Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
ALEX C. M. KUO
PDMS; poly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)];
dimethicone; methylsilicone oil; Dow Corning1 200 ¯uid; Wacker SWS101 ¯uid;
Baysilone1 M ¯uid
ACRONYM, ALTERNATE NAMES, TRADE NAMES
CLASS
Polysiloxanes; di-methyl silicones and siloxanes
STRUCTURE
ÿ‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠn
Release agents, rubber molds, sealants and gaskets, surfactants,
water repellents, adhesives, foam control agents, biomedical devices, personal care
and cosmetics, dielectric encapsulation, glass sizing agents, greases, hydraulic
¯uids, heat transfer ¯uids, lubricants, fuser oil, masonry protectants, process aids.
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
Thermal stability, low temperature performance and
minimal temperature effect. Good resistance to UV radiation. Excellent release
properties and surface activity. High permeability to gases. Good damping
behavior, antifriction and lubricity. Hydrophobic and physiological inertness.
Shear stability, weak intermolecular forces, and excellent dielectric strength. Low
volatility at high molecular weight, and high volatility at low molecular weight.
PROPERTIES OF SPECIAL INTEREST
Shorthand notation for siloxane polymer units
CH3
CH3
ÿOÿSiÿOÿ
CH3
CH3 †SiO1:5
T (trifunctional)
SiO2
Q (tetrafunctional)
ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ÿ
CH3
H3 CÿSiÿOÿ
CH3 †2 SiO
D (difunctional)
O
CH3
ÿ ÿ ÿ
CH3 †3 SiO0:5
M (monofunctional)
ÿ ÿ
Formula:
MDTQ formula:
ÿOÿSiÿOÿ
ÿOÿSiÿOÿ
O
O
End-group and structure of certain dimethylsiloxanes
End group
Structure
MDTQ formula
CAS Reg. No.
Methyl
CH3 †3 SiÿOÿ‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠn Si…CH3 †3
MDn M
Hydroxyl
Vinyl
Hydrogen
None
Methyl
HOÿ…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿ‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠn Si…CH3 †2 ÿOH
CH2 ˆCHÿ…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿ‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠn Si…CH3 †2 ÿCHˆCH2
Hÿ…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿ‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠn Si…CH3 †2 ÿH
‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠ3 ; cyclic trimer
‰…CH3 †2 SiÿOÿŠ3 SiH
MOH Dn MOH
Mvi Dn Mvi
M H Dn MH
D3
M3 TH
9016-00-6;
63148-62-9
70131-67-8
68083-19-2
70900-21-9
541-05-9
1873-89-8
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
411
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Product form and properties…1†
Form
Structure and properties
Fluids
Elastomers
Resins
Linear polymer. Liquid at low molecular weights and solid gum at high molecular weights
Cross-linked solids. Reinforcement necessary for property performance
Highly branched cross-linked solids or ¯uids
Branched polymers…1†
Silicone resins and rubbers are cross-linked polymers with branched polymer chains containing M
(monofunctional), D (difunctional), T (trifunctional), and Q (tetrafunctional) units. Slightly branched
polymers made from D, T, and Q structures have lower bulk viscosity and intrinsic viscosity than linear
polymers of the same average molecular weight.
Infrared characteristic absorption…2; 3†
29
Group
Absorption, wave number (cmÿ1 )
ÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿOÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿ
Si…CH3 †3
Si…CH3 †2
SiÿCH3
SiÿH
SiÿOH
SiÿCHˆCH2
2,905±2,960; 1,020; 1,090
2,905±2,960; 1,250; 840; 765
2,905±2,960; 1,260; 855; 805
2,905±2,960; 1,245±1,275; 760±845
2,100±2,300; 760±910
3,695; 3,200±3,400; 810±960
1,590±1,610; 1,410; 990±1,020; 940±980
Si Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for typical structural building units in dimethylsiloxanes…4; 5†
Structure
MDTQ formula
Chemical shifts (ppm down-®eld from TMS)
ÿOÿSi…CH3 †3
ÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿ…C6 H5 †
ÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿCHˆCH2
ÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿH
ÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿOH
ÿ‰OÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿŠ
‰OÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿŠ3
‰OÿSi…CH3 †2 ÿŠ4
ÿO0:5 ÿ†3 SiÿCH3
ÿO0:5 ÿ†4 Si
M
Mph
Mvi
MH
MOH
D
D3
D4
T
Q
6.6±7.3
ÿ1
ÿ4
ÿ7
ÿ12
ÿ19 to ÿ23
ÿ9.1
ÿ19.5
ÿ63 to ÿ68
ÿ105 to ÿ115
See note above for ``Branched polymers.''
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy elemental analysis…6†
Element identi®cation
Binding energy
Atomic composition
Si-2p
C-1s
O-1s
102.6
285.0
532.6
25.0
50.0
25.0
412
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Preparative techniques
Polymerization process
Monomers
Major catalysts
Reference
Hydrolysis
Anionic
Cyclic dimethylsiloxanes
Cationic
Cyclic dimethylsiloxanes
Emulsion
Silanol ended oligomer or cyclic
dimethylsiloxanes
Radiation
Cyclic dimethylsiloxanes
Acids, alkalies, and
polychlorophosphazenes
H2 SO4 , HCl, tin dicarboxylates,
hydroxides of alkali metals
or zeolite
Hydroxides, silanolates and
alcoholates of alkali metals,
quaternary ammonium or
phosphonium bases
Strong protic acids (H2 SO4 and
CF3 SO3 H)
Sodium silicate, tin
dicarboxylates acid salt
hydroxides of alkali metals
(60 Co)
(1, 7, 8)
Condensation
Dichlorodimethylsilane and
dialkoxydimethylsilane
Oligomeric dimethylsiloxane-diol
PROPERTY
UNITS
ÿ1
(7, 9±11)
(7, 9, 12±14)
(7, 9, 14, 15)
(16±18)
(9)
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
D3
D3
D4
D4
at 258C
at 778C
at 258C
at 778C
2.79
23.4
ÿ6.4
ÿ13.4
(19)
at 258C
at 778C
at 258C
at 778C
51.0
ÿ3.03
194.4
190.0
(19)
383
(20)
Enthalpy of polymerization
ÿHp
kJ mol
Entropy of polymerization
Sp
J Kÿ1 molÿ1
D3
D3
D4
D4
Ceiling temperature
K
PDMS in toluene with 0.22 g mlÿ1
Solvents
Benzene, toluene, xylene, diethyl ether, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, butanone, perchloroethylene,
kerosene
(21)
Partially soluble solvents
Acetone, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, dioxane, ethyl phenyl ether
(21)
Nonsolvents
Water, methanol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, 2-ethoxy ethanol,
dimethyl phthalate, aniline, 2-ethoxyethanol,
2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, bromobenzene
(21)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
413
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
Solubility parameter UNITS
(MPa)
1=2
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Average range
PDMS (100±60,000 cs)
Static vapor sorption for PDMS
(Mn ˆ 89,000)
Gas chromatography method for PDMS
(Mn ˆ 2,410±218,000) at 258C
Gas chromatography method for PDMS
(Mn ˆ 2,410±218,000) at 908C
14.9±15.59
15.1
15.0
(22)
(23)
(24)
15.1
(25)
13.4
(25)
Theta temperature K
Bromobenzene
Bromocyclohexane
Bromocyclohexane
Ethyl iodide
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethyl phenyl ether
Butanone
351.7
302
300.6
275.1
362.5
356
293
(26)
(26)
(27)
(26)
(26)
(28)
(29)
Second virial coef®cient A2
mol cm3 gÿ2
PDMS
In toluene at 278C
In benzene at 278C
In chlorobenzane at 308C
In bromobenzene at 408C
In bromocyclohexane at 36.58C
In bromocyclohexane at 47.28C
In bromocyclohexane at 56.28C
In benzene at 208C
In benzene at 208C
4:5 10ÿ4
2:95 10ÿ4
10:4 10ÿ5
3:0 10ÿ5
3:62 10ÿ5
6:57 10ÿ5
9:54 10ÿ5
2:1 10ÿ4
1:84 10ÿ4
(27)
(27)
(27)
(26)
(27)
(27)
(27)
(29)
(29)
Mark-Houwink parameters: K and a
Solvents
Temp. (8C)
K 103 (ml gÿ1 )
a
Reference
Butanone
Butanone
Butanone
Ethyl phenyl ether
Ethyl phenyl ether
Toluene
Toluene
Toluene
Benzene
Mixture of C8 F18 and C2 Cl4 F2 (1 : 2)
Bromobenzene
Ethyl iodide
Bromocyclohexane
20
20
20
83
89.5
25
25
25
20
22.5
78.7
2.1
29
81.5
89
78.3
77
73
20
8.28
11
12
105.7
76
70
74
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.66
0.72
0.92
0.68
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
(28)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(26)
(31)
(29)
(30)
(29)
(29)
(26)
(26)
(26)
414
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Characteristic ratio
C1 ˆ hr2 i0 =nl2
Ð
Mixture of C8 F18 and C2 Cl4 F2 (1:2) at 22.58C
Butanone at 208C
Calculation based on Ising lattice method
Ê , 1 ˆ 1108, 2 ˆ 1438)
(l ˆ 1:64 A
7.7
6.3
3.32±5.28
(29)
(29)
(32)
Root-mean-square endto-end chain length
hr2 i0 =M†1=2
nm mol1=2
gÿ1=2
PDMS in various theta solvents
PDMS in butanone at 208C
Free rotation value calculated at 208C for
Ê , 1 ˆ 1108, 2 ˆ 1308
l ˆ 1:65 A
Free rotation value calculated at 208C for
Ê , 1 ˆ 1108, 2 ˆ 1608
l ˆ 1:65 A
2:5 10ÿ2
7:30 10ÿ2
4:56 10ÿ2
(26)
(28)
(28)
5:30 10ÿ2
(28)
Blend of PDMS and preduterated PDMS
(Mn ˆ 3,000±25,000)
PDMS in benzene-d6
Mz ˆ 4; 990
Mz ˆ 8; 670
Mz ˆ 12; 890
Mz ˆ 20; 880
Network prepared by PDMS and
preduterated PDMS
41
(33)
18.6
25.2
33.8
49.4
39
(34)
(34)
(34)
(34)
(33)
1:9 0:2
(34)
0.43
0.465
2.2
0.43
0.44
0.40
0.45
0.58
0.61
0.392
0.38
0.477
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(35)
(36)
(36)
(37)
0.429
(37)
0.481
(37)
Root-mean-square
radius of gyration
Rg ˆ hs2 iz1=2
Ê
A
Z-average square
radius of gyration
hs2 iz;linea =hs2 iz;ring
Ð
Interaction parameter of Ð
PMDS in organic
solvents 12
Linear and cyclic PDMS in diluted
benzene-d6
Organic solvent
Conditions
Pentane
Toluene
Nitrobenzene
Ethyl ether
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Carbon tetrachloride
Ethyl iodide
Dioxane
2,3-dimethylpentane
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Chlorobenzene
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Swelling at 258C
Osmotic
measurement
at 208C
Osmotic
measurement
at 258C
Osmotic
measurement
at 258C
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
415
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
0.311
0.594
0.351
0.296
0.60
0.577
0.764
1.064
1.908
2.571
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
(38)
Organic solvent Conditions
Pentane
Toluene
Cyclohexane
Hexane
Chloroform
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dioxane
n-Butanol
Ethanol
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
at 1008C
Interaction parameter 12
Materials/condition
Temp. (K)
Method
12
Reference
PDMS network/PDMS (M ˆ 422±875)
PDMS network/PDMS (M ˆ 700±26,400)
PDMS network/D5
PDMS/D4
ph
PDMS network/MD3 M
ph
PDMS network/MD2 M
PDMS network/MDph M
ph
MD13 M=MD28 M
ph
MD13 M=MD23 M
ph
MOH D15 MOH =MD23 M
ph
MD13 M=D4 cycloisomers
PDMS/polyethylmethylsiloxane
(Mn ˆ 30,300)
PDMS/poly(ethylene oxide)
298
298
298
298
298
298
298
458
518
446
360±371
332.5
Swelling
Swelling
Swelling
Osmotic measurement
Swelling
Swelling
Swelling
Light scattering
Light scattering
Light scattering
Light scattering
Light scattering
0.19±0.25
ÿ0.017 to 0.006
0.247
0.298
0.345
0.438
0.356
0.112
0.122
0.111
0.300
0.00664±0.0077
(35)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(42)
(42)
(43)
(43)
(44)
(40)
(45)
343±373
Gas chromatography
0.4±1.1
(46)
Parameters for the equation of state
PDMS
5
Mv ˆ 1 10
Mn ˆ 162:4
Mn ˆ 340
Mn ˆ 958
Mn ˆ 7; 860
Mn ˆ 187,000
Mn ˆ 47; 200
416
Method
T (K)
Vsp (cm3 gÿ1 )
P (MPa)
Reference
Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at 258C
Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at 258C
Modi®ed Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at
40±738C
Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at 258C
Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at 258C
Modi®ed Flory-Orwoll and Vrij theory at
42±938C
Ising ¯uid model at 25±708C
5,528
4,468
3,726.5
0.8395
0.9995
0.94877
341
325.3
373.9
(47)
(48)
(49)
5,288
5,554
4,386.7
0.8694
0.8403
0.88085
313.3
311.5
382.6
(48)
(48)
(49)
476
0.9058
302
(50)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Morphology in multiphase systems
System A/B
Microstructure
Architecture
Reference
Poly(butadiene)/PDMS
Poly(styrene)/PDMS
Poly(diphenylsiloxane)/PDMS
Poly(methyl styrene)/PDMS
Poly(ethylene oxide)/PDMS
Poly(methyl methacrylate)/
PDMS
Cylinders/spheres
Spheres/lamellae/cylinders
Lamellae
Spheres/lamellae
Lamellae/cylinders
Spheres/cylinders
A-B diblock
A-B diblock
A-B-A triblock or star-block
A-B diblock and A-B-A triblock
B-A-B triblock
A-g-B graft
(51)
(52)
(53)
(54)
(46)
(55)
Properties of trimethylsiloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane vs. viscosity…23; 56†
Properties
Units
Molecular weight (estimated)
Flash point
Pour point
Freezing point
Speci®c gravity at 258C
Viscosity temperature coef®cient
‰1 ÿ …372K =311K †Š
g mol
K
K
K
Ð
Ð
PDMS viscosity at 258C (cs)
ÿ1
0.65
2.0
10
100
1,000
12,500
60,000
162
269.7
205
205
0.760
0.31
410
352
173
189
0.872
0.48
1,250
484
173
Ð
0.935
0.56
5,970
>599
208
Ð
0.964
0.60
28,000
>599
223
Ð
0.970
0.61
67,700
>599
227
227
0.974
0.61
116,500
>599
232
Ð
0.977
0.61
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Density g cmÿ3
PDMS (1,000±12,500 cs)
0.970
(56)
vs. temperature
Ð
PDMS (Mv ˆ 1 105 ) from
20±2078C
ˆ 0:9919 ÿ …8:925 10ÿ4 †t ‡
2:65 10ÿ7 †t2 ÿ …3:0 10ÿ11 †t3
(47)
Speci®c volume sp
cm3 gÿ1
From 20±908C
sp ˆ 1:0265 ‡ …9:7 10ÿ4 †…t ÿ 20†
(57)
sp vs. temperature
Ð
From 90±1708C
sp ˆ 1:0944 ‡ …10:3 10ÿ4 †…t ÿ 90† (57)
Thermal expansion
coef®cient Kÿ1
PDMS (Mv ˆ 1 105 ) at
258C
PDMS (from 100±60,000 cs)
PDMS (M ˆ 1:5 104 ) at
308C
9:07 10ÿ4
(47)
9:6 10ÿ4
9:0 10ÿ4
(23)
(58)
vs. temperature
Ð
PDMS (Mv ˆ 1 105 ) from
20±2078C
ˆ 0:90 10ÿ3 ‡ …2:76 10ÿ7 †t ‡
1:0 10ÿ10 †t2
(47)
Thermal pressure
coef®cient, , vs.
temperature
bar Kÿ1
PDMS (Mv ˆ 1 105 ) from
24±1618C
ˆ 8:71 ‡ …4:74 10ÿ2 †t ‡
9:3 10ÿ5 †t2
(47)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
417
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
Water solubility
UNITS
ppm
CONDITIONS
VALUE
MDM at 296 K, nonturbulent measurement
MD3 M at 296 K, nonturbulent measurement
PDMS (M ˆ 1,200) at 298 K, water elution measurement
PDMS (M ˆ 6,000) at 298 K, water elution measurement
PDMS (M ˆ 25,000) at 298 K, water elution measurement
PDMS (M ˆ 56,000) at 298 K, water elution measurement
REFERENCE
ÿ2
3:45 10
7:0 10ÿ5
1.6
0.56
0.17
0.076
(59)
(59)
(60)
(60)
(60)
(60)
Compressibility…61†
Pressure (kgf cmÿ2 )
Viscosity of PDMS (cs)
0.65
1
2
100
350
1,000
12,500
0
4.85
8.21
14.34
20.07
34.56
0
4.49
Ð
12.71
17.43
Ð
0
4.47
7.42
12.78
17.96
32.94
0
4.58
7.36
12.74
17.87
31.31
0
4.46
7.29
12.53
17.71
31.25
Volume reduction (%)
0
500
1,000
25,000
50,000
30,000
0
6.34
10.04
16.33
Gel
Ð
0
5.36
8.84
15.08
20.66
34.57
X-ray diffraction pattern…62†
Condition
2
Re¯ection
0
PDMS rubber at ÿ508C for 6 h
11840 (amorphous halo)
198300
238200
110 ‡ 001
110 ‡ 020
021 ‡ 112
Unit cell dimensions…63†
Lattice
Monoclinic
418
Monomer per unit cell
6
Unit cell dimension (AÊ)
Cell angle (degrees)
Theoretical density (g cmÿ3 )
a
b
c
Crystal
Amorphous
13.0
8.3
7.75
90
60
90
1.07
0.98
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Crystalline state properties
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Si±C bond length
Ê
A
‰…CH3 †2 SiOÿŠ4 at ÿ508C
1.92
(64)
Si±O bond length
Ê
A
‰…CH3 †2 SiOÿŠ4 at ÿ508C
1.65
(65)
Si±C bond energy
kJ molÿ1
Ð
326
(65)
Si±O bond energy
kJ molÿ1
Ð
443
(65)
O±Si±O bond angle
Degree
‰…CH3 †2 SiOÿŠ4 at ÿ508C
Conformation analysis
109
112
(64)
(66)
SiÐO±Si bond angle
Degree
X-ray diffraction analysis
Conformation analysis for
hexamethyldisloxane
‰…CH3 †2 SiOÿŠ4 at ÿ508C
140 10
145±150
(63)
(67)
142.5
(64)
C±Si±C bond angle
Degree
‰…CH3 †2 SiOÿŠ4 at ÿ508C
106
(64)
Degree of crystallinity %
X-ray measurement for 17% silica ®lled
PDMS rubber at ÿ608C
X-ray measurement for 17% silica ®lled
PDMS rubber at -808C
DSC measurement for PDMS
(Mn ˆ 1:11 105 ) at Tg using a cooling
rate ˆ 10 K minÿ1
Calorimeteric measurement for PDMS
(M 6 105 ) at Tg
DSC measurement for PDMS at Tg using a
cooling rate ˆ 2.1 K minÿ1
42
(68)
59
(68)
58.8
(69)
67
(19)
79
(70)
Avrami parameters
Conditions
Crystallization temp., Tc (8C)
k 103
n
0:5 (min)
Reference
Isothermal crystallization of PDMS
(M ˆ 4 105 )
ÿ55.6
ÿ58.0
ÿ57.5
ÿ60.5
ÿ60.5
ÿ65.0
ÿ71.0
ÿ58.8
1.905
5.75
7.0
120
1.0
7.35
23
Ð
2.19
2.08
2.2
1.75
2.5
2.2
2.25
3.1
15
8
9
2.5
13.5
8.2
4.8
Ð
(62)
(62)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(71)
(72)
Isothermal crystallization of PDMS
(M ˆ 1 105 )
NMR measurement for PDMS
(Mn ˆ 7:4 105 )
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
419
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Glass transition
temperature Tg
K
Measured by DSC
150
123.3±149.9
(70)
(73)
Melting point Tm
K
Measured by DSC
Tm1
Tm2
226±232
217.8±228.3
236
235.3±235.6
(70)
(73)
Cold crystallization
temperature Tc
K
Measured by DSC
173±183
181.4±196.8
(70)
(73)
Enthalpy of fusion
Hu
kJ molÿ1
Calculation by melting
temperature depression of
PDMS in toluene solution
Calorimeteric measurement
for a PDMS (M 6 105 )
with 67% crystallinity
1.36
(70)
3.04
(19)
Entropy of fusion S
kJ Kÿ1 molÿ1
5:78 10ÿ3
Calculation by melting
temperature depression of
PDMS in toluene solution
Calorimeter measurement for 12:46 10ÿ3
a PDMS (M 6 105 ) with
67% crystallinity
(70)
(56)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(19)
Speci®c heat Cp
kJ kgÿ1 Kÿ1
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
Speci®c heat, Cp ,
effect of
temperature
Ð
PDMS (Mn ˆ 1:11 105 ) at:
120 K
140 K
250 K
300 K
350 K
0.66
0.824
1.439
1.532
1.625
Bulk viscositymolecular weight
relationship
cs
PDMS (Mn > 2,500) at 258C
log ˆ 1:00 ‡ 0:0123M0:5
(31)
Energy of
vaporization Evap
kJ molÿ1
MD9 M
MD8 M
90.45
83.75
(74)
420
(2±1,000 cs)
(350 cs) at 298 K
(1,000 cs) at 298 K
(M ˆ 400,000)
1.35±1.51
1.464
1.461
1.552
(69)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
ÿ1
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
MD9 M
PDMS (M ˆ 4:7 103 to 4:8 105 )
13.74
14.6
(74)
(75)
Energy of activation for
viscous ¯ow Evisc
kJ mol
Critical molecular weight
for entanglement Mc
g molÿ1
Linear PDMS
Linear PDMS
Linear PDMS
Linear PDMS
Trifunctional branched PDMS
Tetrafunctional branched PDMS
21,000
29,000
30,000
33,000
98,000
110,000
(76)
(31, 77)
(75)
(78)
(78)
(78)
Color
APHA
PDMS (Dow Corning 200 ¯uids)
5
(23)
Monolayer properties of force vs. area isotherm for PDMS on water surface…79†
Property
Units
Material
Value
Area per monomer unit A0
Ê2
Film pressure, F, at 7 A
Ê2
Surface electrostatic potential difference, V, at 7 A
Ê2
Apparent dipole moment per mole per monolayer, p , at 7 A
Ê2
A
mN mÿ1
mV
mD
MD14 M
MD14 M
MD14 M
MD14 M
22
10.2
150
30
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
Water contact angle Degrees
PDMS (500 cs) ®lm on soda-lime glass
after 15 min treatment
At 258C
At 1008C
At 2008C
At 3008C
At 4008C
At 5008C
At 5258C
PDMS ®lms end-grafted onto silicone
wafer
PDMS ¯uid, cross-linked PDMS paper
coating, and un®lled PDMS elastomer
VALUE
REFERENCE
54
70
102
110
103
85
0
112±117.5
(80)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(80)
(81)
95±113
(82)
Methylene iodide contact
angle Degrees
PDMS ¯uid, cross-linked PDMS paper
coating, and un®lled PDMS elastomer
67±77
(82)
n-Hexadecane contact
angle Degrees
Surface of cross-linked PDMS sheet
40
(83)
Per¯uorodecalin contact
angle Degrees
PDMS elastomer vs. per¯uorocarbon
monolayer on mica surface
37
(84)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
421
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
Critical surface
tension UNITS
mN m
ÿ1
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Silica ®lled PDMS rubber at 208C
Dimethylsiloxane dimer at 208C
Dimethylsiloxane tetramer at
208C
Dimethylsiloxane heptamer at
208C
Dimethylsiloxane dodecamer at
208C
PDMS (35 cs) at 208C
PDMS (70 cs) at 208C
PDMS (100 cs) at 258C
PDMS (1,000 cs) at 258C
PDMS (12,500 cs) at 258C
PDMS (106 and 6 104 cs) at
208C
PDMS (106 and 6 104 cs) at
1508C
PDMS (6 104 cs) at 1808C
20±23
15.7
17.60
(85)
(86)
(86)
18.60
(86)
19.56
(86)
19.9
20.3
20.9
21.2
21.5
20.4
(86)
(86)
(23)
(23)
(23)
(57)
13.6
(57)
12.1
(87)
Surface tension vs.
Mn
mN mÿ1
PDMS at 248C
ÿ0:25 ˆ …21:06†ÿ0:25 ‡
8:486=Mn
(87)
Temperature
coef®cient of
surface tension
ÿd=dT
mN mÿ1 Kÿ1
PDMS (106 , 6 104 cs) at 1508C
PDMS (35 cs) at 208C
0.048
0.067
(57)
(86)
Interfacial tension
against water 1w
mN mÿ1
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
39.9
42.5
42.2
43.1
(86)
Form interfacial tension of PDMS
(6 104 cs)
0.042
(87)
PDMS elastomer vs.
¯uorocarbon monolayer on
mica surface
PDMS elastomer vs.
hydrocarbon monolayer on
mica surface
21:4…0:7† 104
(88)
PDMS (M ˆ 500±105,000)
1
Polarity xp
Friction force
(interfacial shear
strength)
N mÿ2
Surface shear
viscosity
mN smÿ1
422
(0.65 cs) at 208C
(1.0 cs) at 208C
(5.0 cs) at 208C
(35 cs) at 208C
4:6…0:2† 104
(89)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Interfacial tension of polymer pairs
Polymer pair
12 , (mN mÿ1 )
ÿd 12 =dT , (mN mÿ1 Kÿ1 )
Reference
PDMS/polypropylene
PDMS/poly(t-butyl methacrylate)
PDMS/poly(isobutene)
PDMS/poly(isobutylene)
PDMS/polybutadiene
PDMS/poly(n-butyl methacrylate)
PDMS/polyethylene, branch
PDMS/polystyrene
PDMS/poly(oxytetramethylene)
PDMS/polychloroprene
PDMS/poly(vinyl acetate)
PDMS/polyethylene
PDMS/poly(vinyl acetate)
PDMS/poly(oxyethylene)
PDMS/poly(tetrahydrofuran)
3.2 at 208C
3.6 at 208C
4.9 at 208C
3.9 at 208C
4.15 at 258C
4.2 at 208C
5.3 at 208C
6.1 at 208C
6.4 at 208C
7.1 at 208C
8.4 at 208C
5.08 at 1508C
7.43 at 1508C
9.85 at 1508C
6.26 at 1508C
0.002
0.0025
0.006
0.016
0.00865
0.0038
0.002
0
0.0012
0.0050
0.0081
0.0016
0.0087
0.0078
0.0004
(90)
(91)
(92)
(93)
(94)
(91)
(89, 92)
(92)
(91)
(91)
(91, 93)
(95)
(95)
(95)
(95)
Gas permeability from PDMS membranes ®lled with 33% silica (cm3 (STP) cm (s cm2 cm Hg)ÿ1 )…96†
Gas
Pr 109
Gas
Pr 109
Gas
Pr 109
H2
He
NH3
H2 O
CO
N2
NO
O2
H2 S
Ar
CO2
65
35
590
3600
34
28
60
60
1000
60
325
N2 O
NO2
SO2
CS2
CH4
C2 H 6
C2 H 4
C2 H 2
C3 H 8
n-C4 H10
n-C5 H12
435
760
1500
9000
95
250
135
2640
410
900
2000
n-C6 H14
n-C8 H18
n-C10 H22
HCHO
CH3 OH
COCl2
Acetone
Pyridine
Benzene
Phenol
Toluene
940
860
430
1110
1390
1500
586
1910
1080
2100
913
Temperature effect of oxygen permeability and solubility from PDMS membrane…96†
Temp. (8C)
Pr 109 (cm3 (STP) cm (s cm2 cm Hg)ÿ1 )
Solubility (ml gÿ1 )
28
ÿ40
ÿ75
62
20
0.74
0.31
0.39
47
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
423
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Solubility of gases in PDMS at 258C/760 mm Hg
Gas
Solubility (ml gÿ1 )…61†
Solubility (ml gÿ1 )…96†
Diffusion rate, D 105 (cm2 sÿ1 )…96†
He
Ar
Air
O2
N2
CO2
CH4
SF6
C3 F8
H2
C4 H10
0.010
0.301
0.168
0.258
0.166
1.497
0.543
0.996
1.041
Ð
Ð
0.045
0.33
Ð
0.31
0.15
2.2
0.57
Ð
Ð
0.12
15.0
60
14
Ð
16
15
11
12.7
Ð
Ð
Ð
25
Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) parameters measurement for trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS…133†
PDMS, Mn (g molÿ1 )
Reference temp. T0 (K)
C1
C2 (Kÿ1 )
Tg , DSC (K)
10370
4160
2080
830
420
147
145.5
143.8
141.1
136.5
10.4
14.22
14.32
13.48
11.46
14.24
23.84
23.37
20.03
14.01
149.5
149.3
147.5
141.2
135.9
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Thermal conductivity
W mÿ1 Kÿ1
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
0.1511
0.1566
0.1520
0.1591
0.1678
(56)
(56)
(56)
(23)
(98)
Load-bearing capacity
kg
PDMS ¯uid
50±150
(1)
Lubricity
mm
Shell four ball test; wear scar, steel on steel;
PDMS (100 cs) at 1 h/600 rpm/50 kg load/
ambient temperature
Shell four ball test; wear scar, steel on
bronze; PDMS (100 cs) at 1 h/600 rpm/
10 kg load/ambient temperature
1.91
(99)
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
837.2
981.6
985.2
987.3
933.3
Speed of sound
longitudinal velocity
424
m sÿ1
(100 cs) at 808C
(1,000 cs) at 808C
(12,500 cs) at 808C
(1,000±60,000 cs) at 508C
(12,500 cs) at 14.78C
(0.65 cs) at 308C
(50 cs) at 308C
(100 cs) at 308C
(1,000 cs) at 308C
(1,000 cs) at 50.78C
2.0
(97)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Temperature coef®cient of
sound transmission
Ð
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
ÿ3.8
ÿ2.7
ÿ2.7
ÿ2.6
(97)
Anomalous longitudinal
velocity due to phase
transition effect
m sÿ1
PDMS (200,000 cs) cooling at T < 205 K
PDMS (200,000 cs) cooling at T > 235 K
1,850
1,200
(100)
(0.65 cs) at 308C
(50 cs) at 308C
(100 cs) at 308C
(1,000 cs) at 308C
Dielectric properties of trimethylsiloxy terminated PDMS at various viscosity…23; 101†
Viscosity at 258C (cs)
0.65
2.0
10
100
1,000
12,500
60,000
Dielectric constant, at
102 ±104 Hz
Dielectric strength at
258C (kV cmÿ1 )
Volume resistivity at
258C (ohm cm)
2.2
2.45
2.72
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
118
138
148
158
158
158
158
1:0 1014
5:0 1014
1:0 1015
1:0 1015
1:0 1015
1:0 1015
1:0 1015
Dielectric data for PDMS (440 cs) at various temperatures…1†
Properties
Units
Sample
Dielectric constant "
Dissipation factor, tan at 800 Hz
Volume resistivity
Dielectric strength
Ð
Ð
ohm cm
kV cmÿ1
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PROPERTY
UNITS
Refractive index n25
D Ð
(440 cs)
(440 cs)
(440 cs)
(440 cs)
208C
1008C
2008C
2.8
1:2 10ÿ4
4 1015
120
2.5
1:3 10ÿ4
6 1014
100
2.3
1:5 10ÿ4
1 1014
95
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
1.375±1.399
1.4030±1.4036
0:620 10ÿ6
0:658 10ÿ6
0:632 10ÿ6
(101)
1:623±1:693† 10ÿ2 (104)
Diamagnetic
susceptibility Xm
cm3 gÿ1
PDMS (0.65±10 cs) at 258C
PDMS (100±60,000 cs) at 258C
PDMS (M ˆ 1,200)
MD5 M
D3 and D4
Verdet constant of
magnetic rotary
power
min gaussÿ1
cmÿ1
PDMS (0.65±1,000 cs) at 258C and
Ê
5,893 A
Dipole moment D
Hydroxy-terminated PDMS
11.54
(M ˆ 20,000) in cyclohexane at 25 8C
Hydroxy-terminated PDMS
21.48
(M ˆ 70,230) in cyclohexane at 25 8C
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS
22.24
(M ˆ 78,500) in cyclohexane at 25 8C
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
(102)
(103)
(103)
(105)
425
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Dipole moment per
repeat unit =n1=2
D
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS in cyclohexane 0.697
Hydroxy-terminated PDMS in cyclohexane
0.666
(105)
Root-mean-square
dipole moment ratio
h 2 i0 =nm2
Ð
PDMS (DP ˆ 194±2,076) undiluted at 25 8C
PDMS (DP ˆ 194±2,076) in cyclohexane at 25 8C
PDMS (DP ˆ 2±4,940) in cyclohexane at 258C
0.30
0.40
0.29
(106)
(106)
(107)
True contact charge
density
nC cmÿ2
RTV silicone rubber under contact pressure
(1:2 104 N mÿ2 )
ÿ15 5
(108)
Autoignition
temperature
(ASTM D 286-30)
K
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
PDMS
(1 cs)
(5 cs)
(10 cs)
(100 cs)
691
716
725
>763
(21)
Limiting oxygen index
(LOI)
%
PDMS silicone rubber
26±42
(109)
Arc resistance
s
PDMS silicone rubber
250
(109)
Corona resistance
kV
PDMS silicone rubber
40
(109)
Anisotropy of segments and monomer units of PDMS
PROPERTY
Optical con®guration
parameter a
Stress-optical coef®cient C
426
UNITS
cm
CONDITIONS
3
VALUE
6
PDMS (M ˆ 1:8 10 ) in petroleum
ether
Cross-linked PDMS at 208C
Cross-linked PDMS at ÿ608C
Cross-linked PDMS at 708C
Cross-linked PDMS swelled in
decalin at 708C
Cross-linked PDMS swelled in
cyclohexane at 708C
Cross-linked PDMS swelled in CCl4 at
708C
m2 Nÿ1
PDMS
At 2008C
At 22/258C
At 105/1908C
REFERENCE
ÿ25
0:96 10
(110)
4:5 10ÿ25
0
8:1 10ÿ25
5:1 10ÿ25
(111)
(111)
(112)
(112)
3:8 10ÿ25
(112)
1:8 10ÿ25
(112)
1:35 10ÿ10
1:35=1:75 10ÿ10
1:9=2:65 10ÿ10
(113)
(114)
(114)
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Degradation behavior
End-group of PDMS
Depolymerization conditions
Activation energy
(kJ molÿ1 )
Reference
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated
Random scission thermal depolymerization at
420±4808C
Thermal oxidation depolymerization at
350±4208C
Unzipping in vacuum at T > 2508C
0.01% NaOH or 0.01% H2 SO4 catalyzed
depolymerization at 170±3008C
Stress relaxation measurement in anhydrous
argon at 150±2608C
0.01% KOH catalyzed reaction at 60±1408C
Degradation occurred in soil with < 3%
moisture and formed volatilized
dimethylsilane diol
No biodegradation was found in activated
sewage sludge bacteria
176
(115)
126
(115)
35.6
58.6
(115)
(116)
95.4
(117)
21.4
Ð
(118)
(119)
Ð
(119)
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated
Hydroxyl-terminated
Hydroxyl-terminated
Hydroxyl-terminated
Hydroxyl-terminated
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated
14
C-PDMS
Trimethylsiloxy-terminated
14
C-PDMS
Thermochemical parameters…118†
Viscosity of PDMS
(cs)
Heat of gasi®cation
(MJ kgÿ1 )
Heat of combustion
(MJ kgÿ1 )
Flame heat radiated to surface
(kW mÿ2 )
0.65
2.0
10
10,000,000
0.327
0.492
3.0±3.6
3.0±3.6
36.1
30.0
26.8
26.8
Ð
Ð
26
26
Decomposition products…120†
Thermal decomposition products
(100 cs PDMS)
% at 4758C
Thermal-oxidative decomposition product
% at 4308C (approximate)
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
45
19
5
11
7
2
Cyclic siloxanes
HCHO
CO2
CO
CH3 OH
HCO2 H
81
13
3
2
1.5
0.2
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
427
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Fire parameters (cone calorimeter test)…118†
Samples
External heat ¯ux
(kW mÿ2 )
Peak rate of heat
release (kW mÿ2 )
Speci®c extinction area
(m2 kgÿ1 )
MM
MD2 M
MD3 M
MD8 M
10 cs PDMS
50 cs PDMS
6 105 cs PDMS
1 107 cs PDMS
Elastomers/silica ®lled
30
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
2,800
2,200
1,750
750
175
140
105
95
80-110
Ð
Ð
Ð
Ð
Ð
600
550
550
1,300±1,700
Ecotoxicity in aquatic compartment
Species
Fresh water
Salmo gairdneri
Phoxinus phoxinus
Leuciscus idus
Sea water
Pomatoschistus minutus,
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Pleuronectes platessa
Scorpaena porcus
Carassius auratus
Materials
Result or hazard rating
Reference
PDMS (350 cs) 25% in food for
28 days, followed by a 14-day
observation period
PDMS (viscosity not speci®ed)
350 (Baysilone ¯uid M350)
No effect on behavior and
growth with 10 mg PDMS
®shÿ1 dayÿ1
LC40 ± 8 days ˆ 3,000 (mg lÿ1 )
LC0 ± 96 h ˆ 200 (mg lÿ1 )
(119)
(119)
(121)
PDMS (100, 350, and 12,500 cs)
No mortality 96 h at saturation
(119)
PDMS (50 cs)
Toxicity ± 96 h > 10,000 mg lÿ1
at the surface of water
(5 mg lÿ1 in water)
LC50 ± 50 h ˆ 700 (mg lÿ1 )
LC50 ± 24 h ˆ 3,500 (mg lÿ1 )
(119)
PDMS (50 cs) 30% emulsion
PDMS (50 cs) 30% emulsion
(119)
(119)
Ecotoxicity in terrestrial compartment…119†
Species
Materials
Result or hazard rating
Plant: Soybean
Soil containing a sewage sludge with
14
C-PDMS was examined as
nutrients for plants from
germination of the seed growth to
grains during a 7 month period
PDMS (5±1,000 cs) direct apply 5 ml to
the ventral thorax of insect
No signi®cant difference from controls
were observed
Insects activity:
Acheta domesticus
Birds: Anas platyrhynchos
and Colinus virginatus
428
The time of loss of righting re¯ex
increased with the viscosity of the
PDMS, and the mortality at 48 h
decreased 2 fold when the viscosity
of PDMS increased 200 fold
PDMS (100 cs) was used for feed for 5 No mortality and no other signs of
days in the diet (5,000 mg kgÿ1 food)
toxicity occurred
and kept 3 additional days on a
standard food
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Acute oral toxicity
Species
PDMS viscosity (cs)
Result or hazard rating, LD50 (mg kgÿ1 )
Reference
Rat
Guinea pig
Rat
Rabbit/dog/cat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Female rat
10
50
100
140
350
1,000
350 (Baysilone M350)
All viscosities (SWS101 ¯uids)
>4,990
>47,750
>4,800
>9,800
>48,600
>4,800
>5,000
>34,600
(119)
(119)
(119)
(119)
(119)
(119)
(121)
(122)
Acute dermal toxicity
Species
PDMS viscosity (cs)
Result or hazard rating, LD50 (mg kgÿ1 )
Reference
Rabbit (male New Zealand)
350
(119)
Rats
Rabbits
50, 500, and 1,000
0.65±1,000,000
No adverse effect at 24 h,
LD50 is >19,400 mg kgÿ1 bw
LD50 is >2,000 mg kgÿ1 bw
LD50 is >10,200 mg kgÿ1
(119)
(122)
Inhalation toxicity…119†
Species
PDMS materials
Result and hazard rating, LC50 (mg kgÿ1 )
Wistar rat
PDMS (10,000 cs) aerosol in a 25% solution in white
spirit
Aerosol of 10,000 cs PDMS ¯uid 25% solution in
dichloromethane
No observed adverse effect,
LC50 : 4 h is >11,582 mg mÿ3
No observed adverse effect,
LC50 : 4 h is >695 mg mÿ3
Wistar rat
Skin irritation…119†
PDMS viscosity
(cs)
Species
Volume
(ml)
Type of application
No. of
applications
Duration
(days)
Effects
50
Rabbit
Ð
10
14
Nonirritating
100
Rabbit
0.5
1
1
Nonirritating
100
Guinea pig
0.5
10 (daily)
15
Nonirritating
Ð
Rabbit (female,
New Zealand)
Rabbit
0.5
Semi occlusive (continuous
application to intact skin)
Applied to the ears under
an occlusive dressing
Draize method, 10 times
per day
Draize method
1
3
Nonirritating
Draize method, OEDC
Guideline 404
1
7
Nonirritating
1,000
0.5
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
429
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Silicone PDMS rubber preparation…109; 123; 124†
Method
Fabricating system
Chemistry
Room temperature
vulcanizing silicone
High temperature
vulcanizing silicone
One-part or two-part
One-part or two-part
from 150±2308C
Hydrosilylation or
condensation
Hydrosilylation or
peroxide catalyzed
reaction
Others
One-part
Major applications
Sealant, adhesive, encapsulation
and mold making
Molded, extruded, calendered or
fabric coated rubber parts (e.g.,
insulators, gaskets, seals,
keypads, baby-bottle nipples)
Electron, gamma, and Protective coating and cable wire
UV radiation
insulation
Properties of PDMS elastomer
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUE
REFERENCE
Poisson's ratio
Ð
Dimethylsiloxane block in
copolymer of
poly[dimethylsiloxane-b-styrene]
0.5
(69)
Shear modulus
Pa
Un®lled PDMS elastomer
(Mn ˆ 10,000)
Trifunctional PDMS networks
2:03 105
(125)
2:32 105
(126)
Resilience (Bashore)
%
ASTM 2632, reinforced PDMS
rubber
30±65
(127)
Abrasion resistance
rev/0.254 cm
ASTM D 1630-61, reinforced PDMS
rubber
155±1,600
(128)
Tear propagation
cycles/1.27 cm
ASTM D 813-59, reinforced PDMS
rubber
120±150,000
(128)
Volumetric thermal
expansion coef®cient
Kÿ1
Reinforced PDMS rubber
5:9±7:9† 10ÿ4
(127)
Speci®c heat
kJ kgÿ1 Kÿ1
Reinforced PDMS rubber
1.17±1.46
(127)
Hardness
Points
ASTM 2240, reinforced PDMS
rubber (shore A)
30±80
(127)
Compression set
%
ASTM D 395B, reinforced PDMS
rubber with post cured at
4 h/2008C
After 22 h/1778C
After 22 h/238C
After 22 h/ÿ408C
After 22 h/ÿ508C
After 3 years/238C
430
(127)
10
10
30
100
20
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
129; 130†
Properties of PDMS elastomers
PROPERTY
UNITS
CONDITIONS
VALUES²
A
B
C
D
Speci®c gravity
Ð
ASTM D 792
1.13
1.04
1.51
1.04
Viscosity
Pa s
ASTM 4287, 10 sÿ1
290
Non¯ow
Non¯ow
Non¯ow
Extrusion rate
g minÿ1
At 90 psi, 1/8 in ori®ce
100
350
110
440
Durometer (shore A)
points
ASTM D 2240
40
25
37
35
Tensile strength
MPa
ASTM D 412
9.0
2.24
1.55
1.79
Elongation
%
ASTM D 412
725
550
640
430
Tear strength, Die B
kN mÿ1
ASTM D 624
37.7
4.9
6.48
5.6
Dielectric strength
kV mmÿ1
ASTM D 149
18.5
21.7
17.4
13.5
Dielectric constant "
Ð
ASTM D 150, at 100 Hz
2.98
2.8
3.69
2.77
Volume resistivity
ohm cm
ASTM D 257
3:8 1014
1:5 1015
6:1 1014
2:4 1014
Dissipation factor
Ð
ASTM D 150, at 100 Hz
0.0033
0.0015
0.0022
0.0035
²
Prepared by vulcanization of PDMS polymer with cross-linker and reinforcement ®ller.
A ˆ Injection molded liquid silicone rubber, Silastic1 LSR 9280-40. B ˆ One-part RTV acetoxy cure, Dow Corning1 732.
C ˆ One-part RTV alcohol cure, Dow Corning1 737. D ˆ One-part RTV oxime cure, Dow Corning1 739.
Properties of methylsiloxane resins, (CH3 )x (SiO)y …131†
C/Si RATIO
DENSITY (g cmÿ3 )
REFRACTIVE INDEX n25
D
1.17
1.34
1.41
1.5
1.20
1.15
1.08
1.06
1.425
1.422
1.421
1.418
Prepared by hydrolysis of mixed methyltrichlorosilane
and dimethyldichlorosilane.
Polymer Data Handbook. Copyright # 1999 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
431
Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
Major producers…132†
USA
Europe
Asia
Dow Corning Corp.
General Electric Co.
Wacker Silicones Co.
McGhan NuSil Co.
OSi Specialties Inc.
Wacker Silicones Co.
Dow Corning Corp.
General Electric Co.
Bayer AG
Rhone-Poulenc Inc.
HuÈls Aktiengesellschaft Th. Goldschmidt AG
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co.
Dow Corning Toray Silicone Co.
GE-Toshiba Silicone Co.
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435