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NEW JERSEY
GEOLOGICA
URVEY
RTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES
BUREAU Of GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY
·..
EARTHQUAKES IN NE\V JERSEY
DANIEL R. DOHBROSKI, JR.
ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST
STATE OF NEW JERSEY
DEPA..-q_THENT OF ENVIROr.1·1ENTAL PROTECTION
.DIVISION OF HATER RESOURCES
BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND TOPOGJI,li.PHY
1973
Cover:
LOCATION OF IN..A.CTIVE FAULTS IN NEW JERSEY
Design by Frank Viscomi
Faults - -
_,---· .__
Triassic Lowlands
-
.. ........
)
. '·
'·•·'. J
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The Border Fault System separates the Triassic Lowlands from the areas
of older rocks to the north. The Triassic Lowlands probP.bly contain more
faults than shown, since faults are difficult to recognize in this nren.
The younger sediments of the Coastal Plain cover the Triassic nnd
older rocks which form the basement or bedrock of the south,arn part of
the state. These thick sediments conceal any faults that may be present.
T.t-\BLE OF CONTENTS
INT:lODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ELEHENT.i\.RY SEISliOLOGY FOR THE LAYUAN
Hngnitudc::s nnd Intensity
Uodified Mercc.lli Intensity Scale
Prediction and Control of Earthquakes
Eff<t:::cts of Earthquakes on Wells
LIST OF SEISI10GP.APHS IN ANI> NEAR NEW JE!1SEY
~HNOR
TRill10RS IN BERGEN COUNTY
LISTING OF EARTHQUAKES In
NEt~
JERSEY
DBT.il.ILED INFORiL.'\TION ON EARTHQUAKES LISTED
BIBLIOGRl-~.PHY
INTRODUCTIOn
New Jersey is. not located in an earthquake-prone area. It h:ls n~ver,
in the recorded history of the stnte, had a severe HarthquHke which ceused
graat damage. The entire eastern se:1board, with the exception of the
St. LawrencliO: River Valley, is rather stable. The St. Lo.l-Trence River Valley
is moderately active.
•,('
I~·
.
In recorded history this rsgion as a tvhol~ has experienced ouly .<lbout
four aarthquakes large enough to have caused extensive damage and destruction.·
"fi1o of t:hese were in ·the St. Lawrence River valley. All four t<lere felt in
New Jersey, but caused no major damage there. Hinor tremors occur from
time to ti~e in this region as they do in ell parts of the world.
We have tabulated all the mnjor and minor earthquakes large enough to
be felt in New Jersey, and a fe't<T (too t:reak to be felt) detected by very
sensj.tive seismographs. A verbal descr:fption is given for each earthquake
listed. The older descriptions cane from various sources, such as: old
netoTspaper accounts, correspondences, etc. , ns well as some rep(}rts . frnm
trained observers. The more recent descriptions cane fron n larger percentnge
of trained observers, and also from recording instruments such as seismographs,
in addition to· the newspnper accounts and personal cotnr.~.unicati;Jns.
·
Before listing tho earthquakes, we have'' included sections of interest •.
First, is a brief general discussion of seismology. Following this is 'a
listing of seismograph stations in nnd near New Jersey. Finally, is an
account ·of minor seismic activity related to the Triassic Border Fault and
oth~r areas in the state.
·
ACKNOWLEDGEHENTS
The authorwishes to thank Dr. Kemble Widmer, Statg Geologist of
the State of New Jersey, who directed that this paper be written~ superVised
its production, read prelininary drafts and gave advice and guidance.
This paper '-ras written to replace and update "Earthquakes and Seismology,"
by Dr. Jack Oliver of Ln:nont-Doherty <k:ological Observa~~J::y. Dr. Her!~ L. Sba:r/,'
of Lanwnt-Doherty Geological Observatory, .reviewed the p-reliminary draft; ·
his contributions include additions tn both the list of seisr.'.O:?raph stF\tions ·.
and the list of earthquakes, as well as suggestiOn3 to improve the text.
Mrs. Agatha Weston, Publications Office, Lntwnt-Doherty Geoloeic~l Observatory,
graciously gathered and .supplied several t>ublications from which data wns
extracted for t4is ?aper.
Hr. Waverly Person of the National Earthquake Information Center
supplied additional data and recommendations. Mr. Charles Ellis, (:1aht<l::ili
Envi ronmen tal Commis.sion, Hnhwah, N.J.) who has been actively in teres ted in
local earthquake. activity for many years, has supplied us t-1ith several" newspaper accounts., data from local police stations, and several reports (from
local residents) which he has accummulate.d .in his files. l>le wish also to
thank Hr. Joseph :1iller, New Jersey Bureau ot Geo~gy_ & Topography, for the
data he has supplied and for the sugP,estions he has given.
ELm.!ENT.L'J.1Y
SEIS~IOLOGY
FOR TH:C L:\YJ!i;N
lin earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by a br(;r>.king 0f rock
within the crust of t!-le earth. This brw~l~nge may b02 at the surface or up
to several hundreq miles ben:c~ath .th.e surface. The ?')int 0f breakage :is
called the ,focus or hypocenter. The point r!irectly above this nn the surface
is called the epicenter. A fracture alont:~ which motim1 has taken place is
called a fault.
Each earthquake sends out seismic lvaves in all directions, some penetratinp:
deep within the earth. These waves may be detected and recorded by seisnosrAphs
at distapt locations, even on other continents. Some seisr:tosraphs have
cuaplifi~rs that multiply the sensitivity of the instrument sever.nl thousand
times.
A seismic wave is composed of several compunent ,,mves. SeismoloP:ists
classify these components into surface vmves and body wa\res. The prind.pal
surface W<J.ve is the "L" wave, which travels on the surface :I.ike a wnve on
water. Its period is longer and its amplitude is greater than the other
coraponents. It is responsible for most of the darnage c.'1used by earthquakes.
The basic body "t<Javes are the "P" and "S" waves, ~,1hich pene trntc the
interior of the earth. These tv.ro waves travel at different velocities.
The difference in their arrival times, recordef~ nt '1 seismop;r~ph stA.tion, can
be used to determine the dista."lce to the epicenter. Seismop;r~phs at three
different locations are usually needed to fix the cx.:1ct location (If a quake
when l0cal reports .:J.re absent.
Body "(,raves travel in all directions from the , focus - ufl~mrc1, dm-mward,
and in all interoediate directions. A seismograph first· recei·.res the body
waves that travel directly from. the focus to the instrument. It may also
receive an "echo'' of this wave, by route of a shallower path, bouncing
off t:he surface of the crust cn1e or more times. Still other paths are
created by refraction of the waves within the various zones of the Mantle
and core of the earth. By studying the extra sip·nals on se;is~nic records
seismologists have bee!1 able to decipZ"ler the extre paths involved. Thus s .·
very c~etailed infori'lation has been learnet~ about the interior and crust cf
the earth.
~1a~ni.tu.de
and Intensity
The· size. or ·severity of an earthquake is r:eneralJ.y reported on either
of two scientific scales, the Richter or the HodifieJ · :,lercalli.
The Richter scale cf magnitude mensures the amp,l,itudc of the seismic
•!laves. It is determined by the amount· of motion of the pen of the seismograph,.
with correction made for the sensitivity of the seis!'lograph and the distance
to the focus. Each xichter scale unit correspcnds to :1 ten fold increase
in tne amplitude of the seisnic wave, i.e. te~ ·tir.1es ·the pen dis?lacc:ment of
the seismogra?h (two units, 100 fold;· three, 1,000, etc.). This ten folJ
.·
increase i~ amplitude represents a 31 fold :i.ncreasc':in the energy releascn by ·the
e:arthquake. The scale has negative values for the: very small quakes. ,'fhe large:st
earthquakes ever rccordec nre about 8. 8 or 8.9 Richter. The ::m;!llcst detectable
by a person without a seismozraph i"s about +2 'Richter.
.
' ·· ·
I'
Th€ l'Iercalli ac.ale.-.o-£- int£2nsi.tY~....tne.n.aw:e.s._tlu:>-e£fect:s.-e~used_by a quake
ta structures awl to the ;:;round surfnce. It depends u~Jon reports fr0I'l persons
at the scene or from observations by se.iemolop;ists sent tc) the are.'l. Its
values nrc given in Ror.tan numcrn.ls to differentiate the:-1 from Richter values,
The scale is Riven below.
A rule of thumb relgtionship bettreen the twn scales which holcls for
mvst shallow focus earthquakes is riven by the formula:
Richter Hngnitude .. 1.3
+ 0.6 x Maxi:num Mercnlli Intensity
Intensities and, therefore, damage ;:lotentir:.l ten0 to be greater in
areas covered by thick deposits r)f unconsolidated scc1 iments ~ Such arens
include glaciel moraines and thick glacial till, river vn.lley r'!eposits, bog,
swam:J and meadow arGfJS,' aud ·deposits of volcnnic ash.
Huch of the d<;~J;-aar,e associr>.ted with Californi"\ tremors occttrs on hillsincs,
where mud and z,ravel quickly succumLs to landslides. The greatest d~mage
in the S.<m Francisco qunke uf 1906 wns on the "Barbary Coast" which wns built
on fill over harbor muck, This type of deposit tends to vibrate Ukc jello
with a greater amplitude than Le<lrock areas. The effects of the Anchora~e,
.Alaska earthquake cf 1964 were most severe on Mrinc clay de:">osits ~ ~.rhich
turned fluid and flowed like liquic·"., and also en r.ravel areas, which shifted
;:md settled.
In New Jersey the idvcrton tremor of December 10, 1968, h.'ld a m..'l?;nitur!e
of 2.9. Applyinr; the formula ?tt:Viously described the intensity should haVE'=
been less than III. Actually, it 'vas V. This· ap;;>nrent high intensity in
the Rivortun area is bccnuse it is underlain by unconsolidater1 snnd, mud and
gravel.
l~odified
i'1crcalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (Abrid;~cd)
Values in parentheses are equivalent intensities in the Rossi-Forel Scale,
still used in SOI!lC countries.
I
Hot felt e:xcept by a very few under especially favorable circumstances. (I)
II
Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of
buildings. Delicately suspended object 1~y swinz. (I to II)
III
Felt quite noticeably indoors, ospeci.<J.lly on upper floors of buildin-s
but nuny people do nut recognize it as an earthquake. Stan.Un;::. Motorcars
roy rock slightly. Vibration like pnssiug of truck. ~uration
esti~ateJ. (III)
IV
During the d:-.y, felt indoors by many, >)Utdoors by fe.w. At night,
some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors dis turbo'-~; -:.mlls Make creaking
sound. Sensction like heavy truck strikin3 building, Standinr, motorcars
rucked nuticeably. (IV to V)
V
. Felt by nearly everyone, r-uany awakened. Some dishes , windr'1WS , etc • ,
broken; a few instances of cracked plaster; unstaLle object overturne~.
Disturbances of trees, poles, and other tall objects some tines noticed.
Pendulum clocks may stop. (V tu VI)
VI
Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors. Some henvy furniture
moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or ' 1 nmaged chinneys. D3mar,e
slight. (VI to VII)
VII
Everybody runs outdoo_rs~- -~age nep,ligible---in.Jurl.lcinr,s of goorJ desiP!l
anJ construction; slirr,ht to mo2erate in well-built 0rdinnry structures;
considerable in poorly Luilt or badly desii;nccl structures; some chimneys
broken •.·Noticed by ~1ersons driving motorcars.
(VIII-)
VIII Damage slight in specially desisned structures; considerable in
ordinary substantial buil<:ings, with :)artial collapse; great in poorly
bui!t structures. Panel walls ·thrown nut of frane structures. Fall
of chimneys, factory stacks; columns, monuments, vmlls. Hcmvy
furniture overturn~J. Sand anc: mud ejecteu in snall ~.Mounts. Chnnses
in well water. Persons driving moturcars disturbed. (VIII+ to IX)
IX
Daraage considerable in speCially designed structures; v1ell desisnc,~
frame structures thrown out of plum!); great in substantial buildin<7s,
with partial collapse. Buildinss shifte._~ off f.Junc~e.tioas. Grrmnr1
cracked conSi)icuously. Underground pipes 'broken. (IX+)
X
Some v7cll-built wooden structures destroyed; most n'lsonry an:i frame
structures destroyed with foum!ntions; r;rounc bndly cracked. Rails
bent. Landsliues consider.:1ble from river-banks .:1nr1 st-s:cp slopes.
Shifted sand .:-.md muJ. Wnter splash2d (sloppef\) over La."lks. (X)
XI
Few, if any, (masonry) struc·tures remain standinrs. Br:f.dr:.es destr\ly-~d.
BroaJ fissur2.s in p,round. Unders"round pipelines completely out of
service. Earth slumps and land slips in soft ground. :Kails Lent
greatly.
XII
Dama~~e
total. Waves seen on ~:;rounJ surfaces.
distorted. Obj2cts thrown upvmrd into nir,
Lines of siPht and
lew~l
_!lreJiction and Corttrol of Earthquakos
Althcurh the subject of stuqy for many years, scientific ;~rc:,~iction
of earthquakes has finally become more than ~vishful th:i.nkins. 2.ussian
scientists recently (1969) discovered that 3 decrcnse in the ratio of
the iip" to "S" \'TaVC velocities of nd.cro-earthquakes precedes a larger
earthquake. : It was thought to ~e a peculiarity of the Si:,erian re~ion.
A similar relationship ~-ms later found to be true clsa.,rh:::re. To use this
relationship ;nicro-earthquakes must (and quite often de) preced2 the
larger shock.
Lamont-Doherty G~ological Observat;~ry hns been studyinp: A. sories
of shocl~s in the Blue Houutniu Lake region of th:: Ac'tlron:!ack Hountains of
New Yurk State. On August 1, 1973, it tvas proc~icted th.').t an aarthquake of
magnitude 2,5 would occur ''in a couple .::f Jays." T•;Jo clays later'it cams,
re::;ist-:;;ring 2.5 on the Pd.chter scale.
Huch more work must be dom;, an~: is :;sing· r_!une; em this m2tnrd nnd
other m8thods before reliable earthquaks pre,Jiction ';3cOluas a ct~M?lete
reality.
It was discovsrs11,
enrthqunkss in
a pr;::n~iously inactive fault. This suw;:::sts n 1'12thorl of turninc: earthquakes
on and off by pumping vrater in or out cf a f.::mlt zon:::. By thus slowly
relievine stresses built uv in major faults, it is hoped tlmt mnjor 2arth··
quakes could be prevented.
Control of earthquakes is also ::mterinp; its inf.:1ncy.
:..;y accident, that deep w:::;ll disposal of liquios
tri;s~er::(~
Effect of Earthqunk.es on tvslls
tvell w::tter often b3COI118S muddy durin:::: an 2:1rthqu.:-.k2. T~12 shc-cl< Hfe'V2
stress::;;s the rock, squ2ezing .?.nd stretchinp the ~vnter .~_,3:>.rini5 zones in t:12
rock. This stirs up the t:1Ud in the bottom of w·ells.
This is not unexpect.:;d near au Garthqucka, but whnt is net ~·lirl·ely kno~m
is thnt distnnt enrthquak2s alsn nffact ,.r.:;lls. Ha.ny new J::;rs3y tlells became
muddy fron the shock we.ve fron th~; G.J, ,J Fri(~ay ~nrthq uake at lmchorn13e,
Alaska (1964). Autmantic recorJins equipt1<'3nt :1t nine observation wells ir.
Ne\>J Jersey recorJad a fluctuntion in the )'round water le,•el up to t-:"7Cl fe.et nt
the tim2 of·arrival of th.:; shock wnvz:..
LIST OF SEISHOGRAPH STATIONS IN AND NEAR NEU JE11.S2Y
S_!:ations QPerat2d by Lnmont-Daherty Gaolor,icsl Observatory
(l1ost of tr12.s2 stations haw~ teler.1etry hookups which sent'. th:d.r C.ata
directly to Lamont-Doherty Obnervatory :1t Palis::lc~·2S, ll::m York)
Pnlisa~bs,
New York.
St.erlins ror:;;;st, New York.
Ogdonsburg, New Jsrs2y. 1780 f2et 0alow surfaca in min::; (')f N.J. Zinc Gc.
-· Naar Somerville, H2~1 J.::.rssy. Na\v station und::;r ccmBtruction.
- Fiva stations b:::t>;Jezn Dalnwara Wct:::r Gap J.nd Dinzmnn' s Farry in
Pannsylvanin and Naw Jsrs,:;y.
- Various tamporary stations 3quipp2d with port'1bla ssismographs.
Othar Stations
Pet:arson, New Jarsey. Privnta ststion (Station PNJ) oparated by
Hr. Philip J. Dal Vacchio, Fornar Dir2ctor of ths Patarscm !~us3um.
New York City, Nc:;vl York; Husaun of tbturnl Histary.
- H<:m York City, Nav7 York; Fordham University.
Betv1a2n Wilmington and Nat-lark, Delawl'.ra; Dc;la\·7Br<> G3olo2ical Survay.
- Friadansvilla, Pannsylva.nin; Haw J:.:;rs3y Zinc Co. oparates an instrument
in its mina for Mine safaty monitorin~~, but picks up llk'!ny e."\rthqunkas :1lso.
(Philadalphin, Pannsylvania; Franklin Institut~ s.::ismo2:raph - no longer
in oper<ltion) •
IIIHOR TE.EHORS IN BERGEN COUNTY NEAR THt r,Ai::il'JlO SECTION OF THE TRIASSIC BO:mER FAD!..T
Tha ' 1Bordar Fault" is ;>robably tha longast systen of f"lults in !J2~.J J:;rs2.y.
It is tha w.::st.arn borJ.ar of tha Triassic B11sin nnd ,:axtands from Stony Point,
naw York 9 to Raading, Pennsylvania, and b~yond. Tha Ramapo saction of this
fault in Bar3.eu County lias just w..!st (1/4 to 1/2 mila) of u. S. Ii.t. 202.
This fault, form.ac at L~ast 200 millioP.. y2ars 3JO, has not baan activa
durinr:, the rac2nt r,.::ological past. Tha aran ifilmar!iat.:;ly to th.:; ..:;ast of it
has, howevsr, b2an tha site of sav.aral v:::.ry minor tramors. This .'\ctivity
·:)robably constitutes only minor r.:;adjustments in tha ..::arth 's crust~ comparabl.a
to the cracking that d::w.:;lops in an old buildinP: as it s.attles.
In addition to the quak.::s lis~d b:.alow for tha Fall~of 1943,
29, 19 72, and Fabruary-...5, 19 73, s1?.v~ral-n~rs of .;;qu:ll ma3ni tuda
hava baen reported in Bergan County and P..ockland County, N.Y. Hater roins
serving Immaculata Conception Saminary in M:iliwah Township have broken in
numerous places betw~en 1964 and 1970. The seminary gr<)Unds era v;;ry close
to th.a fault and are traversed !Jy branches from it. Hany quite minor quakes
have baen detected by Lamori:t-Doharty Geolo13ical OLs...;rvntory's seismographs.
Lamont-Doherty Observatory seismologists have suggaste1 that tuildinl\ c0n.as
provide for construction aula to r;.rl.thstand a shock (}f Fichter map,nituda
of +5. It must ba pointed out that the .art of earthquake; hazard estimntion
is not as advanced as we •·muld like it to be. J:1uch wc·rk .'still naads t<) ba
dona before we arrive at ~ ~re complete understanding of earthquake
occurrenc~ in tha eastern United States.
D~czmhar
OTHER HINOR QUAKES IN NE\-1 JERSEY
llMi,n+" quakes are reported from tim.;; to tim.; froi!l ~all parts- of the
state. A seri~·s of mirli quakes in tha Lake Hopatcons area is notarl in tl:-18
listing balm,T.
I
•
LIS'f i.NG OF EARTHQUAKES IN NEW JERSEY
The following list of twemty~Qne earthquakes and the data. pe-rta:l,.ning,
to them, tvns extracted mainly from Report No • 41-1.
LOCAL
AREA
HERCALLI
N.
. LAT.
H.
LAT.
Near Naw York City
40.8
74.0
4:11
East of Cape filln, Mass.
42.5
70.0
300,000
VIII
Oct. 17
6:00
Canada, fa1t to south
47.5
70.0
700,000
VIII, IX
871
Oct. 9
9;40
Wilmington, Dala't-mre
39.7
75.5
872
July 11
5:25
I~aw
40.9
73.8
100
V
874
Dec. 10
22:25
l.Jes tches ter, Uev1 York
40.9
7 3. 8
5, 000
VI
877
s~pt.
10
9:59
Near Burlinetan, New Jarsay
40. 3
74. 9
300
IV, V.
879
Harch 25
19:30
Dalaware River
39.2
75.5
600
IV, V
884
Aug. 10
14:07
N.::ar New York City, H.Y.
40.6
74.0
70,000
VII
886
Aue. 31
21:51
Charl..aston, So. Carolina
32.9
80.0
2,000,000
X
895
s~pt.
1
6:09
Near High Bridge, new
.40.7
74.8
35,000
VI
910
Apr. 23
2,.ooo
III, IV
921
Jan. 26
1U:40
N2ar Riverton, New J.arsay
925
Feb. 28
21:19
Canada, felt to south
927
June 1
7;20
933
Jan. 24
938
YEAR
DATE
737
Dec. 18
23;00
755
Nov. 18
360
LOCATION
TirviE
Ne~iJ
York, felt in New J3rsay
J~.rsey
Jarsay Coast
40
75
70.1
S .HI.
INTENSITY
VII
VII
150
2,000,000
v
VIII
VII
New Jersay Coast
40.3
74.0
21:00
Naar Trenton, )Jaw Jersay
40.2
74.7
GOO
v
Aue. 22
22:36
Cantral New Jersey
40.1
74.5
5,000
v
939
Nov. 14
21;54
Salem County, Na_w Jersay .
39.6
75.2
951
.Sept. 3
20:26
Naw York, falt in
41.2
· 74.1
40.8
. 74.8
Nelil
Jarsay
957
Harch 23
14:J3
Wast-c""ntra.1 New Jarsey
961
Dec. 27
12:06
Pannsy1vnnia.-New Jarsoy
Border
.v
5,5'YJ
v
VI
151
v
=
~...Tha_
following list of
t~.,r.:mty-four..-aarthquakas.
...aruJ., th.=.:ir data \·Tare
Lret'.S"
tak...,.~--.:.££~.:!-'.Ea.rth.qu<'kas c.1f-. Eastein Cnhada and Adj acant
H.
W.
LAT.
LAT.
AREA
SQ.MI.
St. Lnwrenca River
47.')
7!.1
75') ;100
X
22:40
Near N.awbury,
U.~ss.
42.8
70.3
75,crn
IX
22;5J
Hast cf
N~w
Ynrk City
41.0
74.5
Ft:;lt at
N~w
York City*
III
F.alt at Natv York City*
III
LOCP.J..
YEAR
DATE
TH-iE
1663
Ft:!b, 5
17:3J
1727
Nov. 10
1783
LOCATIOli
VI
18J4
Hay 18
1841
Jan. 25
1847
Sept. 2
Felt from NawJ?ort, E.I.
to Philadelphia, Pa.
1847
Sapt.29
Naar N.aw York City~ Fcdt
4r1,5
from Rlh)da Is. to Phila,,P.:l,;(
1848
So;:pt. 8
23 :'JO
Nanr Nav1 York City. Felt
from Rhode· Is. to Philn. ,P:1. )t
v
1861
Harch 5
12:~J
~tewark,
III
187.J
Oct. 20
11:30
Qm1bec, Cdnada
47.4
1093
Harch 9
12 :3J
Haw York City
q.·).6
7l;
1935
Nov. 1
1:3Cl
Canada
46.8
79.1
a.m.
*
v
4".2
v
7'1.4
N.J. · (two· shocks)*
1,0'!'1,00:)
IX
v
J)
500,010
VII
(+6.2~
1937
Sapt. 30
17:08
1933
Hay 16
14:25
B38
July 29
2;44
1938
Aus. 27
17:36
1938
Dec. 6
14:3G
1938
Sapt. 12
20: 22·
194J
Dac, 20
2:22-
1943
July 24
:)J:lJ
Off New Jersay Coasti(
1944
S.::pt. 4
23:3t3
Hrwsana, N.Y.
Felt in Verena, N.J.*
4'). 8
Ne\v York City, \,Jastchestar
Cty. and Palisadas,N,Y.*
Felt in Trenton, N.J.,'(
Felt'in Union City, N.J.*
Naw 'Hampshire
74.~
III
74.3
II, II
73.7
4'). 2
74.4
III
74.3
III
4'1.8
' 43.8
45.')
II
71.3 ·
2J0,D-n
( +5. 8:t)
72.7
II
74.9
VIII
(+5 ,9R:
Pompton Lakes, N.J.*
41.~
74.3
III
23:22
Bergan Co. , New Jersey*
41.')
74 •.)
III
16:25
Mcnoouth Co. Shoreline*
4J.3
74.'J
IV
947
Apr. 1
3:25
953
Aue. 16
954
March 31
* No
d~tailed
information available for th.ase shocks.
The follo~ins fifta-..n earthquakes and their data ~1are compiled
from sources, such as newspaper cli?:?ings, publications,
and personal communications.
LOCAL
EAI."1
DATE
943
F~ll
962
Har.• 6
962
LOCATION
TL.'1E
evening
l'1ehwah ,N.J.
1
&
Suffern,N. Y.
N.
LAT.
W.
.41.1
74.2
LONG •
A...T.lliA
S ·•MI.
5+
HERCALLI
INTENSITY
v
N.J. , 6 miles fro.m Osdensurp,
+J.3R
Aug. 11
l~ .J .,12
+'). ()J.
962
Oct. 13
Near Po9pton Plains, N.J.
962
Dec. 20
963
Jun. 24
968
Dec .• 10
'
rni. from Ogdensburg
II
II
-
II
II
4:13
Aug. 14
Near. ,Riverton, N.J.
. 4J.l
75.J.
.....
.Lake Hopatcong, N.J.
.-
V(+2.9R)
+lR
41.0 . 74.• 6
· Sept'.l4
II
II
II
'69
Oct. 6
II
II
'
II
II
969
Oct. 10
II
II
II
II.
969
Nov. 3
II
972
Dec. 29
973
Feb. 5
973
Feb. 28
II
.. ·
+lR
II
13
1:34
.3:21
II
II
+lil
II
Wyckoff, N.J.
41.0
74.2
1~
Honokus, N.J.
41.1
74.1
5
4J.l
75.0
. , Mahwah, N.J. to Baltimore,
Md.
IV(+l.25R)
+lR
..,
II
+2.0R
-0.5R
N.J.,17 mi, from Ogdensburg
:i:
969
+l.·JR
III
I, II
IV
(+3.8R)
Detailed Information on Earthquakes Listed
.. "1
~,
·
February 5
In the St. L-awrenca River between' the mouth of- Rivi3ra Lm·blbaia on ·the
north and thc3 n::mth of Riviere Oualle on tha sC'uth. Felt over the entire
eastern part of North America:....750,YJJ square' mileH. Accomp.'lnied by vast
landslides along the St. l1aurica, Batiscan and St. L~wranca Rivars.
Sulte has shown fran contemporary accounts· thnt om'}· of thasa slidas practically levelled a vary 2reat waterfall at Las Gras on the St. Maurice
rd. ver. Other damage ~ms confined to crnck 3d chimneys and th.a lika. No
loss of life ~1as rap.Jrted. ·
"On the shoroo:.s •:Jf Hassachusette Bay housas vrara shaken so thnt
p<:;wtar was jarred fr:Jm the shelves and tha tops of s;:;-...•2-ral ston:a
chimnays were broken."
···
1_727, November 9
...... ·- ...
In th.-a muuth of tha Marrinac f:.iver, near NaljJbury, Hass. R:dt fron Main:!
to Delaware. This ·extant (75 ,OJJ square rtdl.;s) suef:asts ·th'J.t it c-}uld ·
have baan felt in southern Quabac; however no Canadian racc)rd of tha
shock has ba~n found. In a hist0ry of :Jat-Jbury, Staph an Jnc:r:uas H:tot3 · ·
the:; following e.ya ~ritness account:
"On tha twenty-ninth day of Octob3r, 11 (::Jovambar ~1 Gr.:::gorinn CaL:ndar,)
a
betvrean ten and eleven, it being St'\bafh day night, thar~ uas. t~rllbel earthqutllu. Tha like ~ms nevar kn0wr1 in this land, It came
with a di'.ac.dful rorains' as if it was thu..T'ld3r' and th:an !\ rounca ... '
like r,rate ~uns two or three times close ona eftar another. It shook
do¥m bricks from ye tops of abundnnce·of chimnies, som-3 allmost -"lll:
the haad£J,... All that w·as about ye. hc,usas trembled, beds shook,
sone cellar wnlls fall partly down. Bdnjamins Plumar's 'st':0n2 vJit!icut
his dura f.::ll into his c:1llar. Stone. vmls fall in a hundra~ lllasis.
~1ost peopel gat up in a momel'lt • It cane vary oftan all ya ni~ht ·
aftar, and it was he!ard tt-ro or three times soma rl.ays an.J nir;hts,
and on the sabath da.y ni,~ht on ya tvrenty-fourth c:f Dec::mber fbi-·
lowins, b~twean tan and alevan, it tms vary lou•'., as .·my time
except ye first, and twice thnt night 11.ftar but n<Jt a0 lnud.
The first. nisht it brok;;; out in mora than ten places in ya tmm
in ye clay lm,; land, blowinr: up ye scmd, sum r.1ora, sun lass, In
one place. near Sprinf( IslanJ it bl:-aw out, as was judr:act twenty
loads, and whan it wns cast on coals in ya ni:=ht, it burnt liko:
brimstone."
11
:
:
."
:
This
aarthquak~
was follow8d by many
aftergh~cks
•
:::r
1737, DacGmlar 18
• -·· <..
Chimneys were thrbwn down· at N<i'qr'f,)rk' City. · Alsc felt at: Bbst0n; ·
Philadelphia, and New Cnstla, Delaware.
1755, november 18
The enrthquake crun.;; with a roar in£?, sound like cis tan t thun:.~ar, saamingly from the north~K!St. Tha shock resembl<::r! a long r0llinf! s.:;a
and it wns necGssary to hold something to prevent beinf, thro~m tn
the [;round. Tops of trees swayed throur,h a larr;e angle. Hnuses
were shaken, windo\o7S rattled, and beams craclud. This ll'.sted 2
r:J.inutes. The shock w.1.s felt fran Chesapaaka Bay to Anna~:mlis I:i ver,
Nova Scotia, It was falt on Lak~. Georp,e, _nnd a shir at sea 2'1J
miles east of Capa i'.np "t-18S thought to have. sroun,lad though the
watar. depth t¥as consirJarable. At. Bus ton •· Ma~s ~ , walls and chinnays
ware thrown down; waves wera: ra?orted sean onthe surface cif the '
earth like tha s~Jall;f.ng of 'the. saa~. Gab!D ends ~)f brick buildin3s
were thruwn down. Vanes on tuildin~s were brokon off. Stone fences
were generally knocked down. A vary stronE cistern was broken by
the aeitation of the liquid "t-1ithin it, At Penbroke and Scituate,
Hass., small chns:ms were. qrok:an open ip. tha enrth thJ;ough V7hich
fine sand reached the surface. In the harbors and· alonn thacoast
large numbers of fish ware killed and many. vassals felt shocks
as if they wara striking bot~om. Tha tsunami which. acconpanied.
this earthquake \rithdrew the wntar fron St. 11artins Harbor in the
Wast Indies , l::J.twinf V3ssels aground.
On Novambar 22 at 20:27, there w~.s a quite savara aftershock nn0.
uthars occurred .on December 19, 22:0J,
}.. 7 d3, Novambar 2J
Hast of Naw York City. F:1lt from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania.
A forashock at 9 :0•) PH and an. aftershock at 2 ::J:J PH Novamber 311
war.a felt at both Naw.York City and Philadelphia but nowhere elsD.
186:J, October, 17
Canter apparently near Iaviere Oualla, Cariada, which was viclantly
shaken, walls bainp; damaged and chimneys thr<1\17Il dmvn~ The sh.::ck
was felt along the Atlantic c,1ast of New En1;land as far south as
Nc;;wark, N,J,
187:), October 20
Cantrad near Baia-St.Pnul, Qua., wher.a the ror:aatast dmnasa occurracl.
Felt tht'busrwut eastern C<>,nada and in. tha United States w·estward to
Iowa and southward to Virginia ,
Quebac:-- •• ,Buildinrs shook and bells ranp,; savaral chinnays
ware knockeJ down in Desfosses Street, and two persons nearly
killed. "
,,
11
"A h~~ty D;()ta ,to iet you· know the disnsters that w~ra supdanly
caused,' h~.re p.nd in the vicinity,, by .the stranqes,t aarthquaka
in the memory' of man. Approxinat.aly hnlf an hnur b.afcre noon
a thunderbolt ·- this is the ·onl_y word I cari usa . for .:what happaned - an anorxaous detonation ·threw everyone in n stat~ of ·
shock and the earth started not to shake but to boil in a manner to cause dizziness not only to the people in houses but
also to the ones in the open air. :.tU.l the dwellings ··seamad
to ba on a volcano and the earth, fo.rr.U.n8 fissurae in fiv~ Or
six places, was thr01i1ing up columns of ."t-later to six, eight and
parhaps fifteen faet in the air carrying with it a quantity ,Jf
sand which spread on the ground. .Almost avery chimney ~u\s
thrown do-vm and I believe there were not mor.::; than six !aft in
tha whole villasa. Walls. of houses were thrown down; here and
there stoves, furnitur,~ nnd other obj.acts W3re overturned cnrryins with them ute.nsils, china, etc •••• The church sufferad vary
nuch; a part of tha partied ·fell d.own and part of the cailing
'
I
.:
•,
and the ret.1aininr; walls ara so crnckad thnt it is rlo~.ibt:'ful if
they can ba repaired ••• Son~ peop1a arrived frora various c ....,nc~ssions so that we have repcrts from about twalv~· miles arounc1
and nowhere. has a house Nmained intact. Eva!'yli1here thJ shock
was as violent as hare· ••• " quotinG fron a latter oy Father
PlamonJo~ of Baie-St-Paul,
1871 2 October 9
.
At lVilt:lin?>,ton,' Dal., chir.meys tOi)plad and win~o\'rs broka. Damac:=
also raportad ,at Newport, Ne'trJ Cnstl8, .anc Oxford. Rumbling and
explosive sounds heard. Also felt in }fiddletown, Del., Haddenfiald and Salam, N.J., and .Chaster and Philadelphia, Pa.
1872, July 11
The shock was felt ovar a nearly circular area, 10 miles in
diro:l.atar with Na\'J Rochelh~, N.Y., at tha Ci:.:.Uter. At Port
Washington, L.I., long pendulum clocks stopped. A runblinc;
noise, than sounds like bursts of thunder, a.ccor.maniec~ tha
shock •. Felt in New Jars::.!y,
1874, DecamlJer.l'J
Shoclc felt in Wastchastar nnd Rockland Countias, t!.Y., and .:
Berfjan County, N.J. Fal t from Peekskill, N.Y., to Nonml~,
Conn. F..=lt mo.st strongly at Tarrytown and Nynck, N.Y., but: no
damnga done,.. Th3 shock lasting 5 to 6 saconds wns accompanied
by a noisa like n long runbla ending in an <:!xplosion.
!
1077, Saptanber 10
Delaware Valley; fdt from Trenton to Philadalphia over nn are::t
2) niles wide with center near ilurlinr;ton, N.J.
1879,-Uarch 2!>
Delawara Piver balow Philadelphin, Pa. Felt fr01,1 Chas'ter, · Pa.,
to Saleo, N,J., ovar a distance of 30 cllas. Falt nost: stror~gly ·
on east si.d3 of river.
1_8§4, Auuus t 10
· ·.
This strong shock affected an .:1ren axt.:mding fron Portsmouth, N.H.,
to Burlington, Vt., southwest to Binghanton, N.Y., Willians;?Ort, Pr1.,
southeast to Daltinore, 1'1d., and east to,' Atian:tic Citt, t~.J. · ;Graatest
damage occurred at Jaoaicn and Arriityviih"l, N.Y., ~vhere larga cracks
appeareJ in walls. Thirty tmms fran Hartford, Conn~·.; to "Jest
Chestc;;1r, Pa.., raportad fallen bricks and cr.acke,Yplaster.
1886,
AU(,USt
31
'
'
Charl.eston, s.c. The enrthquake started 't<o.Tith a barely perceptible
tremor, then tJ sou.n,4 .lik.J a l,leavy tody rollins alon¢,; the sr>und became .a roar. · Thera)v~s no break in the increasinr;ly haavy jar. ·
Evaryone feared ins'tarit death. Finally the ::;arth Lecal"l:; q'uiet,
the .roar stoppl;lq t ..·and'. the . v'arious hunan sounds' such is cries'~() f
pain ancl feaz;~·~vailing, an,d excitadshout~, 'became audible •.
:,.;
-
•
.:
·:z1.
'
t•
The first shqG~ w:as nt
;51 and tha secc.md.. 8 minutes lnt:;r. I'E;dpla
immedintaly b.ecan. to rather in tha' large public square .in Chnrla~ton
t:J esc,~Qe injuty fror.l fatlinj bu:ildilJ.{;s ~ ' The perlod until rilornilif(
was fiiied witli great anxiety, especially as thdta wata axaggGrtit:ac1
rumors of the number killed. Further shocks occux:.r.ed-a-t---ttD~t 02
and 04. ~he uttar stillnass......af.t:-or-·w~A-..Qhoek,· comuincd with the
_lack.. of .s-ppa:ron'C ··cal::rEf'.a; was· appalling.
A severe shock occurred at
~-- -oa: 30 which aroused sreat apprehension, as it w.!!B now seen that
many of the buildings were either ruined or in dang.arous condition.
It
alsc known that about 6::-J people had bean killed in the
night and many injured, and it was feared that there were more casualties to come. Further shocks occurred at 13:00, 17:00, and
about 20 :00. Dy this time pract.ical1y all people ware in the.
streets.
was
In the vicnity of Charleston special effects were nota.n. In one
place sulphur gas was very evident, Thex:e was a wave of some height
on the Cooper. Fiver. In .some places tha motion was so ~~reat that .
people were overcome with n~usaa i
.I
The sreat masonry structur~s ware fourid to ba severely damaged,
though in soma cases new portions ·were tlest.i:oyed whil~ the old remained intact. Buildings of three o'r more stories had diagonal
cracks in the walls at the niddle stories and vertical cracks near
the top. rlell-built wooden houses w1 t:J:l par,ts carefully pinnerl
toeather 'form a complete and el~tic whole which tenc~s to return
to its qriginal shape as scion as' the disturbance hM passed •. Howevar, some of the best houses were loosened at tha joints so' thnt
they were shaken by passing vehicles and thay.wera somewhat out.
of plumb. Cur:U,usly, a family living in a cna-story 't-100den buildins slept through the earthquake without knowing th.:1t. it had occurred. Chinnoys of at least, 14 ,00() houses ware destroyed in
Charleston.
·
. ·
'
~ ~.
Part o{ the damag~ was dua to after shocks, and on. the whole it was
considerable. · Fortunat;:ely there. was no wind, and t.he.· fires whi~
started wera extinguished 'td.thout difficulty.
..
was
The first ~hock lasted 35 to 40 seconds. and
._.apparently first·
vertical and than horizQntal. The wave motion.:waa v~ry complex.
Pictures wera· found with faces. to, tha. walls. In, tpa cema'f:.eriafl
t.
thare was no prevailing direction for the fall of monuments, incicating that the shocks came from .many direct~ons, as. clght ba.•. expected so near the origin. Earth waves simiiar to ground·. s~eii
ware seen and estinatad to be 2 feet high. This ~y have been the
case in certain places, but in general, it seems likely they war~...
not mora than 4 or 5 inches in height;:. Such w~vas expla;Ln mu~:_.:. 't '. :,
of tha destruction. Duildings showed both. hori.zontal and vert~cal ..
displacements. There ware 10 severe and numarnus nodarate to light
aftershocks up to September 30, and probably countless others J:'e~
cordabla only by instruments. The s~ries of heavy aftershocks .,.oil;;.
dou'!Jtadly heiped to weaken the buildlnss 'pravio':lsly damaced. . '
.
Through the epicentral area and in soma ran;Lons outside of it, tQ.e
ground was greatly fissured and in some cases water extruded. The
cracks were rarely more than an inch wide, but near the streams
the movexaent of the banks toward the stream left l>rldar . cracks.
Where large quantities of water.~arne up there was n round hole of.
considerable size with a g~aater basin at the ground surface. Thasa.
were of all sizes from vei'y small up to 20 feat in diameter. Much_
sand was brought up, usually from known beds of quicksand. In
some cases the water rosa in high jets carrying sand and mud.
The banJing of rails and lateral displacement of the tracks' 't.JaJ:'a
'l •
vary avir:1ant in the epic.antral regi:;;m,, though not at Charleston. At
a number of places the affect bn culyerts and other st111ctures da.monstrated that there was
strong vertical force in ac.tion at the timp,
of the earthquake.
..
a
The estimated da~th of focus, or depth..balow ~ha surface at which
the earthquake actually occurred, was t2 miles·.
The area of severe affect was large, and t.ha. tren~rs ware actually felt
over an area With a radius of about [)')t) niL so that 2,~·JJ,O~O
·-r3~.)-~ ... .s:::...:-.~:.. .....~ ~ &.-.,. .. i-~:t.-. 0 _ ........l._..~..oc-:(:\ ·arsec.
Vl::l t:~1il, ·r. ::
S '£• ~.z·
uJ.•
area of 100 miles in dianetar, the dastruction "muld, have be.en sevure except for the character of the· country; sd.ttlanants wari::.
few and far batween and the prevailing typa of buildin~ prim:J_tiva,
t}le log cabin beint~ wall dasigned to resist destruction by aarthqut:~kes. ThroughrJut ·this region it -wa.s hard £6r paoS·la t 9 i-a~in
on their feat.
··
·
· . . .· . . ,., ..
r!
~--
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..
~
The. balt from 50 to 100 miles izi radius was stronr,ly. shclc.:m.. >T!lis
included two cities~ Savannah ann Columbia, each about 9l mil<hs' .·
away. At the formar, 300 chimneys were damagadati£r thbsa i1ocrly!
constructeJ ware shaken uown. Columbia felt the shocks still. more
strongly~ 3uildinss swayed, plaster fall, and th~ undulatory movement' of the sround made tvalkins difficult.
'·"'. ·. .
·
Tha eff<?.ct did not vary exactly with·distanca fru~ eDicantar, as
geological conditions were an important factor. At Augusta, just
over 100 milas from the apicentar, 100 chimneys fall nnd.n clan fissured and broke • . The shocks· ware as severe at Ralaip,h, '21~. ~las
away., <lS at Wilmington; 152 mi1.es away~ ·The sh0ck was f:o!lt ~e.
l3os ton, Milwaukee, Cuba, and as far ens t .. as ns:rmuda, 1 ,;-:xn 'mflas
away. It was felt sharply at New York. Thare appaars to pava
baen a shadow ~otia where it was lightly felt, as co~arad .~71th
other .places of··simi:lar diStanca in the Appalachian tegion of '
·
Wast Vi~ein~a~ Maryland, and ·Pannsylvania..
_.
Intensity felt in Naw Jarsay was about :til or IV.
139 3, :Uarch 9
rr
Cantered in Naw York City. Animal~;at' the Zoo ware dtstu~bed
·::
and billiard.playing affected.
!395, Saptambal; 1 ·
;· ·
' · ·
Genarally felt, extrema points, Virginia to Haina·;' cantarad in
Hunterdon County, N.J;, naar Hish ilridga. In various places in
this county buildings rocked; articles fall from shdlve,s. Two
shocks wer:a ·felt at New ntunsWick. Int~nsity V at ·Ad:a:ntic.
Hishlands. Fi;H'f in all parts of tha city of Nel<mrk. ·: Fairly·
sharp at Cainaan and nurlinpton. ·At Philadelphia, wir;dows' t~a-re
broken and -crockary ovarturn:ad'.' · The shock seams to hav:a· bl;iar\
falt over' a: considerabla cfistnnd:. northaaat-soutliwest btit rat~_ar
narrow a~ right angU•s to this line. Not reported in Pa.nnsyl'itania
west of E~on.
·
· _.,
> '. ·
·
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191J 2 April 23
Atlantic City to Cape May, U.J., and Snmv Hill, Hd. T4hile these
sl1ocks do not appear to have exceeced intensity IV, th~y were. so
widespread that they are included. At 21: 3'l there was a similar
shock near Catonsville, Md.
1921, JanuarJ 26
J:1oorestown and Riverton, N.J., shaken with intensity V.
nuisi:o.
T\umbling
1)25, February 28
While the earthquake was fe:lt widely in the northeastdrn u.s., e.nd
~;;;specially in HichiQan, the;re was no record of damaee or of direct
loss of lifa though there were several deaths from shock. It was
more. instrumental in sacuring attention. to the earthqu~ka prohlem
than any sincie 19J6 •
·
The earthquake wna remarkable for moderat:; intensity over a gre:at
area and for great variaticns in intensity at the same distance
from the epicenter in various directions. It probnbly eff;;;cted n
large.r number of people thnn nny previous shock in the United
States sine;;.; it was felt 'vith an intensity IV or more in New
York and iloston.
·
While a v.:..ry large area 'vas shaken, the area of important damar;e
was comparatively snnll, confined to a narrow belt on either side
of the St. Lawrenc;;; lliv~r. It wns not .:;;asy to determine th..:> epicenter' since the epicentral rc;gbn had few inhabitants and the
instrumental r~cords were soMewhat conflicting.
The ;;;ffects at Quebec are instructi vf.: as they tiT.;;;re confined to
places wh ... re the depth of soil was considerable •. The upper part
of the.wall of the Canadian Pacific Railway station was damaged.
At .3. large hotel not far away on 1 rock, it w·as scarcely known that
an e:arthquake occurred. This indicates the care thatmust be taken
in judging the position of the epicenter from effe.cts on buildings •
. ±i;:ri-ain, charactE:r of builditlgs, and geologicC".l f,')rmaticns are all
ietermining factors in these effects.··
·
In the vi'cini ty of the epicenter there vlei:"£; 'fev1 tm:ms, and few
buildings of considerable size except for occ~sionrrl· churches. · At
Pointe-.;lU-Pic two old buildinf:;s ,,.,ith thick stone walls tvere badly
damaged.. At St. Urbain a church wns bndly camaged but othe:rwise
cnly n few chinm.,ys were· thrown do~m, these being on buildings ·
which WE:re new, strong, and on a rock foundation. At P.iviere Ouelle
L! 53 year old church in Lood repair, but built· ori alluvial soil,
had the bells in its towe:r dislodsed a.."ld the :.;r~an pipes twis te•1,
Sav.;.ral houses were damaged here but only 20. miles away, buildin~s
on rocky ground were unharmo;;d.
Vertical motion could be expected near the. ~picenter but thare
wer;;; few :;pportunitic.s for direct observnticin. At Riviere Ouelle
a stone wei0hing 200 pounds wns thrown cle~r of its foundation
though there were dowel pins 2 feet apart and extending 2 inches
above the foundation. A chimney collapsed through vertical thrust
from uelO~T •
The ground was deeply frozen. Cracks nppaared on the south shore
in the form of grids. There W3.S a crack near Riviere Ouella 4
inchas 'tiide and more than 2 feet Ge~p <:fter.. i.t _\1ad ba2.n pArtly
fillad. No cracks in rocks wara reporta.d • .: In l~laces of..~da.ep alluviun the froz£;!n part s~1araed to heva slid on tha unfrozen part, · ·
leaving cracks through which water and.wet sand reached.the sur~
face.
The only way to determine_, whether chn-r;8e. of. eleyation occurred was
by lines of precise levels. A former line in the genc:ral region
was rerun with definite indication in some places of chnnga.s of
about 3 inches. I3·acause of the lack ,:;f railtvnys 11~1 previous lines
had been run. in the epicentral r<'lgion.
One hundred aftDrshocks were noted in c. vl';;ek. at Chicoutimi, and
shocks continued for several months. The strongest ware felt ori
April 10 at Hurray Day and April 25 at Chicoutimi. A P.relinin:1ry
shock occurred on September 30, 1924.
'
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Intensity experienced in New Jer~ey .~as_ about
IV or lass.
1927, Jum:: 1
., ,
Three shocks we.,re felt along the New. Jarsay coast fror.! Sa.ridy Ho.;k
to Toms River. Highest intensitias wsre. obsarvad atAsbury Park
to Long Branch, where save.ral chimneys fall, plast.::!r crackact', and
articles were thrown fror;t shalvas.
1933, January 24
A sharply felt shock near Trantoq., N.J. Pictures thrown 'fE.orl} rvall
and people reported thrown out pf.b~d at Lakehurst.
~935,
November 1
.. ; . :"!
,
Abo,ut 4 miles north and a little to the ..,::.ast of Timiskaming Station,
Que. The shock was felt over an,·nre:.a of:.mGre than· 530,000. squara
miles •. The limit of perceptibility to, the north is not 'ctefin~d
because of lack of human habitation. 1t extends, however, :from
Fort Willi<llll, . On t. , in the .>vast to the Day of .Funqy in the · 8P.S t and
southward into Kentucky and Virginia. The.shock was felt at.scat~
tered points outside this area.
·
,. ,
·
Hodgson made an extensive study of the epicen~ral reroion,for a
month after the shock. He report.s tl;l~t the gr~;atest damage oc.,..
currad in Tit:rlskaxning, Que. Ho;;N, about 80 percc;nt .of tho? chinneys
wera!damag..;d av.Jn the-ugh they ~;ere nea:rly all lined with 'hie. and
cappf'ld with cament. The tops of thb chimnays "mushr.oomed" and
. had to be. rebuilt but did
actuails 'fall at ihe time ot tht'
shock. Soma cracks developed in solid ~rick wa1ls though much
brick-veneer construction escaped da~age. F9rty mif.es_from the
a:,?icentr<:., at Hattawa and North Bay, many chinneys were thrown
dovm.
nqt
Cracks appaares:I in the:. gravel aqd sand nt the edsas . of islan)is and
borders uf lakes. ~.e b~asid.;;; Lak<? Tirrd.sknmins was mora than 20J
feet long and a stick could !.l<:: t:P,ru~t · i~to it to a dapth •?f 3
feet. The deep.nt;td clear.wat<;;r.of T...LQ.ke, close to the apicentr~,
was muddied to the. coluur of ~'cafa .. au Jait" ~Y the shock. Othc:r
lakes in the area ~ere not :'!ffected. Displacenent of heavy' bc,d-,
ies was common in and near Timisknming.
·
This shock furnish8d a wall-documented instance of trier.;i:,rins of
a landslide. by an earthquake. At Pnrent, Que., 190 miles from
the epicentre·, more than 100 feet <Jf the Canadian Natiohlll Railways risht of way s.lid into a small lake. Thet the sli~e wcs
imninent and the earthquake acted' as a trig~er was deduced from
thi:o! fact that ::lelicately balancad rocks in rock cuts nehr th~ ·
slide were not. ·disturbed.
As is usual .wh~n shocks are of the siza of this one, many aftershocks W<.\re felt in the epi.c,;1ntral erea. They ware very frequent
during the rest of November i nnd co:mtinm"d for some months a~ter
the main shock,
193J, August 22
In v7est.;.rn corner 'of Monnouth County. Slight (1ama08 at· Glouc<;!ster
City and Hightstown, N.J.; and Ardmore, Pa. Felt throur,h central
New Jersey, southeast Pa., and northern Delaware. Four smnller
shocks occurr.ed on the 23rd and on.., on th.., 27th •.
lJ 39
NovemLer 14
Salem County, N.J.
no damai;<:ol.
P
About G,~)00 squnr;;: miles affected.
Little or
194J, Deceml.H;:r 20
Ce;ntr.;:d near Ossip.;,e Lake, N.H. This shock was followed by a
dozen aftershocks larp,e enou.r;h to be located from instrumental
data. The first was of ;;qual mar;nitud<::. Three others 1'\f!.d masni-·
tude 3 to 4, The remainin3 eight td which magnitudr.;s h.-:i\'e not
be;;;n assigned but which were ~resumnbly smaller. occurre1 at the
following tim;;:s: Decembar 24, - 13:00, 14:32, 18:12; Ja:huary 2 .:..
3:42; January 4 - 11:10; J;muary 18 - 23:25:; January 23 - J:l4;
February 12 - 22:23. One observer in the vicinity of the epicantrc:, reported that 129 aft.;;rshocks had occurred by tha enr:! of
January. The two larc;est shocks ranched·. intarisity v·u at .
.
Tamworth and Wonalancet, both inr New Haini)shire. Thay were '.felt '
from Pennsylvania and New Jersi::i.y· eastward through Haine'and'in
southern Canada.
r
...
1943, Fall
This account was p,iven recently frQm memoey.by a raside11t, l¢ng
after .. the evant, in respousa to pub:licity of quakes.. in· ,local naw.s~
1 r:.., :
·~ ,
, ··
1__. ' . ;
papers:
1
•
.•
• • _: ··.'
•.• ,1_ .,
Doors and dish3S rattled, hanr,ing 'lamp~ swun~, f{irniture
shift.;;d, Earth shook perceptibly underfoot after group
ran outside in night .'clothe;s.
This shock
north.
al~o
felt in Suffern, 'N. Y,, about 2-1/2 miles to the .
..
: . , ~·· 't' -
1944~ sep·i~~m~r5
. .
About 3 miles north of Massena, N.Y., clos.::: to the Intarnaticmal ·
Boundary. The cJ,rigin time and co-ordinates, togethE:lr with their
respectiva uncertainties, are those calculated by ~Iilna who usad
data from '.23 seis!Xlograph stations.
The ar~a ov<::r tmich this earthquake trnlS· perceptible ext.::;ncs from
James Day sou'th to Virginia .and fror.t N;:!!v{. JrunmJick w~<st to Lake
:Uichi8an, However·, the;. area·. in which th~< shock was felt with an
intensity as great :as V or VI. is relatively small. The area of
greatest intensity l:lxtends ~arther lengthWise along the St.
Lawrence River thnti perpendicular to it, The region where th~
intensities were :of the arder of VI extends from Montreal to the
Thousand Islands but at Ottawa, which is 20 miles closer to the
epicentre than either, the intensity was only v. The sar.t~ pattlilrn is evident south of the river. The maxir.tum int~nsity of
VIII occurrad in the Vicinity of Corm-T<:!ll, Ont,, and Hassena,
N.Y. The total damage was estimated at $2,000,0:10,
Prior to the earthquake neither seismograph records nor repcrts
from residents gave any ind~cation of increasing seis@ic acti~­
ity in the area. Th'ree small eve.nts r.:=cordsd only at dttawn. ·
during the year may or may not have orir,inated near Hassena.
The main shock was followed by many aftershocks.
'·
1951, ,September 3
.' '
Many people were alarmed and buildings creaked at Greenwood·
Lake and Tomkins Cove, N.Y. Felt from Windsor, Conn., southwest
to Pompton Lakes and Dover, N,J., and from north shore of Lonz
Island Sound to Walden and :t-tlddle~own, N.Y •.
. 'i.
!9 57 , Harch 23
West-central New J;;:rse;y, Sl.ight damage in the Lebanon-HamdenLong Vall;;.y areas, consist~~$ of.crnckad chimneys, broken
windows and dishes, ·cracked '\valls and plaster, and l>roken well
curb, Many people were; frish~ened.
1961, December 27
Pennsylvania-New Jersey border, At Bristol and in north~asterri
part and suburbs of Philadelphia, buildin3s crucked and dishc;.s
rattled •. Police; and newspaper 9.ffices were swamped with calls
from alarmed citizens. Felt by' many of Levittown and Langh.orne, ·
Pa., and nordentown and Trenton, New Jersey.
19~2-1963,
l1arch 6, 1962 to June 24, 1963
Five minor, ea~thquakes in northern New Jersey, as.well as several
other _ll)inor quakes ifrom more ··distant locations were dete-cted by
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory seis~o3raphs in a special
study by Bryan !sacks and Jack Oliver.
:
';:.
;,
The principal instrument was ~ extremely sensitive (magnification of 3 million) seismograph located in a deep mine at
Ogdensburg, N,J. This instrument
could detect· quarry blasts in
r
r
New England and was, :therefor~, usee only nt night when such
blasts and other noises were rare,
-
#,
,
..
Two other less sensitive seismogr.~phs (one.. at Or:rdenshurr-> !>.nd one
at Sterlins Forest,~ ~.Y.):, were ·als.P. used ii1;fthis study,
•
1~0
.':-· ...':~:'
.
I
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' •
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~...
th~··< areas affectc:.~l wer~·
~
. . .~:r:'
local reports from
ei ven in the 'repiJrt;
therefore, Mercalli intensities cannot be given.
~~
The .shocks of Mar.ch.-6..--AYeUS~-"11 -and -~ 24 \;rer.:. -dat<>-et.:;,d _onl.y by
tho;; un;;; instrum<;!nt. Ther.;for;;;, only the distance to th<: epicdnter
and not the exact location could be de:terminell (see section on
el.:;mentary s~isnology above).
1963, Deceaber lJ
Epicenter near Delaware River, 15 miles scuthwest of Newb0ld Island.
Felt in small area of northeastern i\:;;nnsylv'-lnic; southe:rn N.::w J£;:rsey
and Delaw·are, but caused no damage •.
l%Y, Ausust 14 to Novenber 3
Five shocks ft;.:lt in the Lake Hopatcong .area, Reports were. rece.ived
by Lanont-Doherty Ge,)logical Obs;;.rvatory seismolo~ists in r~;sponse
to questionnaires published in local newspe1)ers.
The quake of Octobe:r G was the ~Jst wi~.e:ly felt. One of the f';l
positiv"'- responses to the questicnnair.;. for this qunke reported
cracking in ;?laster walls; all oth..:,rs repc;rt"'d less sf:vere efft"':!cts.
The other four quakes were milder and l~ss vridely felt.
data are not available for these four •
Intensity
.Accurdinp, to residents of the r.:::gion, n,J shocks have Leen felt in
the 30 years preceding this sequence~
A total of 42 .::arthquakes was recarded by the scdsmograph at
Ogdensburg, N.J., fron August 13 tc' November 9, 1969.
19~2,
pecember 29
1
Waldwick, \vyckof:f and parts of Hit'!land Park, N,Jl, expz.rience.d
very local _shock. Waldtv-ick police headquarters vms forcefully shaken and a rumbl.:;: (like a sonic boom) was heard. The
Waldwick police recei v.;:d 57 Nl.:::phone, calls about the shock.
a
Althoup;h about III on the Mer.calli scale, La.'11ont-Doherty Observatory's seismographs in Rockland County (1-J and 17 mile.s
away) reported no major trer.:tors. (This shock is probably assosociated with the Ramapo Fault, see text)
Note:
Mr. Del Vecchio reports that his hi13h gain seismograph
in Patterson (only G or 7 miles awny) show.;.d " •••• not
the slightest trace of activity •••• " for this pr.-;.:surned
quake or for the one of F;;;:bruary 5, 1973. Notinp, that
his equipment was definitely oper.<1tin:r properly, he sursgested that these .-;:vents mir,ht have 1)een man-ronde,
perhaps sonic boons.
1973, February 5
Very local tremors at 8:55 P.H., 10:00 P.l~., anJ 11:15 l).M. Five
calls to Hohokus police re:portins shocks. Pc;ssibly an aftershock
fron tremor of D~cember 29.
(See Note above)
19 ]} , February 2G
!1ahwah, N.J., to l3altimore., Md.
six seconds.
Richter maP,nitude
3.~,
lasting
Trenton area police departments received over 5') telephone calls
from residents reporting ·shaking dishes, rattling, and tables
and chairs jiggling. One homeownc;:r in Law.renee Township .reported·
that her well water became muddy.
. · ·.
Two residents from Ringwood and one from Mah't17ah, N.J., re.p..:.1rted
vibrating furniture and ?ictures on wnlls d'isturberl.. This earth hquake. was more severely felt in Philadelphia where resinents reported be.ins dum~>ed out of bed.
.·
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.;
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I3IllLIOGRli.PHY
Material
us~d
in this re?ort:
Austin, C.R., 1960; "Earthquake Fluctuation in W.alls.in New Jersey~"
Wat.ar Rt:sourcas Circular 5; Div. ~~a.tcr Policy & Supply, N.J.
Dept. of Conservation & Economic D~vt:lopmerit; Pte~ared in cooperation with the u.s. Dept. of the Int~,;:rior, Geolosical Survey
I3romery, R. W., 19G 7; "Engineering Geology of the Northeast Corridor,
Washinston, D.C., to Boston, Mass.;" Enrthqunke, Geothetmnl Gradients
and Exploration and Borings; u.s. Dept. of Commerce, Geolop,ical Survey, ~.iscella.neous Geolosical Investi<3ations, Hap I-514-C
Dames and i·foore (Consulting Engineers), 197:J; "Newbold Isla.n:d Genarating Station Prelininary Safety An.!llysis Report," Pub~ic Service
Electric and Gas CcJmpany. (unpublished, closed file report)
Eppley, R.A., 1965; "Earthquake History of the United St.~tes;"
D;:;pt. of Commerce, C~..1ast and Geodetic Survey, Publ.41, pt. 1
'
u.s.
'
Evens, :D .• H., 1966; "Man-Hnde Earthquakes in Denver;" Geotimes, Vul. 10,
no. 9; May-June, 1966, p. 11-L:
-----------, 1967; "Han-Hade Earthquakes-"'A Prosress Rt.:port;" Geotimc.s,
Vol. 12. no. 6, July-Aug., 1967, p. 19-20
..
.
-~
'
'
!sacks, D. and Oli~er, J., 1964; "Sdsmic, Uaves with Freque-ncies from
1 to bo Cycles~per Second Reeordad in a·Deep Mine in Northern New
Je-rsey;<~ :3ull Seisomological Soc. of America; Vol. 54, ric;. 6,
December 1964, p. 1941-1979
Howell, I3. F. Jr. , 19 73; "Earthquake Hazar,ds . in the Eastern Uni terl
States;" Earth and Mineral Sciences, Vol~ 42, No. 6, ~1arch 1973;
Penn State Univ., Coll. of Earth·'an<l Mineral Scic,nces
Oliver, J., 1960; "Earthquakes and SeismoloRy;" Geolosical Soc. of N.J.
l'ar,a, R.A., !folnnr, i>.H., and Oliv~r, J., .19G 0 .; "Seisoicity in the Vicinity of th;;;: Ramapo Fault, New Jersey-New York;" 3ull Seismological
Soc. of America; Vol. 50, no. 2, April 19Gn, p. Mll-6f.:6
Sbar, H.L., Ryan, J.H.W., Gumper, F.J., and Lahr, J.c., 197J; "An
Earthquake Sequ~nce anJ Focal Mechanism Solution, Lake Hopatcon3,
Northe-rn New Jersey;" 13ulletin, Seismolop,ical Soc. of America,
Vol. 60, No. 4, Aug., 197J, p.l231-1243
Scholz, C.H., Sykes, L,l{., and Agp,arwal, Y,P., 1973: "Earthquake Prediction: A Physical Basis;" Science, Vol, 1:31, Aur,., 1973, P• 803-810
Smith, W.E.T., 1962; "Earthquakes of Eastern Canada and Ar~jacent Areas,
1534-1927;" Publications of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa,
Vol. XXIV, no. 5
--------, 1')66; "Earthquakes of Eastern Canada nnd Adjacent Areas,
1922-1959 ;" Publications of tha Dominion Observatory, Ottawa,
Vol. XXXII, no. 3
Many accounts taken from local newspaper articles, both current and from
old file.s.
Additional re ference:s :Adams, F.D., 1933, "The Birth and Deve~o2pen1:--f)f--th;:;. Gi?olordcal Scisnc.:,s,"
(Chapter XI: Earthquake.s an.J ~~ie of the Inte.rior cf thi:::- Enrth,
pgs. 399-425) Dover Publications, N.Y.
l3yerly, P., 1942, "Seismology," Prentice hall, N.J.
Heck, N.H. , 19 36,
"Earthquakes~" Prih~~ ton
Uni v.::rsi ty Press, N.J.
HoJgson, J ,H., 1964, "Earthqunkes and I?arth Structure, 11 Prentice Hall, N.J.
Joint Panel on Problet:J,s Concerning Seisp10lo~y and Rock Hechnnics, 19 72,
"Earthquakes Related to Reservoir Filling;" National l:..cnde.my 0£
Scienc.;;s--National Academy of Enginserinr:, Jan., 1972 (nvailnble. from Division l.1f Earth Sciences, Netionnl Resenrch Council, Hashin[;ton,
D.C.)
Le.et, J...D. and Judson, s., 1965, nPhys:i.tal,Gt1f.ll•:::rY,~' (third etlition)
(Chapter 19, Earthquak<::s and Chapter 20~ The Enrth's Interior) ·
Prentice Hall, N.J.
Nntional Acndemy of Sciences, Cornnlttee on Seismology,· 1973, "Strcnp-Moti()n
Engineering Seismology: The Key to Understanding and Reclucine the D3Il1ar:ing Effects of Earthquakes," Nwt .Acad. of Sci. , Printins and Pu;;tish::i.np,
OfficL~ Washington, D.C.
·
Richter, C. F., 195 ';, "Elenoantary Seismology," Fr;;:;;e:na.n and Sons, Calif.
U.S. Dept.· of Comnerce, '19 73; "Seismo;J,.ogicnl Pu~licati.6n~ and Services, 11
available free from the.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratinn,
Environmental Data Service, Joulder, Coloradu ':0302 ·
Dept. of Interior, bi-monthly; "E~rthquake Inform.:.~tion Bulletin,"
U.S. ~clctjical Survey (available ft:Qm Superintendent cf Documents,
Govt. · Printin13 Offict'!., Washinston,, D.~
20402)
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