MITTATEKNIIKAN KESKUS
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION
Julkaisu J5/1998
FINNISH NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORIES
FINMET
ANNUAL REPORT 1997
Helsinki 1998
Contents
page
1. INTRODUCTION
5
2. NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SERVICE
6
2.1
DEFINITION
6
2.2
NATIONAL MEASUREMENT STANDARDS AND TRACEABILITY OF
MEASUREMENTS
6
2.3
ORGANISATION OF THE MEASUREMENT SERVICE
7
2.4
INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
10
3. ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS
LABORATORIES IN 1997
11
3.1
CALIBRATIONS
11
3.2
INTERNATIONAL INTERCOMPARISONS
12
3.3
PARTICIPATION IN THE EUROMET-PROJECTS
13
3.4
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
15
3.5
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION
17
3.6
VTT AUTOMATION
34
3.7
VTT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
41
3.8
FINNISH GEODETIC INSTITUTE
45
3.9
TELECOM FINLAND LTD, TELECOM ENGINEERING
52
3.10 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
58
3.11 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY
76
APPENDIX 1. List of FINAS accredited calibration laboratories
5
1. INTRODUCTION
The aim in maintaining and developing the National Measurement System is to support the
competitiveness of the Finnish industry and the economy, to fulfil the needs of consumers
and the society, and to integrate the Finnish metrological infrastructure with the European
and international infrastructures.
Organisation of the National Measurement Standards System was launched by a Government Decree in 1978, considering especially the growing needs of industrial metrology.
National standards were established for most of the basic units and some derived units by the
Council of State which appointed a number of public research institutions as National
Measurement Centres.
In 1994, according to a new Law on Units of Measurement and the National Measurement
Standards, the Ministry of Trade and Industry was authorised to decide for which basic and
derived SI units National Measurement Standards are realised and maintained. The authority
to designate the National Standards Laboratories was delegated to the Centre of Metrology
and Accreditation (MIKES). The Finnish Organisation of National Standards Laboratories is
called FINMET.
This publication contains general information on the Finnish metrological system and a
summary of the activities of FINMET in 1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
6
2. NATIONAL MEASUREMENT SERVICE
2.1 DEFINITION
The Finnish National Measurement Service consists of National Standards Laboratories
(FINMET) and the calibration laboratories accredited by MIKES. FINMET is responsible for
realisation of the SI system units, maintenance and development of the National Standards
and the dissemination of the units determined within the National Measurement Standards to
standards of lower accuracy. The services provided by the Accredited Calibration
Laboratories are normally traceable to the National Measurement Standards maintained by
FINMET.
2.2 NATIONAL MEASUREMENT STANDARDS AND TRACEABILITY OF
MEASUREMENTS
The principal task of the National Measurement Service is to create prerequisites for the
traceability of physical measurements. Traceable measurements are generally required in
applications for which regulations, standards or agreements specify certain requirements for
the verification of measurements. These requirements include verification of measurements
in accordance with industrial quality system standards, laboratory standards or the ISO
standards.
Traceability means a link between the
measurement results and the International
or National Measurement Standards,
obtained through an unbroken chain of
comparisons
(Fig.1).
Measurement
standards can be instruments, devices or
reference materials that are used to define,
realise or maintain the measurement unit
of a quantity or its multiples.
Primary standards represent the best
metrological quality of standards. In
practice, they are standards by which the
units of measurement are realised
according to their internationally accepted
definitions. These primary standards are
used to disseminate the unit of the
measurement to a lower level of accuracy
i.e. to the secondary, reference and
working standards.
SI unit definition
National
Measurement Standard
Measurement standard of
an Accredited Calibration
Laboratory
Reference standard
of a laboratory
Fig. 1. Traceability chain
In practice, the unbroken chain of comparisons is obtained by calibrating the measuring
instruments. Calibration means a comparison in which the uncertainty of the instrument to
be calibrated is determined using a more precise instrument of known uncertainty.
The measurement standards of the basic and derived units of the SI-unit system are the
cornerstones of the traceable physical measurements. The traceability chains of the
measurement standards of derived units are based, either directly or indirectly, on the
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
7
measurement standards of the basic units (metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela
and mole).
All measurement results have a degree of uncertainty, which is an essential factor describing
the quality of measurements as well as the quality of a measurement standard. National and
international standards belong to the highest degree of accuracy. Accuracy requirements in
various routine measurements are totally dependent on the particular measurement applications.
2.3
ORGANISATION OF THE MEASUREMENT SERVICE
The Finnish Measurement Service is from its organisational principle similar to the metrological systems in most European industrialised countries (Fig. 2). Its most essential duty is
to arrange the traceability chains from the measuring instruments of the end users to the SI
unit system.
International System of Units (SI)
BIPM
International
Collaboration
National
Metrology
Institutes
EUROMET
EAL
NORMET
SMT
PTB
NPL
etc.
National
Standards
Laboratories
FINMET
Centre for Metrology
and Accreditation
Accredited
Calibration
Laboratories
Calibration
Laboratories
of Industry
Tracebility
Collaboration
Fig. 2. Traceability to SI-units and collaboration concerning calibration activities
The Centre for Metrology and Accreditation (MIKES), subordinated to the Ministry of
Trade and Industry, is the co-ordinating national body of the Measurement Service (Fig. 3).
The Finnish National Measurement Standards System, FINMET, is a so called decentralised
system, in which a number of research institutes act as National Standards Laboratories. The
laboratories are responsible for the maintenance and development of the National Measurement Standards. MIKES designates the National Standards Laboratories included in
FINMET and supervises their operations. Financing and international co-operation are also
channelled through MIKES.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
8
Ministry of Trade and Industry
Advisory Commission for
Metrology (expert groups)
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation
FINMET
National Standard Laboratories
Safety Technology
Authority (Legal Metrology)
Centre for Metrology and
Accreditation (MIKES)
Technical Research Centre
of Finland (VTT)
Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI)
Telecom Finland Oy
Tele-Engineering (TELE)
Helsinki University of
Technology (HUT)
Accredited
Calibration Laboratories
Fig. 3. Organisation of metrology in Finland
Finland currently has five National Standards Laboratories: the Technical Research Centre
of Finland (VTT), the Finnish Geodetic Institute (FGI), Telecom Finland Ltd (TELE),
Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), and MIKES. In accordance with a separate
Decree, the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK) is responsible for
maintaining measurement standards for ionising radiation. The National Standards
Laboratories are presented in Fig. 4.
A National Standards Laboratory is responsible for the National Measurement Standards of
one or more quantities, and they represent the highest level of the traceability chain. The
measurement standards may be either primary or secondary standards. In the latter case the
traceability is achieved from the foreign (or international) standards laboratories. The
National Standards Laboratories are also responsible for the traceability of measurement
standards of the Accredited Calibration Laboratories within their range of measurement
quantities. In addition, they offer calibration services directly to other clients.
The Advisory Committee for Metrology, appointed by the Council of State, acts as an expert
body in an advisory capacity. The Committee is divided into three sections: Measurement
Service, Verification and Chemical Metrology. In addition, a number of expert working
groups operate under these sections. Regarding the Measurement Service Section there are
working groups corresponding to various quantity groups i.e. mass, electricity/time, length,
temperature, radiometry and photometry, flow and acoustics.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
9
FINMET
NATIONAL
STANDARDS
LABORATORIES 1.1.1998
NATIONAL STANDARDS
LABORATORY
QUANTITIES
HEAD OF
CALIBRATION
LABORATORY
e-mail
Centre for Metrology and
Accreditation
POB 239, FIN-00181 Helsinki
tel. 358 9 616 761*
fax 358 9 6167 467
mass
pressure
length1
temperature
humidity
Kari Riski
Markku Rantanen
Kari Riski
Thua Weckström
Martti Heinonen
kari.riski@mikes.fi
markku.rantanen@mikes.fi
kari.riski@mikes.fi
thua.weckstrom@mikes.fi
martti.heinonen@mikes.fi
VTT Automation
Measurement Technology
Metrology Section
POB 1304, FIN-02044 VTT
tel. 358 9 4561*
fax 358 9 456 7029
electric voltage (dc and ac)
electric current (dc and ac)
electric power (dc and ac)
resistance, capacitance
time interval, frequency
instant of time
Aarne Oja
aarne.oja@vtt.fi
VTT Manufacturing
Technology, Production
Engineering
POB 1702, FIN-02044 VTT
tel. 358 9 4561*
fax 358 9 460 627
length, angle
flatness, straightness
roundness, roughness
Heikki Lehto
heikki.lehto@vtt.fi
Finnish Geodetic Institute
Geodeetinrinne 2
FIN-02430 Masala
tel. 358 9 295 550*
fax 358 9 2955 5200
acceleration of free fall
geodetic length
Jussi Kääriäinen
jussi.kaariainen@fgi.fi
Telecom Finland Oy
Tele-Engineering
POB 65, FIN-00211 Helsinki
tel. 02040 4475
fax 02040 474
voltage (hf)
power (hf)
attenuation
sound pressure
Tuomo Valkeapää
tuomo.valkeapaa@tele.fi
Helsinki University of
Technology
High Voltage Institute
POB 3000, FIN-02015 HUT
tel. 358 9 4511*
fax 358 9 451 2395
dc voltage, ac voltage (50 Hz)
capacitance (50 Hz), loss
factor, inductance (high voltage
reactors), lightning impulse
voltage, switching impulse voltage
other impulse voltages
impulse current, impulse energy
Martti Aro
martti.aro@hut.fi
Helsinki University of
Technology
Metrology Research Institute
POB 3000, FIN-02015 HUT
tel. 358 9 4511*
fax 358 9 460 224
luminous intensity
illuminance
optical power
transmittance, reflectance
spectral responsivity
optical wavelength
Erkki Ikonen
erkki.ikonen@hut.fi
1)
Lasers, long gauge blocks and line scales
Position of Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety is based on the relevant legislation.
Finnish Centre for Radiation
and Nuclear Safety
POB 14, FIN-00881 Helsinki
tel. 358 9 759 881*
fax 358 9 7598 8450
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
exposure (in the air)
Hannu Järvinen
hannu.jarvinen@stuk.fi
air kerma rate
absorbed dose (water, soft tissue, on the surface of tissue)
dose equivalent (photon-, beta- and neutron radiation)
Annual Report 1997
10
Fig. 4. The National Standards Laboratories of Finland
The Accredited Calibration Laboratories offer calibration services directly to the end users.
The calibration certificates given by them belong to the scope of the multilateral agreement
of the co-operation organisation for the Accreditation Bodies of European Laboratories
(EAL). The Finnish Accredited Calibration Laboratories are presented in appendix 1.
Legal metrology or verification is also closely connected with the field of the National
Measurement Service. The primary scope of verification in Finland is focused on the
measures and measuring instruments used in commercial transactions. The Safety
Technology Authority (TUKES) is the national authority that supervises and controls the
field of legal metrology and contributes to the drafting of relevant legislation.
2.4 INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION
MIKES is responsible of the general international co-operation concerning the Measurement
Service and metrology. In addition, the National Standards Laboratories take care of the
international connections in their special areas. Intercomparisons of National Measurement
Standards of different countries are an essential means of co-operation, through which the
international competency and consistence can be shown.
The principal forums of co-operation are: CGPM/CIPM/BIPM based on the Metre
Convention, EUROMET collaboration between the European National Metrology Institutes,
EAL and NORMET co-operation among the Nordic countries. In legal metrology the main
organisations are WELMEC, for western European co-operation and OIML, for
international co-operation. The EC's Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme
(SMT) is also a significant form of collaboration.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
11
3. ACTIVITIES OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORIES IN 1997
3.1 CALIBRATIONS
Table 1. The number of Accredited Calibration Laboratories and the number of calibration
certificates issued by National Standards (NSL) and Accredited Calibration Laboratories
(ACL).
Certificates (NSL)
ACL
Certificates
-93
-94
-95
-96
-97
Number
-95
-96
-97
MIKES (temp.)
213
332
331
250
210
5
MIKES (mass)
225
172
178
174
180
3 1 160 2 276 2 887
63
60
95
126
116
6
31
49
48
1
8
7
5
MIKES (pressure)
MIKES (humidity)
MIKES (length)
VTT MT
(dimensional quant.)
VTT Automation
(electrical quant., time)
TELE (sound press.,
hf electrical quant.)
FGI (g and geodetic
length)
HUT
quantities)
SUM
773
657
963
788 1 043
10
18
380
500
382
383
452
6 1 035 3 314 3 135
72
76
71
82
52
13 1 213 1 644 1 654
15
36
30
33
32
1
3
51
1
4
1
32
2
(optical
HUT (high voltage)
STUK
(ionising radiation)
519
94
17
34
17
21
76
72
969 1 230 1 220 1 214 1 224
26* 4 700 8 689 9 736
*Some Accredited Calibration Laboratories are operating in several different fields.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
12
3.2 INTERNATIONAL INTERCOMPARISONS
Table 2. The number of international intercomparisons participated by National Standards
Laboratories. The year refers to the publishing date of the final report.
Year Year Year Year Year Year Year Year
-90
-91
-92
-93
-94
-95
-96
-97 SUM
MIKES (temp.)
MIKES (mass)
1
MIKES (pressure)
2
3
1
1
1
MIKES (humidity)
1
1
3
6
TELE (sound press.,
(hf electrical quant.)
2
6
1
3
11
1
1
1
1
4
3
7
1
2
2
2
1
7
5
2
1
1
18
2
GL (g and geodetic
length)
1
2
3
VTT MT
(dimensional quant.)
6
3
MIKES (length)
VTT Automation
(electr. quant., time)
1
1
2
1
2
2
6
1
1
7
HUT (optical
quantities)
1
1
2
HUT (high voltage)
2
1
3
STUK
(ionising radiation)
SUM
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
2
6
14
17
2
2
3
1
1
11
10
9
12
8
12
88
Annual Report 1997
13
3.3 PARTICIPATION IN THE EUROMET-PROJECTS
30
25
20
15
10
All projects
AMOS
Acoustics
Flow
Photometry
Radiation
Thermometry
Time
Length
Electricity
0
Mass
5
Finland's participation
Fig. 5. Agreed and proposed projects January/98
12
10
8
6
4
All projects
AMOS
Acoustics
Flow
Photometry
Radiation
Time
Length
Electricity
Mass
0
Thermometry
2
Finland´s participation
Fig. 6. Completed projects January/98, Ref. No. >300
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
14
Projects
LU
TR
GR
IS
IE
CZ
SK
PL
HU
AT
PT
BE
NO
ES
CH
FI
SE
DK
NL
IT
FR
GB
DE
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Projects/GNP
Fig. 7. Agreed and proposed projects January/98
30
25
20
15
10
Projects
LU
TR
GR
IS
IE
CZ
SK
PL
HU
AT
PT
BE
NO
ES
CH
FI
SE
DK
NL
FR
GB
DE
0
IT
5
Projects/GNP
Fig. 8. Completed projects January/98, Ref. No. >300
List of country abbreviations:
AT
BE
CH
CZ
DE
DK
Austria
Belgium
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Germany
Denmark
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
ES
FI
FR
GB
GR
HU
Spain
Finland
France
United Kingdom
Greece
Hungary
IE
IS
IT
LU
NL
NO
Ireland
Iceland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
PL
PT
SE
SK
TR
Poland
Portugal
Sweden
Slovakia
Turkey
Annual Report 1997
15
3.4 DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
Table 3. Development and maintenance projects in 1997. The table does not include the
projects of the Finnish Geodetic Institute and the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear
Safety and the maintenance costs of MIKES’ own national standards.
ELECTRICITY
VTT Aut:
Development of Electricity Quantities
VTT Aut:
Measurement System for Common View Time Comparison According to the BIPM
Protocol
VTT Aut:
Development of a 10 V Josephson Standard for the Maintenance of DC Voltage
VTT Aut:
Automatisation of Maintenance Measurements of Resistance of DC Voltage
VTT Aut:
Development of a Micromechanical Sensor for Measuring the RMS Voltage of a 50 Hz
High-Voltage Power Line
VTT Aut:
Maintenance Project
VTT Aut Total: 32,0 %
HUT HVI:
HUT HVI:
Tele Eng:
Tele Eng:
Tele Eng:
Research and Development of National Standard and Calibration Systems for High
Voltage Measurements
Maintenance Project (high voltage)
HUT HVI Total:
8,1 %
MT:
MT:
MT:
MT:
OPTICS
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
HUT MRI:
90
1258
3350
180
1258
4440
238
850
315
1285
7,6 %
47,7 %
115
400
275
790
4990
165
620
480
1265
6990
5,3 %
350
200
550
635
425
1060
1,6 %
54
110
164
54
245
299
11,5 %
18,3 %
300
200
300
400
1200
1914
385
309
372
448
1514
2873
Development of a Detector Based Standards for Optical Quantities
Dev. of Measurement Systems for Linearity and Spatial Responsivity of Detectors
Dev. of Standards for Optical Wavelength and Laser Sources as Nordic Co-operation
Development of a Calibration System for Low-Level-Light Measurements
Development of Aperture Area Measurement
Purchase of a Specroradiometer
Maintenance Project (optical quantities)
Optics Total:
15,2 %
320
230
175
125
225
115
400
1590
595
328
309
181
240
169
905
2727
Development of Attenuation Reference Standard
Device Investments of High Frequency
Maintenance Project (high frequency)
Development of the Stabilised Lasers *)
Development of a Refractometer *)
Maintenance Project (coordinate measuring machines)
Comparison of Finnish Coordinate Measuring Machines
TUT Total:
VTT
VTT
VTT
VTT
84
300
469
970
MIKES Total:
TUT (ACL):
TUT (ACL):
73
262
455
612
Tele Eng. Total:
Electricity Total:
LENGTH
MIKES:
MIKES:
FIM 1000
MIKES’
Total
funding
costs
1212
2149
Development of the Instrumentation for Calibr. of Expansion Coefficients
Development of a Calibr. of 3-Point Mikrometers
Development of a Calibr. Device for Perpendicularity
Maintenance Project (dimensional quantities)
VTT MT Total:
Length Total:
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
16
MASS
MIKES:
MIKES:
MIKES:
Development of the National Standard Lab. for Mass *)
Investigation of Mass Comparators
Development of the National Standard Lab. for Pressure *)
5,6 %
280
110
200
590
644
240
500
1384
4,3 %
9,9 %
370
80
450
1040
853
161
1014
2398
6,5 %
230
80
370
680
335
80
425
840
Acoustics Total:
1,3 %
30
110
140
30
130
160
Flow Total:
0,7 %
76
76
126
126
Total:
0,3 %
29
29
10459
16143
MIKES Total:
Raute (ACL):
Raute (ACL):
Maintenance Project (force measurements)
Intercomparison of Torque Measurements with PTB
Raute Total:
Mass Total:
TEMPERATURE
MIKES:
New ITS-90 fixed point cells *)
MIKES:
New Equipment for Thermocouple Calibration
MIKES:
Improvement of the Calibr. of Infrared Thermometers *)
Temperature Total:
ACOUSTICS
Tele Eng:
Organising of EUROMET meeting
Tele Eng:
Maintenance Project (sound pressure)
FLOW
IVO (ACL):
Intercomparison with NEL
SUPPORT TO ACLS WHICH OPERATE WITHOUT SERVICES OF NSL
TOTAL:
*) Financed from MIKES' operating costs budget
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
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MIKES MASS
3.5 CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION, MASS LABORATORY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Mass laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Mass
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
180
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
2887
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Pt-Ir prototype kilogram No 23. The mass scale in the range 1 mg - 10 kg has been
established.
4.2 Maintenance
The secondary kilogram standards of MIKES have been calibrated against the Pt-Ir
prototype (National standard). No significant changes in the masses of the secondary
kilograms were observed.
4.3 Development projects
Development of a weight handler for weights up to 5 g. The design of the handler has
been completed. The handler has 10 positions for weights. Weights of different shapes
(cylindrical weights, plate weights, wire weights) can be measured.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
18
MIKES MASS
Investigation of mass comparators. Tests of the linearity of mass scales and the
temperature gradients inside the weighing chambers of mass comparators at MIKES have
been started. Preliminary results show that the nonlinearity of the mass scale is usually
insignificant.
Weight handler for the 1 kg mass comparator. A new weight handler for the 1 kg mass
comparator have been installed and tested. The temperature rise due to the handler is less
than 0,1 K. The standard deviation of the comparator with the new handler is less than 2 µg.
Mass comparator for 20 kg and 10 kg weights. A new 20 kg mass comparator with a
weight handler for four weights has been installed and tested. The standard deviation of the
comparator is usually less than 0,2 mg.
Test procedures for weights. Development of test methods and procedures for weights has
been completed. The result will be published as a supplement to OIML R111. SP, DFM, JV,
OIML.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
There has been two intercomparisons organised by EAL: Ma1 comparisons of mass
standards (one accredited laboratory from Finland) and Ma3 calibration of two
balances based on circulated data (three laboratories from Finland).
4.4.3 International comparisons
Euromet project 324: Intercomparison of the volume magnetic susceptibility and
magnetisation of two cylindrical weights (DE, NO, FI, FR, IT, BIPM, ES, GB, CH).
There was a relatively good agreement between the results from different laboratories
including MIKES.
EAL comparison Ma1: Comparison of mass and density of weights (100 g, 50 g, 1
g, 500 mg, 10 mg and 1 mg). The reference laboratory was PTB. All En values were
less than 1.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
19
MIKES MASS
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
H. Kajastie, K. Riski and H. Rossi, ”A weight handler for a 2 kg mass comparator”,
Proceedings of the XIV IMEKO World Congress, IMEKO, vol. 3, 53-58 (1997).
H. Kajastie and K. Riski, ”Automatic weight handlers for mass comparators”, Proceedings of
Weighing and Measurement in the Year 2000 Conference, 16 - 17 September 1997.
Sheffield, UK, 67-74 (1997).
5.3 Reports
5.4 Lectures
K. Riski: Laboratoriolaitteiden kalibrointi ja kunnossapito: Punnukset, vaa’at ja
dimensiomittaukset AEL-INSKO, 7 April and 8 December 1997, (in Finnish).
H. Kajastie: A weight handler for a 2 kg mass comparator, The XIV IMEKO World
Congress, 1 - 6 June 1997, Tampere, Finland.
H. Kajastie: Automatic weight handlers for mass comparators, International Conference of
Weighing and Measurement in the Year 2000, 16 - 17 September 1997, Sheffield, UK.
5.5 Other activities
K. Riski has participated to the EUROMET Contact Person Meeting February 6 - 7 1997,
NMi VSL, Delft, The Netherlands.
H. Kajastie participated International Conference of Weighing and Measurement in the Year
2000, 16 - 17 September 1997, Sheffield, UK.
H. Kajastie and K. Riski participated The XIV IMEKO World Congress, 1 - 6 June 1997,
Tampere, Finland.
K. Riski has participated to the meetings of EAL Task Force for measurement uncertainty
(Revision of WECC Doc. 19-1990).
The following persons have visited the laboratory:
Markus Beeler, Mettler-Toledo AG, 4 June 1997,
Leslie Pendrill, SP, Sweden, 20 November 1997.
The following visits by the laboratory personal have been made:
K. Riski has visited VSL NMi, Delft, 6 - 7 February 1997,
H. Kajastie has visited South Yorkshire Trading Standards Units, Sheffield, 18 September
1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
20
MIKES LENGTH
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION, LENGTH LABORATORY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Length laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Length
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
5
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
The Finnish primary standard for length is realised according to the recommendations given
by CGPM and CIPM, by three iodine stabilised 633 nm helium-neon lasers. The expanded
uncertainty of the realisation is 5·10-11. These lasers form the basis for traceable length
measurements in Finland.
4.2 Maintenance
Three iodine stabilised lasers at 633 nm have been maintained in the qualified conditions.
The correct operation of the lasers is ensured by regular participation in international
comparisons. Interferometers for calibration of long gauge blocks and line scales have been
maintained in operation condition.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
21
MIKES LENGTH
4.3 Development projects
Development of iodine stabilised lasers. An iodine stabilised 543 nm He-Ne laser has been
successfully constructed. The frequency of the laser has been stabilised on the hyperfine
absorption components of iodine molecular transitions 26-0, R(12) and 28-0, R(106) at 543
nm. This project is a co-operation between MIKES and Helsinki University of Technology
(HUT).
Development of an air refractometer. An interferometric variable vacuum length
refractometer has been constructed. The testing and finishing of the software of the device is
still in progress. This project is a co-operation between MIKES and HUT.
Development of an iodine stabilised diode laser at 633 nm. A compact diode laser system
has been stabilised to the Doppler-free spectrum of molecular iodine at the He-Ne laser
wavelength of 633 nm. Single frequency operation and wavelength control of the diode laser
in a compact form is obtained by employing weak optical feedback from an integrated
microlens. This project is a co-operation between MIKES and HUT.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
Intercomparison of non-metallic gauge blocks (100 mm) and line scales (50 mm and
200 mm) between MIKES and VNIIM was concluded. The results of two gauge
blocks and two line scales agreed within standard uncertainties of comparison. Poor
graduation line quality was found to be a limiting factor of good agreement of results
of two other line scales.
The frequency of the iodine stabilised 633 nm He-Ne laser no: 3 was compared with
the BIPM reference standard laser in January 1997. The measured relative difference
was 1,4·10-13 at the noise floor. It was one of the best results reported in the
international comparisons.
Euromet project 299: Intercomparison of iodine stabilised He-Ne lasers at 633 nm
was concluded, (participants BIPM, MIKES, SP, DFM). This comparison showed the
continuos progress made by the laboratories in their realisation of the metre.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
22
MIKES LENGTH
Euromet project 450: Interferometric measurement of long gauge blocks was carried
out, (participants SP, MIKES). The results of two gauge blocks (400 mm and 800
mm) agreed within standard uncertainties of the comparison.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
J. Hu, T. Ahola, E. Ikonen and K. Riski, Frequency shifts of iodine stabilized He-Ne lasers at
higher harmonic order stabilization, IEEE trans. Instrum. Meas. 46 (1997) 186-190.
A. Lassila, National standards for dimensional and optical quantities, Thesis for the degree of
Doctor of Technology, HUT 1997.
A. Lassila, P. Toivanen and E. Ikonen, An optical method for direct determination of the
radiometric aperture area at high accuracy, Measurement Science and Technology 8 (1997)
973-977.
B. Ståhlberg, E. Ikonen, J. Haldin, J. Hu, T. Ahola, K. Riski, l. Pendrill, U. Kärn, J.
Henningsen, H. Simonsen, A. Chartier and J.-M. Chartier, International comparison of HeNe lasers stabilized with 127I2 at λ=633 nm, Metrologia, 34 (1997) 301-307.
5.2 Conferences
A. Lassila, K. Riski, L. Abramova, E. Latysheva and V. Bolonin, Intercomparison of line
scale and gauge block calibrations with ceramic and glass standards, in: J. Halttunen (ed.),
Proceedings of the XIV IMEKO World Congress, Tampere, Finland 1997 Vol. 8, 123-128.
A. Lassila, J. Hu and K. Riski, The facilities for calibration of gauge blocks and line scales at
MIKES, In: Proceedings of Måleteknik & Kalibrering, Nyborg, Denmark 1997.
E. Ikonen, A. Lassila and P. Toivanen, A new optical method for high-accuracy
determination of aperture area, poster in Newrad’97, Tucson, Arizona 1997.
5.3 Reports
Pituuden mittauslaitteiden kalibrointitoiminnan järjestäminen, Mittatekniikan keskus,
julkaisu J3/1997.
Pituusmittauksen mittausepävarmuuden laskentaohje, Mittatekniikan keskus, julkaisu
J12/1997.
P. Tallgren, Interferometrinen ilman taitekertoimen mittauslaite, thesis for the degree of
Master of Science, HUT 1997.
5.4 Lectures
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
23
MIKES LENGTH
5.5 Other activities
K. Riski is a member of the program committee of ”Technical Conference on Recent
Developments in Optical Gauge Block Metrology” at SPIE annual meeting 1998.
Advisory Commission for Metrology, length expert group, K. Riski and A. Lassila
(members).
K. Riski and J. Hu visited BIPM, Paris, France, January 13 - 17, 1997.
J. Hu visited National Institute of Metrology, Beijing , China, July 10, 1997.
Antti Lassila attended to Euromet contact persons’ meeting (Length), IPQ, Portugal,
November 3 - 4, 1997.
Director T. Quinn, BIPM, visited length laboratory March 10, 1997.
Dr. Xu Yi, National Institute of Metrology, China, visited length laboratory June 10, 1997.
Dr. L. Pendrill, SP, visited length laboratory November 20, 1997.
Prof. M. Downs, NPL, visited length laboratory December 4, 1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
24
MIKES PRESSURE
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION, PRESSURE
LABORATORY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Pressure laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Pressure
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
116
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
6
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
1043
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
In the range 1 kPa … 500 MPa the unit of pressure is realised using a set of pressure
balances. The effective areas are traceable to LNE, France, completed with dimensional
measurements of VTT Manufacturing Technology for one piston/cylinder unit in the range
20 kPa … 1 MPa. In the low absolute pressure range 0,2 Pa to 1 kPa capacitive transducers
are used. They are traceable to FFA, Sweden.
4.2 Maintenance
In 1997, three piston/cylinder units were calibrated at LNE, the units for ranges 0,5 … 50
MPa and 2 … 200 MPa, oil pressure, and the unit for the range 20 kPa … 1 MPa, gas
pressure. Capacitive absolute pressure transducers for ranges 0 … 130 Pa and 0 … 1300 Pa
were calibrated at FFA in June 1997.
4.3 Development projects
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
25
MIKES PRESSURE
Improvement of calibration facilities for low absolute and differential pressures. In
1997, a second pressure balance with a 35 mm diameter piston cylinder unit was taken in
operation. It is now possible to calibrate differential pressure transducers between the two
pressure balances, and differential pressure transducers can be used for absolute pressure by
using very low vacuum as reference pressure. For measurements in the low vacuum range a
spinning rotor-type instrument was purchased. The data logging programs, however, are still
under development.
Determination of the pressure balance effective area based on dimensional
measurements. The effective area of the new ceramic 35 mm diameter piston/cylinder unit
was determined based on dimensional measurements made by VTT Manufacturing
technology. This result was completed with the results of our own pressure measurements
and with the results of pressure measurements at NMi, the Netherlands. In 1998, both
pressure and dimensional measurements on this unit will be performed at CMI, the Czech
Republic.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
An intercomparison in the gauge pressure range 0,5 … 12 MPa was arranged. There
were five participants in this intercomparison. The same transfer standard and similar
measurement instructions were used even in an intercomparison in Sweden, and a
joint meeting on the results was arranged in October for the Finnish and Swedish
participants.
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
There was one EAL-pressure intercomparison going on in 1997, EAL Pr-6 for
differential pressure range 0 … 1,25 kPa. One Finnish laboratory is participating, but
it made its measurements already in 1996.
4.4.3 International comparisons
In 1997 three final reports were published on earlier intercomparisons,
participated by MIKES:
EUROMET Project No. 45. Final Report. EUROMET intercomparison in the
pressure range 50 - 500 MPa. BNM-LNE, May 1997. The other participants in
EUROMET No. 45 were BEV/AT, FI/DK, CEM/ES, LNE/FR, NMi/NL and
FFA/SE.
EUROMET Project No. 305. Final Report. EUROMET intercomparison in the gas
pressure range 0,5 to 5 MPa. PTB 1997. In EUROMET No. 305 the following
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
26
MIKES PRESSURE
laboratories were participating: BEV/AT, MIKES/FI, PTB/DE, CEM/ES, LNE/FR
and FFA/SE.
Perkin, M. P.: A comparison of low differential pressure standards in the range 3 Pa
to 1000 Pa. NPL Report CMAM 3, August 1997. In the low differential pressure
intercomparison there were eleven participants from 8 countries.
The results of MIKES were within the claimed uncertainty limits in all these three
intercomparisons.
As to the on-going intercomparisons, the measurements in EUROMET No. 389 (oil
pressures up to 100 MPa) were made in July 1997, and an intercomparison in the gas
pressure range 0,05 MPa to 0,35 MPa between CMI/CZ, MIKES/FI and NMi/NL
was started during Summer 1997.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
5.3 Reports
M. Rantanen: Paineen vertailumittaus P11. Ylipainealue 0,5 … 12 MPa. Mittatekniikan
keskus. Julkaisu J16/1997.
M. P. Perkin: A comparison of low differential pressure standards in the range 3 Pa to 1000
Pa. NPL Report CMAM 3 1997.
5.4 Lectures
M. Rantanen: Painemittareiden kalibrointi. AEL-INSKOn kurssi Kalibrointi - tarve ja
suoritus käytännössä. 18 April 1997, Helsinki and 29 October 1997, Vantaa.
5.5 Other activities
In addition to EUROMET intercomparisons, MIKES participated in two other EUROMET
projects No. 291 on the uncertainty of digital pressure balances and No. 338 on comparison
of pressure balance calibration methods.
M. Rantanen participated in the EUROMET Mass Contact Persons Meeting in Delft, 6 - 7
February 1997 and in the EAL Pressure Experts Group Meeting at NPL, Teddington, 9 - 10
October 1997.
M. Rantanen participated in the EUROMET Vacuum Workshop at NPL, Teddington 8
October 1997.
M. Rantanen visited the pressure laboratories of FFA, Stockholm 12 - 13 June 1997, NMi,
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
27
MIKES PRESSURE
Delft 30 June - 4 July 1997 and NPL, Teddington 8 October 1997.
Mrs. C. Bergström and her three colleagues from the pressure laboratory of FFA visited
MIKES 28 October 1997.
M. Rantanen is a secretary in the Expert Group on Mass and Derived Quantities of the
Advisory Commission for Metrology in Finland.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
28
MIKES TEMPERATURE
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION, THERMOMETRY
LABORATORY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Thermometry laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Temperature
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
210
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
5
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
963
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
International temperature scale ITS-90.
4.2 Maintenance
Nanovoltmeter for thermocouple calibrations.
4.3 Development projects
New ITS-90 fixed point cells: In and Ag. The In cell (156,5985 °C) is a new fixed point for
the realisation of the ITS-90 at MIKES. Integrating spheres for the measurement of the sizeof-source effect for infrared thermometers.
4.4 Intercomparisons
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
29
MIKES TEMPERATURE
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
An intercomparison of calibrating two surface thermometers from 30 °C to 240 °C.
The results show that more effort has to be put in, so that the calibration methods for
these instruments can be harmonised.
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
The final report of the EAL Th-6 intercomparison (calibration of industrial resistance
thermometers) was published. The EAL Th-7 glass thermometers were circulated in
Finland.
4.4.3 International comparisons
EUROMET 278, an intercomparison of water triple point cells: the results were sent
to the CCT meeting.
EUROMET 280, an intercomparison of mercury cells: the results were presented at
the Beijing conference. The results are also found in the BNM Synthesis report
23.12.1997. The MIKES cell produced a temperature that was 0,00002 °C higher
than the value of the circulating cell. The temperature of 7 of the participating cells
produced a temperature that was higher than that of the circulating cell, with a
maximum deviation of 0,00017 °C, and 7 cells produced a lower temperature, with a
maximum deviation of 0,00042 °C.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
T. Weckström and N. Uusipulkamo, Using the LabView Software for Temperature
Calibrations, XIV IMEKO World Conference, Tampere, 1 - 6 June, 1997.
5.3 Reports
T. Weckström: Lämpötilan vertailumittaus
Mittatekniikan keskuksen julkaisu J14/1997.
L8,
Digitaalilämpömittarin
kalibrointi,
T. Weckström: Lämpötilan vertailumittaus
Mittatekniikan keskuksen julkaisu J15/1997.
L9,
Pintalämpömittareiden
kalibrointi,
5.4 Lectures
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
30
MIKES TEMPERATURE
T. Weckström, Lämpötilojen valvontakurssi, Lappeenrannan kaupungin ympäristövirasto, 13
November 1997.
5.5 Other activities
EAL Subgroup Meeting: Temperature indicators, UKAS, Teddington, January 17, 1997.
EUROMET Meeting-Thermometry, Forbairt, Dublin, 10 - 12 March 1997.
EAL Temperature and Humidity Experts Group Meeting, INTA, Madrid, October 27 and 28,
1997.
Pentronic AB, Temperaturmätning på sin spets/2, Västervik 7 - 8 Oktober, 1997.
Visitor: Bloembergen, P., NMi, Delft, 5 June 1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
31
MIKES HUMIDITY
CENTRE FOR METROLOGY AND ACCREDITATION, HUMIDITY
LABORATORY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Humidity laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Dew-point temperature
Relative humidity
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
48
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
1
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
18
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
The dew-point temperature scale and the relative humidity scale are realised by using a twotemperature generator system.
4.2 Maintenance
The dew-point temperature scale has been investigated by comparing the dew-point
generator with a chilled mirror system and with a cooling coil system.
4.3 Development projects
Development of a dew-point temperature comparator. A prototype was constructed and
initial tests were carried out. Equipment for an improved system were ordered.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
32
MIKES HUMIDITY
Development of a two-pressure generator for low humidity range. A prototype was
constructed and initial tests were carried out. Equipment for an improved system were
ordered.
Improvement of the dew-point generator and the transfer standard. A new saturator
bath was bought and the dew-point hygrometer was transported to the manufacturer.
EU/SMT project: The use of a humid air generator as a reference method for
measuring humidity. The project was completed. The different methods to generate humid
air were found consistent to each other and it was not possible to name any method to be
most suitable for realisation of the dew-point temperature scale. The results obtained by
eight laboratories agreed very well in the dew-point temperature range above 0°C and below
-50°C. The agreement in the range from -50°C to -10°C was not as good as in the high range
but a reliable explanation was not found.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
EAL-TH8: Relative humidity,
Nordic intercomparison for relative humidity (pilot laboratory).
4.4.3 International comparisons
Comparison of the dew-point generators within the European project (see 4.3). The
range for the MIKES was from -40°C to +75°C. In the range above 0°C, the results
obtained by most of the laboratories were within the uncertainty limits reported by
the MIKES (±0.07°C … ±0.09°C). In the low range, the MIKES results agreed well
with the results obtained by the CETIAT (France) and the IMGC (Italy).
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
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33
MIKES HUMIDITY
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
M. Heinonen; National basis of traceability in relative humidity measurements, XIV IMEKO
World Congress, Tampere 1 - 6 June 1997, vol. XA, pp. 210-215.
M. Heinonen; Calibration of a hydrometer by means of hydrostatic weighing, 19th Nordic
Conference "Måleteknikk og kalibrering", 23 - 26 November 1997, Nyborg, Denmark.
M. Heinonen; Nordic humidity intercomparison, 19th Nordic Conference "Måleteknikk og
kalibrering", 23 - 26 November 1997, Nyborg, Denmark.
5.3 Reports
M. Heinonen; Validation of The MIKES Primary Dew-point Generator, Julkaisu J1/1997,
Centre for Metrology and Accreditation, Helsinki 1997.
M. Heinonen; Nordic intercomparison for relative humidity, Julkaisu J8/1997, Centre for
Metrology and Accreditation, Helsinki 1997.
5.4 Lectures
M. Heinonen; Kosteusmittarien kalibrointi, Kosteuskalibrointikurssi, MIKES 17 - 18 March
1997.
M. Heinonen; National basis of traceability in relative humidity measurements, XIV IMEKO
World Congress, Tampere, 1 - 6 June 1997.
M. Heinonen; EU Project MAT 1 CT 9400 17: Measurements at the MIKES, Final Meeting
of the project, INTA, 30 - 31 October 1997, Madrid, Spain.
5.5 Other activities
Advisory Commission for Metrology; Expert Group on Temperature Measurements.
International Steering Committee for the Third International Symposium on Humidity and
Moisture ´98.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
34
VTT AUT ELECTRICITY
3.6 VTT AUTOMATION, ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
VTT Automation
2. QUANTITIES
DC voltage and current, resistance, AC voltage and current, electric power and energy,
capacitance
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
47
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
10
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
1425
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
DC voltage: Weston and Zener standards, Josephson voltage standard. Resistance:
resistance standards and quantum-Hall standard. AC voltage: multi-junction and Fluke 540B
thermal AC/DC converters. AC current: multi-junction and Fluke 540B thermal AC/DC
converter and A40 shunt resistors. Power: HEG power comparator. Capacitance: AndeenHagerling and GenRad capacitance standards.
4.2 Maintenance
The measuring place for electric power was moved to a new laboratory. The real-time
environmental data of various laboratories were made accessible via local computer
network.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
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35
VTT AUT ELECTRICITY
4.3 Development projects
DC voltage: An accurate voltage divider based on mercury batteries was constructed and
tested. Upgrade of our Josephson standard up to 10 V level has been started. Resistance: A
new superconducting 12 T magnet system was installed. It was used together with our home
made cryogenic current comparator for tracing standard resistors in the range 1 W - 100 kW
to the quantised Hall resistance at 1.5 K. The measuring range for standard resistors was
extended up to 1 TW by a step-up measurement. A new Guildline direct current comparator
was taken in use for comparing resistance standards. AC voltage: New range resistors were
built to trace AC voltages in the range 300 V - 1000 V and 40 Hz - 1 MHz to multijunction
thermal converters. AC current: Step-up measurement of AC current in the range 10 mA 20 A and 40 Hz - 5 kHz using multijunction thermal converters, Fluke shunt resistors, and
home made amplifiers. Electric power and energy: Digitised sampling technique was
developed for power measurements. A new power source was taken in routine use.
Capacitance: New capacitance standards were taken in use. Measurements were made for
the EUROMET-345 comparison of 10 pF and 100 pF capacitance standards. Electrolytic
conductivity: An instrument was constructed for tracing the electric conductivity of liquids
to the units of capacitance and resistance.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
DC-voltage intercomparisons during assessment visits to accredited laboratories. The
results are given in assessment reports. A summary of the comparisons is in
preparation. Intercomparison of AC voltages S-6 (Report J4/1997, Centre for
Metrology and Accreditation). Intercomparison of electric power measurements S-7
(Report J6/1997, Centre for Metrology and Accreditation).
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
EAL-EL24 capacitance intercomparison (the VTT results are reported in the
calibration certificate VTT97KM070). EAL-EL25 AC voltage intercomparison (the
VTT results are reported in the calibration certificate VTT98KM009).
4.4.3 International comparisons
Measurements were made for the EUROMET-345 intercomparison of 10 pF and 100
pF capacitances.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
36
VTT AUT ELECTRICITY
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
H. Seppä, A. Satrapinski, “AC Resistance Bridge Based on the Cryogenic Current
Comparator”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., Vol. 46(2), p. 463, 1997.
5.2 Conferences
K. Kalliomäki, A. Oja, and A. Satrapinski participated to the XXII Convention on Radio
Science held in the University of Oulu in November 1997. The following papers were
published in the Proceedings.
K. Kalliomäki, “Electrical Metrology in Finland”, Proceedings of XXII Convention on Radio
Science, University of Oulu, pp. 11 - 12, 1997.
A. Satrapinski, A. Oja and H. Seppä, “Quantum Hall Effect Resistance Standard at VTT”,
Proceedings of XXII Convention on Radio Science, University of Oulu, pp. 141 - 142, 1997.
This poster was represented also at the Finnish Metrology Day in November 1997.
5.3 Reports
A. Satrapinski A. Oja and H. Seppä, “Results of the QHR measurements in April - June
1997”, Report 97R0234-1, VTT Automation, September 1997.
A. Satrapinski A. Oja and H. Seppä, “Calibration of 10 kΩ standard resistors by CCC
resistance bridge”, Report 97R0235-1, VTT Automation (draft).
5.4 Lectures
K. Kalliomäki gave the plenary talk “Electrical Metrology in Finland” at the XXII
Convention on Radio Science in the University of Oulu in March 1997.
5.5 Other activities
A. Oja was a member of a working group in the development of high-voltage metrology.
P. Immonen, T. Mansten and A. Oja contributed to the working group on electric metrology
assigned by Centre for Metrology and Accreditation.
Dr. Terry Quinn of BIPM visited VTT Automation in March 1997.
A. Oja participated to the EUROMET experts meeting on quantum-Hall resistance standards
and Josephson voltage standards in Lisbon in April 1997.
A. Oja participated to the EUROMET Electricity Contact Persons Meeting at CEM in
Madrid in October 1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
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VTT AUT ELECTRICITY
T. Mansten participated to the EAL Electricity Contact Persons Meeting at CEM in Madrid
in October 1997.
T. Mansten participated to the EUROMET experts meeting on AC/DC voltage transfer at
OFMET in Bern in May 1997.
K. Kalliomäki was the chairman of the organising committee of the XXII Convention on
Radio Science held at the University of Oulu in March 1997. He was also a co-editor of the
proceedings.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
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38
VTT AUT TIME
VTT AUTOMATION, TIME AND FREQUENCY
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
VTT Automation
2. QUANTITIES
Time and frequency
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
5
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
6
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
229
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Time: Cs-clock, 2 GPS receivers, 2 Loran-C clocks (NELS, RNS). Frequency: Cs-clock,
two rubidium oscillators.
4.2 Maintenance
The measuring place for time and frequency was moved to a new laboratory. The real-time
environmental data of the laboratory were made accessible via local computer network. The
uncertainty at which the national time can be disseminated through TV frequency is
increasing now that analogous links are being replaced by digital ones.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
Annual Report 1997
39
VTT AUT TIME
4.3 Development projects
Monitoring of a Cs atomic clock for the national time base since January 1997. The
measurement of Cs-clocks of Telecom Finland was improved by adding a humidity
measurement and comparison to the GPS signal. The time and frequency laboratory and the
antenna system were moved.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
During annual inspections of all accredited laboratories a comparison measurement is
performed and the result is reported in the assessment statement.
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
A time comparison was carried out with SP using a transportable GPS receiver in
November 1996. The final report of the comparison will be written in near future
now that SP and BIPM have performed a similar comparison.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
K. Kalliomäki and J. Mannermaa: “TV network signal as a temporary source for navigation”,
in the Proceedings of EFTF11.
5.2 Conferences
K. Kalliomäki attended to the EFTF11 Conference in Neuchatel, Switzerland, in 1997,
where he presented the poster mentioned above.
K. Kalliomäki, T. Mansten and A. Rautianen participated to the XXII Convention on Radio
Science held in the University of Oulu in November 1997. The following paper was
published in the Proceedings:
K. Kalliomäki, T. Mansten and A. Rautianen, “The modification of a HP105B frequency
standard and its use as a portable frequency reference”, Proceedings of XXII Convention on
Radio Science, University of Oulu, pp. 155 - 156, 1997. This poster was represented also at
the Finnish Metrology Day in November 1997.
MIKES Julkaisu J5/1998
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VTT AUT TIME
5.3 Reports
Monthly reports on the line frequency and of the frame synchronisation phase of the Finnish
TV broadcasting company (YLE), the average frequency of the Cs-clocks of TELE, and the
phase of the Loran-C signals (RNS & Sylt).
Kalevi Kalliomäki, Tapio Mansten ja Anssi Rautianen, “Taajuuden vertailumittauslaitteen
HP 105B uudistaminen”, loppuraportti 97R0169, VTT Automaatio, helmikuu 1998,
February 1998.
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
K. Kalliomäki attended to the EUROMET time-and-frequency contact persons meeting at
Neuchatel, Switzerland, in March 1997.
Dr. Terry Quinn of BIPM visited VTT Automation in March 1997.
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VTT MT
3.7 VTT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, DIMENSIONAL QUANTITIES
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
VTT Manufacturing technology
2. QUANTITIES
Length, angle, flatness, straightness, roundness, cylindricity and surface roughness
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
452
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
6
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
3135
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Length:
HP-Laser-Interferometers and frequency-stabilised lasers (red and green) are calibrated with
Ion-stabilised laser. Gauge blocks are calibrated interferometrically with the red and green
lasers.
Angle:
Angle polygons are calibrated with two autocollimators. Autocollimators and the angle
options of the Laser-interferometers are calibrated with tangential bar and length measuring
instruments. Angle tables are calibrated with polygon and autocollimators using the error
separation method.
Flatness:
Optical flats are calibrated by comparing them to each other and rotating them 90° with
natrium light. Surface plates are calibrated with HP Laser -interferometer (angle options) by
measuring straightness in three directions.
Straightness:
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VTT MT
Straightness normal is calibrated like flats.
Roundness:
Roundness normal (glass ball, flick standards and the oval standards) is calibrated with the
roundness measuring machine (rotating 90°), length measuring instruments and form
measuring instruments. The roundness measuring machine is calibrated with the roundness
standards and using the laser-interferometer as scale for the sensor.
Cylindricity:
Cylindricity unit is based to the roundness and straightness measurements. The standards are
calibrated by using error separation tectonics.
Surface roughness:
The surface roughness measuring machine is calibrated with gauge blocks, optical flats,
laser-interferometer and PTB roughness standards.
4.2 Maintenance
All the standards and measuring machines are calibrated.
The rotating table of the angle measuring instrument has been relapped.
The spindle and the program of the roundness measuring machine has been changed.
4.3 Development projects
Interferometric angle measurements
The aim of the VTT/MIKES project is to develop and take in use rotation tables in horizontal
and vertical plane where the calibration is based on Laser-interferometer and/or error
separation with angle polygons and autocollimator (12/97).
Thread measurements
The aim of the VTT/MIKES project is to improve the thread measurements scale (M3 - ...)
and uncertainty (2/98).
3d-surface roughness measurements
The aim of the VTT/MIKES project is to take in use the optical instrumentation for 3D surface roughness measurements (2/98).
Step gauge calibration
The aim of the VTT/MIKES project is to improve the uncertainty of the calibration of step
gauges (<0,5 µm) (5/97).
Calibration instructions
The aim of the VTT/Industry project is to harmonise the measuring procedures which are
used for calibrations of different measuring devices.
Co-axiality
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VTT MT
The aim of the VTT/MIKES project is to develop instrumentation and procedures for
calibration of optical instruments for co-axiality and straightness measurements (1/98).
Lasmet
The aim of this project is to improve the accuracy of the measurements done by laserinterferometer in industry VTT/SMT (97-99).
Cylindricity
The aim of this VTT/MIKES project is to improve the accuracy of the cylindricity and
roundness measurements by buying new instrument and developing programs for errorseparation (5/98).
3-point mikrometers
The aim of this VTT/MIKES project is to develop an instrument witch which the calibration
of the 3-point micrometers can be done (4/98).
Dilatometer
The aim of this VTT/MIKES project is to develop an instrumentation for measurements of
the expansion coefficients of different materials (5/98).
Perpendicularity
The aim of this VTT/MIKES project is to develop instrumentation for calibration of straight
edges both in vertical and horizontal positions (4/98).
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
D2 Calibration of ceramic gauge blocks. Final report.
D4 Calibration of the capasitive length measuring instrument (25 mm). Final report.
D3 Calibration of the extensometer. Measurements and corrective actions.
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
M19 Screw thread metrology. Reporting and corrective actions.
M20 Micrometer and dial indicator. Besides of the accredited laboratories some
candidates or other industrial laboratories measured the length measuring
instruments.
4.4.3 International comparisons
Nordic intercomparison of gauge blocks including surface roughness measurements
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VTT MT
(optical and mechanical). Final results will be published 1998 as an EUROMET
report.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
Mittaukset konepajassa -seminaari ”suurten kappaleitten mittaus” Kirkkonummi 18 - 19
September 1997.
5.3 Reports
Heikki Lehto, Interferometrinen kulman mittaus. Final report of the project (12/97).
Tero Autio, Porrasmittapalojen kalibroinnin kehitys. Final report of the project (5/97).
Heikki Lehto, Mittausepävarmuuden määrittäminen sekä optimoidut kalibrointijaksot. ISO
9000 ja kalibroinnit. Helsinki, (11/97). Mittatekniikan keskus, 8 p.
Heikki Lehto, Mittausepävarmuuden määrittäminen ja
Puolustusvoimat, Lievestuore (10/97), 12 p.
vertailumittaukset,
Suomen
Heikki Lehto, Kulmamittalaitteiden kalibrointi. Mittaukset konepajassa, Kirkkonummi
(9/97), 8 p.
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
Euromet: The meeting of Expert Group ”Dimensional Metrology” in Lissbon (1 - 4
November 1997).
EAL: The meeting of Expert Group ”Dimensional Metrology” in Bern (7 - 9 April 1997).
Other Groups for co-operation: IMEKO, SLY, SFS, AEL, MIKES.
Visitors from industry and metrology laboratories from Finland and different foreign
countries (during the IMEKO conference and in several other events).
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FGI g
3.8 FINNISH GEODETIC INSTITUTE, ACCELERATION OF FREE FALL
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Finnish Geodetic Institute
2. QUANTITIES
Acceleration of free fall
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Absolute gravimeter
The Finnish Geodetic Institute has two absolute gravity meters, JILAg-1 and JILAg-5 based
on the free falling corner cube in the vacuum chamber.
4.2 Maintenance
4.2.1 The absolute gravimeter JILAg-5 has been used in Metsähovi laboratory on 27 - 30
January, 20 - 21 February, 5 - 7 March, 24 - 26 March, 7 - 9 April, 24 - 25 April, 8 9 May, 25 - 27 June, 15 - 18 July, 12 - 15 August, 18 - 20 August, 20 - 22 August and
30 October - 1 November.
4.2.2 The frequency of the two mode laser (Laseangle RB-1 no 18) of JILAg-5 was
compared with the meter-laser of the Helsinki University in the Kumpula acceleration
laboratory on 23 January, 6 May, 2 July and 11 November. The comparison was
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FGI g
made also on 25 November in BIPM when also the distribution of the intensity was
found to be a gaussian one.
The rubidium frequency standard (Efratom FRK-L no. 8533) of the JILAg-5 was
compared with the hydrogen maser oscillator of the Helsinki University of
Technology on 27 January, 8 - 9 May, 5 - 26 July, 16 November and with cesium
beam in BIPM on 23 November.
4.2.3. JILAg-5 instrument was also used to determine the gravity difference of the new
calibration line Masala-Vihti. The observations were made on 8 - 10 September in
Vihti and on 23 - 27 September in Masala. The gravity difference was found to be
53.18 mGal. This new calibration line provides the determination and control for the
scale of the relative gravimeters in this gravity difference range.
4.2.4 The superconducting gravimeter SG20 has recorded the variations in gravity at the
Metsähovi station properly throughout the year. This gravimeter has been calibrated
with the JILAg-5 instrument.
4.2.5 Absolute gravity is measured at the following stations abroad:
Strassbourg, France
Membach, Belgium
Clausthal, Germany
Sao Miguel, Azorit, Portugal
Flores, Azorit, Portugal
Faial, Azorit, Portugal
Madrid, Spain
Valle de los Caidos, Spain
Reykjavik, Iceland
Höfn, Iceland
5 - 8 February,
11 - 12 February,
15 - 16 February,
22 - 25 May,
31 May - 1 June,
6 - 8 June,
14 - 15 June,
17 - 18 June,
7 - 8 December,
10 - 13 December.
The stations in Iceland are new, on the other sites Finnish Geodetic Institute has
measured the absolute gravity earlier and the repeated measurements are due to the
investigation of gravity variations. Station Clausthal is also the German reference for
gravity.
4.2.6 By relative measurements altogether 928 new gravity points are measured and the
new Bouguer-anomaly map of the Finland is published.
4.3 Development projects
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4.4 Intercomparisons
Finnish Geodetic Institute participated in key comparison ICAG97 for absolute gravimeters
in BIPM, Sevres during 16 - 26 November. The participating instrument was the absolute
gravimeter JILAg-5.
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
J. Kääriäinen and J. Mäkinen (1997): The 1979-1996 Gravity Survey and Results of the
Gravity Survey of Finland 1945 - 1996. Publ. Finn. Geod. Inst. 125. Kirkkonummi.
J. Kääriäinen and H. Virtanen (1997a): The Finnish Superconducting Gravimeter: Some
Results Related to Earth Deformation. Proceedings of IAG regional Symposium on
Deformations and Crustal Movement Investigations using Geodetic Techniques. August 31 September 5, 1996 , Szekesfehervar, Hungary.
J. Kääriäinen and H. Virtanen (1997b): Eräistä suprajohtavalla gravimetrillä havaituista
ilmiöistä. XVIII Geofysiikan päivät. 13 - 14 May 1997, Helsinki.
H. Virtanen and J. Kääriäinen (1997): The GWR T020 Superconducting gravimeter 1994 1996 at the Metsähovi station, Finland. Rep. Finn. Geod. Inst. 97:4.
H. Virtanen (1997): Observations of free oscillations of the Earth by superconducting
gravimeter GWR T020. Acta Geod. Geoph. Mont. Hung. Vol. 31 p. 423.
5.2 Conferences
Jaakko Mäkinen: Workshop ”Techniques in and applications of modern gravimetry” 19
November at the BIPM, France.
5.3 Reports
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FGI g
M. Amalvict, J. Hinderer, O. Francis, J. Mäkinen: Comparisons between absolute (AG) and
superconducting (SG) gravimeters. Scientific Assembly of the IAG, September 3 - 9, Rio de
Janeiro 1997.
J. Hinderer, M. Amalvict, O. Francis, J. Mäkinen: On the Calibration of Superconducting
Gravimeters with the Help of Absolute Gravity Measurements. 13th Int. Symp. on Earth
Tides. July 22 - 25, Brussels 1997.
H. Virtanen and J. Kääriäinen: One Thousand Days of Superconducting Gravimetry in
Finland. 13th Int. Symp. on Earth Tides. July 22. - 25, Brussels 1997.
H. Virtanen: Observations of long-term gravity variations by superconducting gravimeter
GWR T020. Abstract. European Geophysical Society, Annales Geophysicae, Suppl. I to
Volume 15.
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
Jussi Kääriäinen is the member of the Advisory Commission for Metrology (ACM).
Jaakko Mäkinen is a member of the Expert Group for Mass and Derived Quantities within
ACM.
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FGI GEODETIC LENGTH
FINNISH GEODETIC INSTITUTE, GEODETIC LENGTH
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Finnish Geodetic Institute
2. QUANTITIES
Geodetic length
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
2
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
4.1.1 Absolute calibrations of quartz gauges using internationally recommended laser
wavelength standards (PTB, Braunschweig).
4.1.2 Maintenance of quartz gauge system by comparisons (Tuorla Observatory, Univ. of
Turku).
4.1.3 Interference measurements with Väisälä comparator (Nummela Standard Base Line).
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FGI GEODETIC LENGTH
4.2 Maintenance
4.2.1 Comparison of quartz gauge no VIII was made in Tuorla Observatory. Epoch of
comparison was 1997.047.
4.2.2 EDM-measurements at the Nummela Standard Base Line were made on 14 - 20 May,
22 - 26 May and 11 - 12 June using three Kern Mekometers ME5000. Two of the
instrument came from the Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
and one from the Helsinki University of Technology, Institute of Geodesy and
Cartography. This calibration serves also the maintenance of the Taoyuan Standard
Base Line in Taiwan, measured in 1993 by FGI.
During 21 - 25 April the Nummela Standard Base Line was measured with Wild
Distomat DI2002 of the Finnish Geodetic Institute.
Projection measurements were made at Nummela on 25 April - 12 May, 27 - 28 May
and 16 - 18 June.
4.2.3 Kyviskes base line was measured in Lithuania in June in co-operation with the
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University to establish and develop national length
standards. The baseline was measured using the Mekometer ME5000 of the Helsinki
University of Technology.
4.2.4 The automatic comparator to calibrate levelling rods in vertical position using CCDcamera and laser techniques has been completed.
4.3 Development projects
4.3.1 The standard base line is planned to be measured in 1998 in Chengdu, China using
the Väisälä comparator. This is a joint project with the Sichuan Bureau of Surveying
and Mapping to establish and develop national length standards.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
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FGI GEODETIC LENGTH
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
J. Jokela and M. Poutanen (1997): 50 years of interference observations at the Nummela
Standard Baseline. Book of abstracts p. 59, Scientific Assembly of the International
Association of Geodesy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 - 9 September 1997.
M. Takalo (1997): Automated Calibration of Precise Levelling Rods. Rep. Finn. Geod. Inst.
97:3.
5.2 Conferences
5.3 Reports
M. Poutanen and J. Jokela (1997): Mittakaavojen äiti täyttää 50. Tiede 2000 6/97 pp. 38-42.
M. Takalo: News about the calibration of invar staff. Working group of NKG for height
determination. 28 April 1997, Hönefoss, Norway.
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
Jorma Jokela is a member of the Expert Group for length within ACM.
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TELE, SOUND PRESSURE
3.9 TELECOM FINLAND LTD, TELECOM ENGINEERING
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Telecom Finland Ltd., Telecom Engineering
2. QUANTITIES
Sound pressure
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
14
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
The unit of sound pressure is realised by the closed coupler reciprocity technique using half
inch and one inch standard condenser microphones. Between reciprocity calibrations a group
of calibrated condenser microphones was maintained as reference standard.
4.2 Maintenance
4.3 Development projects
The reciprocity calibration instrumentation was modified to cower also frequencies from 63
Hz down to 31,5 Hz and the software was updated respectively to calculate appropriate
corrections.
4.4 Intercomparisons
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TELE, SOUND PRESSURE
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
The first series of measurements for the inter laboratory comparison EUROMET 399
was performed and the microphones were hand-carried to NPL for their
measurements.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
5.3 Reports
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
EUROMET acoustics contact person: T Valkeapää.
Preparatory meeting for EUROMET project 400 was held at Telecom Engineering on 21
May 1997.
The annual EUROMET Acoustics contact persons meeting was organised at Telecom
Engineering on 22 May 1997 in Helsinki and 23 May at VTT Manufacturing Technology in
Tampere.
T Valkeapää visited Acoustics Branch, National Physical on 29 September 1997.
IEC TC 29 Electroacoustics, Finnish follow up group: T Valkeapää, member.
IEC TC 29 WG 5, Calibration of standard condenser microphones: J Urpalainen, member.
Advisory Commission for Metrology: T Valkeapää, vice-member.
Advisory Commission for Metrology, Expert group for acoustics: T Valkeapää, member.
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TELE, SOUND PRESSURE
FINAS Technical Assessor (ASS 35): T Valkeapää.
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TELE, HF ELECT.
TELECOM FINLAND LTD, TELECOM ENGINEERING
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Telecom Finland Ltd., Telecom Engineering
2. QUANTITIES
High frequency power, attenuation and voltage
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
18
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
1
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Power:
Power calibration equipment was calibrated with twin-load calorimeter and PTB calibrated
bolometerheads.
Attenuation:
Attenuation calibration equipment was calibrated with SQUID calibrated reference
attenuators and reference step attenuators.
Voltage:
Voltage was calculated from power and impedance supported by RF/DC-transfer standards
below 100 MHz.
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TELE, HF ELECT.
4.2 Maintenance
Studies to replace some old instruments were finished and some new instruments were
already received. Several faulty instruments were repaired and adjusted. The air-conditioning
system of the laboratory failed repetitively, fortunately no severe damage occurred. Under
such circumstances the new laboratory environment supervision and alarm system was
proven most important.
4.3 Development projects
Development of national standards for reflection coefficient and impedance at high
frequencies:
The intention is to build a traceability system for HP 8510 ANA to utilise its use as a national
standard for reflection coefficient and impedance. Network analyser verification kits with
type N and PC 3.5 connectors were acquired. Instrument failures were corrected. Inter
laboratory comparisons were agreed to be exercised as a EUROMET project.
Development of attenuation reference standard:
The aim of the project is to develop a heterodyne based attenuation reference standard to
replace the out of date SQUID-attenuation measurement system. We intend to cover first
frequencies from 30 MHz to 120 MHz. Experiments for selection of the intermediate
frequency was conducted and the influence of the local oscillator was studied.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
EAL Inter Laboratory Comparison HF3, attenuation.
4.4.3 International comparisons
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5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
5.2 Conferences
T. Valkeapää, ANAMET meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 and 20 November 1997.
5.3 Reports
5.4 Lectures
”Quality control of EMC measurements” (in Finnish) a lecture given by T. Valkeapää, AELINSKO seminar on EMC measurements and their quality control on 9 April 1997 in Helsinki.
5.5 Other activities
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HUT OPTICAL QUANTITIES
3.10 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUT),
METROLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), Metrology Research Institute
2. QUANTITIES
The following optical quantities: luminous intensity, illuminance, optical power, transmittance,
reflectance, spectral responsivity, optical wavelength
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
34
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
1
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
32
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
The primary standard of optical power measurements is a cryogenic absolute radiometer
operated with laser sources. Trap detectors and a pyroelectric radiometer are used as transfer
standards to other wavelengths and power levels. Luminous intensity and illuminance are
realised with a reference photometer constructed from a trap detector, a V(λ)-filter and a
precision aperture. Regular spectral transmittance of filters, regular spectral reflectance of
optical components, and spectral responsivity of detectors are calibrated using a reference
spectrometer. Measurements of regular spectral reflectance are made by using a dedicated
apparatus in the reference spectrometer. Spectral responsivity measurements are made with
a trap detector as a reference. Optical wavelength is measured with a Fourier transform
wavemeter, traceable to the iodine stabilised laser of the Centre for Metrology and
Accreditation.
4.2 Maintenance
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HUT OPTICAL QUANTITIES
The transfer standards for optical power were calibrated and the mechanics for positioning
of the laser beam have been improved in the cryogenic radiometer.
The trap detector, the filters, and the apertures for the reference photometer of the luminous
intensity were calibrated and new stands for the optical bench have been constructed.
The transmittance and reflectance scales were checked using the reference materials. New
reference detectors were constructed and calibrated for spectral responsivity. The voltmeters
and ampere-meters used in optical power measurements have been calibrated.
4.3 Development projects
Development of detector-based standards for optical power, luminous intensity and
irradiance.
The standards for luminous intensity and illuminance have been improved and the
measurement ranges have been extended. New standards have been developed for
luminance and spectral irradiance.
Development of measurement systems for linearity and spatial responsivity of
detectors.
A setup has been developed for linearity measurement of photo detectors at the uncertainty
level of 0.03%.
Development of a calibration system for low-level-light measurements.
A detection system based on photon counting technique has been constructed.
Development of standards for optical wavelength and laser sources as Nordic cooperation.
A diode laser has been taken in use as a reference laser at 780 nm. A 15 mW diode laser
system has been constructed at 634 nm.
Development of aperture area measurement.
A new optical method has been developed for measurement of the area of radiometric
apertures. The relative uncertainty of the method is close to 0.01% for 3-mm apertures.
Spectroradiometer.
A spectroradiometer has been ordered from the Bentham company.
Development of standards for luminous flux.
A miniature scanner is under development for characterisation of an integrating sphere.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
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4.4.3 International comparisons
Comparison of optical power measurements
An intercomparison of cryogenic radiometers of HUT, PTB (Germany) and SP
(Sweden) using silicon trap detectors was carried out as EUROMET project no. 90.
The average relative difference between the results of the laboratories, when all
known corrections are applied, are +1×10-4 for HUT-PTB, -3,7×10-4 for SP-PTB and
-4,3×10-4 for SP-HUT, with standard uncertainties of 4,3×10-4, 3,0×10-4 and 4,4×10-4,
respectively. The final report has been published by A. Lassila, H. Hofer, E. Ikonen,
L. Liedquist, K. D. Stock and T. Varpula, “Intercomparison of cryogenic radiometers
using silicon trap detectors”, Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 (1997), pp.123-127.
Transmittance measurements on V(λ) filters
Transmittance measurements on a V(λ) filter have been carried out with the
participation of BNM-INM, France; HUT, Finland; and SP, Sweden as the coordinating laboratory. This is the EUROMET project no. 353. The HUT provided the
V(λ) filter for this intercomparison. Each participant measured the regular spectral
transmittance of the filter in the wavelength range 380-780 nm with steps of 10 nm at
most. Further measurements such as uniformity and near-IR leakage checks were
made where feasible. The filter was measured at the HUT before and after the other
laboratories to check for any changes in the transmittance during the circulation. The
results of the comparison measurements will be analysed at the SP.
Intercomparison of the luminous responsivity of photometers arranged by
CCPR
The CCPR decided during the 13th session in September 1994 to undertake an
international comparison of the luminous responsivity of photometers. There are 15
different laboratories participating in the comparison, BIPM acting as the coordinating laboratory. The comparison was carried out by sending two calibrated
photometers together with the calibration results to the BIPM. During 1997 we
characterised our photometers twice: once before sending them to the BIPM and
once after they arrived back. The preliminary confidential results of the comparison
were submitted to participating laboratories in autumn 1997. The final results will be
reported at the next CCPR meeting in April 1999.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
P. Kärhä, P. Toivanen, F. Manoochehri, and E. Ikonen, “Development of a detector-based
absolute spectral irradiance scale in the 380-900-nm spectral range”, Appl. Opt. 36 (1997)
pp. 8909-8918.
T. Kübarsepp, P. Kärhä and E. Ikonen, “Characterization of a polarization independent
transmission trap detector”, Appl. Opt. 36 (1997), pp. 2807-2812.
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HUT OPTICAL QUANTITIES
A. Lassila, P. Toivanen and E. Ikonen, “An optical method for direct determination of the
radiometric aperture area at high accuracy”, Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 (1997), pp. 973-977.
J. Hu, T. Ahola, E. Ikonen and K. Riski, “Frequency shift of iodine stabilized He-Ne laser at
higher harmonic order stabilization”, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 46 (1997), pp. 186-190.
H. Talvitie, A. Pietiläinen, H. Ludvigsen and E. Ikonen, “Passive frequency and intensity
stabilization of extended-cavity diode lasers”, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (1997), pp. 1-7.
A. Lassila, H. Hofer, E. Ikonen, L. Liedquist, K. D. Stock and T. Varpula, “Intercomparison
of cryogenic radiometers using silicon trap detectors”, Meas. Sci. Technol. 8 (1997), pp.123127.
A. Pietiläinen, H. Ludvigsen, H. Talvitie, and E. Ikonen, “Observation of coherent transient
effects in a magneto-optical trap”, Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 9 (1997), pp. 615-619.
S. Tammela, H. Ludvigsen, T. Kajava and M. Kaivola, “Time-resolved frequency chirp
measurement using a silicon-wafer etalon”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 9 (1997), pp.
475-477.
B. Ståhlberg, E. Ikonen, J. Haldin, J. Hu, T. Ahola, K. Riski, L. Pendrill, U. Kärn, J.
Henningsen, H. Simonsen, A. Chartier and J.-M. Chartier, “International comparisons of HeNe lasers stabilized with 127I2 at λ ≈ 633 nm (July 1993 to September 1995), Part II: Second
comparison of Northern European lasers at λ ≈ 633 nm”, Metrologia 34 (1997), pp. 301-307.
E. Ikonen, “Optical science and engineering in Finland”, Part II, O plus E, no 206, pp. 130132 (1997), translated to Japanese by K. Seta.
J. Hu, K. Riski, A. Chartier, J.-M. Chartier and S. Picard, “Intercomparison of 127I2 stabilized
He-Ne lasers at 633 nm between MIKES and BIPM”, Metrologia (in press).
A. Haapalinna, P. Kärhä and E. Ikonen, “Spectral reflectance of silicon photodiodes”, Appl.
Opt. (in press).
H. Talvitie, A. Seppänen, A. Äijälä, and E. Ikonen, “Continuous-wave light source at 317 nm
based on frequency doubling of a diode laser”, Appl. Phys. B (in press).
K. Kübarsepp, A. Haapalinna, P. Kärhä and E. Ikonen, “Nonlinearity measurements of
silicon photodetectors”, Appl. Opt. (in press).
L. Palva, E. Garam, F. Manoochehri, R. Sepponen, P. Hari, K. Rajala, H. Ruotoistenmäki
and I. Seppälä, “A novel multipoint measuring system of photosynthetically active
radiation”, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, (in press).
5.2 Conferences
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5.2.1 International conference proceedings
H. Talvitie, A. Seppänen, A. Äijälä and E. Ikonen, “Generation of continuous-wave
radiation at 317 nm by frequency doubling of a diode laser”, in Conference on Lasers
and Electro-Optics (CLEO’97), Technical Digest Series 1997, Baltimore, USA, May
20 - 22, 1997, pp. 88-89.
P. Toivanen, H. Nyberg, P. Kärhä, A. Lassila, F. Manoochehri and E. Ikonen,
“Detector-based realisation of the candela”, in Proceedings of the XIV IMEKO
World Congress, Tampere, Finland, June 1 - 6, 1997, pp. 114-119.
F. Manoochehri, A. Haapalinna and E. Ikonen, “High-accuracy measurement of
regular spectral transmittance and reflectance in UV-visible-NIR”, in Proceedings of
the XIV IMEKO World Congress, Tampere, Finland, June 1 - 6, 1997, pp. 108-113.
A. Lassila, K. Riski. L. Abramova, E. Latysheva and V. Bolonin, “Intercomparison
of line-scale and gauge block calibrations with ceramic and glass standards”, in
Proceedings of the XIV IMEKO World Congress, Tampere, Finland, June 1 - 6,
1997, pp. 123-128.
T. Niemi, M. Söderlund, S. Tammela, T. Kajava, M. Kaivola and H. Ludvigsen, “A
device for measurements of time-resolved frequency chirp”, in Conference Digest of
4th Optical Fibre Measurement Conference (OFMC’97), Teddington, UK, September
29 - October 1, 1997, pp. 174-177.
H. Ludvigsen, S. Tammela, T. Kajava and M. Kaivola, “Compact, temperaturecontrolled silicon etalon for time-resolved measurements of frequency chirp,” in OSA
Annual Meeting, Technical Digest 1997 (Optical Society of America), WQ5.
E. Ikonen, A. Lassila and P. Toivanen, “A new optical method for high-accuracy
determination of aperture area”, in Abstracts of NEWRAD ’97, Arizona, USA,
October 27 - 29, 1997, pp. 006.
P. Kärhä, P. Toivanen, A. Haapalinna, F. Manoochehri and E. Ikonen, “Filter
radiometry based on direct utilization of trap detectors”, in Abstracts of NEWRAD
’97, Arizona, USA, October 27 - 29, 1997, pp. 025.
5.2.2 National conference proceedings
M. Tossavainen, J. Kokkonen, M. Kaivola and H. Ludvigsen, “Delayed selfhomodyne linewidth measurements with a short delay fiber”, in Proceedings of
Optics Day ‘97, Physics Series Report 3-97, Tampere 1997, paper 43.
A. Äijälä, A. Seppänen, H. Talvitie and M-L. Junttila, “Second-harmonic generation
of a diode laser in an external ring cavity”, in Proceedings of Optics Day ‘97, Physics
Series Report 3-97, Tampere 1997, paper 49.
M. Kujala, A. Pietiläinen, H. Talvitie, H. Ludvigsen and E. Ikonen, “Measurements
of coherent transients in a magneto-optical trap”, in Proceedings of Optics Day ‘97,
Physics Series Report 3-97, Tampere 1997, paper 15.
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P. Kärhä, P. Toivanen, F. Manoochehri and E. Ikonen, “A detector-based spectral
irradiance scale and its use in determining photometric and colorimetric quantities”,
in Proceedings of the XXXI Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society,
Report Series HU-P-262, Helsinki University Printing House, Helsinki 1997, paper
7:04.
T. Kübarsepp, P. Kärhä and E. Ikonen, “A polarization-independent transmission
trap detector with predictable optical characteristics”, in Proceedings of the XXXI
Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society, Report Series HU-P-262,
Helsinki University Printing House, Helsinki 1997, paper 7:03.
M. Tossavainen, J. Kokkonen, M. Kaivola and H. Ludvigsen, “1/f noise in selfhomodyne/heterodyne laser linewidth measurements”, in Proceedings of the XXXI
Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society, Report Series HU-P-262,
Helsinki 1997, paper 7:36.
S. Tammela, T. Kajava, M. Kaivola and H. Ludvigsen, “New technique for timeresolved measurements of frequency chirp in modulated laser diodes”, in Proceedings
of the XXXI Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society, Report Series on
Physics HU-P-262, Helsinki 1997, paper 7:05.
A. Seppänen, H. Talvitie, A. Äijälä and E. Ikonen, “Generation of blue and UV
radiation by Frequency doubling of diode lasers”, in Proceedings of the XXXI
Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society, Report Series in Physics HU-P262, Helsinki 1997, paper 7:32.
M. Merimaa, H. Talvitie and E. Ikonen, “Frequency stabilized diode laser at 633
nm”, in Proceedings of the URSI/IEEE/Infotech Oulu/Pro Electronica XXII
Convention on Radio Science 1997, Oulu, November 20 - 21, 1997, pp. 117-118.
5.3 Reports
H. Nyberg and H. Ludvigsen (editors), Annual report 1996, Metrology Research Institute,
Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo 1997, Metrology Research Institute Report 9/97,
38 p.
E. Häkkinen, K. Fallström and A. Haapalinna, Häiriökysymykset, Häiriöt mittauksissa, 2nd
edition, Espoo 1997, 36 p. (in Finnish).
P. Wallin, Sähkömittaustekniikan perusteet, 4th edition, Espoo 1997, 145 p. (in Finnish).
A. Pietiläinen, Mittaustekniikan perusteiden laboratoriotyöt, 4th edition, Espoo 1997, 106 p.
(in Finnish).
5.4 Lectures
5.5 Other activities
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5.5.1 Conferences and meetings
The personnel participated in the following conferences and meetings:
Start-up meeting of the EC-project: “A calibration services brochure for optical
radiation measurements,” National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United
Kingdom, February 5, 1997; Petri Kärhä.
Optics Day ‘97, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, February 21,
1997; Anu Äijälä, Antti Pietiläinen, Markku Kujala and Mika Tossavainen presented
1 talk and 2 posters.
XXXI Annual Conference of the Finnish Physical Society, Helsinki, Finland, March
13 - 15, 1997; Pekka Wallin, Erkki Ikonen, Hanne Ludvigsen, Petri Kärhä, Tapio
Niemi, Antti Seppänen, Mika Tossavainen and Toomas Kübarsepp presented 2 talks
and 2 posters.
EUROMET Radiometry & Photometry Contact Persons Meeting, Gothenburg,
Sweden, March 17 - 18, 1997; Erkki Ikonen.
Mini-Symposium: Bose-Einstein Condensation, theory and recent experiments,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland, March 25 - 27,
1997; Erkki Ikonen, Ilkka Tittonen, Markku Kujala, Antti Pietiläinen and Hannu
Talvitie.
International Workshop on Detector-Based Radiometry, Berlin, Germany, April 13 15, 1997; Erkki Ikonen gave a talk on “Trap-detector-based filter radiometers for
calibration of solar UV spectroradiometers”.
Ultraviolet Measurement Workshop, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London,
United Kingdom, April 17, 1997; Petri Kärhä.
SMT Workshop for project co-ordinators, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium,
April 29, 1997; Erkki Ikonen.
Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, USA, May 18 - 23, 1997;
Hannu Talvitie gave a talk on “Generation of continuous-wave radiation at 317 nm
by frequency doubling of a diode laser”.
Industrial Optics Day, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland, May
29, 1997; Atte Haapalinna, Petri Kärhä, Antti Pietiläinen and Hannu Talvitie.
XIV IMEKO World Congress, New Measurements - Challenges and Visions,
Tampere, Finland, June 1 - 5, 1997; Farshid Manoochehri gave a talk on “Highaccuracy measurement of regular spectral transmittance and reflectance in UVvisible-NIR” and acted as a session chairman, Pasi Toivanen gave a talk on
“Detector-based realisation of the candela” and acted as a session chairman and
Antti Lassila gave a talk on “Intercomparison of line-scale and gauge block
calibrations with ceramic and glass standards”.
Meeting of the Comite Consultative Photometrie et Radiometrie (CCPR), Paris,
France, June 9 - 11, 1997; Erkki Ikonen.
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Joensuu Summer School on Optics, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland, June 9 17, 1997; Pasi Toivanen.
Nordic Summer School on Non-linear Optics, Munkedal, Sweden, July 30 - August 7,
1997; Hannu Talvitie and Markku Kujala.
Meeting of EC-Project: “A calibration services brochure for optical radiation
measurements”, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom,
August 5, 1997; Erkki Ikonen.
International Conference on Metrology, National Metrology Laboratory (NML),
Pretoria, Republic of South Africa, August 26 - 30, 1997; Atte Haapalinna gave a
talk on “Trap-detector-based filter radiometers for realization of spectral irradiance
scales”.
European Research Conference on Quantum Optics, Castelvecchio Pascoli, Italy,
September 13 - 18, 1997; Ilkka Tittonen presented a poster on “Noise measurements
of a high-finesse cavity with a moving mirror.
The 4th Optical Fibre Measurement Conference (OFMC’97), Teddington, United
Kingdom, September 29 - October 1, 1997; Tapio Niemi presented a poster on “A
device for measurements of time-resolved frequency chirp”.
OSA Annual Meeting in Long Beach, California, USA, October 12 - 17, 1997; Hanne
Ludvigsen gave a talk on “Compact, temperature-controlled silicon etalon for timeresolved measurements of frequency chirp”.
NEWRAD ’97, Tucson, Arizona, USA, October 25 - 31,1997; Erkki Ikonen and Petri
Kärhä presented posters on “A new optical method for high-accuracy determination
of aperture area” and “Filter radiometry based on direct utilization of trap detectors”.
Metrology Seminar, Helsinki, Finland, November 19, 1997; Erkki Ikonen, Pekka
Wallin, and Hannu Talvitie. Erkki Ikonen gave a talk on “International Development
of Metrology”.
XXII Convention on Radio Science, URSI, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
November 20 - 21,1997; Pekka Wallin. Mikko Merimaa gave a talk on “Frequency
stabilized diode laser at 633 nm”.
Symposium on Current Trends in Laser Cooling, Stockholm, Sweden, December 3 6, 1997; Ilkka Tittonen, Antti Pietiläinen and Markku Kujala.
5.5.2 Visits by the laboratory personnel
Markku Kujala, Antti Pietiläinen and Hannu Talvitie to Atomic Physics Group,
University of Stockholm, Sweden, January 9, 1997.
Jianpei Hu to Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Paris, France,
January 13 - 17, 1997.
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Petri Kärhä to National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom,
February 4 - 5, 1997.
Erkki Ikonen to Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Borås, Sweden,
March 18.
Erkki
Ikonen
to
Berliner
Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft
Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY), Berlin, Germany, April 15.
für
Erkki Ikonen to Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Paris, April 28,
1997.
Petri Kärhä to National Physical Laboratory (NPL), London, United Kingdom, April
17 - 18, 1997.
Hannu Talvitie to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),
Gaithersburg, USA, May 15, 1997.
Jianpei Hu to National Institute of Metrology (NIM), Beijing, China, July 10, 1997.
Atte Haapalinna to National Metrology Laboratory (NML/CSIR), Pretoria, Republic
of South Africa, August 28, 1997.
Erkki Ikonen and Petri Kärhä to Optical Sciences Center, Tucson, USA, October 30,
1997.
Ilkka Tittonen to Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, November 11, 1997.
Markku Kujala to Stockholm University, Department of Physics, Stockholm, Sweden,
December 2, 1997.
5.5.3 Research work abroad
Ilkka Tittonen, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, January - July, 1997.
5.5.4 Guest researchers
Toomas Kübarsepp, Department of Physics, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia, January
1 - April 30, 1997 and December 10 - 19, 1997.
Filippo Perazzini, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy, April 1 - September 30, 1997.
Goëry Genty, Ecole Supérieure d’Optique, Paris, France, June 3 - August 31, 1997.
5.5.5 Visits to the laboratory
Dr. Terry J. Quinn, Director of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Paris,
France, March 11, 1997.
Dr. Anders Kastberg, Harald Ellmann, Isolde Sieder and Johan Jersblad, Atomic
Physics Group of University of Stockholm, March 25, 1997.
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Dr. Pieter Bloembergen, Nederlands Meetinstitut, The Netherlands, June 2, 1997.
President M. J. Soileau, Vice President J. Roland Jacobsson and Executive Director
James E. Pearson, SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, June 10,
1997.
Professor Xu Yi, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China, June 10, 1997.
Dr. Günther Seckmeyer, Fraunhofer Institut für Atmosphärische Umweltforschung,
Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, June 16, 1997.
Toomas Kübarsepp, Department of Physics, Tartu University, Tartu, Estonia,
September 24 - 25, 1997 and November 27 - 28, 1997.
Dr. Anders Kastberg, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, November 20 - 22,
1997.
Dr. Leslie Pendrill, SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Borås,
Sweden, November 20 - 21, 1997.
Dr. Rainer Köhler, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Paris, November 26 29, 1997.
Prof. Michael Downs, National Physical Laboratory, London, United Kingdom,
December 3 - 7, 1997.
Dr. Mackillo Kira, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany, December 15, 1997.
Prof. Steven Chu, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, December 17,
1997.
Dr. William D. Phillips, National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, December 17, 1997.
Dr. Päivi Törmä, University of Innsbruck, Austria, December 19, 1997.
5.5.6 Memberships
The Comite Consultative Photometrie et Radiometrie (CCPR), Erkki Ikonen
(Member).
EUROMET, Photometry and Radiometry, Erkki Ikonen (Rapporteur and Contact
Person).
European Co-operation for Accreditation (EA), Task Force: Photometry and
Radiometry, Petri Kärhä (Member).
Advisory Commission for Metrology, Pekka Wallin (Member).
Advisory Commission for Metrology, Optical quantities expert group, Pekka Wallin
(Chairman), Erkki Ikonen (Member).
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Advisory Commission for Metrology, Expert group in length metrology, Erkki Ikonen
(Member).
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HUT HIGH VOLTAGE
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUT),
HIGH VOLTAGE INSTITUTE
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), Department of Electrical and Communications
Engineering, High Voltage Institute
2. QUANTITIES
Direct voltage
Alternating voltage
Capacitance
Loss factor tanδ
Inductance of high voltage reactors
Lightning impulse voltage
Switching impulse voltage
Other impulse voltages
Impulse current
Impulse energy
1 kV – 200 kV
50 Hz, 1 kV – 100 kV (rms), 1 kV – 140 kV (peak)
50 Hz, 1 kV – 100 kV, 10 pF – 100 uF
-5
50 Hz, 1 kV – 100 kV, 1· 10 – 2
50 Hz, 1 µH – 10 H
5 V – 600 kV
1 V – 200 kV
1 V – 200 kV
1 A – 50 kA
1 mJ – 500 J
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
21 (including 58 calibration tasks)
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
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4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Direct voltage
Alternating voltage
Capacitance
Loss factor tanδ
Inductance of high voltage reactors
Lightning impulse voltage
Switching impulse voltage
Other impulse voltages
Impulse current
Impulse energy
voltage divider, precision voltmeter.
standard capacitors, current comparator bridge, digitising
precision voltmeter with special software, auxiliary
divider.
standard capacitors, current comparator bridge.
standard capacitors, current comparator bridge, auxiliary
resistors.
standard capacitors, current comparator bridge.
impulse calibrator, peak voltmeter, voltage divider,
digital recorder with special software.
impulse calibrator, voltage divider, digitising precision
voltmeter with special software.
impulse calibrator, voltage divider, digitising precision
voltmeter with special software.
shunt resistors, digital recorder with special software.
shunt resistors, digital recorder with special software.
4.2 Maintenance
Calibrations of all reference systems according to calibration schedule. Performance checks.
Additional performance checks of measuring systems e.g. for calibrations onsite and in
clients premises as well as after tests in which reference systems had to be applied.
Calibrations of auxiliary instruments in regular basis once a year.
Monitoring of stability of reference systems. Monitoring of environmental conditions.
Condition monitoring and maintenance of reference systems. Reparations, amendments and
modifications of equipment.
Amendments and modifications of documentation of reference measuring systems.
Final reporting and documentation of DWINA intercomparison co-ordinated by M Aro in
1995 and 1996.
Final reporting and documentation of intercomparison of HV impulse measuring systems
with digital recorder, co-ordinated by M Aro in 1995 and 1996.
Studies for mapping the needs for high-voltage metrology and plans for its development.
Checks of the air conditioning of calibration rooms and adjusting its control system.
Planning and preparations for renovation of the 800 kV impulse generator. Reparations
appeared to be more expensive than a new generator. A possibility to buy a relatively new
used generator was checked but finally failed. Purchasing a new generator in 1998.
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Improving transportation cases of reference equipment for calibrations in customers
laboratory.
Work for Advisory Commission for Metrology MNK and in its working group MNK-S and in
FINMET and related meetings. Metrology day.
Work in CIGRE working group High Voltage Testing and Measuring Technique.
International standardisation work (IEC TC 42 and its working group Digital Recorders).
Domestic and international co-operation, visits in other laboratories, visitors in the
laboratory.
Quality work in the laboratory and in the university. Renewing the quality code. Providing
the quality system into Internet.
Professional studies and learning of high-voltage measuring techniques and systems. Internal
studies, learning and training. Studies and learning of computer applications and software.
Quality studies and learning.
Information activities, new brochure series, information into Internet, home page creating
and updating.
4.3 Development projects
Research and development of national standard and calibration systems for high
voltage measurements (includes first 13 projects):
Development of reference measuring system for 200 kV DC voltage.
This part project was completed in September 1997. A new high voltage area for dc
calibrations was equipped. The uncertainty budget could be completed up to 200 kV with a
special heating test under load. The overall uncertainty appeared to be circa 300 ppm which
is clearly lower than the specified value 500 ppm. Final reporting of the intercomparison of
DC/SI Standard DWINA 100 co-ordinated by the laboratory, could be completed.
Development of reference measuring system for AC voltage and impedance quantities.
This part project was completed in September 1997. A new voltage source for 45 to 5000
Hz, 220 V, 4,5 kVA was purchased and taken into use by mounting a special user interface
and the security system. The uncertainty of AC peak voltage measurement could be reduced
from 500 ppm to 200 ppm based on comparisons with SP (1996) and the follow-up
calibrations.
Development of reference measuring system for lightning impulse voltage and switching
impulse voltage.
This part project was completed in September 1997. The HPVEE based measurement
routines for oscilloscope LeCroy 9384TM completed, documentation 1998. The
measurement range of switching impulse voltage could be extended from 140 kV to 200 kV
by means of re-tests and re-calibrations. The measurement range of lightning impulse voltage
could be extended down to 5 V because of better characteristics of the switch of the
calibrator.
Development of a new reference divider for 50 kV dc.
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The divider is designed and the parts have been ordered and received. Final assembly,
measurements and calibrations in 1998.
Extension of a voltage range of a gas capacitor from 100 kV to 200 kV for alternating
and from 140 kV to 300 kV for switching impulse voltages.
The reparations of the inner parts of the compressed gas capacitor M150 could be finished
and the inner electrode had to be renewed completely. All parts are available. Final reassembly, refilling by SF6 instead of N2, final measurements and calibrations will be
performed in the first quarter of 1998.
Development of calibration methods for high voltage instrument transformers.
Start in 1998.
Reduction of the uncertainty of lightning impulse front time of impulse voltage
calibrator.
Modification of the calibrator reduced the front time uncertainty, however, not enough.
Further research is needed. New modifications 1998.
Extension of capacitance calibration range from 10 nF to 100 µF.
Measurement method of loss factor of high capacitance (10 µF - 100 µF) capacitors has
been improved by means of a special electronic compensator. This compensating circuit has
been planned, constructed and taken into use. A polystyrene capacitor (100 nF) has been
provided for temporary reference in calibrations of high capacitances. Uncertainty
calculations have been defined and updated. The measurement range could be extended to
100 µF with a reasonable uncertainty of 500 ppm. The range of loss factor measurement
could be extended to 100 kV.
Calibration system for impulse current.
Shunt resistors for impulse current have been purchased and received. Preliminary
measurements with a provisional step current generator performed. Two Rogowski coils for
high-frequency current measurement received. Full calibrations, evaluations and
documentation of the shunts and Rogowski coils in 1998.
Development of calibration methods and system for high voltage inductors.
Alternatives for reference inductors considered and studied. A reference inductor received.
Calibration system for apparent charge of partial discharges.
The HPVEE based calibration system (1 to 1000 pC) has been developed, and it works.
Intercomparison with PTB completed. Further improvement 1998.
Measuring system for 400 kV lightning impulse voltage with optically isolated l.v.
transmission system.
The design of divider HUT 401 with optical link has been completed. The link and divider
parts have been ordered and received. The special h.v. arm resistor has been manufactured.
Final assembly, tests and calibrations in 1998.
Calibration system of digital recorders.
Moving to a real-time HPVEE based calibration system started. Completion in 1998.
Calibration system for EMC and ESD pulses.
Start in 1998.
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4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
Participation in low voltage intercomparison at AC and DC in Nordic Countries (DE,
FI, NO, SW) co-ordinated by SP Borås (Nordtest Project 1255-95). The aim was to
investigate the transparency of national evaluation methods. HUT/HVI participated
this intercomparison although it was outside our measuring range. We participated on
only those measuring points, which support our 50 Hz high voltage measurements:
2 mV 20 Hz, 1 V 10 Hz, 10 V 20 Hz, 200 V 45 Hz and 10 V DC. Our uncertainties
were among the lowest, and the En values clearly below one (0,01 - 0,34) in AC and
just over one (1,04) in 10 V DC.
Co-ordination of international intercomparison HV impulse measuring systems with
digital recorder. Final report completed in 1996 and summarising results published in
conference ISH 97. See 5.3 Report 1.
Co-ordination of international intercomparison of direct and switching impulse
voltage measurement systems with Zener diode based reference system DWINA.
Final report completed in 1996. Results presented in CIGRE Working Group 33.03.
Summarising results to be published in Electra. See 5.1.
Participation in intercomparison of apparent charge of partial discharges. Coordinator PTB, project SMT4-CT95-7501. Measurements completed.
4.4.3 International comparisons
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
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J. Hällström, M. Aro, A. Bergman, V. Jaroslawski: International intercomparison of direct
and switching impulse voltage measurement systems with Zener diode based reference
system DWINA. Accepted for publication in ELECTRA (April 1998).
5.2 Conferences
10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering ISH’97, Montréal 25 - 29
August 1997: M. Aro, J. Hällström, E-P. Suomalainen, one paper.
CIGRE 33 Colloquium, Toronto 2 - 3 September 1997: M Aro, J Hällström, E-P.
Suomalainen, three papers.
CIGRE Working Group 33.03 (High Voltage Testing and Measuring Techniques), Lake
George USA 3 - 6 September 1997, M. Aro, J. Hällström, three papers.
5.3 Reports
J. Hällström, M. Aro, S. Benda-Berljin, I. Blanc, F. Garnacho, R. Gobbo, L-O. Gunnarsson,
H-J. Köster, W. Lucas, M. Muhr, F. Neves Gomes, G. Pesavento, J. Piiroinen, H. Renger, G.
Rizzi, B. Sacepe, L. Scheltinga, K. Schon, K-O. Tangen, P. Valve, K-H. Weck and M.
Wedberg: European intercomparison of H.V. impulse measuring systems with digital
recorder. 10th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering ISH’97, Montréal 25 29 August 1997. Volume 4, High Voltage Testing and Monitoring, pp. 7 - 13.
J. Piiroinen and H. Karlsson: Impulse Calibration of Digital Recorder. CIGRE 33
Colloquium, Toronto 2 - 3 September 1997, paper 5.8, 2 pages.
E-P. Suomalainen and J. Hällström: New Type of AC Calibration System. CIGRE 33
Colloquium, Toronto 2 - 3 September 1997, paper 5.9, 2 pages.
E-P. Suomalainen and J. Hällström: High Voltage Calibration at Helsinki University of
Technology. CIGRE 33 Colloquium, Toronto 2 - 3 September 1997, paper 5.3, 2 pages.
M. Aro: Quality of tests depend on quality of measurements, (in Finnish). Sähkö-Tele
70(1997)2, pp. 23 - 26.
M. Aro, J. Hällström and S. Nevalainen: Working group for development of high-voltage
metrology: Mapping the needs for high-voltage metrology and plans for its development, (in
Finnish). Publication J9/97, MIKES 1997.
M. Aro (ed.): Measurements of high voltages and diagnostics of high-voltage insulations, (in
Finnish/English). Post graduate seminar, Sjökulla 28 - 30 April and 2 - 5 June1997. HUT
High Voltage Institute, part 1: 136 p., part 2: 121 p.
Brochure series on high-voltage calibrations in English and in Finnish. High Voltage
Quantities. DC Voltage. AC Voltage. Impedance Quantities. Impulse Quantities.
5.4 Lectures
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Measurements of high voltages and diagnostics of high-voltage insulations, (in
Finnish/English). Post graduate seminar, Sjökulla 28 - 30 April and 2 - 5 June1997.
5.5 Other activities
M. Aro is member of CIGRE Study Committee 33 (Power systems insulation co-ordination),
CIGRE Working Group 33.03 (High voltage testing and measuring techniques) and Finnish
delegate in IEC TC 42 (High voltage testing techniques).
J. Hällström is member of IEC TC 42 Working Group 8 (Digital recorders for measurements
in high-voltage impulse tests). Meeting in Montreal 29 August 1997.
M. Aro is chairman of Finnish National Committee of IEC TC 42 (High voltage testing
techniques).
Visit by Prof. Eberhard Lemke from Lemke Diagnostics GMBH on 2 - 6 June1997. Invited
lecture “PD - History and Future” on 6 June1997.
M. Aro, E-P. Suomalainen and J. Hällström visited Prof. Eddy So in NRC Electrical Power
Measurements Group, Ottawa, Canada on 29 August 1997.
Visit by Dr Hideo Fujinami, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry CRIEPI
Tokyo Japan 1 September 1997.
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3.11 FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY (STUK)
1. NAME OF THE NATIONAL STANDARDS LABORATORY
Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK)
Radiation Practices Regulation
Radiation Metrology Laboratory
2. QUANTITIES
Exposure, air kerma, absorbed dose to soft tissue, dose equivalent
3. CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
3.1 Number of official calibration certificates given
72
3.2 Number of accredited calibration laboratories
3.3 Number of official calibration certificates given by accredited calibration laboratories
4. MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND
DISSEMINATION OF UNITS
4.1 Realisation of unit(s)
Exposure, air kerma and dose equivalent: Secondary standard ionisation chambers with 60Co
and 137Cs gamma sources and X-ray sources (10-320 kV). Secondary standard neutron
sources (dose equivalent for fast neutrons).
Absorbed dose to soft tissue: Secondary standard beta ray sources, extrapolation ionisation
chamber (primary standard).
4.2 Maintenance
The quality of all equipment used for calibration and testing were controlled regularly
according to the documented quality control programme. The stability of secondary
standards remained good and the results of stability tests did not exceed the established
action levels.
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The commissioning procedures for the new X-ray units were completed. The re-construction
of the equipment for calibration set-up were continued.
4.3 Development projects
The Quality System of the laboratory was developed in accordance with the general
guidelines given by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for the Secondary
Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs) of the IAEA/WHO international network of
SSDLs (WHO: World Health Organisation). The laboratory participates in a Coordinated
Research Program of the IAEA (for 1997-1999), which aims at improving the quality of
SSDLs through development of specific guidelines for the Quality Systems. About 80 % of
the QS documentation has been finished.
The methods of measurement and calibration for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)
were developed. The laboratory participates in an EU Shared Cost Action under the
Standards, Measurement and Testing Program, which was accepted 1997. The aim of the
project is to develop European Code of Practice for the BNCT dosimetry.
4.4 Intercomparisons
4.4.1 National intercomparisons for accredited calibration laboratories
4.4.2 International (EAL or other) intercomparisons for accredited calibration
laboratories
4.4.3 International comparisons
The laboratory participated in annual intercomparisons carried out by the IAEA,
using both mailed thermoluminescence dosimeters and therapy level ionisation
chambers, for the accuracy of absorbed dose measurement among the 72 SSDL
laboratories of the IAEA/WHO network of SSDLs. The deviation of the value given
by the laboratory from the reference value of the IAEA was -0.5 % for TLD
measurements and -0.7 % and + 0.1 % for ionisation chamber measurements. The
results are well within the action level of 3.5 % used by the IAEA.
5. PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, REPORTS, LECTURES AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
5.1 Publications
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5.2 Conferences
P. Aaltonen-Brahme, A method to determine and to characterize the cumulative dose
distribution to the patient. Paper presented at the World Congress on Medical Physics and
Biomedical Engineering, Nice 14 - 19 September 1997, (Abstract).
H. Järvinen, Reporting of abnormal incidences in radiotherapy. Paper presented at the World
Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Nice 14 - 19 September 1997,
(Abstract).
5.3 Reports
P. Aaltonen, A. Brahme, I. Lax, S. Levernes, I. Näslund, J.B. Reitan, I. Turesson.
Specification of dose delivery in radiation therapy. Recommendations by the Nordic
Association of Clinical Physics (NACP). Acta Oncologica 36, Supplementum 10, 1997.
5.4 Lectures
A. Kosunen, Säteilymittausten peruskäsitteet, annossuureet
Sädeturvapäivät, 22 - 23 October 1997, Tampere-talo.
ja
mittaussuureet.
5.5 Other activities
Standardisation
P. Aaltonen-Brahme acted as the chairman of the working group of the Nordic Association
of Clinical Physics (NACP): ”Specification of Dose Delivery in Radiotherapy”.
H. Järvinen acted as the chairman of Report Committee: ”Beta Rays for Therapeutic
Applications” and as a member of Report Committee: ”Dosimetry in Diagnostic Radiology
for the patient”, of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
(ICRU).
A. Kosunen acted as a member in WG 3: ”Performance of Dosemeters” of Sub-Committee
(SC) 62C of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
P. Sipilä acted as a member in WG 2: ”Beam teletherapy and particle accelerators” of
SC62C of the IEC.
H. Järvinen acted as the chairman of the national working group: ”Terminology of
Radiotherapy Physics”.
H. Järvinen acted as a member of ESTRO (European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and
Oncology) Physics Committee.
Training
An annual meeting on Dosimetry and Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy was organised 23 24 May for the radiotherapy physicists of Finland.
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One IAEA fellow from Belarus visited the laboratory for two weeks.
Other
The laboratory continued as the member in the IAEA/WHO Network of SSDL laboratories
(from 1977).
The laboratory was a member of EUROLAB-Finland. H. Järvinen acted as the Contact
Person for EUROMET in the field of Ionising Radiations and Radioactivity. H. Järvinen
acted as a member of the National Advisory Board of Metrology and as the representative of
STUK in the Advisory Board for Testing and Certification.
H. Järvinen and P. Aaltonen-Brahme participated in the World Congress for Medical Physics
and Biomedical Engineering, Nice, 14 - 19 September. H. Järvinen participated as a
consultant in two meetings organised by the IAEA (dealing with problems of brachytherapy
metrology and quality systems of SSDLs). P. Sipilä participated in Varian User’s Meeting in
Algavre.
A. Kosunen participated as a member in two national working groups, one concerning
normal tissue tolerance study of dog brain with BNCT, and the other concerning the
development of dose calculations for BNCT.
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