Working Group Environment
Benchmark study energy efficiency and
climate protection programmes
Germano Guglielmi
Marco Stegher
Nadezhda Lakomaya
Florian Litschauer
Paulo Ferrao
Malin Kotake
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
Table of contents
1. Background - Reasons to improve renewable energy and energy
efficiency
2. How will this influence the railways?
3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve energy
efficiency
4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by the
railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
5. Lessons learned / conclusions
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
1. Background - Reasons to improve renewable energy and energy
efficiency
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
RENEWABLE ENERGIES
•
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION, THROUGH
REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
•
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
•
SECURITY OF SUPPLY
•
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW INDUSTRY
•
SAVING MONEY
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1. Background - Reasons to improve renewable energy and
energy efficiency
•
The EU targets (“Climate Change Package” or “Package 20-20-20”,
23 January 2008)
A 20% saving of
energy consumption
by 2020, through
energy
efficiency
measures
A mandatory increase, by 2020,
of the use of renewable energies
up to 20% of the share of the
overall EU energy consumption
(in 2005 the share of renewable
energies was of only 8,5%)
WITH a minimum target for
sustainable biofuels of 10% of
overall petrol and diesel
consumption
The achievement of a 20%
reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions (GGH) by 2020
(compared to 1990 levels)
and an objective for a 30%
reduction by 2020 subject to
the conclusion of a new global
climate change agreement
(expected in Copenhagen in
2009)
NON ETS
SECTORS
…. will make the EU much less dependent on imports of oil and gas
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
2. How will this influence the railways?
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2. How will this influence the railways?
Total Energy Consumption of the transport sector in the EU-27 states (2006)
Final Energy Consumption
14,0%
1,6%
Road
2,5%
Railways
Air (Civil Aviation)
Inland navigation
81,9%
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2. How will this influence the railways?
CO2 Emissions of the transport sector in the EU-27 states (2006)
CO2 Emissions
0,8%
15,3%
Road
Railways
12,2%
Total Civil Aviation
0,6%
Total Navigation
71,0%
Other forms of transport
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2. How will this influence the railways?
•
The sector players acknowledged the need to show their readiness to
improve their own environmental performance.
•
After the preliminary findings made by the UIC, the CEOs of the European
Railways agreed that a sectoral target of 30% reduction in CO2 emission
should be set.
•
However, unlike the EU targets, this sector target will apply to specific CO2
emissions for rail traction (CO2 per passenger or ton km) rather than
absolute emissions (the total amount of CO2 emitted).
•
This means that rail companies can still increase absolute emissions levels
as their business grows and modal shift takes place, while at the same
time lowering their specific emissions levels.
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve energy
efficiency
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Pre-condition
Energy Measurements
Does not save any energy by itself…
…but it is a essential pre-condition for any:
Energy management program
Energy billing
The data gathered by energy meters could also be used for eco-driving aids
purposes
At the moment only 15% of the European electrical fleet is equipped with
energy meters.
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Energy efficient driving (EED) (1/3)
CO2 Reduction potential:
up to 10%
Train drivers are the main target group for the
implementation of an energy efficient driving
strategy in railways
General driving pattern
SHORTEST TIME
1. Full acceleration up to maximum speed given either
by speed limit or by maximum traction power .
2. Speed holding at maximum speed until train has
to start braking.
3. Braking at the latest possible point in order to
come to a stop when reaching the station .
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Energy efficient driving STRATEGIES (2/3)
1. Reduced maximum speed: Train
accelerates to a speed inferior to speed limit.
2. Optimized acceleration rate: Train
accelerates to maximum speed using less
acceleration power.
3. Coasting: Train shuts off traction as early
as possible before station in order to reach
station without braking.
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Energy efficient driving (3/3)
SIMULATION (Taiwan, train ICE SIEMENS)
1. Reduced maximum speed:
Maximum speed of 280 Km/h instead of 300 Km/h
Energy consumption
reduced by 11% (running
time increased by 3.9%)
Energy consumption
reduced by 4,7% for a
running time increased by
3.5%
Energy efficient driving strategies may slightly increase travel time, but with
energy efficient timetabling train (exploitation of time buffers) companies can
save large amounts of energy without train delays
2. Optimized acceleration rate:
Running the train with 90% of the maximum accel.
EED is a low cost measure that can be applied to all passenger or freight
trains regardless of diesel or electrical traction.
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Load factor increase
•
Double decker railcars
•
Freight wagons with 6 axles
•
Track class "E" for 25to load per axle
•
Modern freight cars with enlarged
loading space and easier operability
+ 40%
+ 7%
+ 3%
- 25% in weight
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
CO2 Reduction potential:
Eco-performance of new rolling stock
up to 30%
The UIC funded PROSPER project (Procedures for Rolling Stock Procurement with
Environmental Requirements), carried out in close cooperation by railway operators and
manufacturers, lead to the publication of the UIC leaflet
UIC 345 R “Environmental Specifications for New Rolling Stock”
Harmonize the environmental procurement framework in the rail sector by
assisting UIC railways in all the tendering process (invitation and evaluation);
Lead to a cost effective procurement of new rolling stock with a better
environmental performance.
Key areas toward eco-performance of new rolling stock:
Others
(Electromagnetic fields,
Emissions from brake
materials, Spillage/leakages)
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Eco-performance of new rolling stock
CO2 Reduction potential:
up to 30%
Legally regulated with
target values defined by
legislation/regulation
Supported by environmental
strategy of the company or
economic assessments
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
National energy mix improvements (1/3)
CO2 Reduction potential:
up to 50%
When incinerated, gas, solids (coal) and oil cause additional CO2
Nuclear and renewables (hydro, biomass, wind, solar and geothermal) are
considered the two CO2 neutral energy sources.
Today, renewable energy only
accounts for 14% of EU electricity
production (see below), but the
European Commission seeks to
raise this to 20% by 2020
(Source: Rail Transport and Environment. Facts and Figures
– June 2008)
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
National energy mix improvements (2/3)
EU electricity mix of tomorrow
The share of nuclear power production
will reduce, and renewable sources like
hydro, wind and biomass will increase
in the EU25 from 2000 to 2030 (EC
2006a).
The total share of fossil fuels (coal, oil
and gas) will remain
(Source: Rail Transport and Environment. Facts and Figures
– June 2008)
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
National energy mix improvements (3/3)
Railways' electricity mix
Due to its use of electricity, rail is the only
motorised mode of transport which is
capable of shifting from fossil fuels to
renewable energy without any separate
investment in the propulsion units.
Emission performance is linked with the
energy supply of each country which is
decided by the national energy sectors
There are large differences in the
European countries electricity mix for the
year 2005
(Source: Rail Transport and Environment. Facts and Figures – June 2008)
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Regenerative Braking
CO2 Reduction potential:
10-20%
Regional and suburban lines (frequent stops):
Freight or long haul passenger traffic:
Energy savings
up to 40%
15- 30%
Further developments of this technique are the combination with energy
storage systems such as:
Fly-wheels
Batteries
Super capacitors (double-layer capacitors)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
…that will allow Diesel-Electric locomotives to take profit of regenerative
braking.
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3. Measures to reduce specific CO2 emissions and to improve
energy efficiency
Measures
Austria
Italy
Energy consumption measurements
Energy efficient driving
Load factor increase
Eco-performance of new rolling stock
Portugal
Sweden
Renovation of existing traction fleet
Energy mix improvements
Use of new energy sources
Regenerative braking
Infrastructure energy management
and control
Alternative traction
Electrification of diesel lines
Use of bio diesel
Energy saving in parking state of
engines and train units
Latvia
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by the
railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
AUSTRIA
• Renewal of locomotive fleet
• Replacement of old wagons by new
passenger trainsets
• Energy measurement and display of
energy consumption
• Utilisation of regenerative breaking
technology
• Energy efficient driving
• Intensification of communication with staff
outside ÓBB traction
• Energy saving in idle state of engines
• Expansion of own hydroelectric power
plants
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
AUSTRIA
•
Renewal of locomotive fleet
•
- 382 units of the electric loco 10/11/1216 series by Siemens
•
- 100 units of the diesel-electric loco 2016 and
•
- 90 units of the diesel shunting engine series 2070.
•
Replacement of old wagons by new passenger trainsets
- EMU Talent effects a specific reduction of 30% of electricity
- DMU Desiro reaches a redcuction of 38% in specific fuel consumption
•
Energy measurement and display of energy consumption
- Energy measurement during a specific train run
- Electricity counters
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
AUSTRIA
•
Utilisation of regenerative breaking technology
•
- Reduction in electricity consumption of about 10 to 15%
•
Energy efficient driving
- Reduction in energy consumption of about 3,5% of the total traction electricity
•
Intensification of communication with staff outside ÓBB traction
- ÓBB infrastructure / dispatching department ("dispo")
- Train conductors in passenger transport
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
AUSTRIA
•
Energy saving in idle state of engines
•
- Disconnection of electric engines from the electricity circuit during parking time
•
- Shutdown of the diesel motor while locomotive is inactive
•
Expansion of own hydroelectric power plants
- ÓBB will place a sum of 400 Mio Euros in modernizing and reconstructing their
hydro power plants
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
ITALY
In order to respect the railway sector commitment
the FS Group have put in place the following
measures:
Energy consumption measurements
Energy efficient driving
Load factor increase
Eco-performance of new rolling stock
National energy mix improvements
Regenerative braking
Alternative traction
Use of bio diesel
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
ITALY
Other two initiatives are worth mentioning in this respect:
the implementation of the PV Train
the use of solar
panels on fixed
infrastructures
(ex. Torino
Porta Susa
railway station)
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
ITALY
Results obtained in the period from 1996 to 2005:
Energetic performances:
overall energetic consumption (traction):
cut of 9,5% thanks to the introduction of new trains
(notwithstanding the parallel increase of passengers
+13,7%)
specific energetic consumptions (traction):
reduction of nearly 29% in the freight sector
not the same in the passenger sector (minor
improvement)
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
ITALY
Results obtained (in the period from 1996 to 2004):
Environmental performances:
Direct CO2 emissions (traction):
reduction of 15,5%
Indirect CO2 emissions (traction):
reduction of 25,5%
Particularly, the reductions were associated to
the freight fleet
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
Latvian railway network
LATVIA
Lugaži
Ventspils
Alūksne
Skulte
Gulbene
ĒrgĜi
Tukums
Madona
Liepāja
Priekule
Kalēti
Glūda
VaiĦode
Jelgava
ReĦăe
Meitene
PĜaviĦas
Kārsava
Rēzekne
Krustpils
Zilupe
Eglaine
Total operational length of track – 2270 km
Operational length of electrified track – 257 km
Daugavpils
Indra
Kurcums
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
LATVIA
Freight traffic: Alternative traction is the key
Present situation:
• Freight transportations constitute around 70%
of the whole railway transportations in Latvia
• All locomotives (shunting and main-line) are
diesel-powered
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
LATVIA
Future plans
• € 1 billion will be invested in the electrification of around
1000km of lines between the Russian border and the
Baltic ports of Riga, Liepaja and Ventspils
• Acquisition of new electric locomotives and transition to
the electric freight traction
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
PORTUGAL
Main mesures currently in use at the
Portuguese Railways:
• Energy metering
• Regenerative braking
• Energy efficient Driving
• Renewal of motive units and increse
the share of electric power units
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
PORTUGAL
Energy Metering
All the electric powered fleet is equipped with energy meters for both traction and
regenerative power.
Regenerative Braking
72% of the electrical fleet (48% of the total motive units) allows full regenerative
braking with a recovery rate up to almost 42%:
Units
Electric Locomotives
Electric Units
Type of service Energy recovery rate
5600
UQE 2300/ 2400
UME 3400
UQE 3500
UTE 2240
CPA 4000
Passenger and freight
Subruban
Subruban
Subruban
Regional
Long distance
18,2%
35,9%
38,3%
41,6%
23,9%
16,8%
Data from April 2008
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
PORTUGAL
Energy efficient Driving
Recommendation leaflets about eco-driving techniques in both electric and Diesel
traction are given to the train drivers since 1985 and are regularly updated.
Renewal of motive units and
increase of electric traction share
Share of power modes
65%
60%
62%
38%
38%
60%
56%
CP powered fleet (locomotives and
multiple units) has being renewed
with a clear shift form diesel to
electric traction.
62%
55%
51%
52%
49%
48%
56%
50%
45%
44%
44%
40%
40%
35%
30%
2000
2001
2002
Diesel traction
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Electric traction
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
SWEDEN
Saving potential electric energy
Rail sector
192 GWh (9%)
Train operation
100 GWh (6%)
Losses
Infrastructure Buildings
and
60 GWh
generatio
(28%)
n
15GWh
(30%)
17 GWh
(5%)
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4. Examples of plans and measures put in place / planned by
the railways in Austria, Italy, Latvia, Portugal and Sweden
SWEDEN
Reducing fossile fuel consumption
• Pilot project on eco-driving indicate saving potential
of 15%
• Research project on duo-locomotives
• Electrification of diesel lines – no large potential left
• Replacing and renovation of old locomotives
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Benchmark study energy efficiency and climate protection
programmes
5. Lessons learned
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5. Lessons learned
Transport is the only sector in which greenhouse gas emissions have
consistently risen since 1990 (+26% between 1990 and 2005) as a result of
increased transport volumes
Current transport patterns are clearly
unsustainable.
Climate changes and energy efficiency challenges
railways
clearly demonstrated their advantage compared to other modes of transport:
3-10 times less CO2 intensive compared to road or air transport
2 - 5 times more energy efficient than road, shipping and aviation
From 1990 to 2005 the European railways cut their CO2 emissions by 21% in
absolute terms. For specific emissions (i.e. emissions per passenger-km or
tonne-km) during the same period, the railways reduced their CO2 emissions
per passenger-km by 14%, and per tonne-km by 28%.
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5. Lessons learned
Nevertheless, in May 2008, the members of CER agreed to a target of an
average sector-wide cut of 30% in specific emissions over the 1990-2020
period
Through approaches including eco-driving, use of new rolling stock, and
operational measures, railways ARE DEMONSTRATING their readiness to
tackle the problem of ensuring a more environmentally sustainable
future
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5. Lessons learned
Most important, OUR TEAM MEMBERS ENJOYED THIS FUNNY
AND INSTRUCTIVE WORKING EXPERIENCE!!
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