Are You suprised - Beirut Arab University

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Rached N. Zantout
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Faculty of Sciences,
Beirut Arab University,
P.O.Box 11 - 50 - 20 Riad El Solh 11072809 - Beirut, Lebanon
Telephone: +961 7 985858, ext. 3323 Fax: +961 7 985060
Email: R.ZANTOUT@BAU.EDU.LB
Mobile: +961 3 842 076
Education
PhD, Electrical Engineering, December 1994, GPA: 3.84 / 4.0
The Ohio State University, Columbus
Major: Robotics (Computer Vision)
Minor1: Computer Engineering, Minor2: Computer Science.
ME, Electrical Engineering, July 1990, GPA: 4.0 / 4.0
The University of Florida, Gainesville
Major: Robotics, Minor: Control
BE, Electrical Engineering, June 1988, With Distinction GPA: 3.85 / 4.0
The American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Work Experience
Associate Professor, Faculty of Sciences
9/2012
–
Present
Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
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Taught the courses:
1. Electronic Circuits.
4. Technical Writing (MS Course).
2. Data Structures 2.
5. Emerging Topics in Artificial Intelligence (PhD
3. Information technology 1
Course)
Member of the College Quality Control Committee:
o Reviewed the accreditation applications for all departments of the college.
o Reviewed the accreditation files for the computer science program.
o Recommended enhancements to the policies and procedures in the department of Math
and Computer Science.
Supervised Final Year Projects in:
o Developing a mobile phone application for translation of printed material.
o Developing a Web-Based software for Physics simulation.
Associate Professor, College of Computer and Information Sciences
Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
9/2009
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8/2012
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9/2003
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8/2009
Taught the courses:
1. Digital System Design.
2. Object Oriented Programming.
3. Computing for Business
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Decision Support Systems.
Software Engineering.
Introduction to Programming
Coordinator of the Enrollment Improvement Committee:
o Set the strategic plan and action plans for the enrollment improvement committee.
o Organized workshops on enrollment improvement issues.
o Supervised and participated in executing strategic plan and action plans.
o Prepared presentations, progress reports and a final report.
Coordinator of the Curriculum Committee:
o Set the Strategic Plan and action plans for the curriculum committee.
o Reviewed the curriculum of the IS department.
o Recommended changes and ways to implement those changes.
Participated in accreditation of university with the National Accreditation Association (NCAAA).
Participated in accreditation of the College of Computer and Information Systems with ABET.
Participated in setting up a graduate program for the IS department.
Participated in reviewing the curriculum for the foundation courses of the CS Department.
Member in the Quality Committee to oversee accreditation efforts for the college.
Member in the Committee to setup a College of Engineering at the University.
Member in the Committee to review currciculum of the “Computational Linguistics” program.
Participated in the efforts to establish cooperation between PSU and international institutions:
o Establishing a “Study Year Abroad” for PSU students at University of Florida.
Participated in establishing the “Prince Mugren Data Mining Center”:
o Setting the goals, objectives and mission of the center.
o Developing a strategic plan for the center.
o Conducting workshops to introduce center and data mining to PSU and local community.
Associate Professor (since 2007)
Chairman, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department (9/2005 – 7/2006)
Hariri Canadian University, faculty of Engineering, Meshref, Lebanon
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Taught the courses:
Logic Design.
11. Introduction to Electrical Circuits.
Computer Architecture.
12. AC Circuits.
Computer Organization.
13. Introduction to Electronics.
Advanced Computer Architecture.
14. Introduction to Communications.
Microprocessors.
15. Introduction to Robotics.
Embedded Systems Design.
16. Control and Automation.
Signals and Systems.
17. Digital Control.
Introduction to Programming.
18. Digital Signal Processing.
Computer Graphics.
19. Digital Image Processing.
Introduction to Engineering
20. Physics I: Electricity and Magnetism.
Developed the four years BS, 3 years BS and 2 years MS curricula for the following options in
the faculty of Engineering:
o Computer and Communications Engineering.
o Electrical Engineering.
Participated in curriculum development for the following options in the faculty of Engineering:
o Mechatronics Engineering.
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2/2002
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8/2003
o Mechanical Engineering.
o Civil Engineering.
Participated in the administration of the faculty of Engineering:
o Advised students during registration, drop and add and while they were choosing
options in the faculty of engineering.
o Distributed courses to full and part-time faculty members.
Established the following labs:
o Embedded Systems Lab.
o Speech and Natural Language Processing Lab.
o Open Source Lab.
Participated in establishing the following labs:
o Electrical Circuits Lab.
o Electronics Lab.
o Logic Lab.
o Communications Lab.
Supervised Bachelors Projects in:
 “Web Based Registration System for the University”.
 “Web Based Home Automation”
 “Face Recognition for Security”
 “Object Tracking using Computer Vision”
Assistant Professor (Part Time)
Beirut Arab University, American University of Beirut, Hariri Canadian University, Lebanese American University,
Hawaii University; Beirut, Lebanon
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Taught the courses:
Natural Language Processing.
Logic Design.
Computer Architecture.
Microprocessors.
MicroComputer Organization.
Computer Programming II (C).
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Assembly Language Programming.
Introduction to DC Electric Circuits.
AC Electric Circuits.
Analog Electronics.
Feedback Controls.
Fabrication and Instrumentation Lab.
10/2000
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10/2002
Assistant Professor,
11/95
8/2000
Assistant Professor,
University of Balamand, Tripoli, Lebanon
 Taught the courses:
1. Introduction to Computers and Programming (C).
2. Programming Methodology (C++).
3. Data Structures.
4. Introduction to Computing for Applied Sciences.
5. Electronics I.
6. Telecommunications I.
7. Mechatronics.
 Co-researched and Co-designed a new telecommunications option in Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the masters level.
 Consulted with OGERO (local telephone company) in the areas of:
1. Arabic enabled web applications.
2. Fingerprint identification systems.
 Supervised Masters Project in:
 “Design and Implementation of an Autonomous Mobile Robot.”
 “Autonomous navigation using GPS.”
 Supervised Bachelors Projects in:
 “Microcontroller Based Web Server”.
 “Design and Implementation of an Autonomous Robot”
 “GPS Based Navigation and Mapping”
King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
 Taught the courses
1. Introduction to Robotics.
8. Computer Architecture.
2. Robotics and Automation
9. Microprocessors.
3. Artificial Intelligence.
10. Microprocessors Lab.
4. Introduction to Programming.
11. Microcontrollers Lab.
5. Programming using C++.
12. Digital Control Lab.
6. Digital Control.
13. Logic Design Lab.
7. Logic Design.
 Researched Curriculum Improvements and ways to improve Labs.
 Designed a new set of experiments for Digital Control and Microprocessor Labs.
 Researched ways to improve Labs in the Department.
 Co-Supervised Masters Thesis “Arabic Machine Translation applied to WWW pages.”
 Supervised Senior Projects in the following areas:
 Traffic Light Control using FPGA’s.
 Autonomous Indoor mapping robot.
 Remote Control using the WWW.
 Outdoor robot navigation and tracking using GPS and GIS.
 Automatic Map Building using GPS and GIS.
 Natural Language Processing:
o An Arabic-English Lexicon.
o A Parser for the Arabic Language.
o An Arabic Morphological Analyzer.
 Consulted about the Y2K Problem for the Saudi Ministry of Health.
 Put specifications for Automatic Control and Surveillance equipment at University.
12/93 Research & Development Engineer,
- Scriptel Corporation, Columbus, Ohio
11/95  Developed embedded systems using VADEM VG660 and VG230.
 Developed firmware for a new technology of digitizers.
 Designed and debugged a new generation of portable Pen computers.
 Designed and laid out a new generation of pointing devices using ORCAD and PADS.
 Researched upgrade options on FAX/MODEM chipsets, Digitizer technologies, LCD CCFL
backlight inverter circuits, IrDA ports, power supply and battery technologies.
 Developed Strategies for Tracking an Object in 3-D Space.
 Researched Sensor Options for a New Product.
 Researched Numerical Integration of Noisy Signals.
 Modeled and Simulated Sensors Using the C Language.
 Developed Error Simulation for Sensors.
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6/94
4/94
6/94
3/93
3/94
8/89
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8/87
Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University
 Conducted Research on Surface Reconstruction and Deformable Object Recognition.
 Simulated Results Using I-DEAS, ANSYS, Matlab, MAPLE V, and C Language.
 Designed, Implemented and Tested a Range Finder and an Edge Detector.
 Digitized Surfaces Using a PUMA Robot with a Laser Range Finder.
Lecturer, The Ohio State University
 Taught Digital System Design.
 Lectured and Evaluated Students.
Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University
 Taught the Lab for Microprocessors course.
 Tutored, Lectured and Evaluated Students and Constructed Lab Experiments.
Graduate Teaching Assistant, The University of Florida
 Instructed and Evaluated Students in "Introduction to Microprocessors."
Trainee, TRT (Telecommunication Radioelectrique et Telephonique), Rouen, France.
 Designed, Built and Tested a Programming Board for a New Generation of Modems.
 Developed and Tested a Software that translates Messages Exchanged over Communication
Lines.
 Translated English Manuals into French.
Research
Interests
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Robotics:
 Robot Navigation.
 Robot Tracking.
 Computer Vision.
Research
Grants
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SHAMS: The Sharjah Arabic Machine Translation System, On-Going research with the
Arabic Computational Linguistics Research Group, The University of Sharjah, UAE.
An Open Source Arabic Spelling Checker, On-Going research with the Arabic
Computational Linguistics Research Group, The University of Sharjah, UAE.
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Artificial Intelligence.
 Machine Translation.
 Natural Language Processing.
 Intelligent Agents
Membership
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Co-Supervisor of MSc, An Interactive Web Accessibility Evaluation System, Ms. Simar Mansi, Beirut
Arab University, 2012.
Co-Supervisor of PhD, Arabic Text Classification, Ms. Suhad El-Azzi, Beirut Arab University, 2012.
Co-Supervisor of MSc, Developing a Framework for TeachingLinear Algebra to Visually Impaired
People, Mr. Bassam Al-Masri, Beirut Arab University, 2012.
Co-Supervisor of PhD, Arabic Sentiment Mining, Mr. Maher Itani, Beirut Arab University, 2011.
MSc Supervisor, Preprocessing Steps for English-Arabic Translation, Mr. Mohammad Salameh,
Lebanese American University, 2007.
MSc Supervisor, Image Processing using FPGA's, Mr Marwan Jizzini, Hariri Canadian University, 2007.
MSc Supervisor, Faster Image Processing using FPGA's, Ms Randa Saraeb, Hariri Canadian University,
2006.
MSc Supervisor, Automatic License Plate Recognition, Mr. Hassan Obeid, Hariri Canadian University,
2006.
MSc Supervisor, PCB in-line inspection & component verification, Mr. Ali Samhoun, Hariri Canadian
University, 2005.
Co-Supervisor of PhD, Cryptanalysis and Recognition of Arabic Language, Mr. Nabil Mirza, Beirut Arab
University, 2004.
Co-Supervisor of MSc, Web Page Translation, Mr. Abdallah Al-Sikhan, King Saud University, 1999.
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Arabic Text Mining: Status and Tools,
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Graduate Supervision
Scientific Committee of Revue ESSACHES, Revue interdisciplinaires des sciences humaines et socials,
ISBN 978-2-9532450-0-4
Review Committee of IAJIT: The International Arab Journal of Information Technology,
Technical Committee of IAJIT: The International Arab Journal of Information Technology,
Member Lebanese Engineer Syndicate – Beirut,
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Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering,
American University of Beirut, Lebanon, April 2011.
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Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, November 2010.
Artificial Intelligence Applications, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, June 2010.
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Statistical Natural Language Processing for Arabic,
2nd CCIS Research Symposium, Prince Sultan University,
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Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, January 2010.
Question Answering for Arabic, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, American
University of Beirut, Lebanon, December 2009.
Research in AI, College of Computer and Information Systems, Al-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, November 2009.
Supporting Arabic NLP, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh, Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, October 2009.
Arabic NLP Tools, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, May 2008.
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License Processing: Recognizing Characters in License Plates, AICCSA 07, Hotel LeMeridien, Amman, Jordan,
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Seminars
Arabic Natural Lnaguage Processing and Data Mining,
May 2007.
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Arabic Natural Language Processing: Status and Prospects:
University of Balamand, Lebanon, November
2006.
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Machine Translation: a Strategic Choice for Lebanon, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon, April
2006.
Robotics: Current Status and Future Prospects, AUST, Beirut, Lebanon, November 2005.
Computer and Communications Engineering, Hariri Canadian University, Meshref, Lebanon, March 2003.
Mobile Robot Navigation: Sensors, Systems and Methods, University of Balamand, Lebanon, January 2000.
GPS: Applications and Limitations, Research Center, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, November, 1999.
Robot Dynamics: Navigation, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon, July 1997.
Introduction to Multimedia and CD-ROMs, Ministry of Justice, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, March 1997 .
Introduction to Modems, Ministry of Justice, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, March 1997.
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Introduction to Speech Processing, Arab Security Research and Studies Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, March
1996.
Introduction to Image Processing, Arab Security Research and Studies Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, March
1996.
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Publications
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Refereed
Journal Papers
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Book Chapters
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L. Hamandi, K. Almustafa, R. Zantout, H. Obeid, “Using Character Recognition for Plate Localization” ,
The International Journal of Multimedia & Its Applications (IJMA), Vo. 4, No. 5, pp. 39-50, October
2012.
M. Salameh, R. Zantout, N. Mansour, “Improving the Accuracy of English-Arabic Statistical Sentence
Alignment”, International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT), Volume 8, No. 2, April 2011.
A. Yakzan, I. Damaj, R. Zantout, “GPS-Based Vehicle Tracking System on Chip”, International Journal
of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04, August 2010.
Ahmed Guessoum, Rached Zantout, A Methodology for Evaluating Arabic Machine Translation Systems,
The Journal of Machine Translation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Volume 18, Issue 4, Dec 2004, Pages
299 – 335.
R. Zantout and A. Guessoum, An Automatic English-Arabic HTML Page Translation System, Journal of
Network and Computer Applications, vol. 4, no. 24, October 2001.
Guessoum, A. and R. Zantout, A Methodology for a Semi-Automatic Evaluation of the Language
Coverage of Machine Translation System Lexicons, The Journal of Machine Translation, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, vol.16, Issue 2, June 2001, Pages 127-149.
Zantout, Rached and Guessoum, Ahmed, Arabic Machine Translation: A Strategic Choice for the Arab
World, Journal of King Saud University, Vol. 12, Computer and Information Sciences, pp. 117-144, A.H.
1420-2000.
Hamandi, Lama, AlMustafa, Khaled, Zantout, Rached, Obeid, Hasan, Automatic Recognition and
Localization of Saudi License Plates, Accepted for publication as a Book Chapter in book
Multidisciplinary Computational Intelligence Techniques: Applications in Business, Engineering, and
Medicine, Ali, Shawkat, Abbadeni, Noureddine, Batouche, Mohamed (Editors), IGI Global.
Salameh, Mohamed, Hamandi, Lama, Zantout, Rached, and Mansour, Nashat, Towards Better Statistical
English-Arabic Parallel Corpus Alignment, Accepted for publication as a Chapter in book CCIS, Natural
Language Processing for Arabic language book, Series: Computer Science, Springer.
A. Yaqzan, I. Damaj, R. Zantout, Reconfigurable Hardware Implementation of a GPS-Based Vehicle
Tracking System, in Advances in Electrical Engineering and Computational Science, Sio-Iong Ao and
Len Gelman (Editors), Springer Netherlands, April 2009. V 39 P 289 – 299.
Guessoum, Ahmed and Zantout, Rached, Arabic Morphological Generation and its Impact on the Quality
of Machine Translation to Arabic, Chapter in book Abdelhadi Soudi, Antal Vanden Bosch, and Guenter
Neumann,
Arabic
Computational
Morphology:
Knowledge-based and Empirical Methods, Series: Text, Speech and Language Technology, Vol. 38, 2007,
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6045-8.
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Refereed Conference Papers
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Hamandi, Lama, AlMustafa, Khaled, Zantout, Rached, Obeid, Hasan, “Recognition of Triangular Traffic
Signs Using the Number of Peaks Algorithm “, The 2nd International conference on Advances in
Computational Tools for Engineering Applications – ACTEA’12, Notre Dame University, Lebanon,
December 12-15, 2012.
Itani, Maher, Kabbani, Islam, Hamandi, Lama, Zantout, Rached, “Naïve-Search versus Naïve-Bayes in
Classifying Social Network Posts for Arabic Language “, The 2nd International conference on Advances in
Computational Tools for Engineering Applications – ACTEA’12, Notre Dame University, Lebanon,
December 12-15, 2012.
K. AlMustafa, R. Zantout, H. Obeid, Fadi Sibai “Recognizing Characters in Saudi License Plates Using
Character Boundaries”, The Seventh International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology IIT’11, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, April 25-27, 2011.
H. Obeid, K. AlMustafa, R. Zantout, F. Khellah, “Saudi License Plate Localization Using Object
Adjacency Properties”, The International Conference on Communications and Information Technology –
ICCIT 2011, Aqaba, Jordan, March 29-31, 2011.
K. AlMustafa, R. Zantout, H. Obeid, “Peak Position, Recognizing Characters in Saudi License Plates”,
2011 IEEE GCC Conference and Exhibition for Sustainable Ubiquitous Technology, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates, February 19-22, 2011, pp. 186-189.
K. AlMustafa, R. Zantout, H. Obeid, “Pixel Density: Recognizing Characters in Saudi License Plates”, 10th
International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Cairo, Egypt, November 29 –
December 1, 2010.
Z. Osman, L. Hamandi, R. Zantout, F. Sibai, “Automatic Processing of Arabic Text”, 6th International
conference on Innovations in Information Technology (Innovations 09), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,
December 15-17, 2009.R. Zantout, M. Jrab, L. Hamandi, F. Sibai, “Fleet Management Automation Using
the Global Positioning System”, 6th International conference on Innovations in Information Technology
(Innovations 09), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, December 15-17, 2009.
N. Mirza, Z. Osman, R. Zantout, M. El-Sayed, "Error Correction of noisy block cipher using cryptanalysis
and natural language processing," Third International Conference on Network and System Security, Gold
Coast, Australia, 19-21 October 2009.
N. Mirza, Z. Osman, R. Zantout, M. El-Sayed, "Correcting Noise in Block Ciphers," First International
Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks, Indore, India, 23-25
July 2009.
N. Mirza, Z. Osman, R. Zantout, “A Novel Approach for Correcting Noisy AES Ciphers,” 2009
International Conference on Information Security and Privacy (ISP-09), Orlando, FL, July 13-16.
N. Mirza, Z. Osman, R. Zantout, "Correcting Noisy Ciphers in CBC mode," 2009 International Conference
on Information and Network Technology (ICINT 2009), 10-12 July 2009, Perth, Australia.
Z. Osman, L. Hamandi, R. Zantout, F. Sibai, “Arabic Optical Character Recognition”, The 10th Annual
UAE University Research Conference, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 13-16 April 2009.
M. Jizzini, R. Zantout, F. Sibai, “Faster Digital Image Processing Using FPGA”, The 10th Annual UAE
University Research Conference, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 13-16 April 2009.
A. Yaqzan, I. Damaj, R. Zantout, “GPS-based Vehicle Tracking System-on-Chip,” The Proceedings of the
World Congress on Engineering, London, United Kingdom, 2 – 4 July, 2008. Vol. I, pp. 240 – 245.
Nominated for Best Paper Award.
Rached Zantout, Mazen Jrab, Lama Hamandi, Fadi Sibai, Fleet Management Automation, The 9th Annual
UAEU Research Conference, 21-23 April 2008, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Hassan Obeid, Rached Zantout and Fadi Sibai, License Plate Localizatiuon in ALPR Systems, 4th
International conference on Innovations in Information Technology (Innovations 07), Dubai, United Arab
Emirates, November 18-20, 2007.
Hassan Obeid and Rached Zantout, Line Processing: An Approach to ALPR Character Recognition,
2007 ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, Amman, Jordan, May
13-16.
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Refereed Conference Papers
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Non-Refereed Papers
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L. Hamandi, I. Damaj, R. Zantout, and A. Guessoum, Parallelizing Arabic Morphological Analysis:
Towards Faster Arabic Natural Language Processing Systems, CIBITIC, Beirut, Lebanon, May 2006.
Ameur Touir, Rached N. Zantout, Design and Implementation of an Automatic Road Network Map
Processing System Using GPS Technology, 2003 ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer
Systems and Applications, Tunis, Tunisia, July 14-18, 2003.
Ziad A. Osman, Mazen Jrab, Souleiman Midani, Rached N. Zantout, Implementation of a System for
Offline Tracking using GPS, Mediterranean Microwave Symposium 2003, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt, May 6-8 2003.
L. Hamandi, R. Zantout, and A. Guessoum, A Parser for the Arabic Language, Sixteenth Annual
Symposium on Arabic Linguistics, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K., March 1-2, 2002.
L. Hamandi, R. Zantout, and A. Guessoum, Design and Implementation of an Arabic Morphological
Analysis System, International Conference on Research Trends in Science And Technology, Lebanese
American University, Beirut & Byblos, Lebanon, March 4-6, 2002.
A. Guessoum and R. Zantout, Semi-automatic Evaluation of the Grammatical Coverage of Machine
Translation Systems, MT Summit VIII, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 18 - 22 September 2001.
Al-Sikhan, Abdullah and Zantout, Rached and Guessoum, Ahmed, Automating the evaluation of Machine
Translation Systems Lexicons: Arabic Machine Translation Systems as Case Studies, 7th International
Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications, Cairo, Egypt, February 3-6, 1999.
Zantout, Rached N., Zheng, Yuan F. , Determining Geodesics of a Discrete Surface, 1994 IEEE
International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Las Vegas,
Nevada, USA.
Zantout, Rached N., Zheng, Yuan F. , Geodesics a Tool for Solving Material Properties Inverse
Problems, 1994 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology, China.
Zantout, Rached N., Zheng, Yuan F. , Surface Parameters Extraction Using Geodesics, The First IEEE
International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Cairo, Egypt.
Ahmed Guessoum, Rached Zantout , Machine Translation, A Startegic Dimension for the Arab World,
University Forum, University of Sharjah, Issue 41, Year 6, Muharram 1427, February 2006, pp. 32-37.
Guessoum, Ahmed and Zantout, Rached, Arabizing the Internet and its effect on the development of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, The 100 years symposium of the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
18-19/10/1999.
Guessoum, Ahmed and Zantout, Rached, Towards a Strategic Effort, with a Central Theme of Machine
Translation, to meet the challenges of the Information Revolution, 1998 Symposium of Proliferation of
Arabization and Development of Translation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, King Saud University,
Riyadh.
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