Geotextiles and construction textiles

Centexbel PatentAlert 4-2010

Geotextiles and construction textiles

POOL COVER FABRIC CONTAINING ALGAECIDE

AND/OR BACTERICIDE TO REDUCE

ALGAE/BACTERIA GROWTH

WO2008048868

PROPEX INC

A woven fabric pool cover has an antimicrobial agent that reduces/prevents the growth of microbes on the pool cover and in the water of a swimming pool covered by the cover. The fabric cover may be woven from polyolefin extruded monofilaments, and/or fibrillated tape yarns where the yarns have an antimicrobial agent added during the yarn extrusion process or added to fabric formed by the yarns. The fabric may be woven from traditional polyolefin extruded monofilaments, and/or fibrillated tape yarns before the resulting fabric is treated with a antimicrobial agent. Such treatment may involve spraying a solution onto the fabric or also dipping, soaking, or padding the fabric into the treating solution.; The antimicrobial agent may form a zone of inhibition around the yarns and may seep out of the fabric to form zones of inhibition in the surrounding environment, like on the cover and/or in swimming pool water.

FLAME RESISTANT FIBER BLENDS, FIRE AND HEAT BARRIER FABRICS AND RELATED

PROCESSES

WO2007061423

PROPEX GEOSOLUTIONS CORP

A flame resistant (FR) fiber blend comprises amorphous silica fibers; and at least one fiber selected from the group consisting of FR fibers, binder fibers and mixtures thereof. A barrier fabric, manufactured from a blend of fibers comprises amorphous silica fibers; and at least one fiber selected from the group consisting of flame resistant (FR) fibers, binder fibers and mixtures thereof. A flame resistant fabric, manufactured from a blend of fibers comprises amorphous silica fibers; and at least one fiber selected from the group consisting of flame resistant (FR) fibers, binder fibers and mixtures thereof. A process for protecting materials in a product from fire and heat comprises assembling a flame resistant fabric adjacent to at least one component that comprises a material susceptible to damage due to exposure to fire and heat, occasioned by exposure to open flames.

PYRAMIDAL FABRICS HAVING MULTI-LOBE FILAMENT YARNS AND METHOD FOR EROSION CONTROL

WO2007067833

PROPEX GEOSOLUTIONS CORP

A pyramidal geotextile fabric comprising two sets of multi-lobe filament yarns interwoven in substantially perpendicular direction to each other, each of the multi-lobe filament yarns having pre-determined, different heat shrinkage characteristics such that, upon heating, the fabric forms a three- dimensional, cuspated profile. A method of stabilizing soil and reinforcing vegetation comprises the steps of placing a three-dimensional, high-profile woven fabric into soil, wherein the fabric comprises two sets of multi-lobe filament yarns interwoven in substantially perpendicular direction to each other, each of the multi-lobe filament yarns having pre-determined, different heat shrinkage characteristics such that, upon heating, the fabric forms a three-dimensional, cuspated profile; securing the fabric to the ground; and, distributing soil and seed onto the fabric such that the section of ground is quickly revegetated and thereby protected from further erosion page 1 of 16



DRAINAGE-PROMOTING WRAP FOR AN EXTERIOR WALL OR ROOF OF A BUILDING

US2009320399 (A1)

2009-12-31

BENJAMIN OBDYKE INC [US]; COLBOND INC [US] + (BENJAMIN OBDYKE

INCORPORATED; COLBOND, INC)

A drainage-promoting wrap includes an elongate web of a weather-resistive membrane and a series of separate, laterally spaced-apart, elongate filament spacers bonded to a face of the membrane. The filaments are preferably extruded polymeric filaments and have depressions formed therein providing transverse drainage paths across the filaments. Preferably, the filaments extend substantially parallel to each other and to a longitudinal axis of the elongate membrane. In addition, preferably the membrane is made of a polymeric material so that the filaments are thermally bonded to the face of the membrane. Wall and roof assemblies utilizing the wrap and methods of making the wrap are provided.

SOUND INSULATION LAYER FOR CORRUGATED DECKING FLOORING SYSTEM

WO2008147998 (A1)

2008-12-04

MAXXON CORP [US]; COLBOND INC [US]; GILES PATRICK HENRY [US]; MCCORSLEY CLARENCE CURTIS III [US]

+ (MAXXON CORPORATION; COLBOND, INC; GILES, PATRICK, HENRY;

MCCORSLEY, CLARENCE, CURTIS, III)

The invention includes a corrugated decking flooring system. The corrugated decking flooring system can include a corrugated deck (20) having at least two flutes (30) and a trough (40) between the flutes. A sound insulation layer (50) generally conformal with both the flutes and the troughs of the corrugated deck can be provided. An underlayment layer can be provided over the sound insulation layer.

HEAT EXCHANGER

WO2007147562 (A1)

2007-12-27

COLBOND B V [NL]; MEIJER WIM [NL]; GEVERS DEYNOOT WILLEM ALEXANDE [NL] + (COLBOND B.V; MEIJER,

WIM; GEVERS DEYNOOT, WILLEM, ALEXANDER)

A heat exchanger is suggested for fluids comprising each an inlet and an outlet for a fluid to be heated up and for a fluid to be cooled down, at least one heat-up chamber and at least one cooling chamber, wherein the chambers are separated by a means to carry out heat transfer there between and wherein at least one of the chambers comprises a spacer, characterized in that the spacer comprises a three-dimensional mat from thermoplastic filaments, which mat has an open and random structure, and which filaments are bonded at least partly at their crossing points and which mat creates micro turbulence in the flow of fluid to increase efficiency of heat exchange between the two flows of fluid. page 2 of 16



SEWAGE PURIFICATION SYSTEM

JP2009022907 (A)

2009-02-05

CHUGOKU ELECTRIC POWER + (CHUGOKU ELECTRIC POWER CO INC:THE)

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a sewage purification system which can suppress clogging of a filter and has excellent filtration efficiency. ; SOLUTION: A polymeric microfilter filtering sewage comprises a porous layer 2 having a scrum structure formed by a porous resin 15 impregnated into a fibrous layer of nonwoven fabric and integrated with the nonwoven fabric, independent nuclear spaces 15a which are nuclei of a porous space, and continuous microspaces 15b making a plurality of the independent nuclear spaces communicate with one another. A part of fibers 10 of the nonwoven fabric are made to protrude into the inside of the continuous microspaces 15b. An average fiber diameter d<SB>1</SB>of the nonwoven fabric is made smaller than an average hole diameter d<SB>2</SB>of the continuous microspaces 15b. Fine particles 16 contained in the sewage are caught by the fibers protruding into the continuous microspaces 15b to be prevented from further entering the porous layer 2. ;

COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPI

INFLATABLE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR DOCKS

CA2672456 (A1)

2010-01-16

TURCOT JEAN-MARC D [CA] + (TURCOT, JEAN-MARC D)

An inflatable dock protection system includes a plurality of adjacent inflatable tubes mounted to each other in closely adjacent parallel. arrays. The array may be disposed either horizontally, vertically, or inclined therebetween. Each inflatable tube in the array includes at least one inflatable inner tube journalled snugly within an oute r flexible fabric sleeve. The outer sleeves of each tube and the entire array may be formed by front and back fabric sheets stitched along substantially parallel and spaced apart stitch lines or otherwise formed as seam-lines so as to define fabric sleeves therebetween into the inner sleeves of which may be inserted the inflatable inner tubes, and the outermost sleeves of which may be used as mounting flanges for mounting the array to a dock so that the array provides a resilient bumper for water-craft mooring along side the dock.

CELLULAR STRUCTURES

WO2009112840 (A1)

2009-09-17

TERRAM LTD [GB]; WALMSLEY WILLIAM W [GB]; THOMAS BASIL JOHN

+ (TERRAM LIMITED; WALMSLEY, WILLIAM, W; THOMAS, BASIL, JOHN)

A cellular structure (18) comprises a plurality of interconnected cells of fabric material. The cells are at least partially filled with a composite fill material comprising a particulate material and a bonding agent. A cellular unit (20) made up of a plurality of the interconnected cells may have an associated load-bearing frame (22) to enable lifting and/or transportation of the structure (18). The fill material is preferably resilient.

EARTH WORK MOULD BAG

CN201292519 (Y)

2009-08-19

MING LIU [CN] + (LIU MING)

The utility model relates to a geotechnical fabric bag which belongs to the field of building material of civil engineering. The geotechnical fabric bag comprises an external hanging reinforcement bag and an internal hanging reinforcement bag with the same length, two annular end parts formed by the external hanging reinforcement bag and the internal hanging reinforcement bag are closed by bag woven fabrics, a middle annular part is provided with a hanging reinforcement rope which fixes the external hanging reinforcement bag and the internal hanging reinforcement bag at equal interval, and the geotechnical bag is provided with a bag mouth from which fillings are filled into the middle annular part. The structure of the geotechnical fabric bag is formed in such a way that concrete or cement mortar is injected into the fabric bag by a high pressure pump, and the concrete or the cement mortar after concretion forms the structure which has certain strength and can meet engineering requirements. The geotechnical fabric bag is formed by one-step spray irrigation with simple page 3 of 16


Geotextiles and construction textiles construction and little time. The utility model has the advantages of direct underwater construction, high degree of mechanization, strong integrity, high stability, long service life and certain water permeability. After the concrete or the cement mortar is filled, the redundant moisture is seeped through fabric gaps, thereby reducing the watercement ratio, increasing the solidifying speed of the concrete and increasing the compressive strength of the concrete.

SEEPAGE CONTROL SHEET

JP2009179942 (A)

2009-08-13

IZUMI KK + (IZUMI-COSMO CO LTD)

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a seepage control sheet with secure imperviousness to water, which can be easily laid on a slope face. ; SOLUTION: This seepage control sheet 1 is constituted by superposing two inside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabrics20 which are seamed together in the state of sandwiching a dispersedly-arranged superabsorbent resin 11 in between, a resin layer 30 which is made of a thermoplastic resin material and used for covering an outside surface of the inside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabric20, and an outside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabrics 40 for covering an outside surface of the resin layer 30. The two inside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabrics20 (20a and20b) are seamed together by a needle punch: the resin layer 30 is bonded to the outer surface of the inside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabric20 by heat seal; and the outside continuous-fiber nonwoven fabrics 40 is bonded to the outer surface of the resin layer 30 by heat seal. ; COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RESERVOIR DIVISION DREDGING

CN101392510 (A)

2009-03-25

TONGHONG WANG [CN] + (WANG TONGHONG)

The invention relates to a reservoir isolate desilting method and device. The device comprises a primary pile, at least one secondary pile arranged at two sides of the primary pile, and a filtration fabric arranged between the secondary pile and the primary pile, wherein the primary pile and the secondary pile are provided with matching connection holes respectively and are connected by a pin, the filtration fabric is also provided with a through hole for the pin to pass through to fix the filtration fabric between the primary pile and the secondary pile. A pressure foot is arranged at the bottom of the secondary pile. The method comprises the following steps: defining a bound for isolate desilting, arranging a plurality of primary piles at intervals along the bound, arranging at least one secondary pile at two sides of each primary piles to form a combined pile, connecting the combined piles with filtration fabrics which are clamped between the primary piles and the secondary piles, and finally desilting the isolated area. The method and device can effectively avoid muddy water and carry out simple construction.

FLOOD DEFENCE SYSTEM

GB2452726 (A)

2009-03-18

WALCH RICHARD JEFFERY [GB] + (RICHARD JEFFERY WALCH)

A flood defence system 10 for a building 14 comprises an elongate channel member20 adapted to be fastened to the exterior of the building 14 and a waterproof barrier including waterproof fabric 12 for wrapping around the building. An elongate flexible member 18 may be attached to the waterproof fabric in a waterproof connection and is adapted to be received and retained in the channel member20 to form a substantially waterproof joint. The channel member20 and waterproof barrier can be fitted around an entire building. A valve

(36, Figs 3 and 4) may be provided to prevent backflow through the drains into the building.

Sensor fiber-integrated textile system for reinforcement and monitoring of state of embankments and slopes, geotechnical earthworks, e.g. roads and railway lines, dikes, comprises textile fabric and integrated fiber optic sensor page 4 of 16



DE102007032351 (A1)

2009-01-15

SAECHSISCHES TEXTILFORSCH INST [DE] + (SAECHSISCHES

TEXTILFORSCHUNGSINSTITUT E.V)

The sensor-integrated fiber textile comprises a textile fabric and an integrated fiber optic sensor on glass or polymer base. Composite structure and reinforcement, and continuously distributed measurement of mechanical and physical variables are realized on the basis of optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) measurement method. An independent claim is also included for a method for producing a sensor-integrated fiber textile, which involves utilizing a textile fabric and an integrated fiber optic sensor on glass or polymer base

IMPREGNATED FABRIC

GB2455008 (A)

2009-06-03

CONCRETE CANVAS LTD [GB] + (CONCRETE CANVAS LTD)

The invention provides a knitted spacer fabric having a tightly knitted bottom layer (10), a more loosely knitted upper layer (12) and pile yarns

(14) extending across the space (16) between the lower and upper faces

(10, 12). Settable material, e.g. cement, is introduced into the space (16) between the upper and lower faces and can be caused to set by the addition of a liquid, e.g. water. Until set, the fabric is flexible and can be shaped but after the material in space (16) has set, the fabric is rigid and can be used as a structural element in a wide range of situations, e.g. to form a cover of a prefabricated shelter, a track-way for vehicles, pedestrians or animals; a shelter by applying the fabric to a framework; formwork for casting concrete; barriers, e.g. to line tunnels; to repair structures, e.g. roofs; to form floors or damp proof structures; to reinforce earth structures, e.g. river banks; to provide flood defences; or to repair existing pipes, including buried water pipes or to construct new pipes.

SHORE BARRIER CAPABLE OF PLANTING AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD USING THEREOF

KR20090060967 (A)

PARK HYUNG SU [KR]; LEE KWAN CHOON [KR] + (PARK, HYUNG SU; LEE, KWAN CHOON)

A vegetation revetment material and a construction method using the same are provided to improve resistances against erosion by flux and scour, facilitate the construction, and improve planting density of vegetation revetment material. A vegetative revetment material(1) comprises a fiber yarn part(10) in which multiple strands of fiber yarn are entangled and a plurality of vegetation holes(11) are formed to implant vegetation plants(30), a mesh part(20) that surrounds the fiber yarn part, and a flat part(40) which is formed on the top and bottom of the fiber yarn part and the mesh part.

METHOD FOR MONITORING OIL, WATER WELL SLEEVE AXIAL STRAIN BY USING OPTICAL FIBRE BRILLOUIN

SENSOR

CN101397902 (A)

2009-04-01

DAQING OIL FIELD CO LTD [CN] + (DAQING OIL FIELD CO., LTD)

The invention relates to a method for monitoring the axial strain of an oil and water well casing by applying

Brilliouin optical-fiber sensors, which mainly solves the problems existing in the prior art that the conventional electronic sensor can not monitor the casing erosion points of the whole well and is difficult to adapt the poor conditions in the well and the like. The method is characterized in that: the Brilliouin optical-fiber sensors encapsulated by fiber reinforced resin are put into the well with the single oil and water well casing and axially arranged along an oil and water well casing string; a monitoring cable in the well relatively close to the ground is connected with the Brilliouin optical-fiber sensors; the other end of the monitoring cable is connected with an optical-fiber strain analysis meter that is provided with a laser source to generate signals; as the Brilliouin opticalfiber sensors are axially arranged along the oil and water well casing string and deform together with the oil and water well casing string, the deformation amount Delta Epsilon of the Brilliouin optical-fiber sensors is the axial deformation amount of the oil and water well casing string. The method is characterized by being capable of monitoring the casing erosion points of the whole well. page 5 of 16



GEO-TEXTILE FOR SHORE PROTECTION

KR100886826 (B1)

2009-03-04

JANGSUNG IND CO LTD [KR] + (JANGSUNG INDUSTRIES CO., LTD)

Geo-textile for shore protection is provided to prevent erosion according to difference of flux by planting natural lawn grass, vegetation group, flowering grass or timber or sowing seed after soil is filled in the geo-textile formed in three dimensions. Geo-textile for shore protection includes an upper layer(110) composed of a hexagon network structure, a lower layer(130) same with the upper layer and a plurality of connectives(150) connecting the upper layer and the lower layer. Height between the upper layer and the lower layer is 10 to

100mm. The Geo-textile is double raschel knitting form consisting of fiber yarn which is 50 to 500 deniers. The fiber yarn is selected from a group consisting of polyolefin-group, polyester group, polyamide group, polyimide group, polysulfone group, fluorine resin and a their mixture.

PLANTING MAT FOR AFFORESTATION OF INCLINED PLANE

KR100878797 (B1)

2009-01-15

DONGBU ENGINEERING CO LTD [KR] + (DONGBU ENGINEERING

A vegetation mat for slope revegetation is provided to prevent the outflow and erosion of soil and to promote the germination and growth of seeds, and to maintain the outflow of fertilizer for a long time, thereby to promote the growth of plants for a long term. A vegetation mat(100) for slope revegetation comprises a vegetation sheet layer(10) formed by mixing seeds, soil conditioner and adhesives evenly and applying on a water-soluble sheet made of one of Korean paper, pulp and non-woven fabrics, and then attaching a water-soluble sheet on the upper part and compressing, a fertilizer net layer(20) composed of a vegetable fiber net made of one of jute or coconut fiber and many fertilizer pipes filled with slow-release fertilizer and sewed in a vertical direction on the vegetable fiber net, and piled on the vegetation sheet layer, a protection net layer(30); piled on the lower part to protect the vegetation sheet layer, and a PP net layer(40) made of polypropylene material piled on the fertilizer net layer.

DOUBLE-POINT LINING CLOTH FOR PREVENTING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

CN101433383 (A)

2009-05-20

GUANGHUA LI [CN] + (LI GUANGHUA)

The invention relates to lining cloth. The lining cloth is characterized in that the lining cloth is prepared through spraying a layer of a special sizing agent on poplin which has high count yarn and high density and contains ultrathin stainless steel fiber; and the sizing agent is prepared through mixing a denetting agent, a dispersant, a defoaming agent, a lubricant, a thickening agent, a condensate and water according to certain proportion. The lining cloth comprises the following technological steps: step one, concocting the sizing agent concocted, as well as evenly blending and dispersing the sizing agent; step two, according to the size of the distance between meshes and aperture, performing slurry dotting on a net; step three, powdering; step four, checkup and coiling; and step five, packaging. On the basis of the prior poplin which has the high count yarn and the high density and contains the ultrathin stainless steel fiber, the lining cloth with the technical proposal adopts a process of slurry dotting and powdering; the prepared special sizing agent is sprayed on the stainless steel fiber poplin to form the lining cloth for preventing electromagnetic radiation so that the lining cloth is widely applied and has excellent effect of preventing electromagnetic radiation; according to testing, the screening efficiency of the lining cloth is 34.77dB at 10GHZ frequency; and the lining cloth also has the advantages the lining cloth is soft and comfortable to wear, has good air permeability and resists washing, creasing, wearing and erosion.

A MATRIX FABRIC SHEET FOR DEFENDING EROSION AND INUNDATION

KR100886725 (B1)

2009-03-04

SUNGMU E & C CORP LTD [KR] + (SUNGMU E&C CORP., LTD)

A fiber sheet mold for the water film is provide to reduce the failure rate remarkably since there is no concern which the single layer is generated. A fiber sheet mold for the water film comprises a lower fiber(110) contacting to the slope, an upper fiber(120) in which the molding material is charged between the lower part fiber, a binder fiber which is installed between the lower fiber and upper fiber and which connects the lower fiber and upper fiber. page 6 of 16



WATER FILTRATION AND EROSION CONTROL SYSTEM AND METHOD

US2009047076 (A1)

2009-02-19

An erosion control system and method wherein a fabric filter bag is embedded with and/or filled with a flocculating polymer and is positioned on a sloping soil surface to dam and pond water flowing thereacross for settling of the particles in the water, and as the ponding water seeps into the bag the colloidal particles will be filtered or agglomerated for settling. The water then passes through and out of the bag and is further subjected to agglomeration and filtering by a skirt of filter material also impregnated with flocculating polymer, said skirt being anchored to the bag or stacked to maintain the position adjacent and downslope from the bag.

ECOLOGICAL PROTECTION CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOR COVERING LAYER ACCUMULATION BODY SLOPE

CN101487264 (A)

2009-07-22

CHINA GEZHOUBA GROUP CO LTD [CN] + (CHINA GEZHOUBA GROUP CO., LTD)

An overburden-layer accumulation slope ecological protection construction method includes the steps of: preserving the slope surface vegetation to take the vegetation roots as a significant part of the overburden-layer accumulation slope protection; arranging a flexible protection net on the slope; anchoring arc stones on the slope; laying a reinforcement fabric on the accumulation surface without vegetation on the slope and spraying the concrete for reinforcement; arranging an intercepting ditch on the surface of the accumulation; drilling a grouting anchor rod on the surface of the accumulation for reinforcement by grouting. The invention takes the vegetation roots as a significant part of the overburden-layer accumulation slope protection so as to fully make use of the stabilizing function of the surface vegetation roots in the in early time of slope protection and provide a supporting point for the accumulation slope reinforcement; then comprehensive methods of the interception, spraying, anchoring, suspension and grouting and the like are adopted to carry out the three-dimensional ecological protection from space to ground for the overburden-layer accumulation so as to guarantee the stability of the overburden-layer accumulation slope and lay a good foundation for the smooth construction of engineering of hydropower stations, etc.

A DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR LANDFILL

KR100908224 (B1)

2009-07-20

JA CON CO LTD [KR]; JUKAM CONSTRUCTION CO LTD [KR] + (JA CON. CO., LTD; JUKAM CONSTRUCTION

CO., LTD)

A drain structure of a landfill is provided to prevent the landfill from being wholly damaged by increasing the friction about the slope, and to relieve the pressurized load. A drain structure for a landfill is composed of a water barrier(110) composed of a flat plate portion contacting to the slope(g) and embossed units, a non-woven fabric layer(120) contacting with the upper part of the embossed unit of the water barrier, and an attachment device for increasing the friction about the slope and preventing slip. A space is formed by the embossed unit of the barrier, and the barrier is structurally protected by relieving the pressurized load of the barrier with elasticity of the barrier.

WOVEN GEOSYNTHETIC FABRIC WITH DIFFERENTIAL WICKING CAPABILITY

US2009245936 (A1)

2009-10-01

JONES DAVID M [US]; HARVIE WILSON [US]; KING KEVIN [US]; JOHNS BRETT ALBERT [US] + (JONES DAVID M;

HARVIE WILSON; KING KEVIN; JOHNS BRETT ALBERT)

The present invention is directed to a geosynthetic wicking fabric for transporting water from beneath pavement structures to reduce or prevent damaged caused by frost heave and thaw. Further, the present invention is directed to a wicking drainage system employing the wicking fabric page 7 of 16



HIGH PERFORMANCE GEOSYNTHETIC ARTICLE

US2009169803 (A1)

2009-07-02

PRS MEDITERRANEAN LTD [IL] + (PRS MEDITERRANEAN LTD)

Geotechnical article, and process for making it, the article having coefficient of thermal expansion less than about 150 ppm/ DEG C. at ambient; resistance to acidic media greater than polyamide 6 resin and/or resistance to basic media greater than PET resin; resistance to hydrocarbons greater than that of HDPE; creep modulus of at least 400 MPa at 25 DEG C., at20% of yield stress load for

60 minutes (ISO 899-1); and 1 percent secant flexural modulus at least 700 MPa at 25 DEG C. (ASTM D790); the article including a composition including (a) from about 1 to about 95% by weight of the composition of at least one functional group containing polymer or oligomer; and (b) from about 5 to about 99% by weight of the composition of at least one engineering thermoplastic, and optionally containing a filler and optionally containing an unmodified polyolefin, ethylene copolymer or ethylene terpolymer

HIGH PERFORMANCE GEOSYNTHETIC ARTICLE

KR20090028500 (A)

2009-03-18

PRS MEDITERRANEAN LTD [IL] + (PRS MEDITERRANEAN LTD)

Geotechnical article, and process for making it, the article having coefficient of thermal expansion less than about

150 ppm/ DEG C at ambient; resistance to acidic media greater than polyamide 6 resin and/or resistance to basic media greater than PET resin; resistance to hydrocarbons greater than that of HDPE; creep modulus of at least 400 MPa at 25 DEG C, at20% of yield stress load for 60 minutes (ISO 899-1); and 1 percent secant flexural modulus at least 700 MPa at 25 DEG C (ASTM D790); the article including a composition including (a) from about 1 to about 95% by weight of the composition of at least one functional group containing polymer or oligomer; and (b) from about 5 to about 99% by weight of the composition of at least one engineering thermoplastic, and optionally containing a filler and optionally containing an unmodified polyolefin, ethylene copolymer or ethylene terpolymer

COMPOSITE REINFORCEMENT OR GEOTEXTILE PRODUCT AND ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS

US2010029154 (A1)

2010-02-04

MDB TEXINOV SA [FR] + (MDB TEXINOV SA)

A composite geotextile or construction product for reinforcing a stratum of concrete or of bitumen comprises at least one reinforcing grid consisting of yarns which are mechanically strong in the warp and/or weft directions. It further comprises at least one layer of an openwork textile produced by weaving or knitting, the openwork textile having openings that are smaller than those of the meshes of the grid, the openwork textile being knitted with the grid by means of at least one knitting yarn, in order to obtain a substantial miscibility of the concrete or the bitumen in the composite textile product

GEOTEXTILE TUBE WITH FLAT ENDS.

MX2009001624 (A)

2009-08-31

NICOLON CORP [US] + (NICOLON CORPORATION)

A flexible water-permeable geotextile tube having flat ends when filled with fill material. The tube has separate end panels that are attached to a tube body at the tube body's opposing ends. In one embodiment of this invention, the separate end panels are configured to have the same shape as that of a cross-section of the tube body when the tube body is filled and installed. The cross section of the tube body may be determined before installation by determining the relationship between the height, circumference, the fill material, and the surrounding environment into which the tube is planned to be installed. page 8 of 16



MODULAR VEGETATION CONTAINING ROOF ELEMENT

GB2461314 (A)

2009-12-30

GRASS CONCRETE LTD [GB] + (GRASS CONCRETE LIMITED)

A modular green roof building element has peripheral walls 2, 3, 4, 5 which contain a growing medium in which vegetation of the green roof can grow and a floor comprising a membrane 10 which is water permeable but impermeable to the growing medium so that water can drain through the growing medium out and out through the water permeable floor. The roof building element has sub dividing walls 6 so as to define cells 7 for retaining the growing medium. The water permeable membrane may comprise a geotextile of nonwoven polyester or polypropylene. The sub dividing walls may have flanges 8 at the base, to which the floor is attached, so that the cells are effectively cop shaped with a bole 9 in the bottom underneath which is the membrane 10. To make a green roof, a number of modulargreen roof building elements are positioned next to each other on the roof the modules may have legs attached so that the module is spaced away from the roof.

CONTAMINANT-REACTIVE GEOCOMPOSITE MAT AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AND USE

US2009208290 (A1)

2009-08-20

AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORP [US] + (AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION)

Reactive geocomposite mats, and their method of manufacture, for treating contaminants in sediment, soil or water that allow the passage of essentially non-contaminated water therethrough. The geocomposite mat includes a pre-formed woven or non-woven geotextile, that is needlepunched to an outer geotextile sheet layer to provide a high loft, structurally secured, pre-formed geotextile having a thickness of about 6 mm to about200 mm, and having, a porosity sufficient to receive a powdered or granular contaminant-reactive material, contaminant-sorptive material, or a contaminantneutralizing material (hereinafter collectively referred to as "contaminant-reactant material" or "contaminantreactive material") throughout its thickness, or in any portion of the thickness across its entire major surface(s). The powdered or granular contaminant-reactive material is disposed within the pores of the previously formed, high loft geotextile mat to surround the fibers, e.g., by vacuum or vibrating the high loft mat while in contact with the contaminant-reactive material to allow the powdered or granular contaminant-reactive material to flow by gravity into the pores of the previously formed, needlepunched geotextile. A liquid-permeable outer geotextile sheet then is secured to the filled geotextile, preferably by heating upwardly extending fibers of the pre-formed geotextile mat to prevent the powdered or granular material from escaping from the geotextile during transportation and installation page 9 of 16



GEOTEXTILE MAT

AU2009201621 (A1)

2009-11-12

ISMAN MAURICE + (MAURICE ISMAN)

RECYCLED ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTS + (RECYCLED ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTS PTY. LTD)

RAIN ACTIVATED MINERAL FILTRATION BAG AND METHOD

US2009249676 (A1)

2009-10-08

DAVIS DONALD D [US]; DAVIS KELLI F [US] + (DAVIS DONALD D; DAVIS KELLI

F)

The mineral and salts dispensing system is a filtration bag designed out of high strength woven geotextile fabric that is intended to filter fresh minerals/salt to the ground for deer, elk, or other animal consumption. The bag's functionality should last 2-3 years with normal use as it is UV stabilized to resist biodegrading; it is refillable with ease of installation and a cost-effective customizable solution for hunters.

SEDIMENT BARRIER

US2009257827 (A1)

2009-10-15

WILSON KEN [US] + (WILSON KEN)

An apparatus and method for controlling water flow, soil erosion, and/or sediment flow in and around a construction site. The apparatus includes a three-dimensional, water-permeable polypropylene filled geotextile pocket that is secured to the ground with a supporting structure. The apparatus includes a tail portion that is placed flat against the ground, facing upstream against the direction of water flow. The tail portion can be secured with pins that provide protection against movement of the tail portion and reduce an amount of sediment passing under the apparatus. page 10 of 16



LONG/SHORT FIBER DUAL-PURPOSE GEOTEXTILE PRODUCT LINE

CN101487170 (A)

2009-07-22

JINGLIAN SHAN [CN] + (SHAN JINGLIAN)

The invention provides a geo-technical fabric production line used for long fibers and short fibers, which consists of a frame, a power device, a transmission chain, a supporting surface, a cross lapper and a heating device and is characterized in that: the cross lapper is cross and bidirectional; two ends of the cross lapper are respectively provided with an idler wheel; the two idler wheels are respectively driven by two motors; the cross lapper at one end is the filament spunbonded equipment; the external side of the cross lapper is provided with the heating device; a device where the lapping can be carried out at two ends is arranged; the geo-technical fabric production line machine has the advantages that the machine has multiple functions; and the wide-breadth longfabric geo-technical product can be obtained with few investment, the structure is simple, the quality of the product is stable, and the like.

SOUND INSULATION AND SIDE ENCLOSURE FOR THE BULKHEAD BODY FOR RAIL ASSEMBLIES OF RAIL-BOUND

VEHICLES

EP2083120 (A2)

2009-07-29

DEUTSCHE BAHN AG [DE] + (DEUTSCHE BAHN AG)

The device has a gabion in adjacent proximity of the track, which is filled with crushed stones and lies on a sub-structure protective layer. The height of a gabion under adherence with a small space profile exceeds over track elevation. A sub ballast mat (1) is arranged under ballasted track, where the sub ballast mat is made of geotextile or an elastomeric layer

CONTAINMENT STRUCTURE

US2009169311 (A1)

2009-07-02

SHARLEY PAUL [GB]; THOMAS BASIL [GB] + (SHARLEY PAUL; THOMAS BASIL)

A particulate material containment structure and a method of manufacturing such a structure are provided herein. The structure may comprise an open-cell matrix and an intermediary composite comprising particulate material retained in a support matrix, wherein the intermediary composite is retained within the open-cell matrix. In various embodiments, the structure may comprise at least one textile layer, such as a geotextile layer. The present invention has particular application in preventing the phenomenon known as pumping erosion.

STRESS-RELIEVING BARRIER MEMBRANE FOR CONCRETE SLABS AND

FOUNDATION WALLS

US2009159177 (A1)

2009-06-25

POLYGUARD PRODUCTS INC + (POLYGUARD PRODUCTS, INC)

A composite membrane comprising a layer of rubberized asphalt having a heavy duty plastic film layer continuously bonded to one side and, optionally, a layer of nonwoven geotextile continuously bonded to the other side. The membrane can be used in vertical or horizontal applications, and is particularly useful for its stress-relief properties that resist crack formation and propagation in concrete walls and slabs in addition to serving as a barrier to moisture, toxic substances and insects. An appropriate composite membrane of the invention can be advantageously utilized in positive side, blindside, underslab or split slab applications. The thickness of the composite membrane preferably ranges from about 30 mils to about 150 mils page 11 of 16



GEOTEXTILE COMPOSITE FOR FILTRATION OF CONTAMINATED LIQUIDS AND SEDIMENTS AND METHODS OF

USING SAME

WO2009061366 (A1)

2009-05-14

HUESKER INC [US]; CRONIA FORREST E [US]; GALLAMORE CAMERON B [US];

LOTHSPEICH STEVEN E [US] + (HUESKER, INC; CRONIA, FORREST, E;

GALLAMORE, CAMERON, B; LOTHSPEICH, STEVEN, E)

Geotextile composite configured to filter liquids. The geotextil composites include a pre-filter layer, a post-filter layer and at least tw intermediate filter layers disposed between the pre-filter layer and the post-filte layer. At least one fibrous web that includes composite fibers and adsorptive particulates is disposed between the at least two intermediate filters. The fibrous web has a structural component, and a thermally-bondable, polymeric component

JOINTING STRUCTURE OF GEOTEXTILE FOR TENDER PONDSIDE AND JOINTING MATHOD OF THE SAME

KR100893699 (B1)

2009-04-15

SINA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CO [KR]; CHOI GWI BONG [KR]; CHOI JAE HO [KR] + (SINA CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY CO., LTD; CHOI, GWI BONG; CHOI, JAE HO)

A jointing structure of geotextile for a tender pondside and a jointing method of the same are provided to prevent failure factors by uniting a sewing yarn with an adhesive into one body even though the sewing yarn is cut or shortened. A jointing structure of geotextile for a tender pondside comprises the followings: a connection part(10a) overlapped to one side at least one or over on a plurality of cut textile(10); a bonding layer(20) manufactured by spraying an adhesive on the connection part with constant thickness after performing a bias process; and a stitch sequence(30) manufactured by injecting the adhesive on a gap between the sewing yarn and the pinhole.

GEOTEXTILE TUBE

US2009129866 (A1)

2009-05-21

FLINT IND INC [US] + (FLINT INDUSTRIES, INC)

A geotextile tube is provided. The geotextile tube includes a first sheet and second sheet that both have first portions with a first weave pattern and second portions with a second weave pattern. The first portion of the first sheet covers a larger surface area than the second portion of the first sheet. Likewise, the first portion of the second sheet covers a larger surface area than the second portion of the second sheet. A seam contacts and attaches the second portion of the first sheet to the second portion of the second sheet.

SELF HEALING SALT WATER BARRIER

WO2009067286 (A1)

2009-05-28

AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORP [US]; BEIHOFFER THOMAS W [US]; LARIONOVA NATALIYA V [US]; MOSIEWICZ

MAREK R [US] + (AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION; BEIHOFFER, THOMAS, W; LARIONOVA, NATALIYA,

V; MOSIEWICZ, MAREK, R)

Geocomposite articles that can provide a barrier against high conductivity water e.g., ocean water, are described and their method of manufacture, for waterproofing surfaces that contact high conductivity water. The geocomposite article mat includes a woven or nonwoven geotextile sheet or mat containing a powdered or granular partially cross-linked acrylamide/acrylate/acrylic acid copolymer across its entire major surface(s). The powdered or granular copolymer has an unexpectedly high free-swell when hydrated with High Conductivity water, such as ocean water. A liquid-impermeable cover sheet is adhered to the upper major surfaces of the filled copolymer-carrying geotextile to provide a primary high conductivity water barrier layer that, if ruptured, is sealed by the swell of an underlying layer of water-insoluble, partially cross-linked acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer page 12 of 16



MULTIPURPOSE MULCH BAG

CA2624386 (A1)

2009-09-11

KLAUS GEORGE A [CA] + (KLAUS, GEORGE A)

A bag made of geotextile landscape fabric that can be unfolded to be used as a mat of landscape fabric covered with mulch to create a vegetation barrier. The bag includes an easy to open fastener means located at the outer edges of a sheet of landsca pe fabric. The fastener means fastens a first portion of the landscape sheet to a second portion of the landscape sheet to form the inner cavity of a bag which is large enough to contain the appropriate amount of mulch to cover the sheet when unfolded into a mat.</SD OAB>

HEAT-SHIELDING SET FOR UNDERGROUND PIPELINE

RU2346199 (C1)

2009-02-10

MUKHAMETDINOV KHARIS KAS JANOV [RU] + (MUKHAMETDINOV KHARIS KAS'JANOVICH)

FIELD: construction, pipeline. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention is related to construction of pipeline transport and is used for installation of pipeline that transports product with negative or time-variant temperature under conditions of watered tundra and swamps of the North. Set comprises erosion-preventive, heat-shielding and protective screens. Heat-shielding screen is arranged in the form of rolled flexible cloth from heat insulation material. Length of heat shielding screen makes at least sum of the following dimensions - size of soil disturbed in process of pipeline installation and doubled depth of seasonal melted layer. Erosion-preventive screen is arranged in the form of rolled flexible cloth from geotextile material capable of surface water filtration. Erosion-preventive screen dimensions are not less than corresponding dimensions of heat-shielding screen. Protective screen is arranged in the form of low-sized geomodule set, cellular structure of which is filled by loose material, for instance, soil. Protective screen dimensions are not less than corresponding dimensions of heat-shielding screen. ^

EFFECT: provision of pipeline quality and reliability, prevention of environment ecology parameters disturbance in process of construction. ^ 7 cl

COMPOSITE GEOTEXTILE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING AND METHOD FOR

MAKING THE SAME

EP2079864 (A1)

2009-07-22


Ce géotextile composite est destiné à remplir des fonctions de génie civil. Il comporte au moins une nappe textile (401), et comprend en outre au moins un

élément de renfort (402, 403), tel qu'une grille ou des fils techniques, s'étendant selon une ou deux direction(s), ladite nappe textile (401) étant réalisée par tissage ou par tricotage de manière à présenter des propriétés de drainage, de filtration, de renforcement et/ou de séparation de sols.

GEONET FOR A GEOCOMPOSITE

US2009041544 (A1)

2009-02-12

RAMSEY BOYD J [US] + (RAMSEY BOYD J)

A geonet having a length substantially greater than its width and including no more than first and second layers of strands. A first plurality of substantially parallel strands extends in the lengthwise direction and defines the first layer of strands, and a second plurality of substantially parallel strands is disposed on top of, and at an angle relative to, the first plurality of strands and defines the second layer of strands. The first and second plurality of strands are substantially incompressible and secured to one another at crossover locations.

Geocomposites include geotextile bonded to at least one side of the geonet. The geonets/geocomposites are laid in geotechnical construction sites in the direction of expected drainage flow page 13 of 16



LAP AND REINFORCING MESH WITH THE INSERTION OF MINERAL FIBERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS

FR2932820 (A1)

2009-12-25


The threads, strands, or cords of said lap or said mesh are parallel in at least one direction and are each simultaneously composed of mineral fibers having low elongation (high modulus of elongation under stress) and an elongation at break value of 2 to 5%, and polymer fibers and/or natural origin fibers having a modulus of elongation under stress lower than that of the mineral fibers and an elongation at break value significantly higher than that of said mineral fibers, of 10 to20%.

GEOTEXTILE REINFORCING PRODUCT WITH CATCHING ELEMENTS

WO2007116175 (A1)

2007-10-18

PAUL [FR]; ARTIERES OLIVIER [FR] + (MDB TEXINOV SA; BIDIM

GEOSYNTHETICS; DUCOL, JEAN-PAUL; ARTIERES, OLIVIER)

This geotextile product (2) is intended to stabilize an expanse of land such as a slope, a road or a layer of ice. It comprises at least one knitted mesh

(23) into which is laid a plurality of threads with relief (21) provided with extensions intended to constitute projections (22) from the plane defined by said mesh, said projections being intended to increase the roughness and the surface area for catching onto the land that is to be stabilized.

THERMAL INSULATION PANEL FOR VERANDA OR GLAZED OPENING IN BUILDING COMPRISES TEXTILE LAYER

WITH KNITTED FILAMENTS TO WHICH REFLECTIVE ALUMINUM SLATS ARE ATTACHED

ES2308108 (T3)

2008-12-01

MDB TEXINOV SA + (MDB TEXINOV SA)

The thermal insulation panel (1) has one surface that reflects light radiation such as infrared radiation, and a textile backing layer (3). The reflective surface is made up of flat, transverse slats (2) of a material with a high reflective power, such as aluminum, held together by knitted bonding filaments (5) forming a non-reflective textile backing. The backing layer can be dyed or printed, and impregnated with resins for mechanical strength and fire-resistance.

METHOD FOR LOCATING AND MEASURING DEFORMATIONS IN A WORK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WO2005103606 (A1)

2005-11-03

BIDIM GEOSYNTHETICS [FR]; FIBER OPTIC SENSORS & SENSING [BE]; DELMAS PHILIPPE [FR]; NANCEY ALAIN

[FR]; VOET MARC [BE]; VLEKKEN JOHAN [BE]; SCHOUBS ELS [BE] + (BIDIM GEOSYNTHETICS; FIBER OPTIC

SENSORS & SENSING SYSTEMS; DELMAS, PHILIPPE; NANCEY, ALAIN; VOET, MARC; VLEKKEN, JOHAN;

SCHOUBS, ELS)

The invention relates to a method for locating deformations in a work of civil engineering, characterized by the fact at least one geosynthetic (1) is applied inside or below said work, said geosynthetic being provided with a plurality of parallel optical fibers (2a - 2e) which can transmit signals, wherein the optical fibers comprise regularly spaced Bragg networks (3) which are divided up into series(4) of consecutive N1 networks corresponding to the same wavelength, wherein said series are divided up into identical sets each comprising consecutive N2 series corresponding to different wavelengths, and by the fact that, in at least two optical fibers, numbers N1 of networks of a series and numbers N2 of series (4) of a set (5); are determined in such a way that by measuring the differences between the wavelengths of the incident light sent in each of the optical fibers and the wavelengths of the light reflected by the Bragg networks make it possible to locate the deformations undergone by the work and to measure the elongations of the optical fibers at the places of said deformations page 14 of 16



PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE APPLICATION OF AN ADJUVANT FOR TEXTILES DURING THE BONDING

OF GEOTEXTILE THROUGH THE HYDRAULIC BONDING PROCESS

AT454490 (T)

2010-01-15

TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS AUSTRIA [AT] + (TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS AUSTRIA GESELLSCHAFT M.B.H)

The auxiliary medium is dosed directly into the fluid used for hydrodynamic consolidation. An Independent claim is included for the corresponding geotextile

DEVICE, SYSTEM AND METHOD OF DETECTING AND LOCATING MALFUNCTIONS IN A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE,

AND A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE EQUIPPED WITH SAID DEVICE

KR20090101432 (A)

2009-09-28

TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS FRANCE [FR]; ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE [FR]; FIBER

OPTIC SENSORS & SENSING [BE]; UNIV JOSEPH FOURIER [FR] + (TENCATE

GEOSYNTHETICS FRANCE; ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE; FIBER OPTIC SENSORS &

SENSING SYSTEMS; UNIVERSITE JOSEPH FOURIER)

The invention relates to a device (10) for detecting and locating a fluid leak in a hydraulic structure, characterized in that it comprises a geotextile (12) provided with at least one optical fiber (14, 141, 142) in contact with said geotextile (12) and able to transmit a modified signal when the temperature varies. Application to leak detection and location in hydraulic structures

WOVEN GEOSYNTHETIC FABRIC WITH DIFFERENTIAL WICKING CAPABILITY

CA2651132 (A1)

2009-07-24

TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS NORTH AM [US] + (TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS NORTH AMERICA)

The present invention is directed to a geosynthetic wicking fabric for transporting water from beneath pavement structures to reduce or prevent damaged caused by fros t heave and thaw. Further, the present invention is directed to a wicking drainage system employing the wicking fabric.

METHOD FOR JOINING TWO FLEXIBLE GRIDS AND A FISH PEN MANUFACTURED

THEREFROM

AT427652 (T)

2009-04-15

TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS NETHERLA [NL] + (TENCATE GEOSYNTHETICS

NETHERLANDS B.V)

The invention relates to a method for joining two flexible grids, said grids comprising a woven netting coated with a thermoplastic material, said method comprising the steps of: - creating an overlapping area of at least an edge of a first grid and a second layer comprising compatible thermoplastic material; - heating the overlapping area in order to soften the thermoplastic material in the overlapping area; and - compressing the overlapping area

FIRE PARTITION

EP2143470 (A1)

2010-01-13

STOEBICH BRANDSCHUTZ GMBH [DE] + (STOEBICH BRANDSCHUTZ GMBH)

The partition has a textile strip (40) made of a fire protection textile, and is carried in a compact storage arrangement and a partition arrangement. The textile strip functions as a fire protector in the partition arrangement. The textile strip comprises two textile strip sections that are folded in the storage arrangement, and two normals are provided in a partitioning arrangement, where the normals are pointed in different directions.

The strip sections are adjoined together so that the sections are commonly folded. An independent claim is also included for a building comprising a fire partition. page 15 of 16



HYBRID TEXTILE REINFORCEMENT STRUCTURE FOR E.G. BRICKWORK STRUCTURES OF BUILDING IN

EARTHQUAKE-ENDANGERED AREAS, HAS LATTICE-LIKE TEXTILE STRUCTURE INCLUDING HIGH-STRENGTH

REINFORCEMENT ELEMENTS AND HIGH DUCTILITY ELEMENTS

DE102008026615 (A1)

2009-12-03

SAECHSISCHES TEXTILFORSCH INST [DE] + (SAECHSISCHES TEXTILFORSCHUNGSINSTITUT E.V)

The reinforcement structure (1) has a lattice-like textile structure made of concrete-compatible high performance fibers and utilized as reinforcement material. The textile structure has high-strength reinforcement elements (2) and high ductility elements (3) in longitudinal direction and/or in transverse direction. The reinforcement elements are made of alkali resistant glass or carbon, and are incorporated in different distances. The ductility elements are made of polypropylene, polyethylene or Kemafil (RTM: not defined) threads. An independent claim is also included for a method for producing a hybrid textile reinforcement structure.

SEAL FOR JOINT OF BUILDING AND MOVABLE COMPONENT PART I.E. LINEAR-SHAPED HOLLOW BODY, HAS

HOLLOW BODY EXTENDIBLE AND MANUFACTURED WITH TEXTILE AND PAPER, SO THAT MASS IS TRANSFERRED

TO PROFILE OF MOVABLE OR NON MOVABLE COMPONENT

DE102008024652 (A1)

2009-11-26

BAUMANN FRANK [DE] + (BAUMANN, FRANK)

The seal (13) has a hollow body (13.1) filled with a plastic and/or hardening medium (13.2) e.g. non-setting resin, after insertion of the seal in to an expandable joint (10). The hollow body is extendible, and is manufactured with a textile and paper, so that mass (14) is stably or reversibly transferred to a profile of a movable or non movable component

(12). An external upper surface of the seal is connected to the mass adherent by an adhesion, and is connected to the joint with a component part (11). The external upper surface is connected to a cross-sectional profile.

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION COMPOSITE HAVING ONE OR MORE REINFORCING SCRIM LAYERS.

MX2008015097 (A)

2009-03-05

MILLIKEN & CO [US] + (MILLIKEN & COMPANY)

The present disclosure is directed to a composite useful as a building construction material, in which one or more textile scrims are attached to a nonwoven mat. In one embodiment, a high elongation scrim layer and a low elongation scrim layer are attached to a nonwoven mat to provide high impact resistance and enhanced structural support. In a second embodiment, a nonwoven mat is reinforced with a single scrim layer having both high elongation and low elongation yarns to forma composite. The scrim layers are preferably adhesively bonded laid scrims, although other scrim types or combinations thereof may also be used. Preferably, the high elongation material is made of polyester, the low elongation materialis made of glass, and the nonwoven mat is made of polypropylene. The resulting functional composite may be used as a house wrap or roofing reinforcement on vertical, horizontal, or angular exterior surfaces. page 16 of 16

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