使用STM32 设计HMI-硬件
介绍使用STM32提供的硬件资源和软件资源开发人机交互界面HMI的方法
Agenda
一、STM32 HMI设计硬件资源
LCD controller
ChromeART accelerator
SDRAM interface
二、 STM32 HMI设计软件资源
STemWin
IS2T
TouchGFX
2
Embedded graphics on STM32F4
OBJECTIVES
4
• Getting familiar with basics of graphics
• General LCD connection
• Color representation
• Layers
• Transparency / alpha channels
• CLUT
• Color keying
• Understand how you can benefit from STM32F4’s HW acceleration
• Usage of LTDC layer features
• Offload CPU by using Chrom-ART
• Hardware pixel format conversion
4
STM32F4x9 Block Diagram
• Fully compatible with F4x
AHB2
(max 180MHz)
• 256KB SRAM
• FMC with SDRAM + Support
32-bit data
and
• Audio PLL + Serial Audio I/F
• LCD-TFT Controller
• Chrom – ART Accelerator
• Hash: supporting SHA-2 and GCM
• More serial com and more fast
timers running at Fcpu
JTAG/SW Debug
ETM
Nested vect IT Ctrl
1 x Systic Timer
DMA
80/112/140 I/Os
AHB1
(max 180MHz)
Bridge
2x6x 16-bit PWM
New IPs/Features/more IPs
instances
4 x SPI
2 x USART/LIN
APB2
Up to 16 Ext. ITs
USB 2.0 OTG FS
256KB SRAM
External Memory
Interface with SDRAM
Power Supply
LCD Controller
Chrom-ART
USB 2.0 OTG HS
Reg 1.2V
POR/PDR/PVD
XTAL oscillators
32KHz + 8~25MHz
Int. RC oscillators
(max 45MHz)
32KHz + 16MHz
PLL
RTC / AWU
5x 16-bit Timer
4KB backup RAM
2x 32-bit Timer
2x Watchdog
3 x 16bit Timer
• 1.71V-3.6V Supply
Camera Interface
2x DAC + 2 Timers
Synchronized AC Timer
(max 90MHz)
• 100 pins to 208 pins
2MB Flash
Memory Dual
Bank
Ethernet MAC
10/100, IEEE1588
APB1
Bridge
16 Channels
Clock Control
Flash I/F
CORTEX M4
CPU+ MPU
+ FPU
180 MHz
• Dual Bank 2 x 1MB Flash
ARM ® 32-bit multi-AHB bus matrix
Arbiter (max 120MHz)
• Up to 180MHz with over-drive mode
Encryption
(independent & window)
1x SDIO
2x CAN 2.0B
3x 12-bit ADC
2x SPI/I2S
24 channels / 2Msps
1xSAI
6x USART/LIN
Temp Sensor
3x I2C
5
Dual Port
DMA1
Master 2
Dual Port
DMA2
Master 3
FIFO/8 Streams FIFO/8 Streams
Ethernet
10/100
LCD-TFT
DMA2D
Master 4
High Speed
USB2.0
Master 5
Master 6
Master 7
FIFO/DMA
FIFO/DMA
FIFO
FIFO
6
Dual Port
AHB1-APB2
AHB1
AHB2
Dual Port
AHB1-APB1
SRAM1
112KB
SRAM2
16KB
SRAM3
64KB
FMC
I-Code
Bank1
1Mbytes
Multi-AHB Bus Matrix
2Mbytes
Flash
Bank2
1Mbytes
D-Code
ART
Accelerator
S-Bus
I-Bus
Master 1
System Architecture
D-Bus
CCM
data RAM
64KB
CORTEX-M4
180MHz
FPU & MPU
Graphics on STM32
Image quality needs
• iPhone has completely changed the required level of
graphical quality
• Bigger display size
• Better display resolution
• Perfect icons
• State of the art animations (coverflow…etc…)
• User wants the same experience than on iPhone
• Huge resource needs on microcontroller side
• Hardware acceleration becomes mandatory
• Content design/creation is a key aspect
• But no need for a gaming machine
• No need for real 3D : 2D graphics is wide enough
8
Overview
• Past / Today
• Keyboard and/or Knob
• Optional 7-segment display
• Optional dot-matrix display
(text or graphical)
• Limited interactivity
9
Typical embedded display needs
• For home appliance
• Display size and form factor will be very different from an equipment to another
• In most of them we shall not be above 6~7 inches
• iPad 2 display is 132PPI (pixels per inch)
• 7” 4:3 display 800x600 represents @142PPI
10
From ones and zeros to image display
Step 1 : Create the content in a frame buffer
Text 1
•
•
Font 1
•
Frame rate
•
Prev
Refresh rate
(60 Hz)
The frame buffer is build by composing graphical primitive
This operation is done by the CPU running a graphical
library software
It can be accelerated by a dedicated hardware used with
the CPU through the graphical library
More often the frame buffer can be updated, more fluent
will be the animations (frames per second / fps)
Step 2 : Display the frame buffer
Next
•
•
•
The frame buffer is transferred to the display through a
dedicated hardware interface
Graphical oriented microcontroller are offering a TFT
controller to drive directly the display
The frame buffer must be sent at 60fps to have a perfect
image color and stability (independently from the animation
fps)
11
STM32F4x9 Architecture
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART
Accelerator
(DMA2D)
TFT
Controller
Bus Matrix
Internal
Flash
•
•
•
•
Internal
SRAM
External
Memory
Controller
External
memory
TFT controller allows the interfacing
Chrome-ART (DMA2D) provides a true HW graphical acceleration
DMA2D offloads the CPU for operations like rectangle filling, rectangle
copy (with or without pixel format conversion), and image blending
DMA2D goes faster than the CPU for the equivalent operation
12
13
13
Implementation examples and
resources requirements
Using STM32F4x7/4X9
internal RAM (192K) for
small resolutions
BUFFER SIZES
CGA
(Kbytes) ↘
(320x200)
bpp ↓
Image Building process
QVGA
(320x240)
WQVGA
(480x272)
VGA
(640x480)
WVGA
(800x480)
SVGA
XGA
(800x600) (1024x768)
1 (2 colors)
7,8
9,4
15,8
37,5
46,9
58,6
96,0
2 (4 colors)
15,6
18,8
31,6
75,0
93,8
117,2
192,0
4(16 colors)
31,3
37,5
63,3
150,0
187,5
234,4
384,0
8 (256 colors)
62,5
75,0
126,6
300,0
375,0
468,8
768,0
16 (high color)
125,0
150,0
253,1
600,0
750,0
937,5
1536,0
24 (true color)
32 (deep
color)
187,5
225,0
379,7
900,0
1125,0
1406,3
2304,0
250,0
300,0
506,3
1200,0
1500,0
1875,0
3072,0
Double buffer: New image and Frame buffers can be in internal RAM
Single buffer : 2 options:
• Image can be handled by regions: one region to be displayed while the
other is been built and so only one buffer will be needed
• new image buffer in internal RAM and frame buffer in external RAM or
in display internal memory.
External memory needed for both frame buffer and new image buffer
14
Single Chip MCU
16-bit QVGA, 8-bit WQVGA
•Internal Flash up to 2MB
•Internal SRAM up to 256KB
• Frame buffer in internal SRAM
• 16-bit QVGA (320 x 240 ~154 KB)
• 8-bit WQVGA (400 x 240 ~97 KB)
•Package LQFP 100pin
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART
Accelerator
TFT
Controller
Bus Matrix
Cost saving +
Graphic Acceleration
Internal
Flash
Internal
SRAM
STM32F4x9
External
Memory
Controller
15
MCU with External Memory
Up to SVGA ( 800x600 )
•Internal Flash up to 2MB
•Internal SRAM up to 256KB
•External Memory for frame buffer
• 16-bit or 32-bit SDRAM / SRAM
•Package: LQFP 144pin, up to 208.
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART
Accelerator
TFT
Controller
Bus Matrix
Unique Graphical Capability
and
Flexible architecture
Internal
Flash
Internal
SRAM
STM32F4x9
External
Memory
Controller
SDRAM
16
Which package to use depending on the
variant targeted?
Variant
TFT Controller
External Memory - SDRAM
STM32F4x9 package
High-End
Yes
32-bit
LQFP208/BGA216
Mid-End
Yes
16-bit
LQFP144/
BGA176 / LQFP176
No
No
LQFP100/LQFP144
Yes
No
LQFP100/LQFP144
Low-End
SDRAM devices example:
•
•
MT48LC4M16A2P-7E : 64Mb
MT48LC16M16A2P-7E : 256Mb
17
LCD-TFT Display Controller
(LTDC)
MCD Application Team
Benefits
• AHB bus Master
• Can access any part of address space → ext. memory, internal SRAM, Flash.
• Flexible programmable display parameters
• Display control signals
• Flexible color format
• Multi-Layer Support
• Windowing
• Blending
• Flexible programmable parameters for each Layer
• On chip memory or External memory can be used as Frame buffer
19
LCD-TFT architecture
FIFO
PFC
64x32b
LCD_CLK
Blending
LCD_HSYNC
Layer2
LCD_VSYNC
FIFO
64x32b
PFC
Dithering
LCD_DE
LCD_R[7:0]
Configuration and
status registers
APB Interface
LCD_G[7:0]
Synchronous
Timings
Generation
LCD_B[7:0]
LCD Panel
AHB Master Interface
AHB Interface
Layer1
20
LTDC Timings
Start of
Frame
HSYNC
Active Width
HBP
HFP
VSYNC
VBP
D1,L1
VBP: Vertical Back porch
VFP: Vertical Front porch
HBP: Horizontal Back porch
Active
Heigh
HFP: Horizontal Front porch
Dm,, Ln
VFP
These timings come from
the datasheet of the
display. E.g. TFT on
discovery kit.
8/12/2015
21
Frame Display
1 Frame
VSYNC
Vertical Back
Porch (VBP)
LCD Lines
Vertical Front
Porch (VFP)
1 Line
HSYNC
1
LCD_CLK
LCD RGBs
LCD Data
Enable
Horizontal
(VBP)
2
3
LCD Columns
4
5
Horizontal
(HFP)
x
x
x
x
x
480
22
Vertical/Horizontal transactions
• Vertical transaction
Start of Frame
• Horizontal transaction
Start of Scan Line
23
LCD basic timing signals
• LCDs require the following basic timing signals:
• VSYNC (Vertical Sync for TFT)
• Used to reset the LCD row pointer to the top of the display
• HSYNC (Horizontal sync for TFT)
• Used to reset the LCD column pointer to the edge of the display
• D0..Dxx (1 or more data lines)
• Data line
• LCDCLK (LCD pixel clock)
• Used to control panel refresh rate
• Some panels may require additional timing signals:
• LCD_DE
• LCD data Enable. Used to indicate valid data on the LCD data bus
• Other signals – some optional
• LCD power, backlight power, touchscreen
24
LCD Memory Requirements
• Frame buffer size
• The panel size and bits per pixel determine the amount of memory
needed to hold the graphic buffer.
• Memory Requirement (KB) = (bpp * Width * Height)/8
Panel Resolution
Total Pixel
bpp (bit per pixel)
Required memory (KB)
320x240 (QVGA)
76.8K
16bpp
153.6
8bpp
76.8
480x272
(WQVGA)
130.5K
16bbp
261.12
640x480 (VGA)
307.2K
16bbp
614.4
• In many cases, more memory is needed. E.g. double buffering: one
graphic buffer to store the current image while a second buffer used to
prepare the next image.
25
LTDC Clocks and reset
• Three clock domains:
• AHB clock domain (HCLK)
• To transfer data from the memories to the Layer FIFO and vise versa
• APB2 clock domain (PCLK2)
• To access the configuration and status registers
• The Pixel Clock domain (LCD_CLK)
• To generate LCD-TFT interface signals.
• LCD_CLK output should be configured following the panel requirements. The LCD_CLK is
configured through the PLLSAI
• LTDC Reset
• It is reset by setting the LTDCRST bit in the RCC_APB2RSTR register
26
LCD-TFT Signals
• The LCD-TFT IO pins not used by the application can be used for
other purposes.
LCD-TFT Signals
Description
LCD_CLK
Pixel Clock output
LCD_HSYNC
Horizontal Synchronization
LCD_VSYNC
Vertical Synchronization
LCD_DE
Data Enable
LCD_R[7:0]
8-Bits Red data
LCD_G[7:0]
8-Bits Green data
LCD_B[7:0]
8-Bits Blue data
27
LTDC Main Features - (1/3)
• 24-bit RGB Parallel Pixel Output; 8 bits-per-pixel ( RGB888)
• AHB 32-Bit master with burst access of 16 words to any system
memory
• Dedicated FIFO per Layer (depth of 64 word)
• Programmable timings to adapt to targeted display panel.
• HSYNC width, VSYNC width, VBP, HBP, VFP, HFP
• Programmable Polarity of:
• HSYNC, VSYNC, Data Enable
• Pixel clock
• Supports only TFT (no STN)
28
LTDC Main Features - (2/3)
• Programmable display Size
• Supports up to 800 x 600 (SVGA)
• Programmable Background color
• 24-bit RGB, used for blending with bottom layer.
• Multi-Layer Support with blending, 2 layers + solid color background
• Dithering (2-bits per color channel (2,2,2 for RGB))
• Combination of adjacent pixels to simulate the desired shade
• Dithering is applicable for 18bit color displays, to simulate 24bit colors.
• Newly programmed values can be loaded immediately at run time or
during Vertical blanking
• 2 Interrupts generated on 4 event Flags
29
Alpha Channel Usage
• The Alpha channel represent the transparency of a pixel
• It’s mandatory as soon as you are manipulating bitmaps with non
square edges or for anti-aliased font support
Aliased
• 0xFF = opaque
Anti-aliased
0xFFFF0000 0xAAFF0000 0x30FF0000
Box filled with color in
ARGB8888 format
30
Pixel Data Mapping vs Color Format
8 programmable Input color format per layer
31
bpp
31:24
23:16
15:8
ARBG8888
Ax[7:0]
Rx[7:0]
Gx[7:0]
Bx[7:0]
32
RGB888
Bx+1[7:0]
Rx[7:0]
Gx[7:0]
Bx[7:0]
24
RGB565
Rx+1[4:0] Gx+1[5:3]
Gx+1[2:0]
Bx+1[4:0]
ARGB1555
Ax+1[ Rx+1[ Gx+1[
0]
4:0]
4:3]
Gx+1[2:0]
Bx+1[4:0]
ARGB4444
Ax+1[3:0] Rx+1[3:0]
L8
Lx+3[7:0]
Lx+2[7:0]
Lx+1[7:0]
Lx[7:0]
8
AL88
Ax+1[7:0]
Lx+1[7:0]
Ax[7:0]
Lx[7:0]
16
AL44
Ax+3[3:0]
Lx+3[3:0]
Ax+2[3:0] Lx+2[3:0]
Ax+1[3:0] Lx+1[3:0]
Ax[3:0] Lx[3:0]
8
Gx+1[3:0]
Bx+1[3:0]
Rx[4:0]
Ax[0]
7:0
Gx[5:3]
Rx[4:0] Gx[4:3]
Ax[3:0]
Rx[3:0]
Gx[2:0]
Gx[2:0]
Gx[3:0]
Bn[4:0]
16
Bx[4:0]
16
Bx[3:0]
16
Pixel Format Conversion
• The color format of a bitmap converted into another one : this
operation is called Pixel Format Conversion (PFC)
• Direct Mode to Direct Mode or Indirect Mode to Direct Mode is easy to
do, but converting to an indirect color format would mean
regenerating a CLUT which is a very complex operation...
ARGB8888
ARGB1555
0
PFC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
1
0
4
3
2
32
PFC - Direct color Mode
32-bit per pixel
24-bit per pixel
16-bit per pixel
ARGB8888
RGB888
ARGB4444
ARGB1555
RGB565
Direct coding
A
R
G
B
33
PFC - Indirect color Mode
16-bit per pixel
8-bit per pixel
4-bit per pixel
AL88
L8
AL44
A8
L4
A4
Index
Color
LookUp Table
0x00
A
R
G
B
0x01
A
R
G
B
G
B
Indirect coding
...
0xFF
A
R
A
R
G
B
34
CLUT - Palletized color
• Color Look-Up Table (CLUT) up to 256 entry per layer
• The frame buffer will contain an index value for each pixel
• The CLUT must be pre-loaded with RGB values for each
index
• Each RGB value is stored in a position in the CLUT.
• The CLUT must be reloaded only when LTDC is disabled or during vertical
blanking period
• The CLUT can be enabled on the fly for every layer
through the LTDC_LxCR register
35
CLUT- Palletized
• The R, G and B values and their own respective address are
programmed through the LTDC_LxCLUTWR register.
• L8 and AL88 input pixel format, the CLUT has to be loaded by 256 colors
• AL44 input pixel format, the CLUT has to be loaded by 16 colors. The address of
each color must be filled by replicating the 4-bit L channel to 8-bit.
• L0 (indexed color 0), at address 0x00,
• L1, at address 0x11….
• L2, at address 0x22
Indexed 16 – L4
Source - wikipedia.org
Indexed 256 - L8
RGB888
36
• Size of pictures displayed
Demo – Color Formats
• RGB 888 - 230kb – needed for pictures with uniform
color transitions (like blue sky on the picture)
• RGB565 - 154kb – good trade off between size and
quality
• L8 - 78kb – for small icons it is usually good enough,
without significant quality decrease
• Picture quality
• Difference is mostly visible in the color transitions (like
the blue sky)
• Dithering is improving the quality, but it make worse
details recognition
• STM32F429I-Discovery kit display
• 18bit interface, it is not possible to display 24bpp
(RGB888)
• Difference between direct RGB888 and RGB565 is not
visible
Dithering
• HW dithering is improving the quality of RGB888
• Indexed L8 format can be improved by dithering
implemented on PC side
12/08/2015
37
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Window
• Window position and size
• The first and last visible Pixel are configured in the LTDC_LxWHPCR register.
• The first and last visible line are configured in the LTDC_LxWVPCR
START_POS_X
START_POS_Y
END_POS_Y
END_X_POS
38
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Color Frame Buffer
• The frame buffer size, line length and the number of lines settings
must be correctly configured :
• If it is set to less bytes than required by the layer, FIFO underrun error will be set.
• If it is set to more bytes than actually required by the layer, the useless data read is
discarded. The useless data is not displayed.
Start of layer frame buffer
Frame Buffer
Line Length
Pitch
.
.
Number of Lines
39
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Color Frame Buffer - effects
• Simply changing the start of the layer frame buffer you can scroll the
picture over the layer
• The picture stored in the memory must be bigger than actual layer size
.
.
.
.
40
Demo - Moving layer
LTDC_Layer_InitStruct.LTDC_CFBStartAdress =
(uint32_t)Image + 3 * (offsetH + (offsetV * Image_width));
• Bytes per pixel
• Base address of
image in memory
• Horizontal
scroll
• Just by changing the layer buffer address
you can move the visible layer over a
bitmap which is bigger than the layer.
• Vertical scroll
320
240
320
400
41
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Multi-layer blending
• Blending is always active using alpha value
• Blending factors are configured through the LTDC_LxBFCR register
• Fixed Constant alpha
• Alpha pixel multiplied by the Constant Alpha
• The blending order is fixed and it is bottom up.
• Programmable Background Color for the bottom layer
Layer 1
Solid color
background
Layer 2
42
Blending – Example 1
• Layer 1 blending with background
• Background is black
• Layer 2 is disabled.
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
43
Blending – Example 2
• Layer 1 and Layer 2 blending
• Background color is black
• Layer 1 Constant Alpha set to 100 %
• Layer 2 Constant Alpha is set to:
100%
75 %
50 %
25 %
0%
44
Demo – Two Layers
• Example is using two layers
• Layer 1 – static background picture
• Layer 2 – moving ST logo with alpha channel
• ST logo is moved using layer 2 parameters only, no load of CPU
• Blending is done directly by Constant Alpha parameter, no load of
CPU, done by LTDC controller directly
45
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Color Keying
• Transparent color (RGB) can be defined for each layer in the
LTDC_LxCKCR register
• When the Color Keying is enabled, the current pixels is compared to
the color key. If they match for the programmed RGB value, all
channels (ARGB) of that pixel are set to 0.
• Color Keying can be enabled on the fly for each layer in the
LTDC_LxCR regiser
46
Demo - Color Keying
• Example is using two layers
• Layer 1 – background picture “blue sky”
• Layer 2 – ST logo with white background color
• Keying color is set to WHITE
• Disturbing artifacts can be removed by pre-processing using tools
like Photoshop or Gimp, but quality of result is usually depending
on the background anyway
• Best suitable for rectangular graphical objects
• Not optimal for photos – use alpha channel blending instead
47
Layer Programmable Parameters:
Default Color
• Default Color
• The default color ( ARGB) is used outside the defined layer
window or when a layer is disabled.
• The default color is configured through the LTDC_LxDCCR
register.
• To bypass the default color, set the blending factor to transparent
Alpha
• Tricky use case:
• Layer 1 is enabled
• Layer 2 is disabled, with default color black.
• If blending factor is set to ConstAlpha=0xFF, No image will be
displayed. Only black window that will be displayed ( default color
of Layer2 is black).
48
LTDC Shadow registers
• The shadowed registers are all the Layer 1 and Layer 2 registers
except the CLUT register (LTDC_LxCLUTWR).
• The shadow registers should not be modified again before the reload
has been done.
• The new written value can only be read after the reload has taken
place.
• Shadow registers can be reloaded to active registers by:
• Immediate Reload
Set IMR bit in LTDC_SRCR register
• Vertical blanking reload
Set VBR bit in LTDC_SRCR register
49
LTDC interrupts
• Two interrupts vectors:
• LTDC global interrupt
• Line interrupt
• Register Reload
• LTDC error interrupt
• FIFO Underrun
• Transfer Error
Interrupt event
Event flag
Enable bit
Line
LIF
LIE
Register Reload
RRIF
RRIEN
FIFO underrun
FUERRIF
FUERRIE
Transfer Error
TERRIF
TERRIE
50
Chrom-ART Accelerator™
STM32F4 Graphic Accelerator (DMA2D)
Overview
Step 1 : Create the content in a frame buffer
Text 1
•
•
Font 1
•
Frame rate
•
Prev
Refresh rate
(60 Hz)
The frame buffer is build by composing graphical primitive
This operation is done by the CPU running a graphical
library software
It can be accelerated by a dedicated hardware used with
the CPU through the graphical library
More often the frame buffer can be updated, more fluent
will be the animations (animation fps)
Step 2 : Display the frame buffer
Next
•
•
•
The frame buffer is transferred to the display through a
dedicated hardware interface
Graphical oriented microcontroller are offering a TFT
controller to drive directly the display
The frame buffer must be sent at 60fps to have a perfect
image color and stability (independently from the animation
fps)
52
53
Graphical content creation
Creating something « cool »
• How the frame buffer is generated for creating a “cool” graphical
interface to be displayed through the TFT controller ?
14:21
Temperature
21°C
Humidity
62%
ARMED
-5°C
54
Frame buffer construction
• The frame buffer is generated drawing successively all the graphic
objects
14:21
Temperature
21°C
Humidity
62%
ARMED
-5°C
55
Frame buffer generation needs
• The resulting frame buffer is an uncompressed bitmap of the size of
the screen.
• Each object to be drawn can be
• A Bitmap with its own color coding (different from the final one), compressed or not
• A Vector Description (a line, a circle with a texture...etc....)
• (A Text)
56
Bitmap or Vector
•
•
•
•
Bitmap
High ROM usage
No CPU usage if no compression,
but can be needed for
uncompressing
Geometrical transformations
limited and would need filtering
Description standard bitmap files
that are converted into C table
•
•
•
•
Vector graphics
Low ROM usage
High CPU usage as image needs
to be generated : a GPU is
mandatory
Geometrical transformations are
natural
Description through
• Polygons : 3D graphics
• Curves : 2D graphics
57
STM32F42x/F43x Architecture
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART
Accelerator
TFT
Controller
Bus Matrix
Internal
Flash
•
•
•
•
Internal
SRAM
External
Memory
Controller
TFT controller allows the interfacing
DMA2D provides a true graphical acceleration
DMA2D offloads the CPU for operations like rectangle filling, rectangle
copy (with or without pixel format conversion), and image blending
DMA2D goes faster than the CPU for the equivalent operation
58
59
Bitmaps
Overview
• Bitmap are an array representation of an image
• It shall have the at least following properties
• Width (in pixel)
• Height (in pixel)
• Color mode (direct, indirect, ARGB8888, RGB565...etc...)
• Color Look Up Table (optional)
Width
How color are coded
Height
60
Blending
• Blending consist in drawing an image onto another respecting the
transparency information
• As a consequence blending implies to read 2 sources, then blend
then write to the destination
Blended
Not Blended
61
Back to our « cool » interface
Background
14:21
Almost Uniform
L8 mode
Temperature
Button
Round shape
Gradient
ARGB8888 mode
21°C
Humidity
62%
-5°C
Icon
Complex shape
Many colors
ARGB8888 mode
ARMED
Fonts
Specific management with A8 or A4 mode
62
Demo – Content Creation
• Moving successively graphical elements from internal FLASH into
the frame buffer by Chrome-ART
DMA2D source
parameters:
Location in
memory, width,
height, pixel format
DMA2D destination
parameters:
Location in buffer,
width, height, pixel
format, line offset
foreground
output
DMA2D
ARMED
background
FLASH content
ARMED
63
Font management
• Bitmap fonts are managed only using alpha channel (transparency)
PFC
ROMed character bitmap
(A8 or A4)
Generated character bitmap
with color information
(ARGB8888, ARGB1555, ARGB4444)
or
(RGB888, RGB565)
64
Summary
• To generate my 24bpp frame buffer I will have to
• Copy background from the ROM to the frame buffer with PFC L8 to RGB888
• Copy buttons & icons from the ROM to the frame buffer with blending
• Copy characters from the ROM to the frame buffer with PFC A4 to ARGB8888 and
blending
• Many copy operations with
pixel conversion. Can be
done by CPU, but it’s very
time consuming → HW
acceleration helps.
65
66
Chrom-ART Accelerator
(DMA2D)
Overview
• The Chrom-ART combines both a DMA2D and graphical oriented
functionality for image blending and pixel format conversion.
• To offload the CPU of raw data copy, the Chrom-ART is able to copy
a part of a graphic content into another part of a graphic content, or
simply to fill an part of a graphic content with a specified color.
• In addition to raw data copy, additional functionality can be added
such as image format conversion or image blending (image mixing
with some transparency).
67
Typical data flow
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART
Accelerator
TFT
Controller
Bus Matrix
Internal
Flash
Internal
SRAM
External
Memory
Controller
Creation of an object in a memory device by the Chrom-ART
Update/Creation of the frame buffer in the external RAM by the Chrom-ART
TFT controller data flow
68
Chrom-ART features
• AHB bus master with burst access to any system memory
• Programmable bitmap height, width and address in the memory
• Programmable data format (from 4-bit indirect up to 32-bit direct)
• Dedicated memory for color lookup table (CLUT) independent from LTDC
• Programmable address destination and format
• Optional image format conversion from direct or indirect color mode to
direct color mode
• Optional blending machine with programmable transparency factor
and/or with native transparency channel between to independent
image input to the destination image.
69
Chrom-ART pixel pipeline
Foreground
FG FIFO
FG PFC
Blender
BG FIFO
Background
BG PFC
Output
PFC
Output
FIFO
70
Bitmap parameter
Address
Width
Original_Address
14:21
Temperature
21°C
Original_Height
Height
Humidity
62%
-5°C
ARME
D
Original_Width
Address = Original_Address + (X + Original_Width * Y) * BPP
LineOffset = Original_Width - Width
71
Supported color mode
Color mode
Input FG/BG CM[3:0]
Output CM[2:0]
ARGB8888
0000
000
RGB888
0001
001
RGB565
0010
010
ARGB1555
0011
011
ARGB4444
0100
100
L8
0101
Not supported
AL44
0110
Not supported
AL88
0111
Not supported
L4
1000
Not supported
A8
1001
Not supported
A4
1010
Not supported
72
CLUT management
• When an indirect color mode L8, AL44 or AL88 is used, the bitmap
CLUT must be loaded into the Chrom-ART
• Each FG and BG has its own dedicated memory for CLUT.
• The CLUT can be loaded manually when no Chrom-ART operation
are on going
• The CLUT can be loaded automatically configuring the CLUT format
(24-bit or 32-bit), the CLUT size and the CLUT address and setting
the CLUT Start bit
73
Supported operations
• 4 functional modes are supported
• Register to memory : the destination bitmap is filled with the specified output color
• Memory to memory : the data are fetch through the FG and are written to the
destination bitmap without any color format modification (no PFC)
• Memory to memory with PFC : the data are fetch through the FG and are written
to the destination bitmap after being converted into the destination color format
(PFC)
• Memory to memory with PFC and blending : the data are fetched through the
FG and the BG, are converted, are blended together and are written to the
destination bitmap
• Once configured, the Chrom-ART is launched setting the Start bit
• The operation can be either suspended through the Suspend bit or
aborted through the abort bit
74
Alpha modulation
• When the PFC is activated the Alpha value of the pixel can be
modified as follow
• Kept as it is
• Replaced by a fixed one
• Replaced by the current one multiplied
by the fixed one
• This allows to perform easily fade in/out animations
75
Line Watermark
• For synchronization purpose, an interrupt can be generated when a
specified line has been written by the Chrom-ART into the memory
• The line number is defined by the filed LW[15:0] of the DMA2D_LWR
register
DMA2D
transfer
Line
watermark
interrupt
76
Interrupts
Interrupt
Flag
Enable
Clear
Description
Transfer Error
TERIF
TERIE
CTERIF
An AHB error occured during a Chrom-ART
operation
Transfer Complete
TCIF
TCIE
CTCIF
The programmed operation is complete
Transfer Watermark
TWIF
TWIE
CTWIF
The Watermarked line has been written
An error has been generated accessing the
CLUT (CPU tried to access the CLUT when
the Chrom-ART is being active)
CLUT Access Error
CAEIF
CAEIE
CCAEIF
CLUT Transfer
Complete
CTCIF
CTCIE
CCTCIF
CEIF
CEIE
CCEIF
Configuration Error
The CLUT transfer is complete
The Chrom-ART has been launched with
an illegal configuration
77
Integration with Graphic Library
Application
Application
STemWin
STemWin
Cortex-M4
•
•
•
Chrom-ART
Cortex-M4
Chrom-ART integration is transparent for the application
The low-level drivers of the graphical stack are upgraded to directly use
Chrom-ART for data transfer, pixel format conversion and blending
CPU load is decreased and graphical operations are faster
78
STM32 Solution for Graphics
• STM32 offers a unique graphical capability in the Cortex-M based
MCU perimeter
• Real TFT Controller for optimum display control
• External memory interface to connect both Flash for static content and SRAM or
SDRAM for dynamic content and frame buffer
• On-chip hardware acceleration deeply coupled with graphical library
• Standard graphical library taking advantage of on-chip graphical acceleration
79
Enhanced and
upgrade of FSMC
Flexible Memory Controller (FMC)
CONTENTS
• FMC features
• SDRAM protocol
• SDRAM FMC controller
81
OBJECTIVES
82
• Overview of FMC interface
• Usage of high capacity RAM storage - SDRAM
• For frame buffer
• For picture storage and preparation
• For animations
82
FMC Features (1/2)
• 6 Banks to support External memories
• FMC external access frequency is up 90MHz when HCLK is at
180MHz
• Independent chip select control for each memory bank
• Independent configuration for each memory bank
• Programmable timings to support a wide range of devices
• 8/16/32 bits data bus
• External asynchronous wait control
• Interfaces with Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) memory-mapped
83
FMC Features (2/2)
• Interfaces with static memory-mapped devices including:
• static random access memory (SRAM)
• read-only memory (ROM)
• NOR/ OneNAND Flash memory
• PSRAM
• Interfaces parallel LCD modules: Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800
• Interfaces with NAND Flash and 16-bit PC Cards
• With ECC hardware up to 8 Kbyte for NAND memory
• 3 possible interrupt sources (Level, Rising edge and falling edge)
• Supports burst mode access to synchronous devices (NOR Flash and
PSRAM)
84
SDR SDRAM protocol
overview
SDRAM memory organization
• Example of DRAM array with 12-bits row and 10-bits column
• A row width is
2exp(10) = 1024 column
Cw
4096 Rows
• Column width is 8-bit, 16-bit
or 32-bit (Cw)
Row width : 1024 columns
86
SDRAM memory read operation
• Read operation step 1(*):
• On Row Access Strobe (RAS), selected row is copied to “Row Buffer” (a full row is
transferred at once to the Row Buffer)
• Read operation step 2:
• On Column Access Strobe (CAS), column is selected from “Row Buffer” and presented on the memory
interface
(*):
Row activation is only performed if the row is not active or at a row boundary
87
SDRAM memory read characteristics
(1/2)
• SDRAM read characteristics
• Reads are destructive: contents are erased after reading
• Row buffer
• read a full row at once (a set of bits all at once), and then break down them based on
different column addresses
Vdd
sense amp
bitline
voltage
1
0
Wordline Enabled
Sense Amp Enabled
After read cell contains
something close to ½ Vdd
Vdd
storage
cell voltage
88
SDRAM memory write characteristics
• The SDRAM controller always checks the next write
access destination,
• Two cases:
• If the next write access is in the same row or in another active row
(in a different bank)
• The write operation is carried out
• If the next write access targets another row (not active), the
SDRAM controller
• Generates a precharge command
• Activates the new row
• Initiates a write command
90
STM32 FMC controller
FMC SDRAM main features (1/4)
• Up to 512MB continues memory range split into two banks, can be
seen as a single device.
0xC000 0000
SDRAM Bank1
256MB (4x16MBx32-bit)
FMC SDRAM
Up to 512MB
Independent chip select
Independent configuration
Easy to use
SDRAM Bank2
256MB (4x16MBx32-bit)
0xDFFF FFFF
SDRAM main features (2/4)
• Fully programmable SDR (single data rate) SDRAM interface
• Configurable SDRAM clock speed
• Half AHB speed (HCLK /2),
• One-third AHB speed (HCLK /3)
• Programmable Timing parameters for different SDRAM devices
requirements
• Row to column delay ( TRCD )
• Self refresh time
• CAS latency of 1,2,3
• Memory data bus width : 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit
• Up to 4 internal banks with configurable Row and Column sizes :
• up to 13-bits Address Row,
• up to 11-bits Address Column.
SDRAM main features (3/4)
• Optimized initialization sequence by software
• The initialization command sequence are executed simultaneously for the two
banks. Initialization time can be divided by 2.
• Automatic Refresh operation with programmable Refresh rate
• Energy-saving capabilities : two low power modes are supported:
• Self-refresh Mode
• Power-down Mode
SDRAM main features (4/4)
• Multibank ping-pong access (FMC SDRAM controller keeps track of
the active row in each bank)
• Automatic row and bank boundary management
• Optimized Read access :
• Cacheable Read FIFO with depth of 6 lines x 32-bit
• With 6x 14-bit Address Tag to identify each FIFO line content
• Configurable Read Burst (to anticipate next read accesses during CAS latencies)
• Buffered write access
• Write Data FIFO with depth of 16
• With 16x Write Address FIFO to identify each FIFO line destination
SDRAM controller benefits
• AHB Slave interface up to 180MHz
• Grant more RAM resources for user application
• Accessible by all AHB masters
• CPU can execute code from SDRAM
• Reduce RAM memory cost (SDRAM vs. SRAM)
96
For more information welcome to visit our website:
www.st.com/stm32
www.stmcu.com.cn
www.stmcu.org
1
使用STM32 设计HMI-软件
介绍使用STM32提供的硬件资源和软件资源开发人机交互界面HMI的方法
Agenda
STM32F42xx Technical Training
一、STM32 HMI设计硬件资源
LCD controller
ChromeART accelerator
SDRAM interface
二、 STM32 HMI设计软件资源
STemWin
IS2T
TouchGFX
12/08/2015
2
目录
STM32GUI方案介绍
STM32GUI硬件平台资源评估&选型
STM32GUI软件方案之STemWin
3
过去的嵌入式产品注重用户的实用性
过去的嵌入式产品注重用户的实用性
4
现在的
现在的嵌入式产品更加
嵌入式产品更加重
品更加重视用户体验
视用户体验
5
6
STM32丰富的外设资源和强大的
丰富的外设资源和强大的CPU
丰富的外设资源和强大的
处理能力
为嵌入式GUI系统提供强大的硬件支持
系统提供强大的硬件支持
为嵌入式
14 : 21
7
STM32硬件系统结构
STM32硬件系统结构
-5C
STM32
MCU
LCD接口
接口
LTDC
(LCD-TFT
Controller)
(Chrom-ART
Accelerator)
FIFO
FIFO
DMA2D
External
RAM/FLASH
SRAM
256KB
BUS Matrix
FMC/FSMC
ART
Accelerator
FMC/FSMC
LTDC
ALARM
Flash
LTDC
(LCD-TFT
Controller)
STM32硬件
STM32硬件-硬件--LTDC
--LTDC性能演示
LTDC性能演示
(分辨率1024x768)
分辨率1024x768)
STM32硬件
STM32硬件-硬件--DMA2D
--DMA2D性能演示
DMA2D性能演示
DMA2D
(Chrom-ART
Accelerator)
DMA2D
CPU Load(约
约)
使用
5%
不使用
95%
STM32不仅
不仅为客户提供丰
不仅为客户提供丰富
为客户提供丰富的硬件资源
而且为客户提供了STM32
GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台
而且为客户提供了
STemWin
IS2T
TouchGFX
10
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台--STemWin
软件开发平台
11
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台--STemWin
软件开发平台
12
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台--TouchGFX
软件开发平台
13
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台--TouchGFX
软件开发平台
14
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台—IS2T
软件开发平台
15
STM32GUI软件开发平台
软件开发平台—IS2T
软件开发平台
16
17
STM32GUI
硬件平台资
件平台资源评估&选型
源评估 选型
如何从STM32丰富的产品线中
如何从
丰富的产品线中
选择合适的STM32GUI硬件平台
硬件平台？
选择合适的
硬件平台？
18
STM32 MCU方
方案的选择需考虑
19
LCD接口类型
应用需要的存
储空间
(RAM&ROM)
需要MCU处理能
力
20
LCD接口类型
应用需要的存
储空间
(RAM&ROM)
需要MCU处理能
力
STM32提供的
提供的LCD接口外设
接口外设
提供的
21
• STM32提供的可用于LCD应用的外设
LCD接口
接口
STM32外
外设
F1
F2
F3
F4
SPI
SPI
√
√
√
√
MCU
FMC/FSMC
√
√
STM32F303xE
Only
√
RGB
LTDC
-
-
-
STM32F4x9
-
DMA2D(
ChromART)
-
STM32F427
STM32F437
STM32F4x9
-
-
8/12/2015
主流LCD接口
接口
22
• SPI
• 写屏速度较慢
• 接口简单
• 不需要独立显存
FMC/FSMC
(8080/6800)
写屏速度较快
接口较复杂
不需要独立显存
8/12/2015
主流LCD接口
接口（
主流
接口（续）
• LTDC(RGB)
LCD_CLK
• 写屏速度较快
LCD_HSYNC
• 写屏不需要CPU干预
LCD_VSYNC
• 接口较复杂
• 需要MCU提供显存
• 只有STM32F429提供LTDC
外设
STM32F429
LCD_DE
LCD Panel
LCD_R[7:0]
LCD_G[7:0]
LCD_B[7:0]
8/12/2015
23
STM32 MCU方
方案的选择依赖于
24
LCD接口类型
应用需要的存
储空间
(RAM&ROM)
需要MCU处理能
力
ROM和
和RAM(以
以STemWin为例
为例)
为例
• 对存储空间（ROM/RAM）的
需求
• 应用程序的最小需求（STemWin）
• 在不使用窗口管理时
• ROM 8.1KB
• RAM 334Byte
• 在使用窗口管理时
• ROM 60KB
• RAM 6.6Byt
• 随着用户界面的复杂程度增加，对应
的ROM和RAM的需求会随之增加。
• 可以使用外扩RAM作为STemWin的
内存
8/12/2015
25
内存分配(以STemWin为例)
• 内存分配
• 可以灵活选择
MCU内部SRAM
或者外部RAM
作为STemWin
的内存块
SPI
FSMC
LTDC
（DMA）
）
CPU
Bus Matrix
Internal
Flash
Internal
SRAM
External
Memory
Controller
内部RAM作
作为内存空间
内部
内存空间
外部RAM作
作为内存空间
外部
内存空间
26
STM32 MCU方
方案的选择依赖于
27
LCD接口类型
应用需要的存
储空间
(RAM&ROM)
MCU处理能力
28
• 市面上的主流LCD液晶屏接口及对比
LCD接口
接口
数据内存
显示内存
CPU任务
任务
DMA参与传送
参与传送
SPI
MCU/扩展内存
LCD控制器内置
构图+传输
√
FMC/FSMC
(8080/6800)
MCU/扩展内存
LCD控制器内置
构图+传输
√
MCU/扩展内存
MCU片内SRAM
或
扩展SDRAM
构图
（STM32F4x9）
DMA2D
LTDC
(RGB)
8/12/2015
STM32 MCU方
方案的选择依赖于
29
• 根据应用进行MCU选择
LCD接口类型
应用需要的存
储空间
(RAM&ROM)
• 需要的CPU速度
• 72MHz ~ 180MHz
• 接口
需要MCU处理能
力
• SPI，8080/6800，RGB
• RAM/ROM用量
• 确定需要的MCU的Flash/SRAM size
• 需要外扩RAM作为数据内存或者显存，外扩RAM的类型
• 确定是否需要FSMC（SRAM/PSRAM），FMC（SDRAM）
30
STM32GUI
软件方案之STemWin
软件方案之
预览
STemWin介绍
使用STemWin开发一个产品
STemWin开发资源
31
32
STemWin介绍
使用STemWin开发一个产品
STemWin开发资源
STemWin是什么
STemWin是什么
ST和Segger公司联合提供的嵌入式GUI方案
STM32
STemWin
emWin
STemWin高度可裁剪可移植性,完全支持STM32全系列MCU
Presentation Title
12/08/2015
33
STemWin特性
STemWin特性
提供强大的2D
供强大的2D图像库和控件
2D图像库和控件
提供强大的图像显示功能(jpeg
供强大的图像显示功能(jpeg、
(jpeg、png、
png、gif)
提供多种字体(
供多种字体(默认字体、
认字体、扩展字体、
扩展字体、外语支持)
外语支持)
虚拟屏幕和多层显
虚拟屏幕和多层显示
多层显示
清晰的系统架构
支持嵌入式操作系统支持
清晰的驱动接口，
清晰的驱动接口，方便用户快速移植LCD
方便用户快速移植LCD驱动
LCD驱动、
驱动、存储设备
Presentation Title
12/08/2015
34
STemWin提供丰富美观的
STemWin提供丰富美观的GUI
提供丰富美观的GUI控件
GUI控件
12/08/2015
35
36
STemWin介绍
使用STemWin开发一个产品
STemWin开发资源
37
14 : 21
-5C
ALARM
STemWin开发平台基本结构
STemWin开发平台基本结构
38
应用程序
STemWin应用
应用
开发API
开发
VisualStudio
平台emWin开
开
平台
发库
UM03001
&
AN43231
STM32平台开
平台开
发库
STemWin开发平台基本结构和开发方法
STemWin开发平台基本结构和开发方法
39
资源准备
VisualStudio平台
• 准备资源
• 图片/
图片/字体/
字体/控件/
控件/动画等资源文件
• 代码转换
• 将资源文件转换为代码或者存储在外部存储器
• 基于VS平台开发包和
GUI API开发应用程序
开发应用程序
基于 平台开发包和STemWin
平台开发包和
• 在VS调试仿真工具调试效果
调试仿真工具调试效果
开发应用程序
•
•
•
•
STM32开发平台 •
移植
•
基于STM32
STemWin库进行移植
库进行移植
基于
STM32平台选择
平台选择
STM32 MCU BSP移植
移植
应用代码移植
调试运行
软件版本发布
40
2.1. 资源准备
2.1 资源准备—
资源准备—图片资源处理
使用BitmapConverter软件将bmp图片资源生成相应的.c文件
12/08/2015
41
2.1 资源准备—
资源准备—字体资源处理
使用FontConverter软件将字体文件资源生成相应的.c文件
42
2.1 资源准备—
资源准备—控件资源处理
使用GUIBuilder软件将用户自定义可视化窗口和控件资源生成相应的.c文件
43
44
2.2 使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序
2.2 使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序开发应用程序-认识STemWinVS
认识STemWinVS开发环境
STemWinVS开发环境
图标转换的C资源文件
主程序入口
绘制背景
绘制Layer0
绘制Layer1
主程序
12/08/2015
45
2.2 使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序开发应用程序-绘制背景层
static void background_deal(void)
{
GUI_DrawBitmap(&bmbg_big, 0,0);
}
46
2.2 使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序开发应用程序-绘制layer0
绘制layer0层
layer0层
static void layer0_deal(void)
{
int i = 0;
for(i=0;i<GUI_COUNTOF(_aBitmapItem_layer0);i++)
{
GUI_DrawBitmap(_aBitmapItem_layer0[i].pBitmap,
_aBitmapItem_layer0[i].x,_aBitmapItem_layer0[i].y);
}
}
47
2.2 使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序开发应用程序-绘制layer1
绘制layer1层
layer1层
static void layer1_deal(void)
{
int i = 0;
GUI_SelectLayer(1);
GUI_SetColor(GUI_TRANSPARENT);
for(i=0;i<GUI_COUNTOF(_aBitmapItem_layer1);i++)
{
GUI_DrawBitmap(_aBitmapItem_layer1[i].pBitmap,
_aBitmapItem_layer1[i].x,_aBitmapItem_layer1[i].y);
}
}
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2.2 使用VS
使用VS开发应用程序
VS开发应用程序开发应用程序-VS调试工具运行
VS调试工具运行
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2.3 应用程序移植到STM32
应用程序移植到
2.3 应用程序移植到STM32
应用程序移植到
应用代码移植
STM32 MCU BSP移植
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应用代码移植
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将应用程序移植STM32
MCU开发平台
开发平台
将应用程序移植
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STM32 MCU BSP移植
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• 信息收集
• 目标平台的LCD控制器
• 了解目标平台的LCD类型
• 目标平台的内存配置
• 要用到的ROM/RAM大小，决定是否移植，部分移植还是全部移植
• 能否使用外扩RAM
• 目标平台的输入设备
• 了解目标平台的输入设备
• 触摸
• 鼠标
STemWin的驱动设置
- 从GUI_Init()开始
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将预先定义好的内存块的地址传给STemWin
并由其管理这块内存。这个内存块通常是一个
数组或者是一片连续的内存空间
这个内存块可以位于STM32的片上SRAM，
也可以位于外扩的SDRAM
STemWin集成了很多LCD控制器，要根据所使
用的LCD控制器进行驱动选择
设定应用需要的虚拟屏幕的分辨率，虚拟屏幕
的分辨率可以不同于LCD屏的物理分辨率
设定LCD屏的物理分辨率
设定MCU提供的显存入口地址，如果显存在
LCD上则不需要设定
触摸设备校准及方向设置，可以在STemWin中
填写，也可以在BSP中完成
应用程序只需要调用GUI_Init()初始化
显示驱动回调函数，一个任务是使显示开始工
作，其他要求执行硬件相关的操作如开显示启，
关闭显示，设定显示位置等。如果LCD不支持
这些操作，则不用处理这些操作。
调试运行
试运行
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STemWin介绍
使用STemWin开发一个产品
STemWin开发资源
开发资源获取
• PC端
端开发工具集
• VisualStudio2010
• SeggerEval_WIN32_MSVC_MinGW_GUI_V524
• STM32开发工具集
开发工具集
• IAR/KEIL
• STemWin 例程库
目录下包含了一些小工具）
例程库（Tools目录下包含了一些小工具
目录下包含了一些小工具）
http://www.st.com/web/catalog/tools/FM147/CL1794/SC961/SS1743/LN1734/PF259225
• 文档资源
• STemWin 例程库（
目录下）
例程库（Documents目
• 图像处理软件(举例
像处理软件 举例)
举例
• GIMP(图像处理软件
图像处理软件)
图像处理软件
• IconWorkshop(图标处理工具
图标处理工具)
图标处理工具
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更多资料敬请访问ST官方网站
www.st.com/stm32
www.stmcu.com.cn
www.stmcu.org