positions (usually 2 or 3)
The number of connecting ports (i.e. 3 or 5 port)
The method of valve actuation ( i.e. lever, roller, plunger)
•
Cylinder:
Cylinder is also called actuator. This component is a combination of piston with spring inside incase of single
acting and in double acting both side of the piston is activated by fluid. The above circuit has the single acting
cylinder with piston spring arrangement.
Working:
The fluid from the reservoir is pumped through a filtering medium. Here the fluid gets the power from the pump
as its pressure increases. This pressurized fluid was transferred to the cylinder where it pushes the piston
outward. In-between the cylinder and the pump a directional control valve placed to control the piston
movement. This directional control valve transfers the fluid through when there is a need for actuator to
forward and while retracting changes the fluid direction directly to reservoir. Flow control valve used to
control the fluid flow while actuator retraction.
Improvements suggested:
Since the hydraulic mechanism is cumbersome and outdated, we have to look at modern technological innovations especially in the area of electronics and instrumentation to make the newly designed orthosis more light
in weight yet have a better strength to weight ratio and also perform better. The new orthosis should be able
to replicate the human foot more accurately in terms of movement and function.
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In this regard, we have developed a new design for the orthosis for Cerebral Palsy patients which utilizes the
electronic server motor to convert the power generated into flexible knee movements and also the accompanying electronic circuitry ensures better force transmission in the constructed limb. The orthosis designed
performs dynamically and is very efficient in correcting biomechanical gait abnormalities which is generally
present in Cerebral palsy patients. The major highlight of the newly designed orthosis is that it enables flexion
and extension of the limbs which results in a more realistic and near normal foot movement. The prototype
being developed by us will be validated through extensive patient trials.
REFERENCES:
1)
Diseases of the nervous system in childhood, by Jean Aicandi
2)
A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy, April 2006, Developmental Medicine
& Child Neurology, Volume 49, Issue Supplements 109, Article first published online: 23 JUN 2009
3)
Chitra Sankar and Nandini Mundkur, Cerebral Palsy-Definition, Classification, Etiology and Early
Diagnosis, Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 72-October, 2005, pg 865
4)
Brain's diseases of the nervous system, eleventh edition, edited by Michel Donaghy, ( pg 34)
5)
Text book of orthopedics by M. Nataragan, ( pg 188 )
6)
Recent Advances in Orthopedics, by A.Graham apley, (pg 268 )
7)
Biomechanics of human movement, Mnslene J. Adrian & John M.Cooper
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421
NECESSITY OF ACCREDITATION AND PROCESS OF
ACCREDITATION FOR AN INDUSTRY WITH SPECIFIC
SIGNIFICANCE TO THE LEATHER INDUSTRY
Chayan Mukherjee1
1. Quality Specialist, Nokia – Siemens, Kolkata
INTRODUCTION :
Leather Industry occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy in view of its massive potential for
employment, growth and exports. There has been increasing emphasis on its planned development, aimed at
optimum utilisation of available raw materials for maximising the returns, particularly from exports.
The leather industrial sector comprises of:
a) Tanneries (where raw hides and skins are converted into leather)
b) Factories transforming leather into a variety of consumer products such as footwear, garments and outer
wear, and assorted leather goods such as wallets, passport cases, key chains, handbags and brief cases.
Apart from the quality of raw material, the process of its conversion into leather and, later, of the design,
product development and process of manufacture, of products play a key role in adding value to it.
Some features of Indian leather industry:
·
The Government policies on leather and leather product export started changing from 1974. Priorities
were given for export of value added goods. From the year 1991 onwards only finished leather were
exported and export of raw or semi finished leather was banned
·
Many tanners started setting up factories for manufacturing leather products after 1991-92
·
At the same, as incentive to the exporters, the import duties on capital goods have been reduced
·
Today the industry ranks 8th in the export trade in terms of foreign exchange earnings of the country
·
India is largest livestock holding country
·
The Indian leather sector meets 10% of global finished leather requirement
Corresponding Author; E-mail: chayan.1.mukherjee@nsn.com
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422
·
The export destinations of Indian finished leather and leather products in 2006-07 were as follows
European Countries – 65%, North America -12% , Others – 12% and Hon Kong & China – 11%
·
Tamil Nadu accounts for about 40% of India’s exports and has about 60% of tanning capacity
·
The Indian leather industry employs about 2.5 million workforce and 30% of the workforce are women
Challenges faced and to be faced by leather product sector :
·
Varying levels of technology in the factories depends on the size of the factories
·
Low quality of shoes – threat of shift in production to other areas or countries where wages levels are
low if the quality is maintained at same level
·
Most companies work on subcontract basis – design, component selection and methods of production are given by the buyers and do not provide their own fashion collections, however companies are
able to make prototypes based on ideas provided by the buyer
·
Strong requirement to increase quality as well as quantity, absent of accreditation or certification
·
Availability of right raw material (finished leather) at right time
·
Under developed designs for footwear components sector
·
Absence of own collections and poor development of footwear components, particularly for women’s
footwear – Market size of women’s footwear in the world is 63% of total footwear market, but the share
of women’s footwear exports out of India’s total footwear is only 34%
·
Meeting manpower requirement under the state of affairs of rapid industrialization
Challenges in leather product sector for Environmental compliance :
·
In order to comply with recent legal compliance, the tanneries to meet zero liquid discharge norms.
·
The tanneries in India to introduced pollution control devices. The clustered manufacturing has
resulted in common effluent treatment plants. There are 19 common effluent treatment plants are
operational in India and out of which 14 are operational in Tamil Nadu. More than 150 individual
effluent treatment plants are operational in isolated tanneries and locations where the common
facilities are not possible.
In view of that to face the upcoming Challenges necessity of accreditation is required for leather industry, now
we can discussed about accreditation
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Accreditation and Conformance at a glance:
Accreditation is a series of procedures by which an authoritative body gives formal recognition that a body
or person is competent to carry out specific tasks.
Accreditation is when an organization that provides certification, testing and inspection services are assessed
by a third party against internationally recognized standards. It demonstrates the organization’s competence,
impartiality and performance capability and is the key to reducing risk and ensuring that consumers, suppliers
and purchasers can have confidence in the services provided. Management Systems is among the most respected
and reputable management systems certification bodies in the world and is accredited by a number of local and
international bodies.
Conformance can be defined as the fulfillment by a product, process or service of specified requirements. Any
activity concerned with determining directly or indirectly that relevant requirement are fulfilled
Why is Accreditation required in Industry especially for Leather Industry?
Customers appreciate quality and this can be crucial when deciding whether or not to remain loyal to a brand
or supplier. Accreditation, certification and industry recognised awards play a vital role in the control of
quality and, ultimately, in raising the value of the brand or supplier in the eyes of customers. Reassurance that
product, process or organisation’s system are compliant with legislation and meet expectations for suitability,
health & safety, performance, quality or the environment. It ensures that suppliers, manufacturers and brands
achieve better integration and credibility, both in the supply chain and the marketplace.
Industry point of view Determines, Recognizes, Promotes and Maintains Technical Competence and
establishes and ensures confidence.
·
Required by Regulator
·
Required by a Trade Agreement
·
To Gain Access to or Recognition in a Market
·
Desire for an Independent Audit
·
Marketing Tool
·
Required by Government Agency
·
Required by Customer
·
To Enhance Customers Confidence
·
To Complement in House Quality Systems
·
Decrease Time to Market
·
Improve Acceptance of Test Data
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424
Accreditation Process:
The steps for accreditation are as follows:
·
Application to Accreditation Body
·
Self Audit
·
Submit Results to Accreditation Body
·
Resolve any deficiencies
·
On Site Assessment
·
Resolve any Deficiencies
·
Accreditation Granted or Denied
·
Yearly Surveillance
Standards make an enormous and positive contribution to most aspects of leather industry:
Standards ensure desirable characteristics of products and services such as quality, environmental friendliness, safety, reliability, efficiency and interchangeability - and at an economical cost. When products and
services meet our expectations, we tend to take this for granted and be unaware of the role of standards.
However, when standards are absent, we soon notice. We soon care when products turn out to be of poor
quality, do not fit, are incompatible with equipment that we already have, are unreliable or dangerous. When
products, systems, machinery and devices work well and safely, it is often because they meet standards and
the organization responsible for many thousands of the standards which benefit the world is ISO.
Advantages of Standardisation :
Leather industries have entered into the advanced era. The development could be witnessed from the process
in preparing leather with quality monitored, accurate raw material selection process, finishing process which
could yield high quality. Leather product that could meet the market demand/ requirement, leather industry
standard and certainly/ of course appear the organization for leather standardization, as an independent
institution which is loaded with procedure and complex stipulation.
The development of leather industries is not only in quantity but in quality as well , the market demand in the
leather industries especially for goat skin industries, where the quality improvement is always maintained
from time to time so as to meet the requirement of the leather industry world.
The result of leather industry Standardization especially for goat leather is very clear and which constitute as
a very important factor commitment to support the leather industry market especially for goat skin industry, to
always guard the quality giving priority for customer’s satisfaction , and to bewitch the leather world, as
the Industry that create high quality product.
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425
"Quality" in terms of improved Leather industry through Innovation & Care
Innovation
Care
In Product, in management & processes
Society, customer partners & people
In Service to reduced waste & verification
Environment, health, safety & security
Improved market share leadership vision
Sustainability business continuity
Result: Improved Profitability, Effective management of risk, Market leadership
Conclusion: Stakeholder Satisfaction
Importance of ISO 9001 Quality Management Certification is highly required in Leather Industry:
ISO 9001 registration demonstrates to potential customers that an organisation is serious about quality.
Registered organizations are found in over 150 countries globally. The global nature of product manufacture
along with many Western companies outsourcing from emerging economies means that ISO 9001-certified
manufacturers gain a perceived edge.
Increasingly, quality assurance management systems (QAMS) are applied to the global manufacturing
approach, rather than discreet manufacturing sites. Material sourcing, ensuring manufacturing requirements
are understood, shipping, storage and on-time delivery are all major challenges to consistently meeting
customer demands. QAMS and ISO 9001 certification can help manufacturers meet these challenges and give
resourcing organizations confidence that the manufacturer or supplier can consistently meet or exceed expectations. ISO 9001 provides an opportunity to fully integrate quality assurance concepts into business strategy
to provide a genuine competitive edge.
Quality Assurance :
Quality assurance is the process of verifying or determining whether products or services meet or exceed
customer expectations. Quality assurance is a process-driven approach with specific steps to help define and
attain goals. This process considers design, development, production, and service.
The most popular tool used to determine quality assurance is the Shewhart Cycle, developed by Dr. W. Edwards
Deming. This cycle for quality assurance consists of four steps: Plan, Do, Check, and Act. These steps are
commonly abbreviated as PDCA.
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426
The four quality assurance steps within the PDCA model stand for:
•
Plan: Establish objectives and processes required to deliver the desired results.
Do: Implement the process developed.
Check: Monitor and evaluate the implemented process by testing the results against the
predetermined objectives
Act: Apply actions necessary for improvement if the results require changes.
Some of the Recommendations:
Groups of enterprises should be willing to implement TQM. Managers, supervisory personnel and workers
should understand and apply the following principles:
Quality must be viewed from the wider perspective of the organizational structure of the company:
in the overall management of the company; in all areas of production management and marketing;
and as a concern both of departments and of individual employees.
Modern quality management is about more than improving the features of a company's products
or Services, the change in its attitude to quality will become one of its crucial strategic strengths.
Total quality management brings increased productivity
and cost reduction through the improved
•
efficiency of all the company's processes, and brings improvement in its image, in its market
competitiveness, and in its profits.
Leadership should strive for excellence - this is the goal of total quality, a goal that can only be
achieved by a dynamic process of continuous improvement.
Support for TQM.
Quality certification and control.
Technological and organizational services.
Innovation and technology transfer (R&D).
Vocational training.
ISO 14001 Environmental Management Certification is highly required in Leather Industry:
The leather industry throughout the world has been identified closely with the generation of air, liquid and
solid waste pollution. This has created a negative public image. With increasing worldwide concerns over
protecting the environment and minimizing the impact of manufacturing processes, it is becoming even more
important to show customers that your company takes environmental responsibilities seriously. In Europe
JILTA MAY, 2012
427
some countries are still faced with environmental pollution problems from tanneries, especially where they
have relocated the wet-process, while others (e.g. Italy) have invested time and resources in conforming to
environment protection laws. This has been achieved mainly by relocating most tanneries in tanning districts
where centralized treatment plants are constructed, thus achieving economies of scale. The only internationally-recognized standard for environmental management is ISO 14001:2004 'Environmental management systems - requirements with guidance for use'. This is applicable to all types and sizes of organizations and was
revised in 2004 to align it with ISO 9001 - the equivalent scheme for quality management systems.
Some Recommendations:
Please examine microscopically the environmentally friendly technologies available in the market and select a
technology that will :
Be technically and economically feasible under Indian conditions.
Use low waste technology and less hazardous substances.
Allow a rational dosage and maximum fixation, recovery and recycling of the chemicals.
Be energy efficient, with a low consumption of raw materials, including water, at specific stages of the
process.
Keep hazardous emissions and risk to both man and the environment as low as possible.
•
Analyze the feasibility of establishing centralized treatment plants as an alternative to individual
plants in areas with a high concentration of tannery production.
Examine how the main policies and environment protection measures in India's leather industry relate
to eco-labeling as required by importing countries, particularly when defining an Indian character for
a product.
Governments, in cooperation with the private sector and other stakeholders, should establish efflu
ent standards that are appropriate to local conditions and in keeping with global market require
ments, and which can be progressively tightened.
Successful cases study
A Mexican Leather product manufacturing organizations faces:
Global and internal market needs & expectations
Case 1: QMS / EMS Certification
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428
Requirements :
External approach: Environmental product aspects and environmental management system certification.
Internal approach: Product acceptance and quality, environmental, occupational health and safety
management systems certification
Management Plan:
A Mexican organization, which is related to footwear and leather industry, would like to participate
on the international market. A research was done when top management decided to participate on the
international markets.
Research results were:
Due to lack of knowledge about legal requirements and conformity assessment matters and proper
application of the life cycle and labeling of product.
Facts :
11 billion pair of shoes is produced each year all
• over the world. Mexico produces up to 220 million
pair of shoes a year which represents 2% of the world production.
Mexico holds the tenth place of footwear production in the world. There are 8,400 footwear manufacturing organizations in Mexico. 65% of the footwear is manufactured with genuine leather.60% of the
leather is imported.
For this case, management system from the Mexican organization did not take into account, the legal and
conformity assessment requirements.
RESULT :
Shoes shipment was rejected and returned back to Mexico.
Legal requirements establish that certain chrome salts were not used for leather treatment; and Con
formity assessment requirements establish that leather treated with chrome salts were analyzed.
Mexican organization, with the knowledge of the TC 207 standards and the collaboration of a research
and development center, fulfilled legal and conformity assessment requirements.
The organization has been informed about the life cycle and eco labeling standards.
The product rejection was avoided and EMS was certified.
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429
CONCLUSIONS :
Mexican organizations were committed to quality, environmental, occupational health and safety.
Market research was done.
Mexican leather products fulfilled and established all quality, environmental and safety requirements.
Customers were provided with evidence about quality, environmental, occupational health and safety
commitment of Mexican organizations.
A certification scheme was launched.
Certificates of quality, environmental, occupational health and safety were granted.
This leather produce Mexican organizations improve their incomes and market shear.
Therefore, we the leather industry has to take the oath that we will prove our credentials
…Being part of world market, being competitive, and being trustable…
For More Information :
•
http://ts.nist.gov/ts
www.a2la.org
www.acil.org
www.nacla.net
www.ilac.org
http://www.unido.org
The Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce & Industry - June 2008
planningcommission.nic.in/reports
JILTA MAY, 2012
430
NEWS Corner
SKILL DEVELOPMENT TRAINING PROGRAMME ON SHOE UPPER CLOSING
ORGANIZED BY CENTRAL FOOTWEAR TRAINING INSTITUTE, AGRA
The core objective of this endeavour is to inculcate the skill amongst the interested unemployed youth belong
to the socio-economic backward community of the society by process hands on practice with modern machinery and equipments used in the shoe upper closing section to enable their to work in any shoe and allied
industry. The brief outline of the training programme is as follows:
Title of the programme:
Skill Development Training in Upper Shoe Closing.
Duration & tentative period:
Two months (50 working days) (15.5.12 to 14.7.12)
Eligibility:
8 th Pass belonging to SC/ST, OBC, Women and
BPL category.
No. of candidates to be
trained:
50.
Timings:
½ day; 9.30 am to 1.00 pm or 2.00 pm to 5.30 pm
Stay & Food:
Residential Programme, the candidates will stay in
the Hostel of the Institute which is nearly 2 Km far
away from the Institute.
Scope of employment:
100% employable. The candidates, successfully
completed the course will be provided job in
different localities.
Expenditure:
The entire expenditure for training, raw material,
stationery, tools, stay & food, one time to & fro
traveling expenses from the residence will be borne
by the Institute. Besides stipends @ Rs.500/- p.m.
will also be provided to the candidates completing
the training programme successfully.
Curriculum:
- Introduction of various type of shoe & sandal upper
- Introduction of different tools & equipments used in
Closing section.
- Stitching exercise on paper
- Stitching exercise on rexin material
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431
NEWS Corner
- Stitching exercise on scrape leather
- Skiving & folding practice
- Needles & threads
- Bobbin preparation and threading exercise
- Description of Sewing machine parts
- Preventive maintenance of stitching machine
- Upper components preparation
- Assembly & stitching
- Upper Finishing
- Sequence of operation for closing of different
types of uppers
Assignments:-
Every candidate has to practice various exercises
on paper, rexin sheet, scrap leather and finally
will make five shoe upper of five different styles.
RAW LEATHER IMPORTS SET TO RISE ON BUOYANT DEMAND
The country’s import of raw leather is set to rise on the back of a buoyant demand both in domestic and
exports markets.
Imports are likely to grow to 25-30 per cent of annual raw leather production in the country in the next two
years, as against the current 15-20 per cent, Mr. Paresh Rajda, Chairman, East, Council for Leather Exports
(CLE) said. The country has an annual production of about two billion sq. ft. of raw leather.
According to him, despite a strong bovine population in the country – India accounts for 21 per cent of the
world cattle and buffalo and 11 per cent of world goat and sheep population – imports are expected to go up
following an increased demand for leather goods.
Last updated figures (in September 2010) of Livestock Population according to the National Dairy Development Board study pegs the total bovine population in the country in 2007 at 304.4 million. The number of goat
and sheep put together stood at 212.1 million. Latest data, however, was not available.
NEW MARKETS
With an increase in import requirements, the country is likely to look at newer markets for procurement at lower
costs.
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432
NEWS Corner
Currently, high quality leather is imported from Latin American nations, while medium quality raw materials are
obtained from African countries like Kenya, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia.
“Imports for quality leather with specialized thickness will be in demand specifically because of overseas
customers,” Mr. Rajda told Business Line.
EXPORT AND DOMESTIC MARKET
The total leather market in the country is pegged at about $8 billion (approx Rs.40,000 crore), of which exports
account for almost $4.5 billion (approx Rs.22,500 crore) or nearly 56 per cent. Leather shoes and footwear
account for almost 47 per cent of the total exports while leather goods account for about 28 per cent.
The Union Government has fixed an export target of $8.25 billion (approx Rs. 41.250 crore) to be achieved by
the year 2013-14, as against $3.8 billion (Rs.19,000 crore) in 2010-11. “Imports have to increase to meet the
export target and to cater to the steady rise in domestic demand.” Mr. Rajda pointed out.
IMPACT ON PRICE
Rise in imports might lead to an increase in price of finished products.
WORLD FOOTWEAR PRODUCTION EXCEEDS FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER THE
20 BILLION PAIR BARRIER
APICCAPS (Portuguese Footwear, Components, Leather Goods Manufacturer’s Association) has just launched
the World Footwear Year Book. It is a new report that analysis the great movements within the footwear ranks
in the five continents in terms of both quantity and worth as well as the evolution of the main world players in
this sector.
APICCAPS is a nation-wide association based in Porto, representing the Footwear industry and related
sectors. The organization aims to promote the development of the sectors it represents and those of its
700 members. More information is available at www.apiccaps.pt.
The aim of this publication is to analyze the position of the footwear sector at the world level in terms of the
different variables (Production, Exports, Imports and Consumption) and evaluate the strategic positioning of
the different sector players. Additionally this publication includes a profile of the footwear industry market in
dozens of markets.
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433
NEWS Corner
The first edition of the World Footwear Year Book was distributed in over 50 countries during the month of
September, namely at the main international sector events, as well as by post.
For the first time ever, the world’s footwear production exceeds the 20 billion pair barrier. China strengthened
its role as the main protagonist in the sector, guaranteeing 62.4% of production, the equivalent to 12,597
million pairs in 2010. In total, the Asian continent guarantees 87% of footwear production.
The footwear export numbers at the world level amount to 13 billion pairs, worth 85 billion dollars, which
represents a growth of 12% in relation to the previous year. Also at this level, China is the clear leader with a
market share, in terms of quantity of 73.4% (the equivalent of 9,930 million pairs of footwear exported in 2010).
In terms of worth, however, China’s relative weight is substantially less, the equivalent to just 38.5% of the
total.
- Indian Leather
February 2012.
LEATHER, PRODUCTS EXPORT GROWTH MAY SLOW DOWN IN 2012-13
Leather and leather products exports growth may slow down in 2012-13 on account of a slide in demand from
the European markets.
The growth next fiscal might be around 10 per cent, lower than the 18 per cent growth that the industry is likely
to clock in 2011-12, said Mr. Neeraj Kumar Gupta, Executive Director, India Trade Promotion Organization
(ITPO).
GROWTH TARGET
“The exports will grow to $4.5 billion this fiscal, as against $3.8 billion in 2010-11. However, the growth is lower
than the estimated target of $4.7 billion for this year,” Mr. Gupta said at a press meet to announce the 17 th
International Leather Goods Fair held at Kolkata. The industry is exploring other potential markets including
South-East Asia, Japan, Korea, Africa and Latin America.
According to Mr. Paresh Rajda, Regional Chairman, Council for Leather Exports, the West Asian markets are
currently dominated by Chinese leather goods and products, which are basically machine made.
“Until recently, Europe was the single biggest market for leather exports from India. But now markets like US
and Latin America is also picking up. We are also trying to make inroads into the South-East Asian markets –
which is currently dominated by Chinese products,” Mr. Rajda said.
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434
NEWS Corner
The total leather market in India is pegged at about $8 billion, of which exports account for almost $4.5 billion.
Leather shoes and footwear account for almost 47 per cent of the total exports while leather goods account for
about 28 per cent, Mr. Gupta said.
- Business Line
INDIA, BANGLA TO LIBERALISE TRADE
India and Bangladesh agreed to renew the bilateral trade agreement, which expired on March 31, for three
years and agreed to further liberalize two-way flow of goods and investments.
“We have come to an agreement that the trade treaty which was expired on March 31 will be extended for a
period of three years,” Commerce Secretary Rahul Khullar said a joint press briefing with his Bangladeshi
counterpart Ghulam Hussain.
The existing trade agreement between the countries came into force on April 1, 2009.
Hussain said some changes may be made in the agreement so that “these are capable of responding to the
needs of the trade…. Year old agreement and protocols need to be addressed afresh.”
The Bangladesh side expressed concern over uninterrupted export of cotton by India.
“It was decided that a contractual agreement between the Cotton Corporation of India and its counterpart
Organization in Bangladesh needs to be worked out,” a joint statement said adding Bangladesh side
emphasized that they would require uninterrupted export of at least 15 lakh bales every year.
Both sides would hold further discussions before end of May on this matter.
Bangladesh assured India that it will favourably consider India’s request for substantial reduction on
sensitive list before the next meeting of the SAFTA Committee of Experts scheduled in May.
On the issue of India’s concern on imposition of supplementary duty over 60 per cent on import of plastics,
Bangladesh agreed to examine this issue and revert expeditiously.
Khullar said India-Bangladesh relationship “is at its peak and it is a very vital and strategic partnership. We
must carefully nurture this relationship.”
He said “we have a clear plan of action of what has been done and what is to be done and we will deliver on
time” as far as boosting bilateral trade is concerned.”
JILTA MAY, 2012
435
NEWS Corner
Hussain said free flow of goods between Bangladesh and India would definitely help elimination of poverty in
the two countries.
GOVT TO TIGHTEN CUSTOMS LAWS TO CHECK EVASION
In order to check duty evasion the government has proposed to tighten the customs laws by making violation
of certain provisions as cognizable offences, meaning that the offender will have to approach a court or
magistrate to seek bail.
For offences which are punishable with imprisonment for 3 years or more under the Customs Act, the person
will have to move the Court or magistrate for bail as per the Budget proposal.
JILTA MAY, 2012
436
LEATHER
SCIENCE
ABSTRACTS
VOLUME 45
NUMBER 4
APRIL 2012
NATIONAL INFORMATION CENTER FOR LEATHER & ALLIED INDUSTRIES (NICLAI)
NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (NISSAT)
CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
ADYAR, CHENNAI 600 020, INDIA
Leather Science Abstracts (LESA) is published by National Information Center for Leather and Allied Industries (NICLAI),
Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai.
It is a monthly abstracting periodical covering significant papers/articles published in the fields of Leather Science and
Technology, Footwear Technology, Leatherware and Leathergoods, Leather chemicals, Leather machinery, Leather
economics etc., appearing in about 500 scientific and technical periodicals published all over the world. The abstracts are
presented under well defined subject headings and include indexes.
All enquiries for further details should be addressed to THE DIRECTOR, (ATTN.: EDITOR,
LESA) CENTRAL LEATHER RESEARCH INSTITUTE, ADYAR, CHENNAI-600 020, INDIA.
JILTA MAY, 2012
437
CONTENTS
VOLUME 45
NUMBER 4
APRIL 2012
List of Periodicals covered in this issue
Abstract Nos.
LEATHER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Leather Industry. History. Management. Economics.
Education
Raw Hides and Skins
Proteins and Collagen
Enzymology
Leather Chemicals and Auxiliaries
Finishing Materials
Leather Processing Machines
Leather Properties. Quality Control
By-Products
Wool Technology
Tannery. Environmental Aspects
45.10952-45.10961
45.10962-45.10963
45.10964
45.10965-45.10976
45.10977-45.11001
45.11002-44.11005
45.11006
45.11007
45.11008-45.11013
45.11014-45.11016
45.11017-45.11024
LEATHER PRODUCTS
Footwear
45.11025-45.11026
INDEX SECTION
Subject Index
Author Index
JILTA MAY, 2012
(i-ix)
(i-v)
438
LIST OF PERIODICALS COVERED IN THIS ISSUE
Adv. BioTech.
Aqeic Bol. Tecn. (Spanish)
Chem. Wkly.
Colourage
Cuoio Pelli Mater. Concian. (Italian)
Curr. Sci.
Environ. Sci. Technol.
ICFAI Univ. J. Biotechnol.
Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.
Indian J. Biotechnol.
Indian J. Chem. Technol.
Indian J. Exp. Biol.
Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.
Int. J. Appl. Bioeng.
IUP J. Biotechnol.
IUP J. Life Sci.
IUP J. Sci. Technol.
J. Environ. Sci. Engg.
J. Inst. Chem.(India)
J. Sci. Ind. Res.
Leather Age
Water Today – The Magazine : Membrane Bio-Reactor Operations & Maintenance
JILTA MAY, 2012
439
LEATHER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
LEATHER INDUSTRY. HISTORY. MANAGEMENT. ECONOMICS. EDUCATION
45.10952
Biosimilars : growth opportunity tempered by evolving regulatory frameworks. (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 7; 2010, Sep.,
28; 199-210).
Biopharmaceuticals, also known as biological drugs or biological, are therapeutic or preventive medicines
derived from living cells using recombinant deoxyribonucleoro acid (DNA) technology. While conventional
pharmaceuticals are generally small molecules, biological are typically proteins, peptides, nucleic acids or
inactivated viruses/bacteria. Biopharmaceuticals, are, in fact, hailed as the future of medicine, revolutionizing
the treatment of diseases for which so far no cure exists. The distinct families of biopharmaceuticals include
hormones and enzymes; cytokines and peptides/naturally occurring proteins that regulate or modify the growth
of specific cells; vaccines; monoclonal antibodies; Antisense drugs; and cell therapies. Biosimilars are the
equivalent of generics for biologies. The drive to introduce biosimilars, as a therapeutic alternative to branded
biologics stems from the increasing desire to expand the scope of usage of biologics by making them more
affordable to a broader section of the population. The biopharmaceutical industry, with the United States(US)
clearly the leader, is dependent on innovation – new products for indications and new markets. The growing
biotech industry should help India to gain a share of the global opportunity currently emerging around
biosimilars. (6 Ref.; 11 Tab.; 16 Photos).
45.10953
Rise of synthetic capacities to impact natural methanol industry. VARSHNEY (SC), (M/s. Som Extracts Limited,
No. : 152, Patparganj Industrial Area, Delhi – 110 092, India). (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 6; 2010, Sep., 11; 203-4).
The roles, which the synthetic capacities in the methanol industry, are discussed. Mentha oil has been
declared as a commodity by the Indian government and allowed it to be traded on commodity exchanges, such
as the Multi Commodity Exchange of India Limited(Mex) for future trading. The absence of any menthol
supply crisis during the past ten years indicates that production has been matching demand. (1 Tab.).
45.10954
Market outlook for palm oil with special reference to sustainability & biofules. MISTRY (DE), (Chem. Wkly.;
56, 5; 2010, Sep., 14; 203-6).
A combination, of a discussion on the market opportunities for sustainable palm oil with a discussion, on price
outlook for the next few months, is made. (1 Tab.; 3 Photos).
45.10955
Benefits of E-commerce to chemical SMEs.WONG (B), (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 5; 2010, Sep., 14; 215-6).
JILTA MAY, 2012
440
The chemical industry is one of the India’s strongest and most stable sectors and a key driver of the country’s
economy. Small and medium scale enterprises(SMEs) in the chemical sector in India are looking for prospects
beyond what traditional marketing routes can offer with global demand for Indian chemical products rising.
Electronic commerce, popularly known as e-commerce, where products or services are bought and sold over
electronic systems such as the Internet has proved to be very beneficial for the sector. A trend has signified,
through the increases in the number of buyer inquiries from global buyers to Indian chemical suppliers, that
there are, indeed, several global opportunities that Indian SMEs in the chemical sector can leverage.
45.10956
India’s poor performance on technology export. GHARPURE (YH), (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 6; 2010, Sep., 21; 195-9).
Several, of India’s exports are of low value or low value-added items, which has paved the way for an everlasting import-export trade deficit as a result of the forever continuation of this situation. The main reason for low
value addition is lack of high technology use and manufacturing articles therefrom with value addition. The
meager Research & Development(R&D) spending has resulted in the low leverage in the availability of engineers and scientists in spite of the fact that India ranks very high in their availabilities. This has witnessed a
huge gap in imports and exports of technology. A remedy of this poor situation has arose by gainfully utilizing
the scientific and engineering resources available by providing massive funding for R&D, be it by Government
or industry. (9 Tab.).
45.10957
PET : Global markets continue to grapple with recession; RPET making increasing impact. (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 5;
2010, Sep., 14; 193-9).
Plastics, in general, are in a good position compared to other packaging formats as manufacturers look to
reduce excess packaging which is hitting the paper industry in particular. Great uncertainty remains about the
scale of the downtown in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) markets and the liming of the recovery. The market
situation is accelerating restructuring-closures-rationalization and inhibiting expansions, so balances will
tighten in 2011/2012. The Middle East will increasingly influence global PET pricing and supply, while Asia will
continue to suffer the consequences of the supply overhang. There is a growing awareness among consumers
towards their environmental obligation in individual capacity and marked preference for recycled content
packaging. Producers are increasingly proudly announcing recycled content to their packaging products. It
seems to have a distinct brand advantage and a measure of their sharing of environmental concern/responsibility. (2 Ref.; 5 Tab.; 6 Fig.; 5 Photos).
45.10958
SI systems of Measurement : Unit Symbols; Rules and style conventions. ACHARYA (KL), (M/s. Mangalore
Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited, Level-11, UB Towers, UB City No. : 24, Vittal Mallya Road, Bengaluru – 560
001, Karnataka State, India). (Chem. Wkly.; 50, 51; 2010, Aug., 3; 203-6).
JILTA MAY, 2012
441
The units, of measurement and the symbols, are integral part of communication of scientific/technical community as well as of commercial and general communities. Usage of the same in the recommended lines is
necessary to bring about clarity in communication/business transaction. Lack of awareness also leads to nonuniformity in official as well as print media communication. Awareness of the system needs to be enhanced.
(8 Tab.).
45.10959
Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union : Basic requirements for active substances –
Part 3 : Documentation & records and materials management. (Chem. Wkly.; 55, 52; 2010, Aug., 10; 203-6).
The preparation, review approval and distribution, that should be done compulsorily for Application Programming Interfaces(APIs) according to written procedures, are very strongly stressed. Such documents can be in
paper or electronic form. The issuance, revision, superseding and withdrawal of all documents, that should be
controlled with maintenance of revision histories and procedure which should be established for retaining all
appropriate documents, are also very strongly indicated. (2 Photos).
45.10960
Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union : Basic requirements for active substances –
Part 4 : Packaging, Storage & Laboratory Controls. (Chem. Wkly.; 56, 1; 2010, Aug., 17; 191-4).
The importance, of written procedures that describe the receipt, identification, quarantine, sampling, examination and/or testing and release and handling of packaging and labeling materials, is very strongly stressed.
Packaging and labeling materials, that should conform to established specifications, are also indicated. Those,
that do not comply with such specifications should be rejected to prevent their use in operations for which
they are unsuitable. Records, which show receipt, examination or testing and whether accepted or rejected
should be maintained for each shipment of labels and packaging materials. Packaging materials; packaging
and labeling operations; label issuance and controls; warehousing and distribution procedures of storing and
are discussed. General controls; testing of intermediates and APIs; Certificates of Analysis; stability monitoring of Application Programming Interfaces(APIs); expiry and retest dating and reserve/retention samples
are also discussed in detail. (2 Photos).
45.10961
Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union : Basic requirements for active substances –
Part 4 : Change control and rejection & reuse of materials. (Chem. Wkly; 56, 2; 2010, Aug., 24; 215-8).
The validation policy, documentation, qualification, process validation program, periodic review of the validated systems, cleaning validation, validation of analytical methods, rejection and reuse of materials as well
as the recovery of materials and solvents and returns of the rules governing medicinal products in the
European Union are described. (1 Photo).
JILTA MAY, 2012
442
RAW HIDES AND SKINS
45.10962
Assessment of genotoxic potential of herbomineral preparations - bhasmas. VARDHINI (NV), SATHYA (TN),
BALAKRISHNAMURTHY (P), (International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology, Padappai – 601 301,
Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 8; 2010, Oct., 25; 1096-100).
The generation and evaluation, of genotoxic data for herbomineral preparations(bhasmas), viz. Abhrak(mica)
bhasma, Mandura (iron) bhasma, Swas Kuthur ras(mercury, sulphur) and Smit Sagar ras(mixture of metals)
using in vivo micronucleus(MN) assay and comet assay in Wistar rats of both sexes. No significant increase
in MN frequency or deoxyribonucleoro acid(DNA) damage percentage was recorded in the bhasma-treated
animals compared to the vehicle control groups in both sexes, indicating that the bhasmas tested were nongenotoxic under the experimental conditions and the employed test system. (37 Ref.; 5 Tab.).
45.10963
Caenohabditis elegans for preclinical drug discovery. ARYA (U), DAS (CK), SUBRAMANIAM (JR), (Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) of Kanpur, Nankari,
Kanpur – 208 016, Uttar Pradesh State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 12; 2010, Dec., 25; 1669-80).
A faster and less expensive system of drug discovery is ideal, given the high expenditure(which may run in
millions of dollars) and the time(many years) to identify and develop a drug against any disease. The model
organism, Caenorhabditis elegans fits well. Already, the Caenorabditis elegans disease models have significantly contributed to the identification of new drugs and validation or finding novel functions of the known
drugs. For example, an Food and Drug Adminisstration(FDA) - approved antihypertensive drug, reserpine and
a common over-the-counter drug, acetaminophen, are identified to provide protection against neurodegenerative
disease(ND) like Alzeimer’s disease(AO) and Parkinsen’s disease(PD) in the Caenorhabditis elegans model
respectively. Various applications, of Caenorhabditis elegans in diseases and drug discovery, viz. available
disease models, high throughout drug screening, identification/validation of drugs, toxicity evaluation and
phamacodynamics like cytochrome P 450 induction, are discussed. The definite incorporation of Caenorhabditis,
in the primary stages of drug discovery and target identification, is suggested. It could be used for toxicity
screening at the secondary level to understand the mechanism of action and preclinical validation of drugs.
(81 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 10 Fig.).
PROTEINS AND COLLAGEN
45.10964
Free energy barriers in protein folding and unfolding reactions. JHA (SK), UDGAONKAR (JB), (National
Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR), GKVK Campus, National Highway No. : 7, Byatarayanapura, Bengaluru – 560 065, Karnataka State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 4; 2010, Aug., 25;
457-75).
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443
Protein folding and unfolding reactions are slowed down by free energy barriers that arise changes in
enthalpy and entropy do not compensate for each other during the course of the reaction. The nature of these
free energy barriers is poorly understood. The common assumption is that a single dominant barrier(>3 kgJ),
describable in terms of a single reaction coordinate, slow down the structural transition, which then becomes
an all-or-non transition. This assumption has allowed the empirical application of transition state theory
which has proven to be remarkably successful in describing protein folding reactions. Not surprisingly, much
effort, both experimental and computational, has focused on determining the native and non-native interactions that determine the properties of the transition state, in order to determine which residues play crucial
roles on the folding and unfolding pathways. The alternative hypothesis is that many small(<3 k B T) barriers
distributed on the energy landscape slow down the structural transition, which then becomes gradual and
diffusive. Experimental, theoretical and computational evidence supporting this alternative hypothesis for
describing the folding and unfolding of at least some proteins, has gradually been mounting. (238 Ref.; 16
Fig.).
ENZYMOLOGY
45.10965
Screening and production of subtilin from Bacillus subtilis isolated from nutrient-rich organic and biodynamic manurers. STALIN (V), PERUMAL (K), STANLEY ABRAHAM (L), KALAICHELVAN (PT), (Botany
Department, Centre for Advanced Studies (CAS) in Botany, University of Madras, Sardar Vallabhai Patel Road,
Guindy Campus, Chennai – 600 025, India). (IUP J. Life Sci.; 4, 3; 2010, Aug.; 34-44).
Twenty nine isolates of bacterial strains were isolated from 12 different composts, namely vermicompost,
NADEP compos, Cow Pat Pit manure(CPP), biodynamic compost, cow horn manure(BD 500), panchakavya,
biodynamic herbal preparations, such as BD502, BD503, BD504, BD505, BD506 and BD507. The water extract
from organic manures had antibacterial properties and production of subtilin(1.083 OD at 254 nm). Among the
organic manures tested for subtilin, the CPP manure contained highest amount of subtilin(0.967 OD at 254 nm).
Among the 12 manures analyzed for the enumeration of microorganisms, CPP manures contained the highest
amount of bacterial load(4.8 CFU x 10 6 per gram of manure) and the beneficial bacteria such as Rhizobium like
colonies(1.9 CFU x 10 6). Azospirillum sp.(0.2 CFU x 10x 6), Azotobacter(0.8 CFU x 10 6 ) were recorded. Among
bacterial strains isolated from different composts, Bacillus subtilis was predominant in the CPP manure.
Bacillus subtilis produced subtilin(0.216 OD at 254 nm) and suppressed the growth of different bacterial
pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus lutes and Erwinia amylovora.
The growth of Bacillus subtilis and production of subtilin on CPP manure were analyzed periodically for a
period of 90 days. The maximum growth (4.8 x 10 6 /g of manure) and subtilin production (1.078 OD at 520 nm)
by bacterium were observed on 90 days and 75 days respectively. After 90 days of CPP maturation, a decrease
in subtilin and protein content were observed. (19 Ref.; 5 Tab.; 3 Fig.).
45.10966
Thermoactive alkali-stable xylanase production from a newly isolated Streptomyces sp. SU 9. BAJAJ (BK),
RAZDAN (K), SHARMA (A), (School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Babasaheb Ambedkar Road,
Jammu – 180 006, Jammu and Kashmir State, India). (Indian J. Chem. Technol.; 17, 5; 2010, Sep.; 375-80).
JILTA MAY, 2012
444
Xylanases being used for several industrial processes under harsh conditions must be robust. A Streptomyces
sp. SU 9 isolated from humus was found to produce highly thermoactive(optimum temperature 80°Centigrade)
and alkali-stable(optimum pH 9.0) xylanase. The organism not only utilized agricultural-based carbon sources
like wheat-bran and wheat straw, but produced xylanase titre(5200 IU/L) higher than that obtained on pure
xylan(2600 IU/L) rendering economy to production and application. Yeast extract as nitrogen source promoted
maximum xylanase production compared to soybean meal and peptone. The xylanase was stable over a pH
range of 6-9). Thermoactivity of xylanase was moderate as it inactivated upon incubation above 60°Centigrade
for 30 minutes. (18 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 7 Fig.).
45.10967
Production and optimization of cellulase from Fusarium oxysporum by submerged fermentation.
RAMANATHAN (G), BANUPRIYA (S), ABIRAMI (D), (Department of Microbiology, Virudhunagar Hindu
Nadar’s Senthikumara Nadar(VHNSN) College, Rosalpatti, Aruppukottai Road, Virudhunagar – 626 001, Tamil
Nadu, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 6; 2010, Jun.; 454-9).
Fusarium oxysporum, isolated from infected tomato plant parts, produced maximum cellulase at optimum
parameters such as pH 6.0; temperature 50°Centigrade; and incubation period, 12 diameter) in cellulase enzyme
production broth having 1% carboxy methyl cellulose as a cellulase substrate. Activities of purified cellulases
such as molecular weight, 24, 29 and 45 kDa were stimulated by concentrations(0-70 mM) of Na + and Mg ++,
while ethylene diamines tetra acetic acid(EDTA) inhibited enzyme activity at all concentrations. (17 Ref.; 1
Tab.; 10 Fig.).
45.10968
Applications of phytase of thermophilic mould, Sporotrichum thermophile : A review. BIJENDER SINGH,
SATYANARAYANA (T), (Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez
Road, New Delhi – 110 021, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 6; 2010, Jun.; 411-4).
The applications, of phytase from thermophilic fungal isolate, Sporotrichum thermophile, are reviewed. The
achievement, of improvement in phytase production in both solid state(2-fold) and submerged(2.6-fold) fermentations under optimization, is discussed. Phytase could also be produced by alginate-immobilized Sporotrichum thermophile and enzyme production was sustainable over 5 repeated cycles. Purified phytase is a
homopentameric glycoprotein(molecular mass, 456 kD) and is optimally active at pH 5.0 and 60° Centigrade
with a T 1/2 of 16 hours at 60°Centigrade and 90 minutes at 80°Centigrade. It is insensitive to trypsin and pepsin
and unaffected by ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid(EDTA). Phytase has all requisite properties for application as a feed and food additive, dephytinization of soymilk and wheat flower and soil conditioner for plant
growth promotion. (26 Ref.).
45.10969
Obtaining of protein hydrolysates by biocatalysis of keratin. BALSELLS (S), FABREGAT (C), ADZET (JM),
CASTELL (JC), (Asociacion de Investigacion de las Industrias del Curtido y Anexas (AIICA) Centro
Tecnologico, Av. Pla de la Massa s/n, P.O. Box 58, 08700 Igualada, Barcelona, Spain). (Aqeic Bol. Tecn.; 61, 3;
2010, Jul./Aug./Sep.; 93-9). (Spanish).
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445
A volarization, of the bovine hair produced by leather industry by means of bioprocess with microorganisms
and commercial enzymes to obtain hydrolyzed protein, is aimed. Several strains of bacteria and yeast were
isolated from bovine hair and were tested on hair in aqueous medium to check the keratinolytic activity. Only
a bacterial strain that had shown the activity was identified as Bacillus licheniformis. Bovine hair was inoculated with Bacillus licheniformis at 37 and 50°Centigrade with aerobic controlled conditions in the bioreactor.
Hair was incompletely dissolved but the alkalinization of the medium and the slightly increase in nitrogen
solubility were obtained as a result of the growth of the strain. The inability of the enzymes to directly attack
because of the disulphide bonds of keratin and for which reason, a chemical pretreatment of bovine hair with
sulphide, a test, that was done to breaked sulphide bonds of keratin, with the aim of enhancing the enzymatic
attack was discovered. The bovine hair pretreated with sulphide was incubated with an alkaline protease in the
bioreactor under the pH stat conditions(pH 11). Hair was dissolved in a percentage of 52% and peptides
ranged from 10 to 250 kDa were obtained. (11 Ref.; 4 Tab.; 7 Fig.).
45.10970
Regulation of growth and antioxidant enzyme activities by 28-homobrassinolide in seedlings of Raphanus
sativus L. under cadmium stress. SHARMA (I), PATI (PK), BHARADWAJ (R), (Department of Botanical and
Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143 005, Punjab State, India). (Indian J. Biochem.
Biophys.; 47, 3; 2010, Jun.; 172-7).
28-Homobrassinolide(28-HBL), a brassinosteroid is reported to play significant role in diverse physiological
processes. It induces a range of cellular and adaptive responses to a range of environmental stresses.
Cadmium(Cd) is a non-essential metal which alters various physiological processes and generates reactive
oxygen species(ROS), which can oxidize biological micromolecules and cause oxidative stress. This stress is
generally overcome by the internal antioxidative defense system and stress shielding phytohormones. The
effect, of 28-HBL was studied on growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes in known hyperaccumulator
Raphanus sativus L.(radish) seedlings grown under cadmium(Cd) metal stress. The activities of antioxidant
enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase(APOX), catalase(CAT), glutathione reductase(GR), guaiacol peroxidase(POD)
and superoxide disumutase(SOD) were analyzed for determining the influence of 28-HBL(0, 10 -11 , 10 -9 , 10 -7 M)
in radish seedlings subjected to Cd(0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mM) stress. Cd toxicity resulted in reduced length, biomass,
protein content and activities of antioxidant enzymes. 28-HBL treatment lowered the Cd toxicity by enhancing
the activities of antioxidant enzymes, biomass and seedling length. A possible role of 28-HBL in amelioration
of metal stress is suggested by regulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes in radish. (38 Ref.; 10 Fig.).
45.10971
Molecular cloning, purification and characterization of thermostable â-1,3-1,4 glucanase from Bacillus subtilis
A8-8. JUNG (Y), LEE (Y), PARK (I), CHANDRA (MS), KIM, CHOI (Y), (Department of Biotechnology, College
of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong – A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea). (Indian J.
Biochem. Biophys.; 47, 4; 2010, Aug.; 203-10).
A gene encoding a â-1, 3-1, 4-glucanase(Ce/A) belonging to family 5 of glucoside hydrolases was cloned and
sequenced from the Bacillus subtilis A8-8. The open-reading-frame of Ce/A comprised 1499 base pairs and the
enzyme was composed of 500 amino acids with a molecular mass of 55 kDa. The recombinant -1, 3-1, 4 glucanase
JILTA MAY, 2012
446
was purified by GST-fusion purification system. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme were 8.0 and
60°Centigrade, respectively. The enzyme was stable within pH 6.0-9.0. It was stable up to 60°Centigrade and
retained 30% of its original activity at 70°Centigrade for 60 minutes. It hydrolyzed licheman, carboxymethyl
cellulases(CMCases), xylan, laminarin, avicel and p-nitrophenyl â-D-cellobioside(pNPC), but was inactive
towards cellobiose. The enzyme was markedly activated by Co 2+ and Mn 2+, but was strongly inactivated by
Fe 3+. The truncated gene, devoid of cellulose-binding domain(CBD) had shown 60% of activity and bound to
avicel. (40 Ref.; 2 Tab.; 8 Fig.).
45.10972
Insilco 3D structure prediction of argininosuccinate lyase from Sahnonella choleraesuis. LAVANYA (C),
(Department of Bioinformatics, SRM Arts and Science College, S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603 203,
Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu State, India). (IUP J. Biotechnol.; 4, 3; 2010, Sep.; 27-39).
Modeller, which is a comparative modeling program is used to predict the structure of arginosuccinate lyase
protein from Salmonella choleraesuis. All the predicted structural models are verified by the results of
Ramachandran plot, PROCHECK which checks the stereochemical quality of a protein structure, ERRAT and
PROVE validation programme. This predicted and validated structure is useful in structure-based drug design,
protein-deoxyribonucleoro acid(DNA) interactions, protein-protein interactions and docking. Argininosuccinate
lyase (EC 4.3.2.1) is an urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of argininosuccinate to fumarate and
arginine which is an essential step in the process of detoxification of ammonia via the urea cycle. Salmonella
causes infection to humans and animals. This infection continues to be a disturbing health problem worldwide. Argininosuccinate lyase in Salmonella choleraesuis is responsible for the pathogenic activity in animals and humans. The 3 dimension(3D) structure prediction of this protein helps to find the active sites in the
protein thus facilitating the movements to the further steps of drug action and drug design. (37 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 14
Fig.).
45.10973
DNA barcoding in plants : taxonomy in a new perspective. VIJAYAN (K), TSOU (CH), (Central Silk Board, BTM
Layout, Madiwala, Bengaluru – 560 068, Karnataka State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 11; 2010, Sep., 10; 1530-41).
Deoxyribonucleoro acid(DNA) barcoding is the process of identification of species based on nucleotide
diversity of short DNA segments. It is well established in animals with the introduction of cytochrome
c oxidase subunit 1(COI) as a standard barcode. In plants, however, due to the difficulty in finding an universally acceptable barcode, it is yet to be well established. The Consortium for the Barcode of Life-Plant Working Group has recently identified a few loci as potential barcode conditions and from them a two-locus standard barcode(rbcL + matK) has been recommended for initiating the barcoding process of plant species, on the
basis of the relative efficacy testing. The capability, of this two-locus barcode to serve many projects with
70% species discriminatory power, but for better resolution additional loci need to be used, is discussed. The
technical details and merits and demerits of these loci as plant barcodes are overviewed. (104 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 1
Fig.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
447
45.10974
Effect of various physical and chemical factors on á–amylase activity produced by the marine actinobacterium,
Streptomyces galilaeus. KUNDU (S), SAHU (MK), MONDAL (N), SIVAKUMAR (K), KANNAN (L), (Gujarat
Institute of Desert Ecology, Post Box No. : 83, Opposite Changleswar Temple, Mundra Road, Kuchch District,
Bhuj – 370 001, Gujarat State, India). (IUP. J. Life Sci.; 4, 3; 2010, Aug.; 7-19).
A total of 20 antibacterial strains were isolated from the two estuarine fishes and examined for their amylase
activity. Among them, one strain viz. : AS-10, which was identified as Streptomyces galilaeus had shown
higher amylase activity with lower biomass which had been studied. The effect of various physical and chemical factors, such as pH, temperature, sodium chloride concentration, carbon compounds, nitrogen compounds
and metal ions on the growth of Streptomyces galilaeus and amylase activity was studied. It was found that
at pH 6, temperature 60°Centigrade, NaCl concentration 1-2%, carbon compound viz. lactose and nitrogen
compound viz. L-phenylalanine and metal ion viz. Mn 2+, the enzyme activity was maximum. The molecular
weight of the amylase produced by the Stroptomyces galilaeus was determined by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylate gel electroscopy(SDS-PAGE), which was 94 kDa. (24 Ref.; 2 Tab.; 10 Fig.).
45.10975
Stabilization of DEAE cellulose adsorbed and glutaraldehyde crosslinked white radish(Raphanus statvus)
peroxidase. AHRAF (H), HUSAI (Q), (Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh – 202 002, Uttar Pradesh State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 8; 2010, Aug.; 613-20).
The adsorption,of ammonium sulphate fractional proteins of white radish(Raphanus sativus) on diethyl
aminoethyl(DEAE) cellulose and its crosslinking by glutaraldehyde, is demonstrated. Adsorbed enzyme exhibited an immobilization yield of 88% and its activity of adsorbed and crosslinked peroxide to 136%, 143% and
126% after its exposure to 60% dimethylformamide, 60% n-propanol and 60% acetone, respectively. However,
soluble under similar experimental conditions exhibited only 60%, 38% and 16% activity, respectively. Soluble
enzyme lost 27% activity after its exposure to 4.0 M urea for 1 hour, whereas activity of adsorbed crosslinked
and uncrosslinked enzyme was enhanced to 156% and 142%, respectively. Adsorbed and crosslinked peroxidase retained 63% activity after 1 hour exposure to 1.0 M sodium sulphite, whereas only adsorbed and soluble
enzyme lost 7.4% and 97% of their initial activity. Adsorbed and crosslinked enzyme retained 61% activity
after 7 th repeated use as compared to adsorbed enzyme, which retained a marginal activity of 21%. (37 Ref.; 4
Tab.; 6 Fig.).
45.10976
A novel approach to intrude secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas fluorescens. MURUGALAKSHMI (CN),
SUDHA (SS), (Postgraduate and Research Department of Microbiology, Dr. NGP College of Arts and Science,
Kalapatti Road, Dr. N.G.P. Nagar, Saravanampatti, Coimbatore – 641 038, Tamil Nadu State, India). (IUP J.
Biotechnol.; 4, 2; 2010, Jun.; 24-8).
Microbes are important catalysts to regulate the functional properties of terrestrial ecosystems. The isolation,
of rhizosphere bacteria from soil, is studied and examined for their plant growth promoting properties. All the
isolates were tested for hydrogen cyanide(HCN), salicyclic acid and auxin and lipase enzyme production. Pf1
JILTA MAY, 2012
448
strains had shown good reaction for the production of HCN . HCN production is indicative of antagonistic
ability. The lipase production varied between Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. Pf4 gave the highest result.
The amount of salicyclic acid produced by Pf2 and Pf4 was 0.63 and 0.64 respectively. Pf1 produced Indole
Acetic Acid(IAA) which most probably accounted for the overall synergistic effect on the growth of plant.
(17 Ref.; 4 Fig.).
LEATHER CHEMICALS AND AUXILIARIES
45.10977
Electrical structure of an unsaturated zone related to hard rock aquifer. ARORA (T), AHMED (S), (National
Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR), Uppal Road,
Tarnaka, Hyderabad – 500 007, Andhra Pradesh State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 2; 2010, Jul., 25; 216-20).
The flow characteristics of moisture through the unsaturated zone remains an enigma for scientific understanding and groundwater studies. Prediction and modeling of moisture movement through unsaturated
medium forms an important aspect in hydrology as it helps estimating the recharge to groundwater system.
Electrical resistivity measurements through lime lapse electrical resistivity tomography provide a means to
study the variability of moisture content as a function of time. The influence of natural recharge on the
correction structure of resistivity data has been studied over a typical hard rock aquifer. The non-uniform
distribution of moisture in the vertical profile following the rainfall. (21 Ref.; 4 Fig.).
45.10978
In-vitro dissolution rate enhancement of poorly water soluble non-steroidal antiangdrogen agent, bicalutamide,
with hydrophilic carriers. SRIKANTH (MV), BABU (GVMM), SUNIL (SA), SREENIVASA RAO (N), RAMANA
MURTHY (KV), (University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam – 530 005,
Andhra Pradesh State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 8; 2010, Aug.; 629-34).
The dissolution rate enhancement of poorly water soluble antiandrogen agent, bicalutamide, using different
solubilizing enhancers(Povideone K30 and Poloxamer 407), is presented. Poloxamer 407 based dispersions
exhibited higher dissolution rate than Povidone K 30. Powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD) showed the degree of
crystallinity decreased by increasing concentration of Povidone K 30 carrier Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR)
studies showed that drug used was compatible with carriers. Solid dispersions prepared with Povidone K 30
changed crystalline form of drug to amorphous form. (17 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 6 Fig.).
45. 10979
Characterization of arylsulphatase A in a 70 kDa protein isolated from goat spermatozoa having Na +, K + ATPase inhibitory activity. DHARA (TK), CHATTERJEE (M), BERA (R), SEN (PC), (Division of Molecular
Medicine, Bose Institute, No. : P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme-VII-M, Kolkata – 700 054, India).(Indian J. Biochem.
Biophys,; 46, 3; 2009, Jun.; 230-6).
JILTA MAY, 2012
449
A protein having inhibitory effect on Na +, K + - ATPase as well as showing arylsulphatase A activity(ASA) was
isolated from the cytosolic fraction of goat spermatozoa and characterized biochemically. The molecular mass
of the protein was found to be 70 kDa(P70) on 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylate gel
electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) after 35% ammonium sulphate precipitation, followed by hydroxyapatite column
chromatographic separation. The isoelectric point(pI) of the protein was found to be 4.9. The sequencing
results of first ten N-terminal amino acid residues of protein showed 100%, 90% and 80% homology with Nterminal 18-27 amino acid residues of mice, pig and human testicular aryl sulphatase(ASA) respectively. The
optimum pH, temperature and incubation time for maximum ASA activity of the protein was 5.5, 37°Centigrade
and 30 minutes respectively. The ASA activity of protein and arylsulphatase(AS) from a commercial source
was studied with respect to the sensitivity to different meal ions, vanadate, carboxyl compounds and ascrobate.
Inhibition of AS activity of P70 by silver nitrate suggested that it was related to ASA. Comparable effects of
different polyunsaturated fatty acids(eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) and purified anti P70antibody on P70 and AS from commercial source were observed. The findings suggested that protein was
novel in nature, having both regulatory and catalytic functions and showed similarities with the ASA reported
from different sources. (34 Ref.; 2 Tab.; 6 Fig.).
45.10980
In Vitro production of Callus Biomass by using plant growth regulators and a comparative study of Gymnemic
acid quantity from Gymnema sulvestre(Retz.) R.Br. POKHARKAR (AA), DEOKULE (SS), (Shri Fattechand
Jain Junion College, Pune – 411 030, Maharashtra State, India). (ICFAI Univ. J. Biotechnol.; 3, 2; 2009, Jun.;
20-30).
Callus cultures were initiated by using nodal segment and leaf segment explants. They were grown on Murashige
and Skoog(MS) medium containing 3% sucrose supplemented with different concentrations of growth hormones(0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 1.50, 2.50 and 5.0 milligram/Litre(mg/L)). Various growth hormones used are 2,4dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Naphthalene Acetic Acid(NAA), Indole-3-Acetic Acid(IAA) and
6-benzylaminopurine(BAP). The high biomass yielding concentration was used to observe the effect of plant
growth regulators in combination. High biomass yield was obtained in 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5 mg/L BAP+1.5 mg/
L IAA among the used combinations. Higher amount of gymnemic acid was obtained in 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.5
mg/L BAP combination. The harvested cell biomass and genuine samples were subjected to the extraction of
the active principle. The High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography(HPTLC) analysis had shown that the
quantity of gymnemic acid is higher in genuine samples than callus. (12 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 10 Fig.).
45. 10981
Synthesis, characterization and proton transport property of crystalline – Zirconium titanium phosphate, a
tetravalent bimetalic acid salt. THAKKAR (R), CHUDASAMA (U), (Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Technology and Engineering, The M.S. University of Baroda, DN Hall Campus, Pratapganj, Vadodara – 390
001, Gujarat State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 68, 4; 2009, Apr.; 312-8).
An advanced inorganic material of the class of tetravalent bimetallic acid(TBMA)salt-zirconium titanium
phosphate(ZTP) has been synthesized by sol gel route. ZTP has been characterized for elemental analysis by
JILTA MAY, 2012
450
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer(ICP-AES), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR),
TGA and X-ray diffraction(XRD) studies. Ion exchange capacity(IEC) of material was determined and effect of
calcinations(373-773 K) on IEC was studied. Chemical resistivity of material was assessed in acids, bases and
organic solvents. Protons present in structural hydroxyl groups in ZTP was explored by measuring specific
conductance at different temperatures(303-423 K) at 10 K intervals, over a frequency range(1-32 MHz) at a
signal level below 1 V. Proton transport properties of zirconium phosphate and titanium phosphate, synthesized and characterized under identical conditions, have been investigated for comparative studies. In all
cases, conductivity decreases with increasing temperature. ZTP exhibits enhanced conductance and mechanism of transportation is proposed to be Grotthuss type. (33 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 15 Fig.).
45.10982
Differentiation of strains based on 16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic space polymorphism. DUBEY (A), GHORUI
(SK), KASHYAP (SK), (College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner – 334 001, Rajasthan State, India).
(Indian J. Biotechnol.; 8, 3; 2009, Jul.; 276-9).
Discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated from camel abscesses and mastilic milk of camel,
cattle and goats, on the basis of 16S-23S ribosomal ribonucleo acid(RNA) intergenic space polymorphism was
done. Two sets of primers were used for amplification of deoxyribonucleoro acid(DNA) of intergenic space;
the one having a highly conserved sequenced in eubacterial 23S recombinantRNA(rRNA) transcript, while the
other having less conserved sequence of 16S rRNA, reported earlier. Of the two sets of primers used, amplification could be achieved with one set of primers. Of 60 strains of Staphylococcus aureus tested, amplification
could be achieved in only 18 strains. In these strains the most frequent bands of DNA were of 350, 500, 750 and
1500 base pairs. Polymorphism was noted in the number of the rRNA transcripts and size of the 16S-23S rRNA
intergenic space, as evident by variable band pattern in different pattern in different strains of Staphylococcus aureus. (14 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 1 Fig.).
45.10983
Corrosion inhibition of aluminium by 2-chloronicotinic acid in HCl medium. BHAT (JI), ALVA (V), (Department
of Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri – 574 199, Karnataka State, India). (Indian J. Chem.
Technol.; 16, 3; 2009, May; 228-33).
The inhibiting effect of 2-chloronicotinic acid on the dissolution of aluminium in various concentrations of
Hydrochloride(HCl) has been studied by using weight loss and polarization measurements. The inhibition
efficiency was found to increase with increasing concentrations of the inhibitor. The effect of temperature on
corrosion inhibition was investigated. The results indicate inhibition efficiency for the increase in temperature. The inhibitor was found to be adsorbed on aluminium surface probably following Langmuir adsorption
isotherm at higher concentrations of HCl. (19 Ref.; 2 Tab.; 18 Fig.).
45.10984
Industrial fabrication of alumina. MAJUMDAR (S), (Flat No. : H-701, Neel Padm Gunj, Vaishali, Opposite to
Dabur Chawk, Ghaziabad – 201 012, Uttar Pradesh State, India). (Chem. Wkly.; 54, 39; 2009, May, 12; 206-10).
JILTA MAY, 2012
451
The history and the industrial fabrication process, of alumina, which is a chemical compound of aluminium and
oxygen, with its chemical formula as Al 2O 3, are described. The Bayer process, key properties and the various
commercial grades of alumina such as the smelter grade, reactive, tabular and the high purity, are briefly
described. The different applications of aluminia such as in the water treatment; treatment against fish-parasites such as Gyrodactylus salaries; machinery; powdered aluminium, a commonly used silvering agent in
paint, are indicated. (3 Tab.).
45.10985
Isolation of purification and biochemical characterization of conotoxin from Conus figulinus Linnaeus(1758).
SARAVANAN (R), SAMBASIVAM (S), SHANMUGAM (A), SATHISH KUMAR (D), TAMIL VANAN (T),
NAZEER (RA), (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology(CASMB), Annamalai University, Parangipettai –
608 502, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu State, India). (Indian J. Biotechnol.; 8, 3; 2009, Jul.; 266-71).
Cone snails are remarkable for the extent and diversity of gene-encoded peptide neurotoxin that are expressed
in their venom apparatus. The protein content of the crude toxin extract of Conus figulinus Linneaus was
found to be 1900 g/mL. The crude extract(dilution up to 10-5) expressed hemolytic activity. The crude extract
subjected to gel filtration chromatography(GFC) yielded 60 fractions 7, 12 and 55 had shown significant peaks
at 280 nm. The fractionated toxin was then characterized by performing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) having the lower peptides ranging from 10 to 43 kDa; two lower peptides
below 14 kDa have been identified. The total ribonucleoro acid(RNA) and purified mRNA were characterized
by Agarose gel electrophoresis(GEP) and for total RNA two prominent bands of 18s and 28s were obtained of
which 28s had shown double intensity than the other. A single band of 6000 base pairs was obtained for
mRNA. (20 Ref.; 7 Fig.).
45.10986
Synthesis, characterization and analytical applications of zirconium(IV) diethanolamine. SINGH (DK), VIJAY
KUMAR, (Analytical Research Laboratory, Deparment of Chemistry, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute,
Nawabganj, Kanpur – 208 002, Uttar Pradesh State, India). (Indian J. Chem. Technol.; 16, 3; 2009, May; 254-8).
A new chelating ion exchanger, zirconium(IV) diethanolamine has been synthesized, characterized and studied
for sorption of eight heavy metal ions at different pH (1-6). Sorption capacity of zirconium(IV)-diethanolamine
sample(ZDEA 5) for Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ was found to be 1.2 and 0.7 molecule g -1 , respectively. The effect, of pH, on
sorption revealed that capacity generally decreases with decrease in pH and optimum pH for maximum sorption is 6. The distribution coefficients of metal ions on ZDEA 5 as a function of pH have been studied. Separation of Hg 2+ from its mixture with Zn 2+, Cd2 +, Ni 2+ , Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ from its mixture with Fe 3+, Ni 2+ and Zn 2+ have
been achieved quantitatively on a mini-column of ZDEA 5 . A mini-column of ZDEA 5 has also been tested for
recovery of Hg 2+ from dilute solutions on the basis of high selectivity and good sorption in acidic aqueous
solutions. (27 Ref.; 4 Tab.; 4 Fig.).
45.10987
Global and local properties of zinc containing peptide defomylase through molecular dynamics simulation in
vacuum and aqueous environment. SHARMA (S), DEB (AP), BOTHRA (AK), (Cheninformatics Bioinformatics
JILTA MAY, 2012
452
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Raiganj College(University College), Raiganj – 733 134, P.O. Raiganj,
Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal State, India). (ICFAI Univ. J. Biotechnol.; 3, 2; 2009, Jun.; 41-9).
The protein peptide deformylase of Escherichia coli consists of a single domain of 168 amino acid residues and
it is a zinc containing protein. Peptide deformylase(PDF) represents a new subfamily of metalloproteases with
interesting physical and catalytic properties. The protein contains three major á-helices, three â-sheet regions
and a potentially critical 3-10 helix. Recently, PDF, which may act as drug target, is found. Molecular dynamics
stimulation, of zinc containing peptide deformylase of Escherichia coli, is done. The local and global motional
properties like Root Mean Square Deviation(RMSD), radius of gyration(Rg), etc. are computed. RMSD of the
secondary elements gives light towards the structural and functional properties due to local motion of the
protein. Overall studies show that the protein is not much flexible and it has no other stable conformer. The
functional ability of deformylation and restricted motional properties make this protein as a good target for
drug molecules. (12 Ref.; 5 Fig.).
45.10988
The saga of cytotoxin evolution-Switching of destructive role to a constructive role. PANDA (S), SINHA (J),
(Department of Biological Sciences, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Ashram More, Grand Trunk
Road, Asansol – 713 301, West Bengal State, India). (Indian J. Biotechnol.; 8, 3; 2009, Jul.; 259-65).
Snake venom contains the toxin proteins, cytotoxins. Cytotoxins exert their effect upon the target cells by
interacting with membrane lipids and proteins. Ultimate objective of a cytotoxin is to destroy the target cells.
These cytotoxins contain cysteine residues responsible for disulphide linkage between them. Similar variety
of peptides enriched with cysteine is also found in many other organisms. But interestingly, in these cases
they never have a cell destructive function, in turn, they act to be cell–friendly. The cytotoxins and related
peptides, in terms of amino acid percentage profile, multiple sequence alignment, coelon usage, isoelectric
point determination, protein secondary structure prediction and phylogenetic tree construction through different softwares, are analysed. Lysine profile was very much informative among all the interesting results.
High amounts of lysine are conserved in all the cytotoxins whereas in other related peptides it is in less
numbers. Phylogenetic tree had shown a stepwise dynamic evolution of these interesting molecules. A great
possibility, that exists to twin harmful natural peptides into a beneficial engineered molecule for the betterment
of lives of mankind, is shown. (33 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 7 Fig.).
45.10989
Adsorption behaviour of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) on NALCO plant sand. MAHAPATRA (M), KHATUN (S),
ANAND (S), (Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology(IMMT), Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research(CSIR), Bhubaneshwar – 751 013, Orissa State, India). (Indian J. Chem. Technol.; 16, 4; 2009, Jul.;
291-300).
The adsorption, of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions at plant sand of National Aluminium Company, Orrisa, India, is
evaluated. The X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) pattern and Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) spectra had shown the
JILTA MAY, 2012
453
goethite, alumina and silica as the major phases in the sand. Effects of various parameters such as time, pH,
temperature, metal ions and adsorbent concentrations were studied. The adsorption followed pseudo second
order kinetics for all the three cations. The proton stoichiometry was dependent on the nature of the metal ion
showing the order viz. : Zn(II) > Cd(II)>Pb(II). The adsorption was found to be in the order Zn(II)>Cd(II)>Pb(II)
with loading capacities of 47.79, 42.2 and 22.8 milligram g -1 of plant sand sample. The adsorption data was
fitted to various models. The thermodynamic parameters (Ä)G°, (Ä)H°, (Ä)S° have been evaluated. The XRD
patterns of Pb(II) adsorbed plant sand showed samples that the crystallinity of silica phase was affected with
the appearance of (110) plane and disappearance of (011) plane. It also disturbed the (110) plane of goethite.
Cd(II) adsorbed sample had shown the disappearance of (011) plane of silica phase and transformation of
alumina phase Al 2O 3 to ó–Al 2 O 3 . The adsorption of Zn(II) had shown the prominence of (110) plane of goethite
with disappearance of ó–Al 2 O 3 phase. (37 Ref.; 4 Tab.; 14 Fig.).
45.10990
Silver ion exchanged titania nanotubes for decontamination of 2 chloro ethyl phenyl sulphide and dimethyl
methyl phosphonate. PRASAD (GK), (Defense Research and Development Establishment(DRDE), Jhansi Road,
Gwalior – 474 002, Madhya Pradesh State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 68, 5; 2009, May; 379-84).
Decontamination reaction of chemical warfare agent(CWA) stimulants(2 chloro ethyl phenyl sulphide and
dimethyl methyl phosphonate) on silver ion exchanged titania nanotubes (Ag + -TiO 2NT) had been studied by
gas chromatography(GC). Nanotubes(NTs) had been synthesized using hydrothermal - ion exchange method
and characterized by scanning- electron microscopy(SEM) - energy dispersive analysis of X-rays, N2 Brunauer
– Emmet – Teller(BET), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and Thermogravimetry(TGM). Formation of hydroxy ethyl
phenyl sulphide and methyl phosphonic acid exemplified the role of hydrolysis reactions in decontamination
of CWA simulations. Reactions seemed to occur considerably faster on Ag + -TiO 2NT indicating catalysis by
Ag +. (24 Ref.; 8 Tab.; 2 Schemes).
45.10991
Direct regeneration and in vitro flowing of Scoparia dulcis L. KARTHIKEYAN (S), PRASAD (R), MAHENDRAN
(TS), RAJAGOPAL (K), RAVENDRAN (V), (Department of Biotechnology, Vel’s University, Velan Nagar, P.V.
Vaithiyalingam Road, Pallavaram, Chennai – 600 117, India). (Indian J. Sci. Technol.; 2, 5; 2009, May; 55-7).
A simple micropropagation protocol is reported and thereby rapid multiplication of the useful medicinal plant
– Scoparia dulcis L. Single node explants were inoculated on basal MS medium containing 3%(weight/
volume)(W/V) sucrose, supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6benzylaminopurine(BAP) kinetic(KN), indole-3-acetic acid(IAA), indole-3-butyric acid(IBA) and Naphthalene
acetic acid(NAA) for direct plant regeneration. Maximum numbers of shoot(~22) were observed on the medium
containing 0.5 milligram/litre(mg/l) BAP and 0.25 mg/l of IBA after four weeks of culture. Regenerated shoots
were separated and rooted on half strength Microsoft(MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l of IBA alone
for three weeks. Simultaneous regeneration of shots and roots and in vitro flowering were achieved from the
nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l KN and 2.0 mg/l IAA. Well-developed complete
plantlets were transferred on to specially made plastic cup containing soil rite. Acclimatized plantlets were
successfully grown in garden soil. (13 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 5 Fig.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
454
45.10992
Layered double hydroxides : A review. NALAWADE (P), AWARE (B), KADAM (VJ), HIRLEKAR (RS), (Bharati
Vidyapeeth’s College of Pharmacy, Sector – 8, C B D Belapur, Navi Mumbai – 400 614, Maharashtra State,
India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 68, 4; 2009, Apr.; 267-72).
A combination, of two-dimensional layered materials and intercalation technique, offers a new area for developing nanohybrids with desired functionality. Layered double hydroxides(LDHs) are minimal and synthetic
materials with positively charged brucite type layers of mixed metal hydroxides. Exchangeable anions located
in interlayer spaces compensate for positive charge of brucite type layer. Since most biomolecules are negatively charged, can be incorporated between LDHs. A number of cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory agents are
either carboxylic acids or carboxylic derivatives and could be ion exchanged with LDHs to have controlled
released LDHs have technological importance in catalysis, separation technology, medical science and
nanocomposite material engineering. (19 Ref.; 2 Fig.).
45.10993
Anti-IL-10 mAb protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis via induction of Th1 cytokines and
nitric oxide. BHATTACHARJEE (S), GUPTA (G), BHATTACHARYA (P), ADHIKARI (A), MAJUMDAR (SB),
MAJUMDAR (S), (Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, No. : P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme – VII-M, Kolkata
– 700 032, India). (Indian J. Exp. Biol.; 47, 6; 2009, Jun.; 489-97).
Visceral leishmansis is characterized by severe immune suppression of the host. This suppression of the host
immune system is primarily mediated by the immunosuppressive cytokine Interleukin-10(IL-10), whose levels
are significantly up-regulated during leishmaniasis. This immune suppression is reflected at the level of T-cell
dysfunction and abrogation of leishmaniacidal molecules along with a dampened Th1 cytokine response. In
vitro neutralization, of IL-10 by administration of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibodies(mAb) confer protection
against leishmanial pathogenesis, is shown. This protective response was primarily mediated by a strong
induction of T cell proliferation along with a Th1 biased cytokine response which was further aided by the
generation of leishmanicidal molecules, nitric oxide. (42 Ref.; 13 Fig.).
45.10994
Molecular cloning and characterization of resistance genes from Tomato(Lycopersion esculenum Mill).
HEMAPRABHA (E), BALASARASWATHI (R), (Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,
Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Marudamalai Road, N.S.N. Palayam,
Coimbatore – 641 003, Tamil Nadu State, India). (Adv. BioTech; 8, 12; 2009, Jun.; 7-15 & 18).
Tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most important vegetable crop grown throughout the
world for consumption as well as processing. Plants are continually exposed to a vast number of potential
pathogens and as a result they have evolved various defense mechanisms to protect themselves by inducing
a set of responses. Often the plant disease resistance described is cultivar or accession specific and is referred
to as host resistance. Host resistance is often governed by single resistance R genes, the products of which
encode receptors that specifically recognize avirulance(Avr) proteins from pathogens resulting ligand
JILTA MAY, 2012
455
receptor binding activities. Four different R genes have been isolated from the wild species Lycopersicon
peruvianum and Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium. The genes from Lycopersicon Pimpinellifolium confer resistance to Fusarium and from Lycopersion peruvianum confer resistance against tospovirus, Fusarium and
root knot nematode. The sequence analysis showed homology with already available resistance genes. The
amino acid sequence of different R genes isolated from Lycopersion pimpinellifolium and Lycopersion
peruvianum, when analyzed using GeneRunner software, showed the presence of various domains viz. : Protein Kinase ‘C’ Phosphorylation site and Tyrosine Kinase phosphorylation site. (47 Ref.; 2 Tab.; 5 Fig.).
45.10995
The impact of global elevated CO 2 concentration on photosynthesis and plant productivity. REDDY (AR),
RASINENI (GK), RAGHAVENDRA (AS), (Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of
Hyderabad, University of Hyderabad Campus, Gachibowli, Hyderabad – 500 046, Andhra Pradesh State, India).
(Curr. Sci.; 99, 1; 2010, Jul., 10; 46-57).
The alarming and unprecedented rise in the atmosphere concentration of greenhouse gases under a global
climate change warrants an urgent need to understand the synergistic and holistic mechanisms associated
with plant growth and productivity. Photosynthesis is a major process of sequestration and turnover of the
total carbon on the planet. The extensive literature on the impacts of climate change demonstrates both
positive and negative effects of rising CO 2 atmosphere, among terrestrial plant species including those with
C 3, C 4 and crassulacean acid metabolic(CAM) pathways. However, the regulatory events associated with the
inter- and intraspecific metabolic plasticity governed by genetic organization in different plants are little
understood. The adaptive acclimation responses of plants to changing climate remain contradictory. The
impacts, of global climate change on plant growth and productivity with special reference to adaptive photosynthetic acclimative responses to elevated CO 2 concentration is primarily focused. The effects of elevated
CO 2 concentration on plant growth and development source-sink balance as well as its interactive mechanisms
with other environmental factors including water availability, temperature and mineral nutrition are discussed.
(119 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 3 Fig.).
45.10996
Reducing biofouling on titanium surface by electroless deposition of antibacterial copper nano films. THERASA
(JJ), VISHWAKARMA (V), GEORGE (RP), KAMRUDDIN (M), KALAVATHI (S), MANOHARAN (N), TYAGI
(AK), DAYAL (RK), (Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama University, Rajiv Gandhi Road,
Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai – 600 119, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 8; 2010, Oct., 25; 1079-83).
A study, on the antibacterial properties of copper thin nano films on titanium surface deposited by electroless
plating technique for biofouling free condenser applications, is aimed. The electroless deposition of copper
nano films on titanium substrates was done and copper(Cu) films were also post-annealed for 1 hour at 600°Centigrade under vacuum condition to increase the particle size of the films. Surface characteristics of the films
were studied using Gracing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction(GIXRD), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and
Atomic Force Microscope(AFM). Antibacterial properties of the surface were evaluated by exposure studies
JILTA MAY, 2012
456
highly concentration of these solvents. These solvents form a homogeneous system with water in all proportions at ordinary temperature. Therefore, they are found suitable for the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl
acetate to explain the pronounced specific effect of the solvent mixture on the rate of reaction. (8 Ref.; 4 Tab.;
2 Fig.).
45.11000
Performance and emission characteristics of a low heat rejection engine with different air gap thickneses with
Jatropha oil based bio-diesel. MURALIKRISHNA (MVS), SARITA (G), SESHAGIRI RAO (VVR), CHOWDARY
(RP), RAMANA REDDY (ChV), (Mechanical Engineering Department, Chaitanya Bharati Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad – 500 075, Andhra Pradesh State, India). (J. Environ. Sci. Engg.; 52, 2; 2010, Apr.;
97-102).
The research work on alternate fuels has been the topic of wider interest in the context of depletion of fossil
fuels and increasing of pollution levels of the engines with conventional fossil fuels. Alcohols and vegetable
oils are considered to replace diesel fuels as they are renewable in nature. However, use of alcohols in internal
combustion engines is limited in India, as these fuels are diverted to Petro-Chemical industries and hence
much emphasis is given to the non-edible vegetable oils as alternate fuels in internal combustion engines.
However, the drawbacks of low volatility and high viscosity associated with non-edible vegetable oils call for
hot combustion chamber, provided by low heat rejection(LHR) diesel engine. A LHR diesel engine with varied
air gap thickness and injection pressures with jatropha oil based bio-diesel at normal temperature is investigated. Performance is improved with high degree of insulation with LHR engine with vegetable oil in comparison with conventional engine(CE) with pure diesel operation. (14 Ref.; 6 Tab.; 4 Fig.).
45.11001
Effect of impurities on performance of biodiesel : A review. BANGA (S), VARSHNEY (PK), (Department of
Applied Sciences & Humanities, Manav Rachna College of Engineering, Sector – 43, Delhi – Surajkund Road,
Aravalli Hills, Faridabad – 121 004, Haryana State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 8; 2010, Aug.; 575-9).
The effect, of impurities formed during transesterification process and the way, of making free of biodiesel
from impurities, are reviewed. The effect, on performance of long term storage of biediesel, is also highlighted.
(29 Ref.).
FINISHING MATERIALS
45.11002
Oxidation of phenol using LaMnO3 perovskite, TiO2, H 2O2 and UV radiation. CHANDRAKANT SINGH, RAKESH
(M), (Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Nathelal Parekh Marg, Matunga(C.Rly.), Mumbai – 400 019, India). (Indian J.
Chem. Technol.; 17, 6; 2010, Nov.; 451-4).
JILTA MAY, 2012
458
LaMnO 3 perovskite has been used for the treatment of aqueous solution of phenol using stoichiometric amount
of H 2O 2 and combination of TiO 2 and ultraviolet(UV) radiation. The oxidation of phenol was studied with [UV
radiation]; [H 2O 2 and UV]; [TiO 2 and UV]; [LaMnO3 and UV]; [TiO 2, H 2O 2 and UV]; [LaMnO 3, H 2O2 and UV]; to
establish the effectiveness of different systems when composed with perovskite catalyst. Results show that
the phenol degradation efficiencies decreased in the following order[LaMnO 3, H 2 O 2 and UV]>[TiO 2, H 2O 2 and
UV]>[LaMnO 3 and UV]>[TiO 2 and UV]>[H 2 O 2 and UV]>[UV]. Ultraviolet(UV)-VIS spectra result of phenol
degradation shows that as the concentration of catalyst increases, its activity increases. The optimum concentration of catalyst was 0.60 gram/Litre for 100 parts per minute(ppm) phenol solution. Perovskite catalyst
after reaction is completely regenerated by calcinations at 800°Centigrade for 2 hours contains a similar catalytic performance. (20 Ref.; 3 Tab.; 6 Fig.).
45.11003
Ultrasonic guided wave inspection of a titanium repair patch bonded to an aluminium aircraft skin. PUTHILLATH
(P), ROSE (JL), (Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, No. : 212 Earth and Engineering Science
Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA). (Int. J. Adhes. Adhes.;
30, 7; 2010, Oct.; 566-73).
Adhesively bonded aircraft repair patches provide stiffness improvement and life extension to aging aircraft.
Repair patches are mainly metal composite plate like structures bonded onto the aircraft skin after adequate
surface preparations. Any damage to the bonding in an adhesive repair patch, like adhesive and cohesive
weaknesses similar to that found in adhesively bonded joints, can result in less than expected life extension of
the aircraft. A Conventional inspection approach using normal or oblique incidence of ultrasonic waves has
only limited capability in detecting adhesive and cohesive weaknesses. An ultrasonic guided wave based
inspection method is developed and presented. Theoretical work using wave structures is done to select
guided wave modes with large in-plane displacement at the aluminium skin and adhesive epoxy interface.
Aluminium plate with epoxy bonded titanium repair patches were fabricated in the laboratory with simulated
interfacial and bulk weaknesses representing a small representative class of the defects possible in a bonded
joint. Defect sensitive guided wave modes were selected and implemented successfully in an angle beam
wedge based inspection set-up that was further successfully extended to a linear scan, termed as a G* scan,
which has defect sizing ability also.(19 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 9 Fig.).
45.11004
Corrosion behaviour of sol-gel Al 2O 3 coated Al-Si alloy in 3-5% NaCl solution. SINGH (IB), SINGH (M), DAS
(S), YEGNESWARAN (AH), (Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal
– 462 026, Madhya Pradesh State, India). (Indian J. Chem. Technol.; 17, 6; 2010, Nov.; 419-24).
The synthesis, of alumina sol and its coating, on Al-Si alloy, are discussed. The coated substrates were heated
at 300°Centigrade for sintering and precursor removal purposes. The cross-sectional examination of the coated
specimens in scanning electron microscope(SEM) had shown the presence of around 7 ì m thick non porous
and compact coating. A X-ray Diffraction(XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of Al 2O 3 in the coated layer.
JILTA MAY, 2012
459
The corrosion characteristics of the coating were evaluated in 3.5% NaCl solution by electrochemical
measurements. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy(EIS) analysis indicated that the coated substrate possesses an order of magnitude higher corrosion resistance as compared to
uncoated substrate. EIS study has also indicated a significant decrease in diffusion phenomena of chloride
ions through the coating/metal interfaces. The effect of heat treatment of Al-Si alloy on its corrosion properties has also been investigated. (27 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 8 Fig.).
45.11005
Modeling the primary size effects of citrate – coated nanoparticles on their ion release kinetics. ZHANG (W),
YAO (Y), SULLIVAN (N), CHEN (Y), (School of Civil and Enviromental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA). (Environ. Sci. Technol.; 45, 10; 2011, May, 15; 4422-8).
Ion release is an important environmental behaviour of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) and characterization of
Ag + release is critical for understanding the environmental fate, transport and biological impacts of AgNPs.
The ion release kinetics of AgNPs with three primary diameters(20, 40 and 80 nm) were studied by dispersing
them in quarter – strength Hoagland medium at two initial concentrations(300 and 600 ì g/L). Ag + release rates
were found to depend on primary particle size and concentration, when other environmental factors(e.g. dissolved oxygen and protons) were kept constant. A kinetic model was developed to describe the Ag + release
based on the hard sphere theory using the Arrhemius equation. The model fitted the experimental data well
with correlation coefficients of 0.97 – 0.99 and the model usefully interpreted the dependence of ion release
kinetics on the primary particle size and concentration. Moreover, the effects of environmental factors(e.g.
dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and salinity), potentially can be interpreted as well. This model provides
fundamental insight into the ion release kinetics of AgNPs in aqueous environments, thus allowing for the
better understanding and prediction of the nanotoxicity of AgNPs. (48 Ref.; 13 Fig.).
LEATHER PROCESSING MACHINES
45.11006
Simulation and evaluation of a straight bladed Darricus-type cross flow marine turbine. LAIN (S), OSORIO (C),
(Energetics and Mechanics Department, Fluid Mechanics Research Group, Universidad Autonoma de Occidente,
Cali, Columbia). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 10; 2010, Oct.; 906-12).
The numerical simulations of a cross-flow vertical-axis marine current turbine(straight-bladed Darrieus type)
with particular emphasis on rotor-performance prediction and hydrodynamic characteristics, is presented.
Numerical investigations of a model turbine (power coefficient and flow behaviour) were undertaken using
developed computational models. Turbine design was studied using a time-accurate Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes(RANS) commercial solver(Fluent v.6.3). A physical transient-rotor-stator model with a sliding mesh
technique was used to capture change in flow field at a particular time step. A shear stress-transport k-u
turbulence model was used to model turbulent features of the flow. Developed model can effectively predict
hydrodynamic performance of a vertical-axis marine current turbine. (11 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 11 Fig.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
460
LEATHER PROPERTIES. QUALITY CONTROL
45.11007
Water proofing of leather and performance characteristics of the treatment of hydro and oil - repellence.
NAVIGLIO (B), CALVANESE (G), FLORIO (C), CARACIOLO (D), SCOTTI (M), (Sperimentale per l’Industria
delli Pelli delle Materie Concianti Azienda special della Camera di Commercio di Napoli, v. Poggioreale 39,
80143 Napoli NA, Italy). (Cuoio Pelli Mater. Concian.; 87, 2/3; 2011, Mar./Apr.; 83-94). (Italian).
It is a well known fact that the treatments of hydro- and oil - repellence should be targeted not only to the
functionalization of its basic features such as properties related to the user comfort. The main characteristics
of some waterproofing agents, such as siloxanes and the fluorochemical ones, that are able to fulfil this dual
task(“waterproofing and breathing of leather”). Some definitions of the terms related to resistance to waterand oil - repellance are also reported. (11 Ref.; 1 Tab.; 11 Fig.).
BY-PRODUCTS
45.11008
Submerged flat sheet membrane unit for industrial & municipal wastewater treatment & reclamation. (Water
Today – The Magazine : Membrane Bio-Reactor Operations & Maintenance; 3, 15; 2010, Jun.; 64-6).
The PetaFlex TM system has been proved to be a green solution for wastewater treatment and recycling. It
reduces plant space, meets increasingly stringent discharge requirements – even in highly contaminated
conditions and produces less solid waste in the process as compared to the conventional activated sludge
system. The salient features of this system are provided.
45.11009
Alkylation of diphenyl oxide with benzyl alcohol over H-ZSM5 zeolite as catalyst. VENKATESAN (D), GUPTA
(SS), KUMARAVEL (S), (Sathyabama University, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai – 600 119, India).
(Int. J. Appl. Bioeng.; 4, 1; 2010, Jan.; 46-51).
Friedel-Crafts alkylation using highly polluting homogeneous Lewis and Bronsted Acids are ubiquitous in a
variety of organic process industries. Very high conversions and selectivity can be achieved with aluminium
chloride as catalyst and nitrobenzene as solvent in many cases. Even though, these acids pose several problems such as recovery and reuse of catalyst, poor selectivity, waste generation and treatment, use of expensive acid-resistant material of construction, process hazards, etc. However, environmental concerns associated with aluminum chloride-nitrobenzene or BF 3-HF has encouraged development of new solid catalyst that
can accomplish reactions under milder operating conditions with minimal harm to the environment and not
only intensify the rates of reactions but also offer better product selectivity. Zeolites have been utilized for
synthesis of fine chemicals involving shape selective catalysis leading to development of many industrial
processes. The alkylation, of diphenyl oxide with benzyl alcohol was studied over H-Z5M5 zeolite catalyst and
it leads to industrially important products such as heat transfer fluids and perfumery compounds. (25 Ref.; 9
Fig.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
461
45.11010
Treating industrial wastewater with different characteristsics. YUDHISTRA KUMAR (A), (Research &
Development(R&D) Division, M/s. Environ Engineers Private Limited, No. : 323, Poonthamallee High Road,
Aminjikarai, Chennai – 600 029, India). (Water Today – The Magazine – Membrane Bio-Reactor Operations &
Maintenance; 3, 15; 2010, Jun.; 28, 30, 32, 34 & 36-7).
Membrane bio-reactors(MBRs) technology, which plays a vital role in degrading industrial wastewater that
has higher organic loads, although the efficiency of the membrane technology depends on the characteristics
of the input feed, is described. Lower input feed concentration leads to more degradability of the organic
matter and vice-versa when the input feed is high. The degradability also depends on the pore size of the
membrane and the colloidal and suspended particles present in the input feed. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that pilot plant studies are carried-out for gauging the suitability of the membrane for the application
of the MBR technology. (11 Fig.; 5 Photos).
45.11011
Plasma pyrolisis and gasification of plastics waste – a review. DAVE (PN), JOSHI (AK), (Department of
Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Sarkhej – Gandhinagar Highway, Post :
Chandlodhia, Via : Gota, Ahmedabad – 382 481, Gujarat State, India). (J. Sci. Ind. Res.; 69, 3; 2010, Mar.; 177-9).
Plasma pyrolisis integrates thermo-chemical properties of plasma using pyrolisis process for safe disposal of
solid wastes. It is an environmentally friendly technology to generate valuable byproducts by converting
municipal solid waste, biomedical waste and hazardous wastes at 800 - 1000°Centigrade. Plasma Pyrolysis of
plastic wastes generates pyrolisis gas, which is being utilized for energy recovery via different applications.
(11 Ref.; 1 Tab.).
45.11012
Effect of solar radiation on disinfection of infectious biomedical wastes. SAROJINI (E), JAYANTHI (S),
(Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Vattamalaipalayam Non-Gazetted
Government Office(NGGO) Post, Coimbatore – 641 002, Tamil Nadu State, India). (J. Environ. Sci. Engg.; 52, 2;
2010, Apr.; 93-6).
A study, of the effect of solar treatment for disinfection of biomedical wastes with and without lime stabilization process, is attempted. The laboratory experiments were conducted using box type solar disinfector with
or without lime. The study involves the determination of parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand(COD),
total solids, volatile solids, electrical conductivity, alkalinity and microbial colony count at different stages of
disinfection. The reduction percentage of COD and alkalinity were 77% and 76% respectively for solitary solar
disinfection, whereas for solar disinfection with lime stabilization COD and alkalinity were reduced to 65.79%
and 70.87% respectively. The microbial colony count due to only solar disinfection was reduced from 15 x 10 11
microbles/mL to 9 x 10 7 microbles/mL whereas due to solar disinfection with lime stabilization, the microbial
colony count reduced to 8 x 10 5 microbes/mL within 6 hours. There was a notable reduction in the parameters
JILTA MAY, 2012
462
which suggests that pathogens of biomedical waste can be effectively destroyed using solar disinfection with
lime stabilization process. (12 Ref.; 4 Tab.; 1 Fig.).
45.11013
Comparative lysimeters studies for landfill leachate characterization and settlement variation in partly sorted
municipal solid waste and fully sorted organic wastes. KHAN (AS), NARULKAR (SM), (Civil Engineering
Department, Quarters No. : P4, Ujjain Engineering College, Indore Road, Ujjain – 456 010, Madhya Pradesh
State, India). (J. Environ. Sci. Engg.; 52, 2; 2010, Apr.; 107-12).
About three-quarters of the countries and territories around the world use crude ‘open dumping’ method of
disposal for municipal waste(MSW) which is the easiest and cheapest method of removing waste from the
immediate environment but it creates serious environmental problems like groundwater contamination and air
pollution. Land-filling is considered to be most cost - effective method for solid waste disposal in developing
countries if adequate sites are available. Bioreactor landfill is a promising biotechnological option for faster
stabilization of municipal solid waste. The bioreactor landfill provides control and process optimization,
primarily through the addition of leachate or other liquid amendments. Lysimeter experiments were done for
comparing leachate characterization and settlement variation of “MSW except recyclable and domestic
hazardous wastes” and “organic waste” to know the bioreactor feasibility in Indian context, because in India
organic content of the solid waste is more due to consumption of unprocessed food items. Three Lysimeters
under different operational conditions have been experimented for leachate characterization and settlement
variation of the wastes. The results indicate the faster decay of pollutants in bioreactor in comparison to open
dumps. The trend indicating the decay of pollutants elements in the produced leachate is encouraging. (15
Ref.; 2 Tab.; 10 Fig.).
WOOL TECHNOLOGY
45.11014
Application of biotechnology in sustaining the ecofriendly environment in textile industry. KASHYA (R),
(Department of Garment Production & Export Management, International College for Girls, Gurukul Marg, SFS,
Mansarovar, Jaipur – 302 020, Rajasthan State, India). (Colourage; 56, 10; 2009, Oct.; 41-4).
Textile industries like wool industries are facing challenging conditions in the field of quality and productivity
especially at the end of quota system. The priorities of textile manufacturers as well as consumers over the
globe are undergoing dramatic change. In this global competition quality and eco-friendliness of the process
and products play a key role. Biotechnology is an emerging interdisciplinary technology that is booming in
the field of textiles like wool during the recent decade and is no longer a baby in the laboratory. It has natural
enough to soothe the sore threat of those raising doubts over its feasibility in mass production. It has given
value addition to the textile products such as wool and thereby helping the industries to gain prominent
position in the global market. (26 Ref.; 8 Photos).
JILTA MAY, 2012
463
45.11015
Application of natural dye – annatto on mulberry silk. JAVALI (UC), SREENIVASA, RADHALAKSHMI (YC),
(Central Silk Technological Institute(CSTRI), B. T. M. Layout, Madiwala, Bengaluru – 560 068, Karnataka
State, India). (Colourage; 55, 3; 2009, Mar.; 50-2).
The utility, of Annato, which is a profusely fruiting shrub or small tree, for colouring a fiber can be accompanied by three basic methods namely staining, pigmentation and dyeing, is described. Even though, different
fibers absorbed colours differently, protein fibres like wool or silk readily take dyes. Proper mordanting however, assure that the dye holds fast. (3 Ref.; 5 Photos).
45.11016
Processing of thermatex fibre in textile industries. MAHAPATRA, (Colourage; 56, 10; 2009, Oct.; 71-3).
Technologies for producing micro and hollow fibres, which are the two types of thermaltex fibres, are
described. The production, structure and characteristics of the thermaltex fibres are discussed. Thermaltex
fibre is easily blended with combed cotton fibre in 50/50 or 40/60 blend and is dyed and grey both. It spurns
pure yarn, at the same time, it is mixed with cotton, wool, spun silk, linen and other chemical fibres. It is widely
used in the thermal garment in winter due to its thermal property and it is the preferred material for the thermal
textile which provides warmth, lightweight and comfortable feeling in winter. The fabric made of this fibre
applies to thermal underwear, cloth-fitting wear, sportswear, leisurewear, shirt, outdoor sportswear, blanker,
neckerchief, glove and so on.
TANNERY. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
45.11017
Trends in wastewater technologies in China. (Chem. Wkly; 55, 43; 2010, Jun., 8; 193-5).
The enormous industrial growth in China has also caused tremendous environmental problems. In this context
the commissioning and operation of advanced wastewater technologies play an important role in relieving the
serious water pollution in China and improving the water environment. (2 Photos).
45.11018
Soil organic carbon – the most reliable indicator for monitoring land degradation by soil erosion. RAJAN (K),
NATARAJAN (A), ANIL KUMAR (KS), BADRINATH (MS), GOWDA (RC), (Indian Council of Agricultural
Research(ICAR), Complex for Eastern Region, ICAR Parisar, P.O. Bihar Veterinary College, Patna – 800 014,
Bihar State, India). (Curr. Sci.; 99, 6; 2010, Sep., 25; 823-7).
Degradation due to erosion, salinity, water logging, contamination, etc. reduce the quality of land. Soil and
water resources are affected initially and then the bio-resources. Uncontrolled degradation processes lead to
JILTA MAY, 2012
464
desertification of land and the ecosystem functions are disturbed. Soil erosion has produced maximum
degraded lands due to mismanagement and indiscriminate use of land resources in India. Monitoring of land
degradation status is essential to take appropriate and timely soil-conservation measures. The selection, of a
few reliable indicators using multi - variate statistical tools, is attempted. Eroded land of southern Karnataka
was selected for the study by using remotely sensed satellite imageries. Soil samples were collected depth wise in profiles at different landforms and land uses. There were 24 soil quality indicators estimated from
eroded lands to select few indicators for monitoring degradation status. Principal component analysis was
employed for the reduction of 24 indicators. Only seven, out of the 24 principal components formed, accounted for maximum variance. Twelve soil quality indicators were selected from the seven components based
on the highest loadings. Linear discriminant analysis was employed to obtain the most discriminating soil
quality indicators from among the selected 12. Soil organic carbon(SOC) emerged as the most discriminating
soil quality indicator with maximum loadings(-2.43). Apart from SOC, there were four other indicators with
loadings >1.0. Electrical conductivity(1.95), available soil water(1.45), micro - aggrigates(-1.18) and dehydrogenase activity(1.08) have also gained considerable importance along with SOC in monitoring degradation
status of land by soil erosion. (18 Ref.; 7 Tab.).
45.11019
Production of solid waste generation using self-organizing map and multilayer perception neutral networks.
CHIBUEZE (OT), NONYELUM (OF), (Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abuja, Abuja FCT
Nigeria). (IUP. J. Sci. Technol.; 6, 1; 2010, Mar.; 39-50).
Accurate waste generation prediction, necessary for relative waste forecasting is a difficult task due to the
complexity and inherent nonlinearity of waste data. Self-Organizing Map(SOM) was used to cluster the communes into three clusters of low, medium and high groups. The six selected variables were population,
dwelling, geographic, economic, education and waste related variables. Multilayer perception neutral networks was applied to find the best models for the clusters and in predicting the volume of waste generation for
a specific year. The training and testing data were collected in Abuja during the years 2007 to 2008. The model
efficiency and accuracy were measured based on the absolute average error and correlation coefficient (R 2 ).
The model had validation R 2 of 0.982 and average error less than 14.1% when compared to measured data.
Artificial Neutral Network(ANN) appears to be a promising tool. (23 Ref.; 7 Fig.).
45.11020
Overview of national groundwater condition in perspective to tanning and other industry - Part 1.
CHAKRABORTY (S), MUKHERJEE (G), (Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology, LB
Block, Sector – III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700 018, India). (Leather Age; 32, 4; 2010, Mar.; 78 & 83-8).
The need, of a systematic approach, for assessing water practice, is stressed for leather tanning industry
which has a complex structure in terms of materials, processes and manufacturing practices. It is very essential
that the issue, of “Sustainability” without which the whole society will be in danger, is focused. The issue of
“Sustainability” can be achieved only after the adoption of a sustainable life style ie-leading a simple and
humble life rather than highly materialistic one.
JILTA MAY, 2012
465
45.11021
Overview of national groundwater condition in perspective to tanning and other industry – Part 2.
CHAKRABORTY (S), MUKHERJEE (G), (Government College of Engineering and Leather Technology, LB
Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700 018, India). (Leather Age; 32, 5; 2010, Apr.; 71-6).
The complex in nature of the relation between the water and industry which are the two key components of
sustainable development is discussed. This kind of relationship makes the development as very difficult. The
impact of industry on water is considered two fold namely quantity and quality. Every one of these components is described in detail. Global impacts on water by industry and the leather industry and recycling and the
probable remedial measures by the industry are also described in detail. (16 Ref.).
45.11022
Water resources development and management – An experiment in rural hilly area. KHADSE (GK), TALKHANDE
(AV), ANDEY (SP), KELKER (PS), (Geo-Environment Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute(NEERI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR), Nehru Marg, Nagpur
– 440 020, Maharashtra State, India). (J. Environ. Sci. Engg.; 52, 1; 2010, Jan.; 67-74).
The Himalayan region of Tehri Garhwal in India has scattered habitations in the villages with scanty nonperennial and unsafe water resources like springs and streams. Poor environmental conditions arising from
unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitary measures, unhygienic disposal of excreta, sullage and accumulation of solid wastes have resulted in poor public health. The experiences gained through water supply and
sanitation studies carried out especially in this rural area have been shared so as to enable adoption of
relevant practices and technologies developed by the National Environmental Engineering Research
Institute(NEERI, India) in the affected areas. Environmental protection of the streams and springs for sustained water availability and safe drinking water supply was ensured with active public participation, training
and awareness programs. Various surface rainwater harvesting structures were considered at suitable sites
along with ferro-cement roofwater harvesting tanks in selected villages. The activities related to designing
and commissioning of a small slow sand filtration unit were carried out at Chhati(Nakot) village for safe
drinking water supply. Chlorination pots were demonstrated and installed in rainwater harvesting tanks for
disinfection of water for drinking purpose. Water quality assessment and health survey(parasitic and hemoglobin investigation) in the affected villages were carried out before and after technological intervention. The
training and awareness programs were organized for people of 23 villages in the study area covering water and
sanitation related topics. The beneficiary’s opinions, perceptions, apprehensions, as well as expectations
reflected positive approach towards the achievement of anticipated benefits and impacts. (12 Ref.; 4 Tab.; 7
Fig.).
45.11023
Leather industry needs an eco-technology (r)evolution. TEGTMEYER (D), (M/s. LANXESS Deutschland
GmbH, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 4051369 Leverkusen, Germany). (Leather Age; 32, 8; 2010, Jul.; 57-8 & 63-4).
JILTA MAY, 2012
466
The unequal balance, that is still prevailing in the earth’s resources in comparison to consumption and population growth and is becoming a major challenge since during the last thirty years with consequences for many
products and applications, is discussed in detail. This non-balance is being applied to the leather industry
also. Eco or green and sustainable technologies have played an important role in the leather industry for a
long time. Hence, it can be taken for granted that the implementation of further and even stronger measures
with positive impact on the environment will become one of the dominating factors for the survival of the
leather industry and its product viz. : ‘leather’ in the near future.
45.11024
The electrocoagulation, an alternative to the conventional coagulation process of wastewater. CANIZARES
(P), MARTINEZ (F), SAEZ (C), RODRIGO (MA), (Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, Facultad de Ciencias
Quimicas, Edificio Enrique Costa Novella, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n.
13071 Ciudad Real, Spain). (Aqeic Bol. Tecn.; 61, 2; 2010, Apr./May/Jun.; 61-71). (Spanish).
The treatment of wastes consisting of colloidal dispersions(or in O/W emulsions) is oftenly carried out during
reagents to the wastes, typically iron or aluminium salts solutions. An alternative to the dosing of these
solutions is the electrochemical production of the ionic reagents required to destabilize the colloids, or the
microdrops of the emulsion, by dissolving iron or aluminium sheets as a consequence of their use as anodes
in electrochemical cells. This type of technology is known as electrocoagulation and it shows important
differences if compared with the conventional technology, especially the production of microbubbles coming
from the water oxidation and reduction. These microbubbles have a double effect on the treatment. On one
hand, they cause a soft mixing that favour the aggregation of pollutants. On the other hand, they improve the
separation of pollutant by flotation, because the microbubbles link the pollutant particles and decrease their
apparent density. More significant points of this novel technology are reviewed. (91 Ref.; 13 Fig.).
LEATHER PRODUCTS
45.11025
Footwear for professional use. MARCO (C), SEGARRA (V), (Instituto Tecnologico del Calado y
Conexas(INESCOP), Poligeno Industrial Campo Alto. 03600 Elda, Alicanta, Spain). (Aqeic. Bol. Tecn.; 61, 3;
2010, Jul./Aug./Sep./ 101-5). (Spanish).
The standard viz. : UNE EN 20,344 et seq., that shall set forth the requirements that must meet footwear for
professional use, be it work, or safety, is described. The history and evolution of the requirements for leather,
including the recent expansion, indicating the problems that usually have the skins, that have been found as
the result of the experience due to the expansion and finally trends/potential changes looming in the 161
European Committee(Protection of feet and legs). (4 Ref.; 3 Tab.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
467
45.11026
Challenges of the new professional qualification applied to leather. CORDON (MA), BUSQUESTS (L), (Aqeic
Bol. Tecn.; 61, 4; 2010, Oct./Nov/Dec.; 152-6). (Spanish).
The new economic situation and its impact on the labour market has resulted in the creation of new tiles FP
structural changes and content among other changes. The recognition of skills acquired by experience and
have allowed accreditation and recognition of skills acquired through work experience, in the firm’s case
which is applied to the textile, footwear and leather with the approval of the new law 5/2002 of professional
qualifications and the RD 1224/2009 of 17 July. (8 Ref.).
JILTA MAY, 2012
468
SUBJECT INDEX
Acid, Deoxyribonucleoro, Plants
45.10973
Acid, Gymnemic, Quantity from Gymnema sylvestre(Retz.) R. Br., Study
45.10980
Acid, Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate in DMSO and DMF mixed media, Parameters
45.10999
Acid, Tetravalent bimetallic, Salt, Zirconium titanium phosphate
45.10981
Acid, 2-chloronicotinic, HCl medium, Use, Aluminium, Corrosion inhibition
45.10983
Active substances with basic requirements
45.10960
45.10961
45.10959
Agent, Antiandrogen, Non-steroidal, Poorly water soluble, Rate, Enhancement
45.10978
Aircraft, Skin, Aluminium, Patch, Bonding, Ultrasonic guided wave inspection
45.11003
Alcohol, Benzyl, Oxide, Use, Alkylation on zeolite as catalyst
45.11009
Al-Si alloy in NaCl solution, Sol-gel Al 2 O 3 coated, Characteristics
45.11004
Alkali-stable xylanase, Thermoactive, Streptomyces sp. SU 9, Use, Production
45.10966
Alloy, Al-Si, Sol-gel Al 2O 3 coated, NaCl solution, Characteristics
45.11004
Al 2 O 3 coated Al-Si alloy in NaCl solution, Sol-gel, Characteristics
45.11004
á-amylase activity, Factors, Effects
45.10974
Alumina, Industrial fabrication
45.10984
Aluminium, Corrosion inhibition with 2-chloronicotinic acid in HCl medium
45.10983
Aluminium aircraft skin with titanium repair patch, Bonding, Inspection
45.11003
Antiandrogen agent, Non-steroidal, Poorly water soluble, Rate, Enhancement
45.10978
Antibacterial copper nano films, Electroless deposition
45.10996
Aqueous and vacuum environment, Peptide deformylase, Simulation, Properties
45.10987
Aqueous solutions with phenol and m-cresol, Reactor, Use, Degradation
45.10997
Area, Hilly, Rural, Water resources development and management, Experiment
45.11022
Argininosuccinate lyase with Insilco 3D structure prediction
45.10972
Arylsulphatase A in 70 kDa protein, Characterization
45.10979
Ayurvedic Bharma
45.10998
Bacillus subtilis with subtilin Isolation from manures, Screening and production
45.10965
Bacillus subtilis A8-8 for glucanase cloning, Purification and characterization
45.10971
Barriers, Free energy, Protein folding and unfolding reactions
45.10964
Benzyl alcohol with oxide, Alkylation on zeolite as catalyst
45.11009
â-1,3-1, 4 glucanase, Thermostable, Cloning, Purification and characterization
45.10971
Bharma, Ayurvedic
45.10998
Bhasmas, Herbomineral preparations, Genotoxic potential
45.10962
Bicalutamide, Poorly water soluble non-steroidal antiandrogen agent
45.10978
Bio-diesel, Jatropha oil based, Air gap thicknesses in engine, Characteristics
45.11000
Biocatalysis of keratin for protein hydrolysates
45.10969
Biodiesel, Impurities, Effect
45.11001
JILTA MAY, 2012
469
Biodynamic and organic manures in subtilin, Screening and production
45.10965
Biofouling, Reduction, Titanium surface, Electroless deposition of films
45.10996
Biofuel and sustainability to palm oil for market prospects
45.10954
Biomedical wastes, Infectious, Disinfection, Solar, Radiation, Effect
45.11012
Biosimilars
45.10952
Biotechnology for ecofrienndly environment sustaining in textile industry
45.11014
Caenohabditis elegans for preclinical drug discovery
45.10963
Cadmium stress with Raphanus sativus seedlings for growth and activities
45.10970
Callus Biomass, Production with plant growth regulators
45.10980
Carbon, Organic, Soil, Use, Reliable indicator, Land, Degradation, Soil, Erosion
45.11018
Carriers in bicalutamide, Hydrophilic, Antiandrogen agent
45.10978
Catalyst, Zeolite, Oxide with alcohol, Use, Alkylation
45.11009
Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) on NALCO plant sand, Characteristics
45.10989
Cellulase, Production and optimization from Fusarium oxysporum
45.10967
Cellulose adsorbed peroxidase, DEAE, Stabilization
45.10975
Challenges for new professional qualification to leather
45.11026
Chemical SMEs with E-commerce, Benefits
45.10955
China, Wastewater technologies, Trends
45.11017
Citrate-coated silver nanoparticles on ion release kinetics, Size effects, Modeling
45.11005
Conotoxin from Conus figulinus Linnaeus, Isolation, Purification, Characterization
45.11005
CO 2 concentration, Global elevated, Photosynthesis and productivity, Impact
45.10995
Constructive role from destructive role, Cytotoxin evolution-Switching, Saga
45.10988
Conus figulinus Linnaeus with conotoxin, Isolation, Purification, Characterization
45.10985
Cross flow marine turbine, Darricus-type, Straight-bladed, Simulation
45.11006
Crystalline–Zirconium titanium phosphate, Synthesis, Characterization, Property
45.10981
Cytokines, Th1 and nitric oxide, Induction, Leishmaniasis, mAb, Protection
45.10993
Cytotoxin-Switching of destructive role to constructive role, Saga
45.10988
Deoxyribonucleoro acid barcoding in plants
45.10973
Destructive role to constructive role, Cytotoxin-Switching, Saga
45.10988
Diethyl aminoethyl cellulose adsorbed peroxidase, Stabilization
45.10975
Diethanolamine, Zirconium(IV), Synthesis, Characterization and application
45.10986
Dimethyl fornamide mixed media with ethyl acetate hydrolysis, Parameters, Study
45.10999
Dimethyl methyl phosphonate and sulphide, Nanotubes, Use, Decontamination
45.10990
Dimethyl sulfoxide dimethylfornamide mixed media, Ethyl acetate, Hydrolysis
45.10999
Diphenyl oxide with benzyl alcohol, Alkylation on zeolite as catalyst
45.11009
Discovery, Preclinical drug, Caenohabditis elegans
45.10963
Documentation & records and materials management
45.10959
Double hydroxides, Layered
45.10992
Drug, Preclinical, Discovery with Caenohabditis elegans
45.10963
Dye – Annato, Natural, Use, Mulberry silk
45.11015
JILTA MAY, 2012
470
E-commerce to chemical SMEs
45.10955
Eco-technology (r)evolution for leather industry
45.11023
Ecofriendly environment in textile industry, Sustaining, Biotechnology
45.11014
Electrical structure of unsaturated zone with hard rock aquifer, Relation
45.10977
Electrocoagulation v/s conventional coagulation process for wastewater
45.11024
Elegans, Caenobditis, Preclinical drug discovery
45.10963
Energy barriers, Free, Protein folding and unfolding reactions
45.10964
Engine, Low heat rejection, Emission characteristics, Air gap thicknesses
45.11000
Environment, Vacuum and aqueous, Deformylase, Simulation, Properties
45.10987
Environment, Ecofriendly, Textile Industry, Sustaining, Biotechnology
45.11014
Enzyme, Antioxidant, Activities, Growth, 28-homobrassinolide, Use, Regulation
45.10970
Ethyl acetate in aqua – DMSO and DMF mixed media, Acid hydrolysis
45.10999
European Union, Rules for medicinal products
45.10959
45.10960
45.10961
Experiment of water resources, Development and management, Rural hilly area
45.11022
Export, Technology, India’s poor performance, Effect
45.10956
Fibre, Thermaltex, Use, Textile Industries, Processing
45.11016
Films, Nano, Antibacterial copper, Electroless deposition, Surface, Biofouling
45.10996
Footwear for professional use
45.11025
Frameworks, Regulatory, Evolving, Use, Growth, Opportunity, Tempering
45.10952
Free energy barriers in protein folding and unfolding reactions
45.10964
Fusarium oxysporum in cellulase with submerged fermentation, Production
45.10967
Goat spermatozoa with Na + , K + - ATPase inhibitory activity for protein, Isolation
45.10979
Genes from tomato, Molecular cloning and characterization
45.10994
Genotoxic potential of bhasmas
45.10962
Global elevated CO 2 concentration on photosynthesis and productivity, Impact
45.10995
Global markets, Effect, Recession
45.10957
Glutaraldehyde crosslinked and Cellulose adsorbed peroxidase, Stabilization
45.10975
Groundwater, Natural, Condition, Tanning and other industry
45.11020
45.11021
Growth, Opportunity, Tempering with evolving regulatory frameworks
45.10952
Growth and antioxidant enzyme activities, Regulation with 28-homobrassinolide
45.10970
Gymnemic acid quantity from Gymnema sylvestre(Retz) R.Br., Study
45.10980
Gymnema sylvestre(Retz.) R. Br., for study of Gymnemic acid quantity
45.10980
H-ZSM5 zeolite as catalyst, Oxide with alcohol, Alkylation
45.11009
HCl medium with 2-chloronicotinic acid for aluminium, Corrosion inhibition
45.10983
Hard rock aquifer, Relation from unsaturated zone, Electrical structure
45.10977
Herbomineral preparations, Bhasmas
45.10962
Hilly area, Rural, Water resources development and management, Experiment
45.11022
JILTA MAY, 2012
471
H 2 O 2, TiO 2 , LnMnO 3 perovskite and UV radiation for phenol radiation
45.11002
Hydro and oil-repellence, Treatment, Characteristics, Leather, Water, Proofing
45.11007
Hydrolysates, Protein, Keratin, Biocatalysisis
45.10969
Hydrophilic carriers in bicalutamide, Antiandrogen agent, Rate, Enhancement
45.10978
Hydroxides, Double, Layered
45.10992
Impurities, Effect, Biodiesel
45.11001
India’s poor performance, Effect, Technology export
45.10956
Industrial fabrication of alumina
45.10984
Industrial wastewater, Different characteristics, Uses, Treatment
45.11010
Industries, Textile, Thermaltex fibre, Use, Processing
45.11016
Industry, Natural methanol, Synthetic capacities, Rise, Effect, Impact
45.10953
Industry, Other, Tanning, National groundwater condition
45.11020
45.11021
Industry, Leather, Eco-technology (r)evolution
45.11023
Industry, Textile with ecofriendly environment, Sustaining
45.11014
Infectious biomedical wastes, Disinfection, Solar radiation, Effect
45.11012
Ion release kinetics, Nanoparticles, Size effects, Modeling
45.11005
Jatropha oil based bio-diesel with air gap thicknesses, Engine, Characteristics
45.11000
Keratin, Biocatalysis for protein hydrolysates
45.10969
Kinetic parameters of acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, Mixed media, Study
45.10999
Kinetics, Ion release, Nanoparticles, Size effects, Modeling
45.11005
Land with soil erosion monitoring, Degradation, Soil organic carbon, Reliability
45.11018
Layered double hydroxides
45.10992
Leather, New professional qualification, Challenges
45.11026
Leather, Water, Proofing, Hydro and oil-repellence, Treatment, Characteristics
45.11007
Leather industry, Eco-technology (r)evolution, Need
45.11023
Low heat rejection engine with air gap thicknesses with bio-diesel
45.11000
45.10994
Lycopersicon esculentum Milb, Tomato with genes, Cloning and characterization
m-cresol and phenol for degradation in aqueous solutions with reactor
45.10997
Management, Materials, Documentation & records
45.10959
Management of water resources in rural hilly area, Development, Experiment
45.11022
Manures, Organic and biodynamic, Nutrient-rich, Use, Subtilin, Production
45.10965
Map, Self-organizing, Neutral networks, Uses, Solid waste generation
45.11019
Marine actinobacterium with á-amylase activity, Production, Factors, Effects
45.10974
Marine turbine, Darricus-type cross flow, Straight-bladed, Simulation
45.11006
Market, Prospects for palm oil with sustainability and biofuels
45.10954
Markets, Global, Effect, Recession
45.10957
Materials, Management, Documentation & records
45.10959
Materials, Validation, Change control, Rejection and reuse
45.10961
Measurement, SI system
45.10958
Media, Mixed, DMSO and DMF, Aqua, Ethyl acetate, Hydrolysis, Parameters
45.10999
JILTA MAY, 2012
472
Medicinal plant, Scoparia dulcis L
Medicinal products with rules in European Union
45.10991
45.10959
45.10960
45.10961
Membrane unit, Submerged flat sheet for wastewater treatment & reclamation
45.11008
Metabolites of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Secondary, Novel approach
45.10976
Methanol, Natural, Industry, Impact, Synthetic capacities, Rise, Effect
45.10953
Microwave-ultraviolet reactor, Use, Phenol and m-cresol, Degradation
45.10997
Mixed media, DMSO and DMF, Aqua, Ethyl acetate, Hydrolysis, Parameters
45.10999
Mould, Thermophilic, Phytase, Sporotrichum thermophile
45.10968
Mulberry silk with natural dye – annato, Application
45.11015
Multilayer perception neutral networks and map, Uses, Solid waste generation
45.11019
Municipal solid waste, Partly sorted, Characterization and variation
45.11013
NaCl solution, Alloy, Characteristics
45.11004
NALCO plant sand, Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II), Characteristics
45.10989
Nanomedicine, Application
45.10998
Nano films, Antibacterial copper, Electroless deposition, Surface, Biofouling
45.10996
Nanoparticles, Citrate-coated silver, Kinetics, Size effects, Modeling
45.11005
Nanotubes, Titania, Silver ion exchanged, Use, CEPS and DMP
45.10990
National groundwater condition in tanning and other industry
45.11020
45.11021
Natural dye – annatto, Use, Mulberry silk
45.11015
Natural methanol industry, Impact, Synthetic capacities, Rise, Effect
45.10953
Networks, Neutral, Multilayer perception, Map, Uses, Solid waste generation
45.11019
Neutral networks, Multilayer perception, Map, Solid waste generation
45.11019
New professional qualification for leather, Challenges
45.11026
Nitric oxide and Th1 cytokines, Induction, Use, Leishmaniasis, mAb protection
45.10993
Non-steroidal antiandrogen agent with carriers, Poorly water soluble
45.10978
Nutrient-rich organic and biodynamic manures, Effect, Subtilin, Production
45.10965
Oil, Palm, Sustainability & biofuels, Market, Prospects
45.10954
Oil- and hydro-repellence, Treatment, Characteristics, Leather, Water, proofing
45.11007
Organic carbon, Soil, Land degradation monitoring with soil erosion, Reliability
45.11018
Organic wastes, Fully sorted, Characterization and variation, Studies
45.11013
Oxide, Diphenyl, Alcohol, Alkylation on H-ZSM5 zeolite as catalyst
45.11009
Oxide, Nitric, Cytokines, Induction, Leishmaniasis, mAb, Protection
45.10993
Packaging, Storage and laboratory controls of medicinal products
45.10960
Palm oil with sustainability & biofuels, Market, Prospects
45.10954
Parameters of acid hydrolysis of acetate in mixed media, Kinetic, Study
45.10999
Patch, Titanium repair, Aluminium aircraft skin, Bonding, Inspection
45.11003
Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II), Characteristics, NALCO plant sand
45.10989
Peptide deformylase in zinc, Properties, Use, Environment, Simulation
45.10987
JILTA MAY, 2012
473
Perovskite, LaMnO 3 , TiO 2 , H 2O 2 and UV radiation for phenol oxidation
Phenol, Oxidation with LaMnO 3 perovskite, TiO 2 , H 2O 2 and UV radiation
Phenol and m-cresol in aqueous solutions, Reactor, Use, Degradation
Photosynthesis and plant productivity, CO 2 concentration, Impact
Phytase of thermophilic mould, Sporotrichum thermophilic
Plant, Medicinal, Scoparia dulcis L
Plant, Productivity, Photosynthesis, CO 2 concentration, Impact
Plant, Sand, NALCO, Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II), Characteristics
Plant growth regulators, Uses, Callus Biomass, Production
Plants with DNA barcoding
Plasma, Pyrolysis and plastics waste, Gasification
Plastics, Waste, Gasification, Plasma, Pyrolysis
Polyethylene terephthalate
Poorly water soluble non-steroidal antiandrogen agent, Bicalutamide
Preclinical drug discovery with Caenohabditilis elegans
Process, Conventional coagulation v/s Electrocoagulation for wastewater
Products, Medicinal, European Union, Rules
45.11002
45.11002
45.10997
45.10995
45.10968
45.10991
45.10995
45.10989
45.10980
45.10973
45.11011
45.11011
45.10957
45.10978
45.10963
45.11024
45.10959
45.10960
45.10961
Professional qualification, New, Use, Leather, Challenges
45.11026
Professional use of footwear
45.11025
Property of crystalline, Proton transport, Synthesis, Characterization
45.10981
Protein, Folding and unfolding reactions with free energy barriers
45.10964
Protein, Hydrolysates with keratin biocatalysis
45.10969
Protein, 70 kDa, Arylsulphatase, Characterization
45.10979
Proton transport property of crystalline-zirconium titanium phosphate
45.10981
Pseudomonas fluorescens with secondary structure, Novel approach
45.10976
Qualification, Professional, New, Use, Leather, Challenges
45.11026
Quantity of gymnemic acid from Gymnema sylvestre(Retz.) R. Br., Study
45.10980
(r)evolution, Eco-technology, Need for leather industry
45.11023
Radish peroxidase, White, Cellulose absorbed and glutaraldehyde crosslinked
45.10975
Raphanus sativus, White radish peroxidase
45.10975
Rate, Enhancement of bicalutamide, In-vitro dissolution
45.10978
Reactor, Microwave-ultraviolet, Use, Phenol and m-cresol degradation
45.10997
Recession on global markets, Effects
45.10957
Regulators, Plant growth, Uses, Callus Biomass, In vitro production
45.10980
Resistance genes from tomato, Molecular cloning and characterization
45.10994
Resources, Water, Development and management in rural hilly area, Experiment
45.11022
Ribonucleoro acid intergenic space polymorphism, 16S-23S Ribosomal for strains
45.10982
Rock aquifer, Hard, Relation with unsaturated zone, Electrical structure
45.10977
Role, Destructive to constructive, Cytotoxin evolution-Switching, Saga
45.10988
JILTA MAY, 2012
474
RPET, Making, Effect, Impact
Rules governing medicinal products in European Union
45.10957
45.10959
45.10960
45.10961
Rules, Style conventions and unit symbols
45.10958
Rural hilly area with water resources development and management, Experiment
45.11022
Saga of cytotoxin evolution-Switching of destructive role to constructive role
45.10988
Salmonella choleraesuis with lyase, Insilco 3D structure prediction
45.10972
Sand, NALCO plant, Pb(II),Cd(II) and Zn(II), Characteristics
45.10989
Scoparia dulcis L, Direct regeneration and in vitro flowing
45.10991
Secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Novel approach
45.10976
Seedlings of Raphanus sativus L. with 28-homobrassinolide, Growth and activities
45.10970
Self-organizing map and neutral networks, uses, Solid waste generation
45.11019
SI system of Measurement
45.10958
Silk, Mulberry, Natural dye – annato, Application
45.11015
Silver ion exchanged titania nanotubes, Use, 2 CEPS and DMP, Decontamination
45.10990
Silver nanoparticles on ion release kinetics, Citrate-coated, Primary size effects
45.11005
16S-23S ribosomal RNA intergenic space polymorphism for strains
45.10982
Salt, Tetravalent bimetallic acid, Crystalline-Zirconium titanium phosphate
45.10981
70 kDa protein with arylsulphatase A from goat spermatozoa, Isolation
45.10979
Skin, Aluminium aircraft, Titanium repair patch, Bonding, Inspection
45.11003
SMEs, Chemical, E-commerce, Benefits
45.10955
Soil, Erosion, Use, Land, Degradation, Monitoring
45.11018
Soil organic carbon for land degradation monitoring, Reliable indicator
45.11018
Sol-gel Al 2O 3 coated Al-Si alloy in NaCl solution, Characteristics
45.11004
Solar, Radiation, Effect, Infectious biomedical wastes, Disinfection
45.11012
Solid waste with map and neutral networks, Generation
45.11019
Solid waste, Municipal, Partly sorted, Characterization and variation
45.11013
Solution, NaCl, Alloy, Characteristics
45.11004
Solutions, Aqueous, Phenol and m-cresol, Reactor, Use, Degradation
45.10997
Space, Polymorphism, Intergenic, Ribosomal RNA, Strains, Differentiation
45.10982
Sporotrichum thermophile, Phytase
45.10968
Staphylococcus aureus strains, Differentiation with space polymorphism
45.10982
Straight-bladed Darricus-type cross flow marine turbine,Simulation
45.11006
Strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Differentiation, Polymorphism, Basis
45.10982
Streptomyces galilaeus, Marine actinobacterium
45.10974
Streptomyces sp. SU 9, New isolated, Use, Xylanase, Production
45.10966
Stress, Cadmium, Raphanus sativus L. seedlings, 28-homobrassinolide, Enzyme
45.10970
Structure of unsaturated zone, Electrical, Relation with hard rock aquifer
45.10977
Studies, Comparative lysimeters, Wastes, Characterization and variation
45.11013
Study, Comparative, Gymnemic acid quantity
45.10980
JILTA MAY, 2012
475
Study of kinetic parameters of acid hydrolysis of acetate in mixed media
45.10999
Style conventions, Unit symbols and rules
45.10958
Submerged fermentation, Use, Fusarium oxysporum with cellulase, Production
45.10967
Submerged flat sheet membrane unit for wastewater, Treatment & reclamation
45.11008
Substances, Active, Basic requirements
45.10960
45.10961
Subtilin from Bacillus subtilis, Screening and production
45.10965
Surface, Titanium, Biofouling, Reduction, Nano films, Electroless deposition
45.10996
Symbols, Unit, Rules and style conventions
45.10958
Synthesis, characterization and analytical applications of diethanolamine
45.10986
Synthesis, Characterization and proton transport property of crystalline
45.10981
System of measurement, SI
45.10958
Tanning and other industry, National groundwater condition
45.11020
Taxonomy in new perspective
45.10973
Technology export, India, Poor performance, Effect
45.10956
Technologies, Wastewater, Trends, China
45.11017
Tetravalent bimetallic acid salt, Zirconium titanium phosphate
45.10981
Textile industries with thermaltex fibre, Processing
45.11016
Textile industry with ecofriendly environment, Sustaining, Biotechnology
45.11015
Th1 cytokines and oxide, Induction, Use, Visceral leishmaniasis, mAb, Protection
45.10993
Thermaltex fibre in textile industries, Processing
45.11016
Thermoactive alkali-stable xylanase production from Streptomyces sp. SU 9
45.10966
Thermophile, Sporotrichum, Thermophilic mould, Phytase
45.10968
Thermophilic mould, Phytase
45.10968
Thermostable â-1,3-1,4 glucanase from Bacillus subtilis A8-8, Cloning
45.10971
TiO 2, H 2O 2 and UV radiation, LaMnO 3 perovskite for phenol oxidation
45.11002
Titania nanotubes, Silver ion exchanged, Use, CEPS and DMP, Decontamination
45.10990
Titanium, Surface, Biofoulding, Reduction with films, Electroless deposition
45.10996
Titanium repair patch to aluminium aircraft skin, Bonding, Inspection
45.11003
Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Milb, Genes, Cloning and characterization
45.10994
Trends in wastewater technologies in China
45.11017
Turbine, Marine, Darricus type cross flow, Straight-bladed, Simulation
45.11006
2 chloro ethyl phenyl sulphide and DMP, Nanotubes, Use, Decontamination
45.10990
2 – chloronicotinic acid in HCl medium for aluminium, Corrosion inhibition
45.10983
28-homobrassinolide in Raphanus sativus L. seedlings, Enzyme, Activities
45.10970
Ultraviolet radiation, TiO 2, H 2O 2 and LaMnO 3 perovskite for phenol oxidation
45.11002
Unit, Submerged flat sheet membrane, Use, Wastewater, Treatment & reclamation
45.11008
Unit symbols, Rules and style conventions
45.10958
JILTA MAY, 2012
476
Unsaturated zone with structure, Relation for hard rock aquifer
45.10977
Vacuum and aqueous environment, Zinc, Simulation, Properties
45.10987
Viseral leishmaniasis, Experimental, Anti-IL-10 mAb, Protection
45.10993
Waste, Plastics, Gasification, Plasma, Pyrolysis
45.11011
Waste, Solid, Generation with map and neutral networks
45.11019
Waste, Solid, Municipal, Partly sorted, Characterization and variation
45.11013
Wastes, Biomedical, Infectious, Disinfection, Solar radiation, Effect
45.11012
Wastes, Organic, Fully sorted, Waste, Characterization and variation
45.11013
Wastes, Solid and organic, Characterization and variation, Studies
45.11013
Wastewater, Electrocoagulation v/s conventional coagulation process
45.11024
Wastewater, Industrial, Different characteristics, Uses, Treatment
45.11010
Wastewater, Industrial & municipal, Membrane unit for treatment & reclamation
45.11008
Wastewater, Technologies, Trends, China
45.11017
Water, Ground, National, Condition in tanning and other industry
45.11020
45.11021
Water, Proofing of leather, Hydro and oil-repellence, Treatment, Characteristics
45.11007
Water, Resources, Development and management in rural hilly area, Experiment
45.11022
Water, Waste, Electrocoagulation v/s conventional coagulation process
45.11024
Water, Waste, Industrial, Different characteristics, Uses, Treatment
45.11010
Water, Waste, Industrial & municipal, Unit for treatment & reclamation
45.11008
Water, Waste, Technologies, Trends, China
45.11017
Water soluble non-steroidal antiandrogen agent with carriers, Poorly
45.10978
White radish peroxidase, Cellulose absorbed and glutaraldehyde crosslinked
45.10975
Xylanase, Alkali-stable, Thermoactive, Streptomyces sp. SU 9, Use, Production
45.10966
Zeolite as catalyst, H-ZSM5, Oxide with alcohol, Use, Alkylation
45.11009
Zinc with peptide deformylase, Simulation, Global and local properties
45.10987
Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II), Characteristics on NALCO plant sand
45.10989
Zirconium(IV) diethanolamine, Synthesis, characterization and application
45.10986
JILTA MAY, 2012
477
AUTHOR INDEX
ABIRAMI (D)
ACHARYA (KL)
ADHIKARI (A)
ADZET (JM)
AHMED (S)
ALVA (V)
ANAND (S)
ANDEY (SP)
ANIL KUMAR (KS)
ARORA (T)
ARYA (U)
ASHRAF (H)
AWARE (B)
BADRINATH (MSS)
BAJAJ (BK)
BALAKRISHNA MURTHY (P)
BALASARASWATHI (R)
BALSELLS (S)
BANGA (S)
BANUPRIYA (S)
BERA (R)
BHARADWAJ (R)
BHAT (JI)
BHATTACHARYA (P)
BHATTARJEE (S)
BIJENDER SINGH
BOTHRA (AK)
BUSQUESTS (L)
CALVANESE (G)
CANIZARES (P)
CARACCIOLO (D)
CASTELL (TC)
CHAKRABORTY (S)
CHANDRA (MS)
CHANDRAKANT SINGH
CHATTERJEE (M)
JILTA MAY, 2012
45.10967
45.10958
45.10993
45.10969
45.10977
45.10983
45.10989
45.11022
45.11018
45.10977
45.10963
45.10975
45.10992
45.11018
45.10966
45.10962
45.10994
45.10969
45.11001
45.10967
45.10979
45.10970
45.10983
45.10993
45.10993
45.10968
45.10987
45.11026
45.11007
45.11024
45.11007
45.10969
45.11020
45.11021
45.10971
45.11002
45.10979
CHAUDHARY (AK)
CHEN (Y)
CHIBUEZE (OT)
CHOWDARY (RP)
CHOI (Y)
CHUDASAMA (U)
CORDON (MA)
DAS (CK)
DAS (S)
DAVE (PN)
DAYAL (RK)
DEB (AP)
DEOKULE (SS)
DHARA (TK)
DUBEY (A)
FABREGAT (C)
FLORIO (C)
GEORGE (RP)
GHARPURE (YH)
GHORUI (SK)
GOPALAKRISHNAN (AV)
GOWDA (RC)
GUPTA (G)
GUPTA (SS)
HEMAPRABHA (E)
HIRLEKAR (RS)
HUSAIN (Q)
JAVALI (UC)
JAYANTHI (S)
JHA (SK)
JOSHI (AK)
JUNG (Y)
KADAM (VJ)
KALAICHELVAN (PT)
KALAVATHI (S)
KAMRUDDIN (M)
KANNAN (L)
45.10998
45.11005
45.11019
45.11000
45.10971
45.10981
45.11026
45.10963
45.11004
45.11011
45.10996
45.10987
45.10980
45.10979
45.10982
45.10969
45.11007
45.10996
45.10956
45.10982
45.10997
45.11019
45.10993
45.11009
45.10994
45.10992
45.10975
45.11015
45.11012
45.10964
45.11011
45.10971
45.10992
45.10965
45.10996
45.10996
45.10974
478
KARTHIKEYAN (S)
KASHYAP (R)
KASHYAP (SK)
KELKAR (PS)
KHADSE (GK)
KHAN (AS)
KHATUN (S)
KIM
KUMARAVEL (S)
KUNDU (S)
LAIN (S)
LAVANYA (C)
LEE (Y)
MAHAPATRA
MAHAPATRA (M)
MAHENDRAN (TS)
MAJUMDAR (S)
MAJUMDAR (SB)
MANOHARAN (N)
MARCO (C)
MARTINEZ (F)
MISTRY (DE)
MUKHERJEE (G)
MURUGALAKSHMI (CN)
MURALIKRISHNA (MVS)
NALAWADE (P)
NARULKAR (SM)
NATARAJAN (A)
NAVIGLIO (B)
NAZEER (RA)
NONYELUM (OF)
OSORIO (C)
PANDA (S)
PARK (I)
PATI (PK)
PERUMAL (K)
POKHARKAR (AA)
JILTA MAY, 2012
45.10991
45.10997
45.11014
45.10982
45.11022
45.11022
45.11013
45.10989
45.10971
45.11009
45.10974
45.11006
45.10972
45.10971
45.11016
45.10989
45.10991
45.10984
45.10993
45.10993
45.10996
45.11025
45.11024
45.10954
45.11020
45.11021
45.10976
45.11000
45.10992
45.11013
45.11018
45.11007
45.10985
45.11019
45.11006
45.10988
45.10971
45.10970
45.10965
45.10980
PRASAD (GK)
PRASAD (R)
PUTHILLATH (P)
RADHALAKSHMI (YC)
RAGHAVENDRA (AS)
RAJAGOPAL (K)
RAJAN (K)
RAKESH (M)
RAMANA MURTHY (KV)
RAMANA REDDY (ChV)
RAMANATHAN (G)
RASINENI (GK)
RAVENDRAN (V)
RAZDAN (K)
REDDY (AR)
RODRIGO (MA)
ROSE (JL)
SAEZ (C)
SAHU (MK)
SAMBASIVAM (S)
SARAVANAN (R)
SARITA (G)
SARKAR (PK)
SAROJINI (E)
SATHISH KUMAR (D)
SATHYA (TN)
SATYANARAYANA (T)
SCOTTI (M)
SEGARRA (V)
SEN (PC)
SESHAGIRI RAO (VVR)
SHANMUGAM (A)
SHARMA (A)
SHARMA (I)
SHARMA (S)
SINGH (B)
SINGH (DK)
SINGH (IB)
SINGH (M)
SINGH (RB)
45.10990
45.10991
45.11003
45.11015
45.10995
45.10991
45.11018
45.11002
45.10978
45.11000
45.10967
45.10995
45.10991
45.10966
45.10995
45.11024
45.11003
45.11024
45.10974
45.10985
45.10985
45.11000
45.10998
45.11012
45.10985
45.10962
45.10968
45.11007
45.11025
45.10979
45.11000
45.10985
45.10966
45.10970
45.10987
45.10999
45.10986
45.11004
45.11004
45.10999
479
SINGH (SP)
SINHA (J)
SIVAKUMAR (K)
SREENIVASA
SREENIVASA RAO (N)
SRIKANTH (MV)
STALIN (V)
STANLEY ABRAHAM (L)
SUBRAMANIAM (JR)
SUDHA (SS)
SULLIVAN (N)
SUNIL (SA)
TALKHANDE (AV)
TAMIL VANAN (T)
TEGTMEYER (D)
THAKKAR (R)
THERASA (JJ)
JILTA MAY, 2012
45.10999
45.10988
45.10974
45.11015
45.10978
45.10978
45.10965
45.10965
45.10963
45.10976
45.11005
45.10978
45.11022
45.10985
45.11023
45.10981
45.10996
TSOU (CH)
TYAGI (AK)
UDGAONKAR (JB)
VARSHNEY (PK)
VARSHNEY (SC)
VARSHINI (NV)
VENKATESAN (D)
VIJAY KUMAR
VIJAYAN (K)
VISHWAKARMA (V)
WONG (B)
YAO (Y)
YEGNESWARAN (AH)
YUDHISTRA KUMAR (A)
ZHANG (W)
45.10973
45.10996
45.10964
45.11001
45.10953
45.10962
45.11009
45.10986
45.10973
45.10996
45.10955
45.11005
45.11004
45.11010
45.11005
480