Mini Trans-Blot®
Electrophoretic
Transfer Cell
Instruction
Manual
Catalog Numbers
170-3930
170-3935
For Technical Service Call Your Local Bio-Rad Office or in the U.S. Call 1-800-4BIORAD (1-800-424-6723)
Note
Assembly and Disassembly
To insure best performance from the Mini Trans-Blot electrophoretic transfer cell,
become fully acquainted with these operating instructions before using the cell to transfer
samples. Bio-Rad recommends that you first read these instructions carefully. Then assemble and disassemble the cell completely. After these preliminary steps, you should be ready
to transfer a sample.
Wash Cell Before Use
Bio-Rad also recommends that all Mini Trans-Blot electrophoretic transfer cell components and accessories be cleaned with a suitable laboratory cleaner (such as Bio-Rad
Cleaning Concentrate, catalog number 161-0722) and rinsed thoroughly with distilled
water, before use.
Warranty
Model
Catalog Number
Date of Delivery
Warranty Period
Serial Number
Invoice Number
Purchase Order Number
Bio-Rad Laboratories warrants the Mini Trans-Blot electrophoretic transfer cell against
defects in materials and workmanship for 1 year. If any defects occur in the instrument during this warranty period, Bio-Rad Laboratories will repair or replace the defective parts
free. The following defects, however, are specifically excluded:
1. Defects caused by improper operation.
2. Repair or modification done by anyone other than Bio-Rad Laboratories or an authorized
agent.
3. Use of fittings or other spare parts supplied by anyone other than Bio-Rad Laboratories.
4. Damage caused by accident or misuse.
5. Damage caused by disaster.
6. Corrosion due to use of improper solvent or sample.
For any inquiry or request for repair service, contact Bio-Rad Laboratories after confirming the model and serial number of your instrument.
Table of Contents
Section 1
Introduction ..................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2
Specifications .............................................................................................................2
Safety Instructions......................................................................................................3
Section 2
Mini Trans-Blot Cell Assembly and Preparation for Transfer...............4
2.1
2.2
2.3
Mini Trans-Blot Cell Description and Assembly......................................................4
Preparation for Blotting..............................................................................................5
Acidic Transfers .........................................................................................................8
Section 3
Transfer Conditions .....................................................................................8
3.1
3.2
3.3
General Guide for Transfer Buffers and Running Conditions ..................................8
Notes on Electrophoretic Transfer Conditions ........................................................10
Buffer Formulation...................................................................................................11
Section 4
Strategies for Optimizing Electrophoretic Transfer ..............................12
4.1
4.2
Optimizing Protein Transfer ....................................................................................12
Optimizing DNA and RNA Transfer.......................................................................13
Section 5
Choice of Blotting Membranes.................................................................14
5.1
5.2
Protein Blotting Membranes ....................................................................................14
DNA and RNA Blotting Membranes ......................................................................14
Section 6
Troubleshooting Guide ..............................................................................15
6.1
6.2
6.3
Electrophoretic Transfer...........................................................................................15
Immune-Specific Detection .....................................................................................18
Total Protein Detection ............................................................................................20
Section 7
Product Information..................................................................................23
Section 8
References ...................................................................................................23
Section 1
Introduction
Blotting was first performed by Southern in 1975 with the transfer of DNA from agarose
gels to nitrocellulose membranes.1 Since that time, blotting has been applied to RNA2-4 and
proteins5, 6 in both agarose and polyacrylamide gels. To circumvent the inefficiencies
observed in various capillary transfers, electric current has been adopted for eluting proteins
from polyacrylamide gels, as first described by Towbin et al. in 1979.7 The use of
electrophoretic transfer has also been applied to DNA and RNA blotting.8-13, 30 Numerous
publications have dealt with the topic of protein electrophoretic transfer techniques.14-25
There have also been reviews summarizing the expanding literature being generated on
electrophoretic blotting methodology.26, 27, 31 For a more comprehensive listing of references
and applications, refer to bulletin 1721, or in the US call Bio-Rad's Technical Services Group
in Hercules, California toll free at 1-800-4BIORAD (1-800-424-6723).
The Mini Trans-Blot cell is one component of Bio-Rad's Modular Mini Electrophoresis
System. This system includes the Mini-PROTEAN® II dual slab cell for running SDS-PAGE
electrophoresis gels, the Mini Tube Cell for running first dimension IEF tube gels for 2-D
applications, and the Model 422 Electro-Eluter for rapid, efficient recovery of proteins and
nucleic acids from electrophoresis gels. The unique feature of this electrophoresis system is
that the electrode modules are interchangeable. After finishing one task, remove the electrode
module from the buffer tank, insert a new electrode module, add a new buffer, and the next
electrophoresis application can be performed.
The Mini Trans-Blot module accommodates two cassettes for electrophoretic transfer of
both gels generated by the Mini-PROTEAN II cell. The Mini Trans-Blot module is useful
for blotting either protein or nucleic acid samples from both agarose and acrylamide gels. It
is also capable of blotting isoelectric focusing gels run on horizontal electrophoresis cells, or
DNA and RNA gels from the Mini-Sub® submarine electrophoresis cell. For applications
where the gel is larger than 7.5 x 10 cm, or when there are many gels to be transferred, the
larger standard Trans-Blot® cell (catalog number 170-3910 or 170-3946) or the Trans-Blot SD
semi-dry cell (catalog number 170-3940) should be used.
The heart of the Mini Trans-Blot cell is its electrode module. This module has the capacity to hold two gel cassettes between parallel electrodes only 4 cm apart. The driving force for
blotting applications is the voltage applied over the distance between the electrodes. This
short 4 cm electrode distance allows generation of higher driving forces to produce efficient
protein transfers. A second feature of the electrode module is that it is offset to accommodate a Bio-Ice cooling unit. The cooling unit, which is completely contained within the Mini
Trans-Blot cell, absorbs the Joule heat generated during rapid electrophoretic transfers. The
advantages of having an internal cooling unit include elimination of an expensive external
cooling bath and avoidance of cumbersome cooling tubing that always seems to be in the
way. Other features of the Mini Trans-Blot cell include latches on the gel holder cassettes for
easy handling, color coordinated cassettes and electrodes to insure proper orientation of the
gel during transfer, and an efficient design which simplifies insertion and removal of the
cassettes from the electrode assembly. The result of these features is an electrophoretic
transfer system which is easy to use, and which produces excellent blotting results.
1
1.1 Specifications
Construction
Electrode module
Gel holder cassettes
Electrodes
Buffer chamber and lid
Cooling unit
Molded polysulfone
Molded polycarbonate
Platinum wire 0.254 mm diameter
Molded polycarbonate
Polyethylene
Overall dimensions
Mini Trans-Blot cell
Gel holder dimensions
Maximum gel size
16 cm (L) x 12 cm (W) x 18 cm (H)
10 cm x 11 cm
7.5 cm x 10 cm
Buffer capacity
With cooling unit
Without cooling unit
650 ml
850 ml
Cleaning
Use mild soap and warm water to clean the
electrodes, cassettes, and buffer tank. Use special care when cleaning the electrode cards or
plate electrodes. Avoid stretching or breaking
the platinum wires. Avoid scratching or marring
the platinum plate. Do not use abrasives or
strong detergents. The cathode plate (stainless
steel) can be cleaned with a mild abrasive to
remove salt that may be deposited during normal operation. Rinse the fiber pads under hot
water and then in distilled, deionized water.
Chemical compatibility
The Mini Trans-Blot cell components are not
compatible with chlorinated hydrocarbons
(e.g., chloroform), aromatic hydrocarbons
(e.g., toluene, benzene), or acetone. Use of
organic solvents voids all warranties.
2
1.2 Safety Instructions
!
Power to the Mini Trans-Blot cell is supplied by an external DC voltage power supply.
This power supply must be ground isolated in such a way that the DC voltage output floats
with respect to ground. All of Bio-Rad’s power supplies meet this important safety requirement. Regardless of which power supply is used, the maximum specified operating parameters for the cell are:
150 VDC
Maximum voltage limit
40 Watts
Maximum power limit
50 °C
Maximum ambient temperature limit
Current to the cell, provided from the external power supply, enters the unit through the
lid assembly, providing a safety interlock to the user. Current to the the cell is broken when
the lid is removed. Do not attempt to circumvent this safety interlock, and always turn the
power supply off before removing the lid, or when working with the cell in any way.
Important: This Bio-Rad instrument is designed and certified to meet IEC 1010-1* safety standards. Certified products are safe to use when operated in accordance with the
instruction manual. This instrument should not be modified or altered in any way. Alteration
of this instrument will:
•
•
•
Void the manufacturer's warranty
Void the IEC1010-1 safety certification
Create a potential safety hazard
Bio-Rad is not responsible for any injury or damage caused by the use of this instrument for
purposes other than for which it is intended or by modifications of the instrument not performed by Bio-Rad or an authorized agent.
* IEC 1010-1 is an internationally accepted electrical safety standard for laboratory instruments.
3
Section 2
Mini Trans-Blot Cell Assembly
and Preparation for Transfer
2.1 Mini Trans-Blot Cell Description and Assembly of Parts
Lid
Fiber pad
Filter paper
Membrane
Gel
Filter paper
Fiber pad
Gel holder
cassette
Electrode
module
Bio-Ice
cooling
unit (keep
frozen at -20 °C)
Buffer tank
4
2.2 Preparation for Blotting
Fill the Bio-Ice cooling unit with water and store it in your laboratory freezer at -20 °C
until ready to use. After use, return the cooling unit to the freezer for storage.
1. Prepare the transfer buffer. (See Section 3.3 for buffer formulation. Using buffer chilled to
4 °C will improve heat dissipation.)
2. Cut the membrane and the filter paper to the dimensions of the gel. Always wear gloves
when handling membranes to prevent contamination. Equilibrate the gel and soak the
membrane, filter paper, and fiber pads in transfer buffer (15 min–1 hour depending on gel
thickness).
3. Prepare the gel sandwich.
Place the cassette, with the gray side down, on a clean surface.
Place one pre-wetted fiber pad on the gray side of the cassette.
Place a sheet of filter paper on the fiber pad.
Place the equilibrated gel on the filter paper.*
Place the pre-wetted membrane on the gel.*
Complete the sandwich by placing a piece of filter paper on the membrane.*
Add the last fiber pad.
* Removing any air bubbles which may have formed is very important for good
results. Use a glass tube to gently roll air bubbles out.
Fiber pad
Filter paper
Membrane
Gel
Filter paper
Fiber pad
5
4. Close the cassette firmly, being careful not to move the gel and filter paper sandwich.
Lock the cassette closed with the white latch.
5. Place the cassette in module. Repeat for the other cassette.
6. Add the frozen Bio-Ice cooling unit. Place in tank and completely fill the tank with buffer.
6
7. Add a standard stir bar to help maintain even buffer temperature and ion distribution in
the tank. Set the speed as fast as possible to keep ion distribution even.
8. Put on the lid, plug the cables into the power supply, and run the blot. Refer to Section 3
for run times and voltage settings with various buffers.
9. Upon completion of the run, disassemble the blotting sandwich and remove the membrane for development. Clean the cell, fiber pads, and cassettes with laboratory detergent
and rinse well with deionized water.
7
2.3 Acidic Transfers
If transferring under acidic conditions, switch the gel and membrane in the set up instructions. This will place the membrane on the cathode side of the gel. Under acidic conditions,
proteins will transfer in the opposite direction going toward the negative cathode. Do not
reverse the electrodes themselves. This will cause damage to the instrument.
Section 3
Transfer Conditions
3.1 General Guide for Transfer Buffers and Running Conditions
Table 3.1 provide guidelines for power conditions using different buffers. Power conditions are provided for various run times. Where multiple conditions are displayed, the higher the voltage, the less time required for the run. Always use the Bio-Ice cooling unit.
Table 3.1. Guide to Buffers and Running Conditions
Buffer
SDS-PAGE Gels
A: 25 mM Tris, pH 8.3, 192 mM
glycine, with or without
20% MEOH and .025%–0.1% SDS.
Standard Field
Overnight Transfer
High Intensity Field
4 cm electrode distance
1 Hour Transfer
Buffer A or B or C
Buffer A or B or C
30 V
90 mA
100 V
350 mA
30 V
100 mA
80 V
500 mA
30 V
90 mA
100 V
350 mA
30 V
100 mA
100 V
350 mA
B: 48 mM Tris, pH 9.2, 39 mM glycine,
with or without 20% MEOH and
.025%–0.1% SDS.
C: 10 mM NaHCO3, 3 mM NaCO3,
pH 9.9, with or without 20% MEOH
and .025%–0.1% SDS.
DNA and RNA
TAE: 20 mM Tris, pH 7.8, 10 mM
sodium acetate, 0.5 mM EDTA
TBE: 50 mM Tris, pH 8.3,
50 mM sodium borate, 1.0 mM EDTA
Native Gels
25 mM Tris, pH 8.3,
192 mM glycine. No methanol.
Isoelectric Focusing, Native Gels,
Basic Proteins, Acid Urea Gels
0.7% acetic acid
8
3.2 Notes on Electrophoretic Transfer Conditions
These variables will change total resistance and thus the current readings:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Alterations in buffer make-up, i.e., addition of SDS, or changes in ion concentration
due to addition of acid or base to adjust the pH of the buffers.
Gel pH, ionic strength, and percentage of acrylamide, especially if the gel has not
been properly equilibrated.
Number of gels; current increases slightly as the number of gels increases.
Volume of buffer; current increases when volume increases.
Platinum mass; current increases when mass increases.
Transfer temperature; current increases when temperature increases.
Time in transfer at which reading was taken; current normally increases as the buffering capacity diminishes with progress of the run.
Pre-equilibration of gels
All electrophoresis gels should be pre-equilibrated in transfer buffer prior to electrophoretic
transfer. Pre-equilibration will facilitate the removal of contaminating electrophoresis buffer
salts and neutralization salts (salts resulting from the denaturation of nucleic acids prior to
transfer). If the salts are not removed, they will increase the conductivity of the transfer buffer
and the amount of heat generated during the transfer. Also, low percentage gels (<12%) will
shrink in methanol buffers. Equilibration allows the gel to adjust to its final size prior to electrophoretic transfer.
Current limits
The PowerPac 200 Power Supply is capable of a 200 watt output. Unless a current limit is set,
uncontrolled conductivity changes may result in full power being delivered to the Mini TransBlot cell. The gel holders may warp, and the transfer buffer may boil and evaporate (further
increasing conductivity). This would result in a potential safety hazard. Refer to the PowerPac
200 Power Supply Instruction Manual for setting current limits and run times.
Polarity of transfer
Do not reverse polarity with the plate electrodes.
Use of a stir bar during transfer
For all blotting applications a stir bar must be placed inside the Mini Trans-Blot cell, so that
the transfer buffer is stirred during the course of the experiment. This will help to maintain uniform conductivity and temperature during electrophoretic transfer. Failure to properly control
transfer buffer temperature results in poor transfer of macromolecules and poses a potential
safety hazard.
Transfer buffer pH
Do not adjust the pH of transfer buffers unless specifically indicated. Adjustments of the pH
of transfer buffers, when not indicated, will result in increased buffer conductivity. This is
manifested by a higher than expected initial current output and a decreased resistance. It is recommended that the buffer conductivity and resistance be checked with the PowerPac 200
Power Supply before starting each transfer.
9
Transfer buffer recommendations
Use only high quality, reagent grade methanol. Contaminated methanol can result in increased
transfer buffer conductivity, as well as poor transfer of macromolecules. Do not reuse transfer buffers or dilute transfer buffers below recommended levels. Reuse of transfer buffers is
not advised, since these buffers have most likely lost their ability to maintain a stable solution
pH during transfer. Dilution of transfer buffers below their recommended levels is also not
advised, since this will decrease their buffering capacity.
Voltage limits
Do not increase voltage settings beyond those indicated in Tables 3.1–3.4 for overnight operation. Buffer conductivity must be close to the current listed and a current limit should be set
on the power supply. If overnight transfers at low voltages are ineffective for your application,
and higher voltages are necessary, transfer times must also be decreased. Failure to do so may
result in a potential safety hazard.
3.3 Buffer Formulation
All formulas provided below are for a total volume of 1 liter of buffer. Approximately
500 ml of buffer are required for the Mini Trans-Blot cell.
Do not add acid or base to adjust pH of the following buffers. Methanol should be
analytical reagent grade, as metallic contaminants in low grade methanol will plate on
the electrodes.
Note: Some pH electrodes will not perform a proper measurement for the pH of Tris
buffers. If the pH of the buffer is off, check to make sure the electrode is designed to
work with Tris buffers. If the pH electrode functions properly for Tris buffers and the pH
is below 8.0, remake the buffer.
25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 20% v/v methanol, pH 8.3
Mix 3.03 g Tris, 14.4 g glycine, and 200 ml of methanol; add distilled deionized water
(dd H2O) to 1 liter.
25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, pH 8.3
Mix 3.03 g Tris and 14.4 g glycine; add dd H2O to 1 liter.
48 mM Tris, 39 mM glycine, 20% v/v methanol, pH 9.2
Mix 5.82 g Tris and 2.93 g glycine in ddH2O, add 200 ml methanol
Bring to 1 liter with ddH2O
48 mM Tris, 39 mM glycine, pH 9.2
Mix 5.82 g Tris and 2.93 g glycine
Add ddH2O to 1 liter
10 mM NaHCO3, 3 mM NaCO3, 20% methanol, pH 9.9
Mix 0.84 g NaHCO3 and 0.318 g NaCO3 in ddH2O, add 200 ml methanol
Bring to 1 liter with ddH2O
10
1.0x TBE (Tris-Borate EDTA), pH 8.3
90 mM Tris-Borate 1 mM EDTA
5x stock solution
54 g Tris base
27.5 boric acid
20 ml 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0)
Add 200 ml 5x stock to 800 ml ddH2O to make 1.0x working solution.
1x TAE (Tris-Acetate EDTA)
40 mM Tris-Acetate 1 mM EDTA
50x stock solution
242 g Tris base
57.1 ml glacial acetic acid
100 ml 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0)
1x working solution, add 20 ml 50x stock to 980 ml ddH2O
Section 4
Strategies for Optimizing Electrophoretic Transfer
4.1 Optimizing Protein Transfer
Generally, quantitative elution of denatured high molecular weight proteins is difficult.
The following tactics, alone or in combination, will increase transfer efficiency.
Vary gel composition
Gradient gels are often more effective than single gel concentrations for elution of a wide
range of molecular weight proteins.
Lower the total monomer to create a more porous gel.
Increase or decrease the percentage of crosslinker. A 5.26% C gel will contain the smallest pore size of all gels no matter what the concentration of acrylamide. An increase or
decrease in %C will make gels more porous with little loss in resolution.
%C=
grams bis
x 100
grams bis + grams acrylamide
Increase transfer time
An initial control should be performed to determine the time required for complete
transfer.17, 24 Times may vary from as little as 30 minutes to as long as overnight. Remember
all overnight applications should be performed at 30 volts to minimize heating problems.
Increase the power
Initial controls should be performed to evaluate the efficiency of increasing the V/cm as well
as its effects on the temperature of transfer. The temperature increase may change buffer
resistance and subsequent power delivered, as well as the state of protein denaturation, thus
affecting transfer efficiency.
11
Reduce buffer strength
Dilution of transfer buffer results in lower current at any given voltage. This will allow the use
of higher voltages without excessive heating.
Vary buffer type and pH
Maximize charge-to-mass ratio. It appears that alcohols present in SDS transfer buffer strip SDS
from proteins. Basic proteins in Tris, glycine, methanol buffer at pH 8.3 may assume a state near
isoelectric neutrality and thus transfer poorly. For example, lysozyme exhibits this behavior.
Buffers with pH of 9.5 to 10.0 have shown much better elution and binding characteristics for basic
proteins such as lysozyme and histones.41
Different buffer types at similar V/cm may yield different efficiencies. Generally Tris buffers
allow more efficient transfer than acetate or phosphate buffers.
Add detergent
Addition of 0.1% SDS detergent to Tris, glycine, methanol buffer has been reported to increase
transfer efficiency.24 SDS, however, increases relative current, power, and heating. Also, temperatures below 10 °C may precipitate the SDS so the starting buffer temperature will be
higher. SDS may also affect the antigenicity of some proteins. SDS will aid in eluting the
proteins from the gel, but it may reduce the binding efficiency of those proteins to the nitrocellulose membrane.42
Eliminate alcohol from the transfer buffer
Alcohol in the transfer buffer improves binding of SDS proteins to nitrocellulose only.
Elimination of alcohol results in increased transfer efficiency but diminishes binding to nitrocellulose. Transfer efficiency is increased because alcohol causes gel pores to contract resulting in fixation of large molecular weight proteins within the gel matrix. Use of PVDF
membrane for SDS protein transfers eliminates the alcohol requirement, and constitutes a
logical strategy for analysis of high molecular weight or difficult-to-transfer proteins.26, 27
PVDF must be wetted in 100% methanol but may then be used in buffer without menanol.
Limited protease treatment
A protocol for protease digestion of protein during transfer has been published.22 Efficient transfer without loss of immunological reactivity was reported.
Alter membrane type
As mentioned in 7, PVDF membrane allows transfer in the absence of alcohol.
Alter gel system
If possible, use non-denaturing gradient pore gels for separation of proteins by molecular
weight. Isoelectric focusing gels, or native gels, may be considered if separation by molecular weight is not mandatory.
12
Enhance gel-membrane contact
Failure of molecules to bind efficiently to the membrane, caused by poor gel-membrane contact, is often confused with inefficient elution. Poor contact is usually due to excess moisture
in the gel-membrane interface. Proper technique and the use of a test tube or glass pipet as a
“rolling pin” should assure good contact. Proper selection of filter paper spacers will help
assure good compression. Gel and membrane equilibration in transfer buffer for 30 minutes
to 1 hour prior to transfer will help prevent shrinking of either component during transfer,
and will eliminate reactants such as urea or SDS from the gel.
4.2 Optimizing DNA and RNA Transfer
Problems with elution of nucleic acids can be solved by altering the gel percentage. It
may be somewhat more difficult to quantitatively transfer large amounts of DNA used in
genomic blots. The following tactics should be considered for optimizing elution in such
transfers.
Alter gel composition
Lower % total monomer or % crosslinker for polyacrylamide gels.
Lower % agarose. This allows better elution of high molecular weight DNA.
Alter DNA denaturants
It has been found that glyoxal denaturation allows more efficient elution of DNA than NaOH.
Boiling polyacrylamide gels to denature DNA has also been found to give excellent results.11
Base denaturation often causes polyacrylamide gels to weaken and stick to blotting membranes.
Section 5
Choice of Blotting Membranes
5.1 Protein Blotting Membranes
Nitrocellulose Membrane
Nitrocellulose membranes have been used extensively for protein binding and
detection. 7,20,23,24,27 They can be easily stained for total protein by a dye stain (Amido Black,
Coomassie® Blue, Ponceau S, Fast Green FCF, etc.),27 or the more sensitive Colloidal Gold
Total Protein Stain, and also allow either RIA, FIA or EIA.7 Nitrocellulose has a high binding capacity of 80–100 µg/cm2. Nonspecific protein binding sites are easily and rapidly
blocked, avoiding subsequent background problems. No pre-activation is required. Low
molecular weight proteins (especially <20,000 daltons) may be lost during post transfer washes, thus limiting detection sensitivity.19 Smaller pore size nitrocellulose membrane (0.2 µm),
has been shown to be effective in eliminating this loss.37 Large proteins (≥ 100,000 daltons)
denatured by SDS may transfer poorly due to the addition of alcohol to the transfer buffer.
Alcohol increases binding of SDS-proteins to nitrocellulose, but decreases pore sizes in the
gel. Elimination of alcohol from SDS-protein transfers results in considerably diminished
binding. Adding SDS (up to 0.1%) to the transfer buffer increases the transfer efficiency of
proteins, but reduces the amount of binding to the membrane.17 Also, SDS increases the conductivity of the buffer and the heat generated during transfer.
PVDF Membrane
PVDF (Polyvinylidene difluoride) membrane is an ideal support for amino-terminal
sequencing, amino acid analysis and immunoassays of blotted proteins. PVDF retains proteins
under extreme conditions of exposure to acidic or basic conditions, and in the presence of
13
organic solvents. Greater retention during sequencing manipulations enhances the likelihood
of obtaining information from rare, low abundance proteins, by increased initial coupling and
higher repetitive yields. In addition, PVDF membrane exhibits better binding efficiency of
blotted material in the presence of SDS in the transfer buffer. PVDF must first be wetted in
100% MeOH but can then be used in buffer which does not contain MeOH.
5.2 DNA and RNA Blotting Membranes
Zeta-Probe® Nylon Membrane
Nitrocellulose is not a suitable medium for electrophoretic transfer of nucleic acids, as high
concentrations of salt (≥ 10 x SSC) are required for efficient binding.13 Molecules ≤ 500 bp
are not bound at all, even at high salt. Low resistance results when an electric current is passed
through a solution of high salt. This causes potentially damaging high currents (and power)
at very low voltages. Since V/cm is the eluting force, inefficient transfer occurs under conditions required for proper binding. Zeta-Probe membrane allows efficient binding of all sizes
of single stranded DNA and RNA in the presence of low ionic strength buffers.13 Zeta-Probe
membrane is an ideal alternative to nitrocellulose for the analysis of nucleic acids. Binding is
more stable through post transfer washes, and reprobing may be performed as many as
10 times.
14
Table 5.1 Guide to Protein Blotting Membranes
A variety of blotting membranes is available for immunoblotting, each with particular advantages depending on the needs of the experiment. The physical properties and performance characteristics of a membrane should be evaluated when selecting the appropriate transfer conditions.
Binding
Capacity
(µg/cm2)
Notes
Membrane
Pore Size
Nitrocellulose
0.45 µm
0.2 µm
80–100
General purpose protein blotting membrane
Supported
Nitrocellulose
0.45 µm
0.2 µm
80–100
Pure nitrocellulose cast on an inert synthetic support;
increased strength for easier handling and for reprobing.
PVDF
0.2 µm
170–200
High mechanical strength and chemical stability, used for
protein sequencing and western blotting; enhanced binding
in the presence of SDS. Must be wet in alcohol before equilibration in buffer.
Nylon
0.2 µm
170
Recommended for nucleic acids.
Note: Nucleic acids cannot be transferred to nitrocellulose by electrophoretic blotting. Use Zeta-Probe membrane.
Section 6
Troubleshooting Guide
6.1 Electrophoretic Transfer
Poor electrophoretic transfer (as detected by staining the gel)—proteins
1. Transfer time is too short.
• Increase the transfer time.
2. Power is too low.
•
Always check the current at the beginning of the run. The current may be too low
for a particular voltage setting. If the buffer is prepared improperly, the conductivity may be too low, and not enough power will be delivered to the cell. See the power
guidelines for specific applications in Section 3.
•
Remake the buffer or increase the voltage.
•
Try the high intensity blotting option.
3. Transfer apparatus is assembled incorrectly, and the proteins are moving in the wrong
direction.
•
The gel/membrane sandwich may be assembled in the wrong order or the cassette is
inserted in the tank facing the opposite orientation. Check the polarity of the connections to the power supply.
4. Charge-to-mass ratio is incorrect.
•
Try a more basic or acidic transfer buffer to increase protein mobility. Proteins near
their isoelectric point at the pH of the buffer will transfer poorly. (It has been suggested
that buffer pH should be 2 pH units higher or lower than the pI of the protein of interest for optimal transfer efficiency.)
15
5. Protein is precipitating in the gel.
•
Try using SDS in the transfer buffer. SDS can increase transfer efficiency, but can also
reduce binding efficiency to nitrocellulose and affect reactivity of some proteins with
antibodies.
6. Power supply circuit is inoperative, or an inappropriate power supply was used.
•
Check the fuse. Be sure the voltage and current output of the power supply match
the needs of the blotting instrument.
7. Methanol in the transfer buffer is restricting elution.
•
Reduction of methanol results in increased transfer efficiency of proteins from the
gel, but it also diminishes binding to nitrocellulose and PVDF.
8. Gel percentage too high.
•
Reduce %T (total monomer) or %C (crosslinker). A 5% C (with bis as the crosslinker)
will produce the smallest pore size gel. Decreasing from this concentration will increase
the pore size and increase transfer efficiency.
Poor transfer—nucleic acid
1. Gel percentage is too high.
•
Reduce the %T or %C in the acrylamide gel or reduce % agarose in an agarose gel.
•
Prior to transfer, cleave DNA in dilute 0.25 M HCl or RNA in dilute NaOH.
2. Transfer time is too short or power conditions are too low.
•
Increase the transfer time, or try high intensity transfer.
3. DNA or RNA cannot be transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose, since high salt
concentrations are required for efficient binding.
•
Use Zeta-Probe membrane instead of nitrocellulose.
Swirls or missing bands; diffuse transfers
1. Poor contact between the membrane and the gel. Air bubbles or excess buffer remain
between the blot and gel.
•
Use a test tube or pipet as a rolling pin, and roll over the membrane carefully in both
directions until air bubbles and excess buffer are removed from between gel and
membrane, and complete contact is established.
•
Use thicker filter paper in the gel/membrane sandwich.
•
Replace the fiber pads. Pads will compress with time, and will not hold the membrane to the gel.
2. Power conditions are too high.
•
Always check the current at the beginning of the run. The current may be too high for
a particular voltage setting. If the buffer is prepared improperly, the conductivity may
be too high, resulting in excessive power delivered to the cell. See the power guidelines for specific applications in Section 3.
16
3. The membrane is not properly wet or has dried out.
•
White spots on the nitrocellulose membrane indicate dry areas where protein will not
bind. If wetting does not occur immediately by immersion of the sheet in transfer
buffer, heat distilled water until just under the boiling point, and soak the membrane
until completely wet. Equilibrate in transfer buffer until ready for use.
•
Because of the hydrophobic nature of PVDF, the membrane must be prewet in
methanol prior to equilibration in aqueous transfer buffer. Follow the directions in the
product insert.
4. The gel electrophoresis may be at fault.
•
Artifacts of electrophoresis may be produced by poor polymerization, inappropriate
running conditions, contaminated buffers, sample overload, etc.
Gel cassette pattern transferred to blot
1. Contaminated or thin fiber pads are used.
•
Replace the fiber pads, or thoroughly clean the contaminated pads.
2. Excessive amounts of protein were loaded on the gel, or too much SDS was used in the
transfer buffer. Proteins can pass through the membrane without binding, and recirculate
through the tank blotting system.
•
Reduce the amount of protein on the gel, and SDS in the transfer buffer. Add a
second sheet of membrane to bind excess protein.
3. The transfer buffer is contaminated.
•
Make fresh solutions.
Poor binding to the membrane—Nitrocellulose
1. Nitrocellulose requires 20% methanol in the transfer buffer for optimal protein binding.
• Make sure the buffer contains the proper amount of methanol.
2. Proteins may be transferring through the nitrocellulose.
• Use PVDF or nylon (higher binding capacities) or 0.2 µm nitrocellulose (smaller pore
size). Decrease the voltage or move the electrodes to the standard position if using the
high intensity option.
3. Mixed ester celluloses bind proteins poorly.
• Use pure nitrocellulose.
4. Proteins <15,000 daltons may show diminished binding to 0.45 µm nitrocellulose, or may
be washed from the membrane during assays.
• To increase stability of binding, proteins can be crosslinked to nitrocellulose with
glutaraldehyde.
• Use PVDF or nylon membrane, which have higher binding capacities.
• Use Tween-20 detergent in the wash and antibody incubation steps. Reduce or eliminate the more stringent washing conditions.
5. SDS in the transfer buffer will reduce binding efficiency of proteins.
• Reduce or eliminate the SDS from the transfer buffer.
17
6. The membrane may not be completely wet.
• White spots on the membrane indicate dry areas where protein will not bind. If wetting does not occur immediately by immersion of the sheet in transfer buffer, heat
distilled water until just under the boiling point, and soak the membrane until completely wet. Equilibrate in transfer buffer until ready for use.
Poor binding to the membrane—PVDF
1. The membrane may not be completely wet.
•
Because of the hydrophobic nature of PVDF, the membrane must be prewet in alcohol prior to equilibration in aqueous transfer buffer. Follow the directions in the
product insert.
2. The membrane may have been allowed to dry during handling.
•
A completely wet membrane has a gray, translucent appearance. White spots will
form on the surface of the membrane, indicating that it has been allowed to dry. Since
proteins will not bind to the dry spots, rewet the membrane with methanol and
re-equilibrate in transfer buffer.
6.2 Immune-Specific Detection
Overall high background
1. Blocking conditions are inappropriate.
•
Match the blocker to the membrane. For example, nylon and PVDF membranes
require more extensive blocking, usually with non-fat dry milk.
•
Increase the concentration or blocking time as necessary.
•
The blocker must be a pure protein. The blocker may be contaminated with material that binds probes non-specifically.
2. Insufficient wash protocols are used.
•
Increase the number, duration, or stringency of the washes. Include progressively
stronger detergents in the washes, e.g. SDS is stronger than NP-40 which is stronger
than Tween-20. Also, include Tween-20 in the antibody dilution buffers to reduce nonspecific binding.
3. The blot is left in the substrate too long.
•
Remove the blot from the substrate solution when the signal-to-noise level is acceptable. Do not overdevelop. Stop the reaction immediately by immersing the blot in
dd H2O.
4. Contamination occurred during a previous step, e.g. electrophoresis or transfer.
•
Discard and remake the gel and transfer solutions.
•
Replace or thoroughly clean contaminated fiber pads. Excessive amounts of protein
were loaded on the gel, or too much SDS was used in the transfer buffer. Proteins can
pass through the membrane without binding and recirculate through a tank blotting
system. Reduce the amount of protein on the gel or SDS in the transfer buffer. Add a
second sheet of membrane to bind excess protein.
18
5. Primary or secondary antibody is too concentrated.
•
Increase the dilution of the antibodies. Perform a dot-blot experiment to optimize the
working concentrations.
6. Incubation trays are contaminated.
•
Clean the trays or use disposable trays.
Nonspecific reactions between bound proteins and probes
1. Primary or secondary antibody is contaminated with nonspecific or species crossreactive IgG.
•
Use purified IgG first antibody fractions and affinity-purified blotting grade secondary antibody.
2. Monoclonal antibodies may react non-specifically with SDS denatured proteins.
•
Compare the binding of other monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
•
Blot native proteins as a comparison.
3. Nonsense interactions are occurring due to ionic associations. For example, avidin, a glycosylated protein, may bind to more acidic proteins on blots.
•
Increase the ionic strength of the incubation buffers. Increase the number, duration,
or stringency of the washes. Include progressively stronger detergents in the washes,
e.g. SDS is stronger than NP-40 which is stronger than Tween-20. Include Tween-20
in the antibody dilution buffers to reduce nonspecific binding.
No reaction or weak signal
1. The sample load was insufficient.
•
Increase the amount of protein applied. Concentration of the sample prior to loading
may be necessary. Use a more sensitive assay system.
2. Insufficient antigen binding to the membrane is occurring.
•
Stain the gel after transfer or use prestained or Kaleidoscope standards to assess
transfer efficiency. See the previous section for suggestions on improving transfer
related problems.
3. Primary or secondary antibodies may be inactive or non-saturating.
•
Store the reagents at recommended conditions. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles,
bacterial contamination, or heat inactivation.
•
Detergents may affect the activity of some antibodies. Eliminate them from the assay,
except for the wash after blocking.
•
If the antibody titer is too low, optimize the concentration using a dot-blot experiment.
•
Increase the antibody incubation times.
4. The enzyme conjugate is inactive or non-saturating.
•
Test the reagent for activity (see below).
•
Store the reagents at recommended conditions. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles,
bacterial contamination, or heat inactivation.
19
•
Sodium azide is a potent inhibitor of horseradish peroxidase. Use Thimerosal as a
bacteriostat.
•
Impure water may cause inactivation of the enzyme. Use only distilled, deionized water.
•
If the conjugate concentration is too low, optimize using a dot-blot experiment.
5. Color development reagent is inactive.
•
Test the reagent for activity (see below) and remake if necessary.
Tests for monitoring reagent activity
1. Activity test for the color development solution.
•
Combine 1.0 ml of the color development solution with 10 µl of full strength second
antibody conjugate. The color reaction should develop immediately. If color fails to
develop within a few minutes, the color development solution is inactive. Make up
a fresh working solution and repeat the color development assay.
2. Activity test for the conjugate solution.
•
Combine 1.0 ml of the color development solution tested above and 1.0 ml of the
1:3,000 dilution conjugate solution. A light blue tinge should develop within 15 minutes. If color fails to develop within 25 minutes, the conjugate solution is suspect.
Repeat the procedure with a freshly prepared dilution of conjugate.
3. Activity test for the first antibody solution.
•
Use an ELISA, RID, Ouchterlony immunodiffusion, or precipitation test to determine reactivity of the antibody with the antigen. If possible, repeat the assay procedure with several dilutions of first antibody solution.
6.3 Total Protein Detection
Colloidal Gold Total Protein Stain—high background
1. The blocking step is insufficient or omitted.
•
Block with 0.3% Tween-20 in TBS, using three washes of 20 minutes each.
2. The membrane used is not compatible with this stain.
•
Positively charged nylon membranes cannot be used with Colloidal Gold stain. Use
the Biotin-Blot Total Protein Detection Kit instead.
3. Contamination of the membrane occurred at a previous step, i.e. electrophoresis or transfer.
•
Discard and remake the gel and transfer solutions.
•
Replace or thoroughly clean contaminated fiber pads.
4. Excessive amounts of protein are loaded on the gel, or too much SDS is used in the transfer buffer. Proteins can pass through the membrane without binding and recirculate
through a tank blotting system
•
Reduce the amount of protein on the gel or SDS in the transfer buffer. Add a second
sheet of membrane to bind excess protein.
5. Colloidal gold stain solution is contaminated.
20
•
The stain is a reusable reagent. Be sure to use a separate, clean plastic container to store
previously used reagent in the refrigerator. Discard any reagent that has viscous sediment
at the bottom of the bottle. If the solution does not have a dark burgundy color, but is a
light blue, the stain was contaminated with buffer salts. Buffer salts will react with the gold
sol causing non-specific precipitation of the reagent onto the membrane. Discard this
solution.
Colloidal Gold Total Protein Stain—low sensitivity
1. Increase the incubation time for detection of low level signals.
•
Overnight incubations are possible, although background staining can increase.
2. Transfer is incomplete.
•
See poor transfer for suggestions on how to enhance transfer efficiency.
3. Stain is exhausted, as evidenced by the loss of the dark burgundy color and longer staining times.
• Discard the reagent.
4. Buffer salt contamination has occurred. The solution will be light blue instead of dark burgundy.
•
Discard the reagent.
5. The sample load may be too low for the reagent to detect.
•
Use the Gold Enhancement Kit for detection levels as low as 10 pg of protein per
band.
Biotin-Blot Total Protein Detection—high background
1. Blocking conditions are insufficient.
•
Match the blocker to the membrane. Nylon membranes require the addition of
1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (MPO) to several solutions. Consult the Biotin-Blot
manual for specific details.
2. Membrane is left in color development solution too long.
•
Remove the membrane from the color development solution when the signal is apparent and the background has not developed. Transfer the blot to distilled water immediately to stop the development.
3. Excessive amounts of protein are loaded on the gel, or too much SDS is used in the transfer buffer. Proteins can pass through the membrane without binding and recirculate
through a tank blotting system
•
Reduce the amount of protein on the gel or SDS in the transfer buffer. Add a second
sheet of membrane to bind excess protein.
Biotin-Blot Total Protein Detection—no reaction
or weak color development
1. Transfer is incomplete.
•
See Poor Transfer for suggestions on how to enhance transfer efficiency.
2. The sample load may be too low for the reagents to detect.
•
Increase the amount of protein loaded on the gel.
21
3. NHS-biotin solution is inactivated.
•
NHS-biotin hydrolyzes in aqueous solutions. Equilibrate the reagent vial to room
temperature before opening to prevent condensation of water inside the container.
Use a sterile syringe to remove reagent to prevent contamination.
•
Add the NHS-biotin reagent to the Borate-Tween solution just prior to use.
4. Amine containing buffer salts compete for the biotinylation reagents.
•
Wash the membrane thoroughly in Borate-Tween to remove any residual buffer salts
from electrophoresis and transfer.
5. Avidin-HRP conjugate is inactive.
•
Follow the activity test procedures to determine if the reagent is inactive.
6. Color development solution is inactive.
•
Follow the activity test procedures to determine if the reagent is inactive.
Anionic dyes—high background
1. Destaining is insufficient.
•
Increase the number and duration of washes with the destaining solution.
2. Dye solution is too concentrated.
•
Remake the solution.
3. Nylon membranes are not compatible with anionic dyes.
•
Use the Biotin-Blot Protein Detection Kit.
Anionic dyes—low sensitivity
1. Anionic dye stains do not detect protein bands below ~100 ng.
•
Use a more sensitive stain such as the Colloidal Gold stain or the Biotin-Blot Protein
Detection Kit.
•
Increase the sample load to achieve the detection level of the anionic dye stains.
22
Section 7
Product Information
Catalog
Number
Product Description
Mini Trans-Blot Cell
170-3930
Mini Trans-Blot Electrophoretic Transfer Cell, includes 2 Gel Holder
cassettes, modular electrode assembly, Bio-Ice cooling unit, lower
buffer chamber, and lid with cables
170-3935
Mini Trans-Blot Module, same as 170-3930 without lower buffer
chamber and lid
Mini Trans-Blot Cell Accessories
170-3931
Mini Gel Holder Cassette
170-3932
Filter Paper, 7.5 x 10.5 cm, 50
170-3933
Fiber Pads, 8 x 11 cm, 4
170-3934
Bio-Ice Cooling Unit
Section 8
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
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Danner, D. B., Anal. Biochem., 125, 139 (1982).
Bio-Rad Technical Bulletin 1110 “Zeta-Probe Blotting Membranes” (1982).
Holland, L. J. and Wangh, L. H., Nuc. Acids Res., 10, 3283 (1983).
Syminton, J., Green, M. and Brackmann, K., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 78, 177 (1981).
Reiser, J. and Wardale, J., Eur. J. Biochem., 114, 569 (1981).
Burnette, W. N., Anal. Biochem., 112, 195 (1981).
Legocki, R. P. and Verma, D. P. S., Anal. Biochem., 111, 385 (1981).
Lin, W. and Kasamatsu, H., Anal. Biochem., 128, 302 (1983).
Anderson, N. L., Nance, S. L., Pearson, T. W. and Anderson, N. G., Electrophoresis, 3, 135 (1982).
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Tsang, V. C. W., Peralta, J. M. and Simons, A. R., Meth. Enzymol., 92, 377 (1983).
Gershoni, J. M. and Palade, G. E., Anal. Biochem., 124, 396 (1982).
Gershoni, J. M. and Palade, G. E., Anal. Biochem., 131, 1 (1983).
Symington, J., “Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: Methods and Applications.”
Celis, J. E. and Bravo, R., eds. Academic Press, N.Y., (1983).
Andrews, A. T., “Electrophoresis: Theory, techniques, and biochemical and clinical application,”
2nd ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford, (1986).
Beisiegel, V., Electrophoresis, 7, 1 (1986).
Bio-Rad Laboratories, unpublished.
Gershoni, J. M., in Advances in Electrophoresis, Vol. 1. Chrambach, A., Dunn, M. J. and Radola,
B. J., eds., VCH, Weinheim, in press.
Gershoni, J. M. , in Methods of Biochemical Analysis, Vol. 33, Glick, D., ed., Wiley, New York,
in press.
Bjerrum, O. J. and Schafer-Nielsen, C., Analytical Electrophoresis, M. J. Dunn, ed. (VCH,
Weinheim), p. 315.
Dunn, S. D., Anal. Biochem., 157, 144 (1986).
Zeta-Probe Instruction Manual, Bio-Rad Laboratories, (1988).
Polvino, W. J., Saravis, C. A., Sampson, C. E. and Cook, R. B., Electrophoresis, 4, 368 (1983).
Bio-Rad Laboratories, Biotin-Blot Total Protein Stain Instruction Manual (1985).
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Perides, G., Plagens, U. and Traub, P., Anal. Biochem., 152, 94 (1986).
Scotch-Brite® is a registered trademark of 3M Company.
Gel-BondTM is a trademark of FMC.
Mylar® is a registered trademark of E.I. DuPont de Nemours Co.
Coomassie is a trademark of ICI.
24
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Declaration of Conformity
B o-Rad Laborator es, Inc., 1000 A fred Nobe Dr ve, Hercu es, Ca forn a, 94547,
U.S.A., dec ares that the product
M n Trans-B ot E ectrophoret c Ce
to wh ch th s dec arat on re ates, s n conform ty to the fo ow ng standards or normat ve documents
EN55011:1991
EN50082-2:1994
EN61000-4-2:1995
ENV50141:1994
ENV50140:1994
EN61000-4-4:1995
EN61000-4-8:1995
EN61010-1:1993
fo ow ng the prov s ons of the
89/336/EEC & 73/23/EEC
D rect ve.
The product s mported nto the EU by B o-Rad Laborator es Ltd., B o-Rad House,
May ands Avenue, Heme Hempstead (London area), Hertfordsh re HP2 7TD
Eng and.
29 November 1995
date of issue
Burton Zabin
Vice President
DC1703930 Rev A
Bio-Rad
Laboratories
Life Science
Group
2000 Alfred Nobel Drive
Hercules, California 94547
Telephone (510) 741-1000
Fax: (510) 741-5800
Australia, Bio-Rad Laboratories Pty Limited, Block Y Unit 1, Regents Park Industrial Estate, 391 Park Road, Regents Park, NSW 2143 • Phone 02-9414-2800 • Fax 02-9914-2888
Austria, Bio-Rad Laboratories Ges.m.b.H., Auhofstrasse 78D, 1130 Wien • Phone (1) 877 89 01 • Fax (1) 876 56 29
Belgium, Bio-Rad Laboratories S.A./N.V., Begoniastraat 5, 9810 Nazareth Eke • Phone 09-385 55 11 • Fax 09-385 65 54
Canada, Bio-Rad Laboratories (Canada) Ltd., 5671 McAdam Road, Mississauga, Ontario L4Z 1N9 • Phone (905) 712-2771 • Fax (905) 712-2990
China, Bio-Rad Laboratories, 14, Zhi Chun Road, Hai Dian District, Beijing 100088 • Phone (01) 2046622 • Fax (01) 2051876
Denmark, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Symbion Science Park, Fruebjergvej 3, DK-2100 Copenhagen • Phone 39 17 9947 • Fax 39 27 1698
Finland, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Business Center Länsikeskus, Pihatörmä 1A SF-02240, Espoo, • Phone 90 804 2200 • Fax 90 804 1100
France, Bio-Rad S.A., 94/96 rue Victor Hugo, B.P. 220, 94 203 Ivry Sur Seine Cedex • Phone (1) 49 60 68 34 • Fax (1) 46 71 24 67
Germany, Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Heidemannstraße 164, D-80939 München/Postfach 450133, D-80901 München • Phone 089 31884-0 • Fax 089 31884-100
India, Bio-Rad Laboratories, C-248 Defence Colony, New Delhi 110 024 • Phone 91-11-461-0103 • Fax 91-11-461-0765
Italy, Bio-Rad Laboratories S.r.l.,Via Cellini, 18/A, 20090 Segrate Milano • Phone 02-21609 1 • Fax 02-21609-399
Japan, Nippon Bio-Rad Laboratories, 7-18, Higashi-Nippori 5-Chome, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo 116 • Phone 03-5811-6270 • Fax 03-5811-6272
The Netherlands, Bio-Rad Laboratories B. V., Fokkerstraat 10, 3905 KV Veenendaal • Phone 0318-540666 • Fax 0318-542216
New Zealand, Bio-Rad Laboratories Pty Ltd., P. O. Box 100-051, North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland 10 • Phone 09-443 3099 • Fax 09-443 3097
Pacific, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Unit 1111, 11/F., New Kowloon Plaza, 38, Tai Kok Tsui Road, Tai Kok Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong • Phone 7893300 • Fax 7891257
Singapore, Bio-Rad Laboratories (Singapore) Ltd., 221 Henderson Rd #05-19, Henderson Building, Singapore 0315 • Phone (65) 272-9877 • Fax (65) 273-4835
Spain, Bio-Rad Laboratories, S. A. Avda Valdelaparra 3, Pol. Ind. Alcobendas, E-28100 Alcobendas, Madrid • Phone (91) 661 70 85 • Fax (91) 661 96 98
Sweden, Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Gärdsvägen 7D, Box 1276, S-171 24 Solna • Phone 46-(0)8-735 83 00 • Fax 46-(0)8-735 54 60
Switzerland, Bio-Rad Laboratories AG, Kanalstrasse 17, Postfach, CH-8152 Glattbrugg • Phone 01-809 55 55 • Fax 01-809 55 00
United Kingdom, Bio-Rad Laboratories Ltd., Bio-Rad House, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 7TD • Free Phone 0800 181134 • Fax 01442 259118
SIG 020996
Printed in USA
M1703930 Rev D