Plasma physics operating unit
Plasma physics experimental set
Plasma physics complete package
09108.99
09108.10
09108.88
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG
Robert-Bosch-Breite 10
D-37079 Göttingen
Telephone +49 (0) 551 604-0
Fax
+49 (0) 551 604-107
E-mail
info@phywe.de
internet
www.phywe.de
Operating Instructions
The instrument
complies with the
appropriate EC
Guidelines
CONTENTS
1
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
2
PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS
3
FUNCTIONAL AND OPERATING
ELEMENTS
4
NOTES ON OPERATION
5
HANDLING
6
TECHNICAL DATA
7
EXTENT OF DELIVERY
8
ACCESSORIES
9
NOTE ON THE GUARANTEE
1
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• Read these Operating Instructions carefully
and completely prior to start-up of the
instrument. This is essential for your own
protection and to avoid harm to the
instrument.
• Only use the instrument for the purpose for
which it is intended.
• Only operate the instrument in dry rooms in
which there is no risk of explosion
• Before applying mains voltage, ensure that the
earth lead of the experimental set-up is
properly connected to the mains earth lead.
The mains plug is only to be plugged into a
mains socket which has an earth lead. Do not
use an extension cable without earth lead, as
this would negate the protective effect.
• Ensure that the mains voltage given on the
type plate of the experimental set-up matches
that of your electric mains.
10 WASTE DISPOSAL
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
09108.99 / 3207
1
• Should the possibility be given that the
protective connection to earth is interrupted,
disconnect the experimental set-up off and
secure it against re-connection. Also do this
when the experimental set-up is visibly
damaged or no longer operates properly.
• Assemble the experimental set-up so that the
mains switch and/or the plug connector of the
instrument are freely accessible. Keep the
ventilation slots of the experimental set-up
free of any covering.
• Only use the experimental set-up for the
purpose for which it is intended.
• Do not attempt to open up the experimental
set-up.
• Only operate the experimental set-up using
the cable provided.
• Do not connect any other devices to the
experimental set-up.
• CAUTION! Separate the instrument from the
electric mains before loosening, exchanging or
removing any cable connection!
• In the surface treatment experiment, the
plasma generates low concentrations of ozone
(the smell threshold is exceeded). These
concentrations are below the limiting value.at
a distance of 10 cm from the electrode.
Further to this, the ozone is sufficiently diluted
by the ambient air. Ensure sufficient ventilation
(e.g. an open window) in small rooms with
several experimental instruments and long
series of experiments
2
measures the voltage (0 - 800 V) required to
ignite a plasma.
3
FUNCTIONAL AND OPERATING
ELEMENTS
3.1 Plasma physics operating unit
The plasma physics operating unit (Figs. 2 and 3)
serves to supply power to the experimental set
and offers two experimental modifications. It has
the following functional and operating elements:
1
2
3
9
4
8
7
6
5
Fig. 2: Plasma physics operating unit (09108.99) –
front view
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PURPOSE AND CHARACTERISTICS
The plasma physics operating unit serves to
supply power to the plasma physics experimental
set. It offers a choice of two experimental
modifications, as the experimental set consists of
two different experimental devices which are
mounted on a common base plate. The following
experiments can be performed:
1st. Experiment
Surface treatment by a plasma. The discharge
electrode (max. 15 kV) at a fixed distance (2 mm)
serves for the surface treatment of various carrier
materials by ignition of the plasma on the sample
surface. This experiment enables the wettability
of the surface after different treatment times to be
examined.
2nd. Experiment
Confirmation of Paschen’s law. The validity of the
formula: UD = f(p·s) is to be examined here,
where UD is the ignition voltage required, p the
pressure and s the distance between the
electrodes. To achieve this, the distance between
two electrodes (fixed and variable) is varied using
a micrometer screw. The electrodes are held in a
vacuum chamber under constant pressure (1 hPa
to 10 hPa). A digital multimeter with hold function
09198.99 / 3207
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Fig. 3: Plasma physics operating unit (09108.99) back view
1 Control-LED (green) Power
Displays the readiness for use for Paschen’s
law and surface treatment experiments
2 Control-LED (red) Plasma discharge
Plasma active (ignition voltage reached).
Paschen’s law and surface treatment
experiments.
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
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3 On/off switch, loudspeaker
Loudspeaker which can be switched off:
Plasma active (ignition voltage reached).
Paschen’s law and surface treatment
experiments
4 Control knob, voltage
Variation of the output voltage for ignition of a
plasma. Paschen’s law experiment
3.2 Plasma physics experimental set
The experimental set (Figs. 4 and 5) consists of
two experimental devices, each of which is
mounted on a common base plate. The device on
the left of the base plate is for use in experiments
on surface treatment (I) and that on the right for
experiments on Paschen’s law (II). They have the
following operating elements:
Surface treatment experiment
A
5 4mm Earth socket
Connection to a green-yellow connecting lead
for the earthing of the experimental set
B
6 Switch, operating mode
„Pulse“ setting for the surface treatment
experiment, or „Cont.“ setting for the
Paschen’s law experiment
7 Mini DIN socket, Out
Multipin socket for connection of the
experimental assembly for Paschen’s law or
surface treatment
8 Start button Timer Start
Starts plasma treatment. Surface treatment
experiment
9 Control knob, Time
Setting of various treatment times for the
surface treatment experiment
10 Mains switch
Switches the operating unit on
11 Connecting plug
Connects the operating unit to the 230 V
electric supply via the instrument connecting
lead, fuse holder inclusive.
Paschen’s law experiment
I
II
C
Fig. 4: Plasma physics experimental set (09108.10) –
Front view
A High voltage generator
This generator serves to generate a high
voltage and so to create a plasma between
the discharge electrode and the base plate.
Do not attempt to open, high voltage!
Experiment: Surface treatment
B 4mm Earth socket
Connection to a green-yellow connecting lead
for the earthing of the experimental set.
C Discharge electrode (ceramic)
Electrode for the surface treatment of various
sample materials by a plasma. The electrode
is at a fixed distance (2 mm) from the base
plate. Experiment: Surface treatment
D Micrometer screw
Varies the distance between electrodes for the
determination of various ignition voltages.
Resolution 10 µm, 500 µm/U, Distance of
travel, max. 6 mm. Experiment: Paschen’s law
E Mini DIN socket
Multipin socket for connection to the operating
unit.
Experiment: Surface treatment
F 4 mm Safety socket
Connector for a digital multimeter for
measurement of ignition voltages (measuring
range: direct voltage 1,000 V; hold function).
Experiment Paschen’s law
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
09108.99 / 3207
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J
F
D
G
E
H
I
Fig. 5: Plasma physics experimental set (09108.10) –
Back view
G Vacuum chamber
Variable distance between two electrodes
(fixed and variable) under vacuum (1-10 hPa)
for the determination of ignition voltages.
Experiment Paschen’s law
H Observation window
Observation window for visualization of the
ignition point of a plasma. Experiment
Paschen’s law
I
Gas inlet /gas outlet
Allow connection of a vacuum pump and
pressure measuring instrument for generation
of a vacuum. Experiment: Paschen’s law
J Mini DIN socket
Multipin socket for connection to the operating
unit.
Experiment Paschen’s law
4
NOTES ON OPERATION
The plasma physics operating unit and the
plasma physics experimental set fulfill the
technical requirements summed up in the current
European
Community
Guideline.
The
characteristics of the product entitle it to the CEmark. The following notes on operation are to be
observed:
• The experimental set-up can be influenced by
electrostatic phenomena (e.g. HF, bursts,
indirect lightning discharge) and so not
operate perfectly. Do not operate highfrequency emitters in the immediate vicinity.
• The experimental set-up can emit interference
(Class B: EMC). Because of this, do not
operate any sensitive measuring instruments
in the immediate vicinity.
09198.99 / 3207
Equipment required:
o Digital multimeter with hold function
(measuring range: Direct voltage
1,000 V; Ri ≥ 10 megohm)
o Vacuum pump with constant pressure
control (minimum operating pressure: 1
hPa)
o Pressure
measuring
instrument
(measuring range: 1 hPa to 1.000 hPa)
Samples required:
o Plastic: PP, PE, PA, PVC (do not use
easily ignitable materials!)
o Metal: Aluminium
(do not use
combustible materials!)
o Glass
o Wood
5
HANDLING
This section describes how to put the operating
unit into operation and gives an overview of how
to use the experimental set in experiments.
Please read carefully through this section to avoid
failure or improper operation.
5.1 Operating unit preparation
First check that mains switch (10) is set to the O
position (off) and that control knobs (9) and (4)
are both turned anticlockwise to the left stop. Now
make sure that proper earthing of the
experimental devices is given. To do this,
connect earthing socket (5) on the experimental
set base plate to the operating unit earthing
socket (5) with green/yellow connecting cable.
For voltage supply to an external device
(connector E or J), connect the mini DIN cable to
operating unit connector (7). Now use the
instrument connecting cable to connect
connecting socket (11) to the external 230 V
supply.
CAUTION: Separate the instrument from the
electric mains before loosening, exchanging
or removing any cable connection!
5.2 Surface treatment experiment
After connecting all cables (see 5.1), push
operating mode switch (6) to the „Pulse“ function.
Activate the operating unit with mains switch (10).
The operating unit is ready for use when LED (1)
lights up. When this has occurred, position a
sample (e.g. plastic, metal, glass) under
discharge electrode (C).
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
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CAUTION: Only use permitted sample
materials of appropriate thickness (max. 1.5
mm)! Other samples could lead to destruction
of the electrode.
Select the wanted treatment time with control
knob (9) and then press start button (8). The high
voltage generator (A) now creates a plasma
between discharge electrode (C) and the base
plate and this is optically shown by LED (2). In
addition, a warning signal is given, which can be
switched off if you wish with switch (3).
This experiment can be repeated as often as
required with different treatment times and with
different samples. At the end of the experiment
set control knob (9) back to the shortest
treatment time and mains switch (10) to the O
position (off).
Notes
• Alcohol can be used to clean discharge
electrode (C) should this become dirtied. Use
a cloth and clean the electrode carefully and
without pressing on it.
In the surface treatment experiment, the plasma
generates low concentrations of ozone (the smell
threshold is exceeded). These concentrations are
below the limiting value.at a distance of 10 cm
from the electrode. Further to this, the ozone is
sufficiently diluted by the ambient air. Ensure
sufficient ventilation (e.g. an open window) in
small
rooms
with
several
experimental
instruments and long series of experiments
.
5.3 Paschen’s law experiment
After connection of all cables (see 5.1), turn
operating mode switch (6) to the “Cont” function.
Connect connectors (I) of the experimental
device to a vacuum pump with constant pressure
control and measurement capability and to a gas
inlet cable respectively. Following this, generate a
vacuum in vacuum chamber (G), whereby from
3 hPa to 5 hPa is optimal for the experiment.
CAUTION: Only carry out experiments within
the pressure range 1 hPa to 10 hPa!
CAUTION: Keep the pressure constant during
measurement!
CAUTION: Do not bring sharply tipped objects
between discharge electrode (C) and the base
plate! This could cause the electrode
(ceramic) to be subject to damage and would
lead to destruction of the electric shielding. It
would then no longer be permissible to
operate the experimental set-up!
• A defect discharge electrode (C) with cracks
can be recognized when no plasma ignition at
the surface occurs. Instead of this, only a
single plasma jet (filament) is to be seen. This
can destroy test samples (e.g. plastic).
Experiments cannot be further carried out.
Switch the instrument off immediately!
Connect the experimental device to a digital
multimeter with hold function via connector (F).
Set the multimeter to the 1,000 V direct voltage
measuring range. Now activate the operating unit
with switch (10). When LED (1) lights up, then the
operating unit is ready for use.
Select the distance between electrodes using
micrometer screw (D).
CAUTION: Take care when adjusting
micrometer screw (D)and so avoid the danger
of overwinding it (not <0 mm and not >6 mm)!
Turn control knob (4) so long until the ignition
voltage is reached and a plasma can be seen
through observation window (H).
CAUTION: Turn control knob (4) slowly!
The ignition of the plasma is signalled optically by
an LED (2) and acoustically by a loudspeaker
(switch this off with switch (3) when it is not
wanted). Read the maximum value as saved by
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
09108.99 / 3207
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the digital multimeter. Following this, turn control
knob (4) back to the left stop and repeat the
measurement several times, keeping the same
distance between the electrodes.
This procedure can be repeated with various
distances between electrodes (0 – 5 mm), noting
the ignition voltages for each distance. Following
this, plot the voltages against the electrode
distances in a graph. The curve that results
should match the theoretical Paschen curve. At
the end of the experiment, set control knob (4)
back to the left stop and mains switch (10) to the
O position (off).
Notes
• To obtain optimal results, the distance
between the electrodes should be changed
from small to larger distances with the
micrometer screw. Select a shorter step width
in the area of Paschen`s minimum to be able
to measure this as accurately as possible. As
the measured values are subject to a certain
variation (particularly in the area of Paschen’s
minimum), at least 3, but better 5, measured
values should be successively determined per
distance between electrodes. See the
appended Table.
• After frequent use, the surfaces of the
electrodes (fixed and variable) might be found
to be dirtied. This is made noticeable by
extreme variations in the individual measured
values. To remove the contamination, and
after removal of observation window (H), the
front faces of the electrodes can be cleaned
with alcohol. With stubborn contamination, rub
them with very fine abrasive paper (> 2,000
grain) and subsequently clean them with
alcohol.
• When the plasma physics experimental set
has not been used for the Paschen’s law
experiment for a long time, then the variable
electrode is first to be driven over the whole
measuring range with the micrometer screw
several times before starting an experiment.
Make sure that the system is switched off
before doing this!
• A very sensitive measurement circuit is used
for the optical (LED (2)) and acoustic
(loudspeaker) signalling of the plasma ignition
time in the Paschen’s law experiment with the
plasma physics experimental set. At the
maximum output voltage (~800V), and in
exceptional cases, it could be that the
measurement circuit reacts without plasma
ignition. This does not impair the functioning of
the measurement set-up.
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TECHNICAL DATA
6.1 Plasma physics operating unit
Settable times (s) for the surface treatment
experiment:
0.2; 0.5; 1.5; 10; 20; 30; 60
Settable output voltage (V) for the Paschen´s law
experiment:
0…800
Power consumption (W):
max. 25
Supply voltage (V):
100…240
Mains frequency (Hz):
50/60
Dimensions LxWxH (mm):
194x140x130
Mass (kg):
1.2
6.2 Plasma physics experimental set
Mass (kg):
1.5
Dimensions LxWxH (mm):
300x90x135
Parameters for surface treatment experiments
Distance between electrodes (mm): 2 (fixed)
Applicable pressure:
Atmospheric pressure
Field strength (kV/mm):
max. 10
Field frequenzy (Hz):
approx. 200
Pulse energy (mJ):
max. 5
Parameters for Paschen’s law experiments
Distance between
electrodes (mm):
0…5 (variable)
Resolution of the micrometer
screw (µm):
Distance of travel (mm):
Applicable pressure (hPa):
Ignition voltage (V):
4mm Safety sockets
Output current (mA):
7
10
0…5
1…10
0…800
max. 2
EXTENT OF DELIVERY
The plasma physics complete package
(09108.88) is supplied complete with the following
components:
• Plasma physics operating unit (09108.99)
• Plasma physics experimental set (09108.10)
• Plasmaphysik sample set (09108.30)
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ACCESSORIES
For surface treatment experiments, the Plasma
physics complete package (09108.88) is
required.
For the Paschen’s law experiments, the following
articles are additionally required:
Digital multimeter 2010
07128.00 (1x)
Hand held measuring
instrument, pressure
07136.00 (1x)
Pressure sensor 0..1300 hPa
07136.01 (1x)
Vacuum pump, rotary sliding
vane, one-stage
09198.99 / 3207
02750.93 (1x)
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
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9
NOTE ON THE GUARANTEE
We provide a guarantee for the instrument
supplied by us with a validity period of twenty-four
months within the EC or for twelve months
outside of the EC. This guarantee does not cover
natural wear or defects that result from improper
handling.
The manufacturer can only be held responsible
for the functional and safety characteristics of the
instrument when maintenance of, servicing of and
changes to the instrument are carried out solely
by the manufacturer or by agents expressly
authorized by the manufacturer to carry out such
work.
10 WASTE DISPOSAL
The packaging consists predominately of
environmentally compatible materials that can be
disposed of through the local recycling service.
This product is not to be be
disposed of via normal household
waste disposal. Should you wish
to dispose of the product, please
send it to the address below for
proper, good practice disposal.
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG
Customer service
Robert-Bosch-Breite 10
D-37079 Göttingen
Telephone
Fax
+49 (0) 551 604-274
+49 (0) 551 604-246
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG ● Robert-Bosch-Breite 10 ● D-37079 Göttingen
09108.99 / 3207
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