A Short History of Radio
fred harris
22-July 2011
IEEE Distinguished Lecturer
IEEE Fellow & Life Member
It appears to
be a new wireless
technology
What’s A Super Hero to do?
Where have all
the Phone Booths
Gone?
What The Customer Wants
What The Customer Expects to Pay
O RE MO RE
MO RE MO RE MO RE M
MO R E
S EV E
N
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M OR E
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M
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MO RE
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M ORE
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ESS
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E
MO RE
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When The Customer Wants it
O RE MO RE
MO RE MO RE MO RE M
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MO RE
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NE
XT
WE
TO
EK
MO
RRO
W
TH
IS
AFT
ERN
OO
N
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M ORE
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What Size Customer Wants
We have a better appreciation of where we are
when we remember from where we started
and how far we have come.
Very Early Communications at a Distance:
Free Space Acoustic and Optical Channels
Drums, Whistles,
Cannon Fire
Claude Chappe 1793
Optical Telegraph
Smoke Signals,
Semaphore,
Beacon Fires, Ship Flags,
Heliograph,
Signal (Aldis) Lamp
CDMA-2000, WLAN, CR
GSM,CDMA, SDR
digital signal processing, DR
Shannon, television
transistor
audio broadcast
Marconi's experiments
Hertz's experiments
Maxwell equations
Mrs. Harris’s First Born
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
A Time Line
Milestones in Electromagnetic Communications

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Hans Christian Oersted, 1777-1841, Current-Magnetic Field 1820
Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, Induction 1831
J.C. Maxwell, 1831-1879,
“Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism”, 1873
H.L. Helmholtz, 1821-1894 Predicted E-M Waves
Heinrich Hertz, 1857-1894 Radio Propagation, 1887
Alexander Popov, 1859-1905, Radio Day, 7-May 1895
Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937, Wireless Open Sea, 13-May 1897
Valdemar Poulsen, 1869-1942, Continuous Radio Waves, 1905
Lee de Forest, 1873-1961, Audion (Triode Valve), 1907
Edward Armstrong, 1890-1954, Regenerative 1914, Super
Heterodyne 1917, Frequency Modulation, 1934
(25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937)
The inventor of radio Guglielmo Marconi on the 1995 German,
Italian, San Marino, Vatican, and Ireland Stamps.
Sent Wireless signals Across English Channel in 1899,
Received letter “S” (. . .) sent from Newfoundland to England 1901
World Wide Recognition
More World Wide Recognition
(16 March 1859 – 3 December 1906)
The inventor of radio Alexander Popov on the 1989 USSR stamp.
In 1900 a radio station was established under Popov's instructions on Hogland island
(6 October 1866 – 22 July 1932)
The inventor of radio Reginald Fessenden on the 2000 Canada stamp.
Christmas Eve and New Year’s 1906 Fessenden Broadcast short speech and Handel’s
Largo and a violin solo of O, Holy Night from a radio station at Brant Rock, Mass.
(10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
The inventor of radio Nikola Tesla on the 2009 Croatia stamp.
Tesla’s 1900 Radio Patent was overturned in 1904 in favor of Marconi’s Radio Patent. In
1943, Shortly after his Death, the Supreme court upheld Tesla’s original patent and his
claim as first inventor of tunable Radio Receivers.
(30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)
The inventor of radio Jagadish Chandra Bose on the 1958 India stamp.
Bose’s 1904 US Patent described Galena Crystal Detector for Demodulating
Continuous Wave Radio Signals. He is acknowledged as inventor of Mercury
Auto Coherer used in Marconi’s Wireless Receiver.
USA” Four American Inventors” 1983 Commemorative Stamp Set
SuitSat-I (also known as Mr. Smith,
Ivan Ivanovich, RadioSkaf, Radio
Sputnik, and AMSAT-OSCAR 54) is
a retired Russian Orlan Spacesuit
with a radio transmitter mounted on
its helmet. SuitSat-1 was deployed in
an ephemeral orbit around the Earth
on 3-February 2006. The idea for this
novel OSCAR satellite was first
formally discussed at an AMSAT
symposium in October 2004, although
the ARISS-Russia team is credited
with coming up with the idea as a
commemorative gesture for the 175th
anniversary of the Moscow State
Technical University.
Suitsat-1Launched from
International Space Station
I’m Sorry Dave,
I Can’t Do That
2001: A Space Odyssey
HAL,
I Want you to
open the Hatch
Disruptive Technology in Communications
The printing press: 1450,
German Inventor Johannes Gutenberg...
The Telephone: 1867,
British Inventor Alexander Graham Bell
Wireless (Radio): 1901,
Italian Inventor Guglielmo Marconi
The Microprocessor: 1971
American Inventor Ted Hoff...
Disruptive Technology
 The electric telegraph arrived in the early
19-th century and redefined
communications at a distance.
 It required the confluence of three factors:
The science of electromagnetism,
The ability to generate or store electricity
The Industrial Revolution to build the
required infrastructure
Communication at a Distance with
Electricity and Magnetism

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
1831 Joseph Henry invents the first electric telegraph.
1843 Samuel Morse invents the first
long distance electric telegraph line.
1858 Cyrus Field’s Company Lays the
Transatlantic Cable.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents
the electric telephone.
1889 Almon Strowger patents the direct dial
telephone automatic telephone exchange.
Brunel’s Great Eastern
We Need Some Source Coding Here
Samuel Thomas von Sömmering’s
(1808-10)
"Space Multiplexed"
Electrochemical Telegraph
A B C D
7 8 9
A B C D
36 Lines
7 8 9
Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph
A
B
F
E
1
D
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
2
S
V
3
4
8
7
Y
5
9
T
W
0
6
2 out of 5 Coding
(5*4 = 20 )
Single Needle Telegraph
Variable Length Code
Cooke-Wheatstone
Single Needle Telegraph (c 1850)
THE TELEPHONE
1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone.
He offers the patent to Western Union for $100,000.
The President of the Telegraph Company, appointed a
committee to investigate the offer. The often quoted
report reads in part:
The Telephone purports to transmit the speaking voice over telegraph
wires. We found that the voice is very weak and indistinct, and grows
even weaker when long wires are used between the transmitter and
receiver.
Technically, we do not see that this device will be ever capable of
sending recognizable speech over a distance of several miles.
Bell wants to install a “telephone device" in every city.
The idea is idiotic on the face of it.
“We do not recommend its purchase."
Early Telephone Instruments
Ericsson "Eiffel Tower"
Telephone, 1885
11 digit Potbelly
Dial Candlestick
Strowger 1905
Footnote: Western Electric
Engineers were
Wrong! Very Wrong!
Dial Candlestick
Automatic Electric
1921
1877:
5 Phones
1894:
250,000 Phones
1906: 7,500,000 Phones
Communication at a Distance by
Electromagnetic Radiation
(Radio or Wireless)
1894 Guglielmo Marconi
improves wireless telegraphy.
1902 Guglielmo Marconi
transmits radio signals across
the Atlantic Ocean.
1914 First cross continental
telephone call made.
1916 First radios with tuners
different stations.
1930 First television broadcasts
in the United States.
It all Started with…..
Heinrich Rudolph Hertz,1847-1894
Shocking!
2. Spheres store charge. Spark Acts as a
switch allowing oscillatory currents
between spheres storing charge. Changing
Current produces Electromagnetic Waves
1. Induction Coil Produces High Voltage
3. Electromagnetic waves
induce voltage in resonator,
Producing small spark
in spark gap.
Hertz's students were impressed, and wondered what use might be made of
this marvelous phenomenon. But Hertz thought his discoveries were no more
practical than Maxwell's.
"It's of no use whatsoever," he replied. "This is just an experiment that proves
Maestro Maxwell was right .“
"So, what next?" asked one of his students. Hertz shrugged.
"Nothing, I guess."
Early Wireless Communications
Mechanical Radio, Moving Parts
Spark Gap Transmitter
Pulsed RF
Compliments of Copenhagen
Post & Tele Museum
Recipe for Coherer:
30 medium sized grains from a
German 5-pfenning piece, twice
as much filings from nickel wire,
and a little silver dust. Heat mixture.
Place in evacuated glass tube.
Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937
December 12 1901
Spark Gap Transmitter
Spark Gap Wireless Transmitter
(Damped Oscillations)
Marine Spark Transmitter
Radio Operators
aboard Ship
Were Called
Sparky
Because they
Operated the
Spark Transmitter
The Eiffel Tower
324
Meters
The Eiffel Tower was built for an industrial exposition
(1889) and the centenary of the French Revolution.
It created amazement and outrage. The previous world
champion, America's Washington Monument was half the
tower's height. The tower held the title for the world’s
tallest structure till 1930, when it was surpassed by the
Chrysler Building.
Eiffel could find no practical application for the tower!
Parisians spoke seriously of tearing the tower down.
Then Eiffel discovered the 20th century's killer app for towers, Marconi's radio!
The tower started broadcasting signals in 1904 and by 1908, the French military
had installed a radio espionage nest, where they could eavesdrop on German and
Austro-Hungarian stations.
Due to Marconi’s invention, the tower's future was secure.
Valdemar Poulsen, 1869-1942
Replace Sparks with an Arc
Wireless Communications, Later Model
500 KW Poulsen Arc Transmitter
Invented in 1902 by the Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen, The arc
transmitter, unlike the spark transmitter, generated continuous radio waves.
Lee De Forest,1877-1961
Patent No. 879532
Edwin Armstrong, 1890-1954
1912 feedback (regenerative) receiver
Regenerative Receiver
A little Feedback Goes a Long Way
TRF: Tuned Radio Frequency Receiver
Bread Board
Superheterodyne Receiver
Edwin Armstrong’s Superheterodyne Patent
From Disclosure: June 3, 1918
The Wireless Telegraph is not Difficult to
Understand.
The ordinary Telegraph is like a very long cat.
You pull the tail in New York, and it meows in
Los Angeles.
The Wireless is the same, only without the cat.
Albert Einstein (1938)
Applications of Early Radio
1912 Sinking of
RMS Titanic
 1913 International Convention
for Safety of Life at Sea:
Resultant Treaty Required
Shipboard Radio Stations to
Operate 24-Hour per day.

15-April 1912
Spark
Transmitters
and
Interference
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Navy Concerned about Interference to Ship
Communications from Amateur Operators:1912
An Act to Regulate Radio Communications
13-August 1912. Required License to operate transmitter
and Limited Amateurs to 200 Meter Wavelength (1.5 MHz)
ARRL American Radio Relay League, February 1915
Emphasis Public Service to keep Government at Bay
Radio During the World War: (1914-1919)
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Vacuum Tube Equipment Revolutionized Radio
All Amateur and Commercial Radio Activity
Ceased on 7-April 1917 when US entered War
Illegal for private citizens to posses a radio
Transmitter or Receiver.
US Navy Purchased Nearly All Commercial
Radio Companies to Avoid Foreign Control
Congress was unhappy with ownership of US
commercial stations.
US Navy Sponsored Radio Cartel
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Compromise: New American Controlled Cartel
formed to acquire assets of commercial stations
and radio manufacturing industry:
Partners: AT&T
10.3%
General Electric 30.1%
Westinghouse
20.6%
United Fruit
4.1%
American Marconi 34.9%
Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
Application Evolution
Wireless Telegraphy:
Symmetrical Point to Point as was
Wired Telegraphy
 Wireless Telephony:

Unsymmetrical Point to Multipoint
No Precedence!
Borrowed agriculture term!
Broadcasting (spreading of seeds)
Commercial Broadcasting
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David Sarnoff: RCA General Manager 1921 & VP 1922
RCA formed National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC) to
promote Radio (1926) and develop market to sell
Radios.
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) formed (1928) to
Compete with NBC.
NBC operated parallel Networks designated Red and
Blue.
FCC, Created in 1934, in a 6-year battle forced NBC to
divest one of its two Networks in 1943
Blue Network was sold in 1943 and in 1945 it became
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
Vacuum Tube Replacement
1947
Solid State Amplifier
John
Walter
William
Bardeen
Brattain
Shockley
1908-1991 1902-1987 1910-1989
Noble Prize 1956
Integrated Circuits
Jack Kilby
TI
1923-2005
Noble Prize 2000
1958
Robert Noyce,
Intel
1928-1990
Noyce Founded Intel
Ted Hoff worked for Noyce
rs
to
s
i
ns hip
Tra r c
pe
More, More, Moore
Critic s have predicted the imm inent
10,000,000,000
demise of Moore’s law ever since
Gordon Moore stated it in 1965.
s
1,000,000,000
th
Electric al Engineers continue to
on
m
4
defy physical c hallenges,
Ita nium2
y2
r
592 Million
ve
squeezing ever more
e
100,000,000
Ita nium 2
es
bl
220 Million
u
circuitry into less spac e
d o Pentium 4
p
i
42 Million
Xeon 42 Million
and making inform ation
ch
a
10,000,000
Ita
nium 25 Million
n
Pentium II
fly ever more
so
r
7.5
Million
Celeron
7.5 Million
o
ist
swiftly.
s
5.5
Millio
n
P
entium
Pro
n
1,000,000
100,000
1958
Jac k Kilby (TI) &
Robert Noyc e
(intel) Invent
Integrated
Circuit
1965
Gordon Moore
States his fam ous
axiom , later c alled
Moore’s law
1,000
o
M
8080 4,500
8008 3,500
4004
First
 proc essor
2,000
1960
de
ra
ft
Pentium 3.1 Million
486 1.2 Million
386 275,000
286 134,000
8088 29,000
10,000
1947
Transistor
Invented
1947 1950
he
:T
w
a
sL
e’
r
o
o
ity
ns
1970
1977
Apple II
1980
1999
1996 Blac kberry
DVD
Players
1991
Kodak
First
Digital Cam era
1983
Motorola
First
Mobile Phone
1990
2000
2010
We all own a billion
Transistors
We have an amazing wealth of
resources at our disposal!
Just how big is a Billion?
A stack of a billion bank notes would be
76.2 kilometers High.
A billion seconds is 32.5 years!
For Comparison, the Eiffel Tower
Contains 18,084 Parts. It is
Fastened Together by 2.5 Million Rivets
The world manufactures more
transistors than it grows
grains of rice.
Wow!
0.13-micron, Intel Pentium 4
300-mm silicon wafer.
Long Grain Jasmine Rice
How big is a billion grains of rice?
8mm x 2mm x 2mm (Long Grain)
 1-billion grains of rice
 8 Meters x 2 Meters x 2 Meters
 Or 32 Cubic Meters
 Or a cube 3.2 Meters on a side
 It weighs 24,000 kg (26.5 short tons USA)
 It costs $13,000 (3-rd week Dec 2010)
 CLS-350 Mercedes Benz weighs 2,200 kg

Gordon_Moore_ISSCC-02-10-03
A Billion Transistors costs $20.0
0.00000001
It’s all done with Computer Chips
Harry Nyquist, (1889-1960)
The Sampling Theorem
fS>BW
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
ADC
A-to-D
Digital-to-Analog
Converter
DAC
D-to-A
Evolution: Chapters 3 and 4
ANT
Positive Fdb k
RF
AMP DET
TICKLER
TUNE
ANT
RF
TUNE
AMP
TUNE
RF
AMP
TUNE
RF
AMP
DET
Evolution: Chapters 5 and 6
ANT
RF
AMP
IF
IF
AMP
AMP DET
Please send along a Carrier
so I can Demodulate
AMP
TUNE
ANT
RF
AMP
AMP
IF
AMP
BASE
BAND
PROC
AMP
/2
TUNE
CARRIER
Never Mind, I’ll make my Own!
Start of the Modern era
ADC and DSP Insertion
Oh no! Another Oscillator!
Sample the
Intermediate Frequency Stage
DSP
Down Convert
Perform Timing and Carrier
Synchronization in DSP Land
Difference Between Working in
Analog Land and Digital Land
Analog Land is like working in
Minnesota in High Winter.
Snowing, Cold Air,
Harsh Biting Wind, no Sunshine.
Digital Land is like working in
San Diego in High Summer.
Gentle Breeze,
Surf’s up, Warm Sweet Air, Sunshine.
The Modern Era
Digital Radio (DR): The baseband signal processing implemented on a DSP.
Software Radio (SR): An ideal SR samples at the antenna output.
radio analog-to-digital
baseband
data
frequency conversion
processing processing
A/D
RF
to user
radio frontend
from user
transmit
receive
Software Defined Radio (SDR): An SDR is a realizable version of an SR:
Signals are sampled after a suitable band selection filter.
Everything is in Place
HOLD ON TO YOUR SEATS
Why Digital Communications?
But Let Your Communications
Be Yea, Yea: Nay, Nay:
For What So Ever is More Than
These Cometh of Evil.
Sermon on the Mount,
Matthew, Ch. 5, verse. 37
To Paraphrase the Great Bard
The World is an Analog Stage
In Which Digital
Plays A Bit Part
A Communication System
INFORMATION
SOURCE
MODULATOR
CHANNEL
DEMODULATOR
BANDLIMITED
AWGN
Spec tral
Distribution
Amplitude
Distribution
x
f
INFORMATION
DESTINATION
Modulator and Demodulator
MODULATOR
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
M-ARY
ALPHABET
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
DIGITAL
BITS
MODULATOR
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
RF
ANALOG
RADIO
FREQUENCY
WAVEFORM
RF
CHANNEL
ANALOG
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
RADIO
FREQUENCY
WAVEFORM
DIGITAL
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
DEMODULATOR
DATA
TRANSFORMS
M-ARY
ALPHABET
DEMODULATOR
BITS
BITS
Claude Shannon
Information is measurable.
Noise Does not Limit Fidelity.
'The world has only 10
kinds of people.
Those who get binary,
and those who don't.'
Shannon’s Communication System
DIGITAL
MODULATOR
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
M-ARY
ALPHABET
DISCRETE CHANNEL
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
RF
CHANNEL
M-ARY
ALPHABET
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
DIGITAL
DEMODULATOR
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
RF
Shannon’s Model
BITS
BANDWIDTH
PRESERVING
BANDWIDTH
EXPANDING
SOURCE
ENCODING
ENCRYPTION
CHANNEL
ENCODING
DECRYPTION
CHANNEL
DECODING
CHANNEL
BANDWIDTH
REDUCING
BITS
SOURCE
DECODING
Shannon’s Legacy
Communication System Resources
Bandwidth
Signal to Noise Ratio
Memory and Computations
A Communication System needs a
Computer in Modulator and Demodulator!
We have a Computer on Board!
We can use it to do some other Heavy Lifting
SIGNAL to NOISE RATIO
SIGNAL TRANSFORMS
DATA TRANSFORMS
BANDWIDTH
Four Pillars of Modern Communications
MODERN
COMMUNICATIONS
The Modulator Digital to Analog
Interface Moves Towards the RF
BASEBAND
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
DIGITAL
RF
TUNER
ANALOG
BASEBAND
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
DIGITAL
TUNER
RF
ANALOG
BASEBAND
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
TUNER
DIGITAL
ANALOG
RF
The Demodulator Analog to Digital
Interface Moves Towards the RF
BASEBAND
RF
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
TUNER
ANALOG
DIGITAL
BASEBAND
RF
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
TUNER
ANALOG
DIGITAL
BASEBAND
RF
M-ARY
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
TUNER
ANALOG
DIGITAL
SECOND GENERATION DSP
CENTRIC MODEL
DIGITAL
MODULATOR
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
SAMPLED DATA CHANNEL
DSP
MODULATOR
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
M-ARY
ALPHABET
M-ARY
ALPHABET
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
DIGITAL
SIGNALS
RF
CHANNEL
DATA
SIGNALS
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
ANALOG
SIGNALS
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
DIGITAL
DSP
DEMODULATOR DEMODULATOR
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
RF
THIRD GENERATION
DSP CENTRIC MODEL
DIGITAL
MODULATOR
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
M-ARY
ALPHABET
M-ARY
ALPHABET
BITS
DATA
TRANSFORMS
DIGITAL
DEMODULATOR
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
ANALOG CHANNEL
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
RF
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
ANALOG
SIGNALS
DIGITAL
SIGNALS
BASEBAND
WAVEFORM
WAVEFORM
TRANSFORMS
CHANNEL
DATA
SIGNALS
DSP
MODULATOR
SPECTRAL
TRANSFORMS
DSP
DEMODULATOR
RF
An Interesting Problem
Satellite Broadcasts
384 MP3 Channels to
Earth Stations
Demodulate all MP3 Channels
Remodulate as FM Channels
Task: Replace
Legacy Transceiver
What size room is required to
house new DSP based Transceiver?
Equipment Bay: 192-Stereo FM Modulators
Conversation with Client!





How big a room will we need to house the DSP
version of this Transceiver?
Answer: I think it will fit on one chip.
Response: Don’t be Absurd, You Can’t Pack a
Room into a Single Chip!
Results: 48-Analog Devices Blackfin Processors
to Demodulate 192 MP3 Stereo Channels.
1 Virtex V-4 for 192 Digital Stereo FM Modulators
and 256 Channel Channelizer @ 293 kHz
Bandwidth per channel. (60% of Chip)
Only Description of Legacy System
Why I Like DSP!
A Smaller
Package
2-U High, Full Rack Width
H 3.5 in, 8.89 cm
W 17.0 in, 43.18 cm
D
9.4 in, 23.88 cm
Receiver Built with Ideal Parts
Clo ck
Synthesizer
Analo g
Ba nd Pass
Filte r
Ana log
Low Pa ss
Filters
Ana log I/Q
Down Convert
DDS
A-to -D
Converte rs
Dig ita l I/Q
Down Convert
Channel
Equalize
Rest of
Receiver
and with Real Parts (Dirty RF)
Analo g
Ba nd Pass
Filte r
Synthesizer
Analog Signals
Ana log I/Q
Down Convert
Ana log
Low Pa ss
Filters
Clo ck
A-to -D
Converte rs
DDS
Dig ita l Sig na ls
DC
Cancel
Phase
Ba lance
Ga in
Ba lance
Filter
Com pensate
Dig ita l I/Q
Down Convert
Channel
Eq ua lize
Re st of
Re ceive r
Genies in your Radio
•Timing Recovery Genie
•Carrier Recovery Genie
•Automatic Gain Control Genie
•Squelch Genie
•Equalizer Genie
•SNR Estimator Genie
Assistant Genies in Your Radio
•DC Cancelling Genie
•I-Q Balancing Genie
•Line Cancelling Genie
•Power Amplifier Predistortion Genie
•Peak-to-Average Reduction Genie
•DAC Sin(x)/x Predistortion Genie
•Time Interleaved ADC Genie
•Signal Whitening Genie
•White Space Detection Genie
Are you a good fortune teller?





CTO of Comstream asked to see me.
He asked me to design a DSP based Receiver
to span 10-kb/s to 10-Mb/s in 1-b/s steps.
I laughed. I thought he was joking.
No. He was Serious.
His parting comment: It likely can not be done at
the moment! DSP advances would enable it
some time in the future! He expected me to
predict the dawn of the coming horizon so he
would be prepared to greet it!
All he had to do was ask
It took me a week to do the design!
 He couldn’t believe all he had to do was ask!
 US Patent 5,504,785, “Digital Receiver
for Variable Symbol Rate Communications”
 An important lesson here.

If you expect little, you get little!

If you expect a lot, you get a lot!
 Don’t ask for the Impossible

You will be disappointed!

DSP Radio (DSP Everywhere!)
Actually, A design Project
For my Modem Design Class
LMS
Algorithm
10 Msm pl/S
20 Msmpl/S
Carrier
Loop Filter
& DDS
Polyphase
Band-Edge
Filter
Polyphase
Matc hed
Filter
32-to-1
Tim ing
Loop
Polyphase
Derivative
Matc hed
Filter
20 Msmpl/S
Equalizer
Carrier
Loop Filter
& DDS
2-to-1
Down
sam ple
-
Detec tor
*
Channel Filtering, Channel Estimate, Equalization,
AGC, DC-Cancelling, I-Q Balance, Line Canceller,
Interference Canceller, Matched Filter, SNR
Estimate, Band Edge Filter, Frequency Lock Loop,
Carrier Lock Loop, Interpolator, Timing Lock Loop,
Constellations of
Channel +k and -k
Crosstalk Between Channels k and –k
Due to Gain and Phase Imbalance
Constellation after Gradient Descent
Correction of Gain and Phase Imbalance
Digital Signal Processing Radio (1)
Processing Discrete (in Amplitude)
Approximations of Sampled (in Time) Signal
Representation of Analog Waveforms.
 DSP Based Radio can
 Process Analog or Digital Signals
 DSP can Process non-RF Signals:

Audio and Video

Software Defined Radio (SDR)
A Software Defined Radio System
Applies Software for Control of
 Network Protocol
 DSP Algorithms
 Programmable Digital Hardware,
 Programmable Analog Hardware
 In RF, IF, and Baseband Regimes

Software Defined Radio
Duplexer, Antenna
Managem ent & Tuner
RF-Front End
Tunab le Filters
and LNA
Mixer
Digital Bac k End
IF/AGC
ADC
Tunab le Filters
and LNA
Tunab le Filters &
Power Am plifier
Mixer
DSPs
GPPs
User Interfa ce
Periphials
FPGAs
IF/AGC
DAC
Spec ialized
Co-Proc essors
Power
Manager
Cognitive Radio (CR)


Cognitive radios, aware of channel
conditions and activity, change its operating
parameters to enable reliable, interference
free, communications.
Factors include external radio environment
such as spectrum availability, network state,
and its internal environment such as
available resources, and user behavior.
Parable of the Six Blind Men
The First Blind Man Touched its Sturdy Side:
“This is Very Much Like a Wall”
The Second Blind Man
Touched its Smooth
Round Sharp Tusk
The Sixth Blind Man
seized its swinging
tail; “For sure this is
like a Hanging Rope”
“Clearly this is Like a
Large Spear”
The Fourth
Blind Man
Felt its
Flapping
Ears.
The Fifth Blind Man Leaned against its huge leg:
“This is Like a Sturdy Tree”
“This surely
is like a
Great Fan to
Stir the Air”
The Third Blind Man
Grasped its
Wiggling Trunk:
“Undoubtedly, This
is like a Mighty
Snake”
Parable Continued
A Seventh
Blind Man
came upon
the scene and
proclaimed:
“Surely all your
senses have
abandoned you,
for it is clear to
all that this is a
Software
Defined
Radio”
SOFTWARE
DEFINED
RADIO
MAN
Is Open For Questions