àH$aU 3
ZdVm… AmYw{ZH$dmX-CÎmaAmYw{ZH$dmX
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
_amR>r gm{hË`mVrc ZdVoMm CX`
ZdVm… {d{dY X¥{ï>H$moZ
AmYw{ZH$Vm
AmYw{ZH$dmX
AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$cmd§Vm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr
AmYw{ZH$dmX… {MÌH$cm
AmYw{ZH$dmX… gm{hË`
‘_m°S>{Z©P_’ Am{U ‘ZdVm’… g_mZ gyÌo
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arMr ZdVm
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ pñWVr
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm… {d{dY X¥{ï>H$moZ
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`… RiH$ d¡{eîQ>ço
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`… R>iH$ n¡cy
AmYw{ZH$dmX Am{U CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX… VwcZm
3.15
{ZîH$f©
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
80
àH$aU 3
3.1
_amR>r gm{hË`mVrc ZdVoMm CX`…
1910 Vo 1930 hm nmíMmÎ` gm{hË` d H$cm `m§À`m na§naoVrc AmYw{ZH$dmXr àUmcrMm
CËH$f©H$mi _mZcm OmVmo. ^maVmV hr à{H«$`m Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV 1940-42À`m
gw_mamg KSy> cmJcr åhUOo B§½c§S> \«$mÝggmaIo nmpíM_mÎ` Xoe Am{U ^maV `m_Yrc Zdgm{hË`mÀ`m
KQ>Zm§_Ü`o H$mhr XeH$m§Mo A§Va Amho. XmoZ _hm`wÕmV KS>coë`m gd©H$f {dÜd§gmMm XyaJm_r n[aUm_
OJmVrc gd©M XoemVrc _mZdr OrdZmda d g§ñH¥$Vrda Pmcm.
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoarg Am{U {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrcm {d{dY kmZjoÌm§_Ü`o
Oo _yc^yV g§emoYZ Pmco Ë`m_wio _mUgmMr dmñVdmg§~§YrMr Am{U _mZdr _Zmg§~§YrMr OmUrd
nyU©nUo ~Xccr. ^maVmcm Am{U _hmamï´>mcmXoIrc `m OmJ{VH$ ñVamdarc CcWmnmcWrcm gm_moao
Omdo cmJco. Ë`mMdoir `oWrc n[aKmdahr H$mhr KS>m_moS>r Am{U KQ>Zm KS>V hmoË`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m
n[aUm_mVyZhr Zdo ~Xc g_moa `oV hmoV.o EH$Va eham§À`m dmT>rV ^a nS>V hmoVr Am{U H¥$frg§ñH¥$VrH$Sy>Z
AmnU `§Ì d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñH¥$VrH$S>o àdmg H$aV hmoVmo. Vmo H$aV AgVmZm `m `§Ì g§ñH¥$VrZo OÝ_mcm
KmVcoë`m A§V{d©amoYm§Zmhr Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV hmoV.o hr gd© Û§ÛmË_H$ nmíd©^_y r _amR>r gm{hË`mV 1940À`m
XeH$mV àH$Q>coë`m ZdVoÀ`m _mJo Amho. ~hþnXar Aem _T>}H$ar H${dVoVyZ Vr àW_ X¥H$²JmoMa Pmcr.
~m.gr. _T>}H$am§Zr `wÕmoÎma `§Ì`wJrZ ^oXH$ dmñVdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr d H${dVog§~§YrÀ`m ê$T>
g§Ho$Vm§Zm Y¸$m {Xcm.
H$mì`mVrc AW©eyÝ` eãXgmog, ì`mOH${dËd, gm§Ho${VH$ Ac§H$m[aH$Vm, {ZgJ©Om{Udm§Mo
nma§n[aH$ gmMo Zï> Ho$co.(1) amo~mo, ~oH$cmBQ>, {nñQ>Z, nm`cÝg Aem `§Ì`wJrZ à{V_m AmUë`m.
g§kmàdmh AmUcm d _mUgmÀ`m gwßV, AY©gwßV _ZmMo ^mZ AmUyZ {Xco. `m gJù`m Ûmam Ë`m§Zr
_mUwgH$sMo {dS>§~Z H$aUmè`m àIa dmñVdmMo ^mZ Va {XcoM nU EHy$U OrdZmMo doJio AmH$cZ
H$ê$Z XoUmar EH$ Vrd« AZmoIr g§doXZercVmM _amR>r dmL>²_`mcm {Xcr.(2)
1940À`mM XeH$mV J§JmYa JmS>Jrim§À`m H$Wm§VyZhr Zdr g§doXZercVm àH$Q> Pmcr.
JmS>Jrim§Zr ZdH$Wo~m~V gwñnï> _m§S>Ur H$aUmar ^y{_H$m R>m_nUmZo KoVcr. ‘ZdH$WoMo ñdê$n’ `m
coImV ZdH$WoVrc ZdVoÀ`m OmVHw$irda àH$me Q>mH$VmZm Ë`m§Zr ZdH$WoÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm {ZX}e
Ho$cm. CXmhaUmW©,
1.
OrdZmÀ`m H$mhr Zì`m AZw^yVrVyZ hr H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho.
2.
{VÀ`mVrc à{V_m {Zamù`m AmhoV åhUyZ Vr Zdr Zmhr Va {VÀ`mVrc AZw^dm§Mr Jw§\$UM
{Zamir Amho åhUyZ {VÀ`mVrc à{V_m {Zamù`m AmhoV. AZw^dm§À`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Am{U AZoH$
nmVù`m§daÀ`m AmH¥$VrH$coMm {df` hmoD$ eH$VmV hr OmUrd {VÀ`m_mJo Amho.
3.
ZdH$WmH$mam§Zr cKwH$WoÀ`m {df`mg§~§YrMm g§Ho$V PwJmacm. AZoH$ àH$maMo AZoH$
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
81
nmVù`m§daMo AZw^d H$WoMm {df` åhUyZ dmnaco.
4.
cKwH$WoÀ`m aMZoMo R>am{dH$ {Z`_ ZdH$WmH$mam§Zr nmico ZmhrV.
5.
_Zwî`mMm ñd^md d dV©UHy $ hr _mZcr OmVmV {VVH$s gwgJ§ V ZmhrV. _Zwî`mMo ì`{ŠV_Îd
{OVHo$ EH$g§Y dmQ>Vo {VVHo$ EH$g§Y Zmhr. ho _mZdr ì`{ŠV_Îdm{df`rMo dmñVd ZdH$WmH$mam§Zr
OmUco.o (3)
H$mogiUmar Z¡{VH$ _yë`o, AñdñW H$aUmao A§V{d©amoYmË_ g_mOdmñVd, _mUgmÀ`m dmQ>çmcm
Amcoco EH$Q>onU Am{U AYm§VarnU, namË_VoMr OmUrd, _mZdr ñdËd hadV Mmcë`mMr OmUrd
Aer Ame`gyÌo _T>}H$am§À`m Am{U JmS>Jrim§À`m coIZmVyZ {XgVmV. `m XmoKm§À`mhr gm{hË`mZo
_amR>r H${dVm Am{U H$Wo{df`rÀ`m nma§n[aH$ H$ënZm§_Ü`o \$ma _moR>o n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUco. _amR>r
gm{hË`mMo ho Oo A{Ve` doJio ñdê$n {Xgy cmJco Ë`mcm CÔoeyZ ‘Zd’ ho {deofU `moOco Joco Am{U
`m ‘Zdo’nUmMr _amR>rV {d{dYm§Jr MMm© gwê$ Pmcr. ~m.gr. _T>o©H$a, Jmo.{d. H$a§XrH$a, J§JmYa
JmS>Jri, eaƒ§Ð _w{ŠV~moY, dm.c. Hw$cH$Uu, dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ Am{U S>m°. dg§V nmQ>UH$a
`m§À`m {dMmam§VZy _amR>r gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q>cëo `m ‘Zdo’nUmH$S>o nhmÊ`mMo {d{^Þ X¥{ï>H$moZ ñnï> hmoVmV.
3.2
ZdVm… {d{dY X¥{ï>H$moZ
~m.gr. _T>o©H$am§Zr Ë`m§À`m 1950 _Yrc ‘H$mì`mVrc ZdrZVm’ `m coImV AmYw{ZH$Vm
Am{U H$mì`mVrc Zm{dÝ` `m XmoZ Jmoï>r doJù`m Agë`mMo ñnï> Ho$co Amho.
H$mì`mVrc ZdrZVo{df`H$ ~m.gr. _T>}H$am§Mo {ddoMZ…
“eãXm§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`m§Mo ÜdZr Am{U KS>U H$mcm~amo~a ~XcV AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo
OrdZm¡Km~amo~a _mZdr {dMmahoVy d ^mdZm{df` hohr ~XcV OmVmV Am{U hm ~Xc H$mì`mV AmnmoAmn
à{Vq~{~V hmoV AgVmo. `m ~Xcm§Mo Iao ZmVo AmYw{ZH$Voer OwiVo. H$mì`mV A{^àoV Agcoë`m Zm{dÝ`mer
Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV AmYw{ZH$Vm hr ~ìh§er An[ahm`© AgVo. CcQ> Zm{dÝ` ho Zoh_r AZno{jV AgVo.
H$mì`mVrc Zm{dÝ` åhUOo ZdrZ ^mdZm{Zð> g_VmZVm Ago _T>}H$am§Zr åhQ>co Amho.
AZw^dmÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m nXm§VZy , KQ>H$m§VZy nydu Z ~m§Yë`m Jocëo `m ZdrZ Aem ^mdZm{Zð> g_VmZVm§Mr
aMZm H$aUo ømVM H$mì`mMo à{V^mgmnoj Zm{dÝ` AgVo.(4)
Jmo.{d. H$a§XrH$am§Zr ñnï> Ho$coco ZdVoMo ñdê$n…
Jmo.{d. H$a§XrH$am§Zr ‘na§nam d ZdVm’ `m coImV ZdVoÀ`m g§X^m©V Imcrc {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho.
“ZdVm ho dmL>_² `rZ {dH$mgmÀ`m H«$m§{VH$maH$ Aem _hÎdmÀ`m Q>ßß`mda A{Zdm`©nUo àH$Q>
hmoUmao doJionU hmo`. Zì`m `wJmMr Zm§Xr JmUmar hr ZdVm åhUOo EImÚm ì`ŠVrZo Amnë`m ñd¡a
à{V^oVyZ {Z_m©U Ho$coco g§X^©hrZ doJionU ZgVo. hr ZdVm na§naoÀ`m àdmhmer àW_ ZH$mamË_H$
nÕVrZo g§~Õ hmoV AgVo. hr {d{eï> dñVw{Zð> g§X^m©V ì`{ŠVJV à{V^mY_m©Mm Aml` H$ê$Z
A{Zdm`©nUo àH$Q> hmoVo Am{U na§naocm A{YH$ g_¥Õ H$ê$Z AQ>inUmZo {VÀ`m_Ü`oM {_giyZ OmVo.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
82
na§nam `m H$ënZoÀ`m g§X^m©VM ZdVoMo _ycñdê$n gwñnï> hmoD$ eH$Vo.”(5)
EImÚm {d{eï> dmL>_² `rZ H«$m§VrV ZdVm H$moUVo ñdê$n KoBc
© ho nwT>rc Jmoï>tda Adc§~Zy AgVo.
A.
H«$m§{Vnyd© H$mcmVrc dmL>²_`rZ n[apñWVr…
d¡ÚH$s` ^mfoV ~mocmd`mMo Pmë`mg `m dmL>_² `mÀ`m àH¥$VrV VrZ àH$maMo Xmof g§^dy eH$VmV.
Ame`j`, ê$nj` d e¡crj`. Ame`j`mMohr {dMmaj`, ^mdZmj` qH$dm g§dXo Zmj` Ago nmoQ>^Xo
H$aVm `oVrc. g§^mì` ZdVoMo ñdê$n `m amoJm§er g§Kf© H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ {ZînÞ hmoV AgVo. `m Xmofm§Mm
doY KoVm Amcm (Am{U ho \$ma H$R>rU AgVo.) Va ZdVoÀ`m g§^mì` ñdénmMm ñWyc A§XmO ~m§YVm `oVmo.
~.
H«$m§{VJ^© H$mcmVrc dñVw{Zð> _mZdr g§X^©…
H«$m§{Vnyd© AdñWoVrc dmL>²_`mÀ`m àH¥$Vrcm Z nMUmao gm_m{OH$ dmñVd ApñVËdmV
Amë`mdmMyZ dmL>²_`rZ H« m§Vr hr à^mdr d gm_w{hH$ Ago ñdén YmaU H$é eH$V Zmhr. qH$~hþZm
Am{dîH¥$V hmoD$ nmhUmao Zdo dmñVd d Ë`mÀ`mer ghH§$n Z hmoD$ nmhmUmam Ame`, KmQ> d e¡cr
`mg§~§YrMr H«$m§{Vnyd© H$mcmVrc dmL>²_`rZ gm§Ho${VH$Vm `m§À`m_Yrc {dcjU VmU hmM H«$m§{VJ^©
H$mimVrc _hÎdmMm dñVw{Zð> _mZdr g§X^© hmo`.
H$.
H«$m§{VJ^© H$mcmVrc ì`{ŠVJV à{V^mY_©…
à{V^md§V coIH$m§Mr CnpñWVr hr dmL>_² `rZ H«$m§{VVrc J¥hrV Jmoï> Amho. à{V^oMm dmna hm
nwîH$i A§em§Zr ~mø KQ>Zm§Zr {Z`{_V hmoV Agcm Var à{V^oMm XOm© d AmdmH$m `m Jmoï>r Img
ì`{ŠVJV d g§X^©eyÝ` AgVmV.(6)
_T>H©o $a Am{U H$a§XrH$am§À`m `m {ddoMZmcm Q>r.Eg. E{c`Q>À`m ‘Q´>{° S>eZ A°ÝS> B§{S>pìhÁ`wAc
Q>°c|Q>’ `m à{gÕ coImVyZ àoaUm {_imcr Agmdr Ago _V S>m°. Ho$ed gÐo `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$co Amho.(7)
J§JmYa JmS>Jrim§Mr ‘ZdH$Wm’{df`H$ ^y{_H$m…
‘ZdH$WoMo ñdê$n’ `m coImV J§JmYa JmS>Jri `m§Zr ZdH$WoMm doJionUm gm§JV ZdVoÀ`m
g§X^m©Vrc Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m ñnï> Ho$cr Amho. Vo åhUVmV, “OrdZmÀ`m ^y_rVM gm{hË`mMr ~rOo
AgVmV Am{U gm{hpË`H$ Ooìhm H$mhr ZdrZ {Z_m©U H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zr OrdZmH$S>o Ymd KoVcocr
AgVo. OrdZ H$go Amho `m{df`rÀ`m gm§H$o {VH$ H$ënZm§da Vo g§Vïw > amhÿ eH$V ZmhrV.(8) Ë`m§À`m A§Jr
Ame`mer B_mZ amIUmam I§~ra àm_m{UH$nUm Va Agmdm cmJVmoM nU Ë`m Ame`mVë`m d¡{eîQ>çnyU©
AmH¥$Vr hþS>H$Ê`mMr H$ënH$Vmhr cmJVo.(9) `m coImV JmS>Jri EH$ _hÎdmMm _wÔm _m§S>VmV H$s
ZdH$Wm AZoH$ {^Þ àd¥ÎmrVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho. Vr R>moH$io~mO V§Ì{df`H$ H$ënZm§VyZ {ZKmcocr
Zmhr. {VMo ñdê$n A{YH$ cdMrH$ Amho. OrdZmÀ`m H$mhr Zì`m AZw^yVrVyZ Vr {Z_m©U Pmcocr
Amho. {VÀ`mVrc à{V_m {Zamù`m AmhoV åhUyZ Vr Zdr Zmhr Va {VÀ`mVrc AZw^dm§Mr Jw§\$UM
{Zamir Amho åhUyZ {VÀ`mVrc à{V_m {Zamù`m AmhoV. _mZdr _ZmÀ`m Xe©Zr ^mJmÀ`m ncrH$S>Mo
X¥í`_mZ H$aUmao j-{H$aU {VÀ`m {Z{_©VrV dmnaco OmVmV ømV {VMo ZmdrÝ` Amho. AZw^dm§À`m
AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m Am{U AZoH$ nmVù`m§daÀ`m AmH¥$Vr Ho$cocm {df` hmoD$ eH$VmV hr OmUrd
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
83
{VÀ`m_mJo Amho Vr _hÎdmMr Amho.(10) ZdH$Wm hr ZdrZ Amho ømMm AW© Agm Zìho H$s gm{hË`mÀ`m
gmè`m loð> na§nam§H$S>o {VZo nmR> {\$adcr Amho. CcQ> Ë`m na§nam§VyZ Vr {Z_m©U Pmcr Amho.”(11)
nw.{e. aoJo `m§Zr _m§S>cocr ‘Zdr AZw^yVr’…
‘gm{hË`mVrc Zdo-OwZ’o `m 1957 gmcr {c{hcoë`m coImV nw.{e. aoJo `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s
gm{hË` qH$dm H$cm `m§À`m g§X^m©V Ooìhm AmnU Zdm àH$ma, Zdm \$m°_© BË`mXr g§km dmnaVmo Voìhm
AmnUmcm Z¸$s H$m` A{^àoV AgVo? Zdm àH$ma hm dmñV{dH$ nmhVm EH$ Zdr AZw^Vy r AgVo. Ë`mV
ì`ŠV Pmcoë`m AZw^Vy rÀ`m doJionUmZo Vmo doJim C_Qy>Z nS>Vmo. {MÌ, {eën, ñWmnÎ` `m§À`mhr g§~Y§ mV
AZw^Vy rÀ`m H$jm ~Xcë`m H$s Zdo àH$ma H$go CX²>^dVmV ho AmnUmcm {XgyZ `oV.o ‘Zdr AZw^Vy r’
åhUOo Ho$di nydu kmV ZìhVr åhUyZ Zdr qH$dm Ho$di M_ËH¥$VrnyU© åhUyZ Zdr Ago åhUVm `md`mMo
Zmhr. Zdr åhUOo Zdm àË`` H$ê$Z XoUmar AgoM AmnUmcm åhUmdo cmJoc. hm àË`` AW©nUy © Pmcocm
AgVmo åhUyZ Ë`m§À`mVrc ZmdrÝ`. Á`m Ho$di cH$~r AgVmV, Á`m Ë`m àË``mer EH$ê$n Pmcoë`m
ZgVmV Ë`m§Mo ZmdrÝ` jUOrdr R>aVo. Iè`m AWm©Zo Ë`m EImÚm H$cmH¥$Vrcm ZdrZ R>adyM eH$V
ZmhrV.(12) `mM coImV nw.{e. aoJo nwT>o åhUVmV, “Á`m H$cmH¥$VrVrc AZw^Vy r AW©nUy © Pmcocr AgVo.
{VÀ`mV OrdZmVrc AZw^Vy rMo àH$ënZ Pmcoco AgVo. {VMo T>m~o i ñdê$n Zmhrgo hmoD$Z {Vcm EH$
ñdV…Mo Ago AZÝ`gmYmaU ñdê$n àmßV Pmcoco AgVo. Ooìhm EImXr H$cmH¥$Vr Aem VèhoMm àË``
CËH$Q>VZo o AmnUmcm AmUyZ XoVo Voìhm {VMo Zd ñdê$n AmnUmcm OmUdVo.”(13)
eaƒ§Ð _w{ŠV~moYm§Zr ñnï> Ho$coco H$mì`mVrc ZdonUmMo ñdê$n…
‘Zdr _idmQ>’ `m H${dVmg§Jh« mÀ`m n{hë`m Amd¥ÎmrÀ`m àñVmdZoV eaƒ§Ð _w{ŠV~moY `m§Zr
åhQ>co Amho H$s, “H$mì`mV ZdonUm XmoZ àH$maoM `oD$ eH$Vmo. Ame`mV Am{U A{^ì`ŠVr arVrV.
Ame`mVrc ~Xc A{^ì`ŠVrarVrV ~Xc KS>dVmo. A{^ì`ŠVrVrc ZdonUm Ame`mÀ`m ZdonUm{edm`
AeŠ`M.”(14)
ZdH$mì`mVrc Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVr~m~V Vo nwT>o åhUVmV, “AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ {OVHo$
Jw§VmJw§VrMo Amho {VVŠ`mM ZmZm àH$maÀ`m gyú_ N>Q>m _mUgmÀ`m A§Vcm}H$mV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AmhoV.
Om{Udo~amo~a Zo{UdoMr dmñVdVm XoIrc ZdH$mì`mMm {df` hmoV Amho. ZdH$mì`mV Cn`moJmV `oUmè`m
à{V_m ~è`mM doim AX²>^wV AgVmV. Am_À`m OrdZmÀ`m ^`mZH$VoH$S>o Oam VQ>ñWVoZo nm{hë`mg
Ë`mV EH$ AX²>^wV dmVmdaU AmT>iyZ `oB©c.”(15)
dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu `m§Mm ZdH$cm d ZddmL²>_`{df`H$ X¥{ï>H$moZ…
‘H$cm-dmL²>_`mVrc Zdo Am{U OwZo>’ `m coImV dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu åhUVmV, “ZdH$coMm d
ZddmL²>_`mMm OÝ_ hmoÊ`mnydu H$cmdmL²>_`mÀ`m joÌmV d g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY joÌmV AerM
n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmcocr AgVo H$s Ë`m n[apñWVrV gV²VÎdm§Mr EH$gmaIr nm`_„r ìhmdr d
AgV²VÎdm§Mm ~S>oOmd _mOmdm. øm n[apñWVrV H$mam{Jarcm H$cm g_OÊ`mV `oD$ cmJcoco AgVo.
_§ÌmMo _hÎd H$_r hmoD$Z V§Ì hoM EH$_od àYmZ VÎd ~Zcoco AgVo.”(16)
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
84
`m coImV dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu {d{dY H$cm§_Yrc Zì`m ~Xcm§Mo g§X^© XoVmV d `m gdm©À`m
_wimer Agcoco EH$ VÎd emoYVmZm Vo åhUVmV, “AmVmn`ªV AmnU Á`m dmñVdmMo {MÌU H$arV Amcmo
Vo Iao dmñVd ZgyZ Iao dmñVd Ë`mÀ`m ncrH$S>o H$moR>Vo ar Amho Ago øm joÌmV H$m`© H$aUmè`m H$cmd§Vm§Mo
_Z Ë`m§Zm gm§JV Amho. ho dmñVd emoYZy H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r d eãX, a§J, XJS>, _mVr BË`mXr A{^ì`ŠVr
gmYZm§Zr ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr YS>nS> Mmcy Amho. ømVrc àË`oH$mÀ`m ^modVr na§nam hmoVr. dmñVd
åhUOo H$m` d Vo H$go ì`ŠV H$amd`mMo ømg§~Y§ tMo g§H$o V àË`oH$mÀ`m doir {eï>_mÝ` Pmcoco hmoVo na§Vw
Ë`m§Zr øm H$cmd§Vm§Mo g_mYmZ hmoÊ`mgmaIo ZìhVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnco à{V^mMjy CKS>o R>{o dco hmoV.o Ë`m§Mr
gmj Vo _hÎdmMr g_OV hmoVo d Ë`m§Zm Oo {XgV hmoVo Vo ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMr YS>nS> H$arV hmoV.o ”(17)
{eï>_mÝ` g§H$o Vm§À`m d àñWm{nV V§ÌmÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z H$cmd§V Ooìhm ñdV…À`m à{V_oMm Am{dîH$ma
H$aVmo Voìhm ZdVm àH$Q> hmoV,o ho VÎd dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu `m§Zr _m§S>co Amho.
dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu `m§Zr Amnë`m ñdV§Ì coIm§_YyZ _amR>r ZdH$WoMo gm_Ï`© ñnï> Ho$co
Am{U ZdH$WoÀ`m _`m©Xmhr Vnmgë`m. ‘_amR>r ZdH$WoMo gm_Ï`©’ `m coImV Vo åhUVmV, “Zdo
gm{hË` ho Ogo gmMo~§XnUm Amë`m_wio CX²>^dcoë`m OwÝ`mÀ`m H$m|S>rVyZ EH$m {d{eï> jUr OÝ_mcm
`oVo VgoM Vo Amnë`m~amo~a Zdm gm{hË`{dMmahr KoD$Z `oVo. gm{hË`m~amo~a H$mcm§VamZo
gm{hË`{dMmamMrhr H$m|S>r hmoV AgVo. gm{hË`mMr H$m|S>r \w$Q>ë`m{edm` gm{hË`{dMmamMrhr H$m|S>r
\w$Q>V Zmhr. Zdo gm{hË` gm{hË`mÀ`m H$jm dmT>{dVo Va VX²>^d gm{hË`{dMma hm gm{hË`{dMmamÀ`m
H$jm dmT>{dVmo.”(18)
dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ `m§Zr KoVcocm _T>}H$am§À`m H${dVoVrc ZdonUmMm emoY…
dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ `m§Zr ‘ZdH${dVoMo àdV©H$… ~m.gr. _T>H} $a’ `m coImV _T>H} $am§À`m
H${dVoÀ`m ZdonUmMm emoY KoVcm Amho. coImÀ`m àma§^r ‘Zì`m H$mì`mMo cjU, Zì`m ^mdZm{Zð>
g_VmZVm§Mm Am{dîH$ma’ `m _T>H} $am§Zr gm§{JVcoë`m ZdrZVoÀ`m cjUmMr MMm© Vo `m coImV H$aVmV. Vo
åhUVmV, “Zì`m ^mdZm{Zð> g_VmZVm åhUOo Zdr à^mdr à{V_mg¥ï>r Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV AmT>iVo H$s
Zmhr, `mMo CÎma hmoH$mamWu Amho. Zì`m ^mdZm{Zð> g_VmZVm H$drÀ`m AZw^Vy rVyZ AmH$mamg `oVmV.
_T>H} $am§À`m H$mì`mVrc Zì`m à^mdr à{V_mg¥ï>rMo _yi Ë`m§À`m AZw^Vy r_Ü`o Amho ho cjmV KoVco
nm{hOo. _T>H} $am§À`m g§dXo Zñd^mdmMo ‘OmUdUo’M Zdo Am{U {Zamio Amho. Vo Zì`m Am{U {Zamù`m
_m§S>UrV ê$nmg `mdo hohr ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. _T>H} $a OwÝ`m g§H$o Vm§Mr qH$dm à{gÕ dMZm§Mr _moS>VmoS>
H$arV ZmhrV Va Vr _moS>VmoS> hmoD$ZM Ë`m§À`m Om{UdoMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. hr Am§V[aH$ _moS>VmoS> Amho.”(19)
S>hmHo$ `m§Zr KoVcoë`m _T>H} $am§À`m H${dVoÀ`m emoYmVyZ Ë`m§Mr ZdVo{df`rMr YmaUm ñnï> hmoV.o
‘g§dXo Z ñd^mdmMo OmUdUoM Zdo Am{U {Zamio AgUo’ ho ZdVoMo gyÌ Ë`m§Zm A{^àoV Agë`mMo {XgVo.
S>m°. dg§V nmQ>UH$a `m§Zr _m§S>cocm ZdH$mì`{df`H$ {dMma…
S>m°. dg§V nmQ>UH$a `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s ZdH$mì` hr g§km _yë`gyMH$ AWm©Zo Z dmnaVm Vr
dU©ZmË_H$ AWm©Zo dmnaUo A{YH$ `mo½` R>aoc H$maU ZdH$mì` åhUVmZm AmO Amnë`mcm {d{eï>
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
85
Ame`gyÌo, Om{Udm, ê$nVÎdo, aMZmV§Ìo, {d{eï> ^mfm, à{V_m Agcoco åhUOo {d{eï> JwUg_wƒ`,
d¥Îmràd¥Îmr Agcoco H$mì` A{^àoV AgVo.(20) OwO~r ñdê$nmMo ~møH$mar doJionU XmIdUmar H${dVm
hr ZdH${dVm åhUVm `oUma Zmhr. _amR>rVrc ZdH${dVoMm åhUOo AmYw{ZH$dmXr H${dVoMm {dMma
H$amd`mMm Pmë`mg _T>o©H$am§Mr H${dVm hm EH$ _hÎdmMm _ycmYma _mZmdm cmJVmo H$maU _T>}H$am§À`m
H${dVoV ZdVoMr AZoH$ A§Jo g_W©nUo ì`ŠV Pmcr AmhoV. _T>}H$ar H${dVo_wio _amR>r H${dVoVrc
amo_±{Q>H$ d _mZdVmdmXr na§nam§Zm n{hcm _moR>m N>oX Jocm Amho ho ZdVoMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo gyÌ Amho.(21)
_amR>r ZdH$mì`mcm _amR>r H$mì`na§naoMm g§X^© Amho ho _mÝ` H$aV AgVmZmM _amR>r ZdH$mì`mZo
nmíMmÎ` AmYw{ZH$dmXmVyZ àoaUm KoVë`mMo d AmYw{ZH$dmXmVrc H$mhr A§Jm§er Ë`mMo ZmVo Agë`mMo
{ZarjUhr Ë`m§Zr Zm|Xdco Amho.
3.3
AmYw{ZH$Vm
nmíMmÎ` gm{hË`mVrc ‘_m°S> { Z©P_² ’ Am{U 1940 Z§VaÀ`m XeH$mVrc _amR>r
gm{hË`mVrc ‘ZdVm’ `m g§dmXr Am{U g_mZY_u àd¥Îmr _mZë`m Joë`m. Ë`m_wioM nmíMmÎ`
gm{hË`mVrc ‘_m°S>{Z©P_²’Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z KoUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Vo H$ê$Z KoVmZmM
‘_m°S>{Z©P_²’ Am{U ‘_m°S>{Z©Q>r’ `m XmoZ g§H$ënZm§_Yrc ^oX ñnï> H$ê$Z KoUohr _hÎdmMo R>aVo.
‘_m°S>{Z©Q>r’ Am{U ‘_m°S>{Z©P_²’ `m g§km§gmR>r ‘AmYw{ZH$Vm’ Am{U ‘AmYw{ZH$dmX’ ho eãX J«mø Yaco
AmhoV.
g_mOemór` X¥îQ>çm AmYw{ZH$Vm hr _mZdr B{VhmgmMr d g§ñH¥$VrMr {d{eï> pñWVr Amho.
`m pñWVrV Imcrc à{H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe Pmcocm AgVmo.
1.
{ddoH$eŠVrÀ`m AmYmao Zì`m kmZmMm åhUOoM {dkmZmMm d V§ÌkmZmMm {dH$mg.
2.
^m§S>dcemhrMr AW©ì`dñWm Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmÀ`m d eharH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`m.
3.
`m à{H«$`m§_YyZ CX`mcm Amcocm _Ü`_ dJ©.
4.
cmoH$emhrÀ`m VÎdm§da AmYmacocr emgZì`dñWm d {Vcm AmYma^yV AgUmè`m
ZmoH$aemhrMm CX`.
5.
àñWm{nV Ym{_©H$ ì`dñWoMm èhmg Am{U X¡dH|$Ðr {dMmagaUrÀ`m OmJr {ZY_u _mZddmXr
d _mZdH§o$Ðr {dMmagaUrMr à{Vð>mnZm.
6.
_mZdr {ddoH$mcm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odUmar à~moYZmMr Midi.
7.
ì`{ŠVdmX.
da C„o{Icoë`m à{H«$`m§_wio nmíMmÎ` OrdZm_Ü`o d g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü`o AZoH$ nañna{damoYr
àdmh {Z_m©U Pmco. EH$m ~mOycm Zì`m {dkmZm_wio d V§ÌkmZm_wio _mZdr OrdZmV EH$ Zdo gmhg,
Zdr VmH$X, Zdm Omo_ {Z_m©U Pmcm. V§ÌkmZm_wio gw~Îmm Amcr. Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$
{dH$mgmMr AZoH$ {MÝho {Xgy cmJcr. `mV e§H$mM Zmhr na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Amnë`mnmer Á`m Á`m
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
86
na§nam AmhoV, Oo-Oo g§{MV Amho Ë`m gmè`mMm Zme hmoUma hr ^r{VXm`H$ OmUrdhr {Z_m©U Pmcr.
nma§n[aH$ kmZm{df`r Am{U _yë`m§{df`r gme§H$Vm {Z_m©U Pmcr.(22)
OrdZ ho ApñWa, gVV ~XcUmao, àdmhmÀ`m ñdê$nmMo, VwH$S>çmVwH$S>çm§Zr ~Zcoco Am{U
{damoYm^mgm§Zr `wŠV Amho. dmñVd ho ~w{ÕJå` ZgyZ ì`{ŠV{Zð>, _Zmo{Zð>, A§VJ©V gmnoj ñdê$nmMo
Amho. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m Om{Udm Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ho$di ~mø dm Eo{hH$ OrdZm{df`rM Zìho
Va A§VJ©V, _mZ{gH$ OrdZm{df`rÀ`m qH$dm ‘ñd’ {df`rÀ`m `m Om{Udm hmoË`m.(23) AmYw{ZH$
OrdZmÀ`m Aem {d{dY n¡cy§H$S>o AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË` H$go nmhVo ho g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r VËH$mcrZ
AmYw{ZH$ pñWVr A{YH$ {dñVmamZo g_OyZ KoVcr nm{hOo.
nmíMmÎ` {dídmVrc AmYw{ZH$VoMr pñWVr
nmíMmÎ` OJmV 18ì`m eVH$mV Pmcoë`m amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ joÌm§Vrc H«$m§VrÀ`m IwUm§Zr
`wamon-A_o[aHo$Mo nma§n[aH$ ñdê$n nma ~XcyZ Q>mH$co. gVamì`m eVH$mVrc B½c§S>_Yrc aŠVhrZ
amÁ`H«$m§Vr, AR>amì`m eVH$mVrc A_o[aH$Z amÁ`H«$m§Vr, \«|$M amÁ`H«$m§Vr, B.g. 1750À`m gw_mamg
gwê$ Pmcocr Am¡Úmo{JH$ H« m§Vr `m gmè`m KS>m_moS>r nmíMmÎ` OJmÀ`m d g§nyU© OJmÀ`mhr B{VhmgmV
{dcjU _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V gwê$ Pmcoë`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vrcm ~m¡{ÕH$
H« m§VrMrhr OmoS> {_imcr. kmZ{dkmZmÀ`m joÌm§_Ü`o ZdZdo {gÕm§V emoYco OmD$Z ^m¡{VH$ emóo,
AW©emó, amÁ`emó d AÝ` gm_m{OH$ emóo, {ejU, CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`, emgZnÕVr, VÎdkmZ
Aem gd©M joÌm§_Ü`o Zì`m Om{Udm {dH${gV Pmë`m. ~w{Õàm_mÊ` ho Zdo _yë` à^mdr R>ê$Z BhdmXr
X¥pîQ>H$moZ _hËdmMm ~Zcm.(24)
AmnU AmO Á`mcm AmYw{ZH$ OJ åhUVmo Ë`mMr OS>UKS>U ‘aoZogmÝg’nmgyZ hmoV hmoVr.
‘aoZgo mÝg’Z§Va {Z_m©U Pmcocm _hÎdmMm VÎdì`yh åhUOo ‘EÝcm`Q>Z_² Q| >’Mm ì`yh hmo`. ~wÕr (reason)
d ~w{Õà{UV {dkmZ ho `m ì`yhmMo H|$Ð hmoVo. `m VÎdì`yhmZo _mUgmÀ`m _wŠVrMm EH$ àH$ën C^macm
na§Vw XwXd£ mZo `m àH$ënm_Ü`oM AZoH$ A§V{d©amoY hmoV.o `m ì`yhmMo H|$ÐñWmZ Agcoë`m ~wÕrMm Am{dîH$ma
{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m_Ü`o Pmcocm hmoVm. dñVwV… {dkmZ, Zdo V§ÌkmZ ho _mUgmcm _wŠV H$aÊ`mMo EH$
gmYZ hmoVo, na§Vw hoM {dkmZ _mUgmÀ`m _mUgmdarc à^wËdmMo Ë`mÀ`m X_ZmMo EH$ gmYZ ~Zco.
^m§S>dcemhr à{H«$`oZo eham§Mr àM§S> dmT> Pmcr. eham§À`m ~ogw_ma dmT>rZo A{YH$m{YH$ AmYw{ZH$
`§Ìm§Zr, ZdZì`m V§ÌkmZmÀ`m doJdmZ _mè`mZo ñdV…À`m OJÊ`mMr EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ c` Agcoco
g|{Ð` EH$mË_Vm Agcoco g_mO H$moc_Sy>Z nS>co. EH$m ~mOycm ì`ŠVr ñdV§Ì Pmcr ho Iao na§Vw
Xwgè`m ~mOycm Zì`m CËnmXZ à{H«$`oV, `§Ìm§_Ü`o ehamVrc JXu_Ü`o {Vcm ñdV…Mm MohamM Cacm
Zmhr. {VMo ApñVËd, OJUo ZJÊ` {ZaW©H$ R>ê$ cmJco. A_mZdrH$aUmÀ`m, namË_rH$aUmÀ`m `m
n[apñWVrcm Vm|S> Úm`cm EH$m ~mOyZo _mŠg©dmXmgmaIo AmYw{ZH$ na§Vw R>m_ CÎma Agcoco VÎdkmZ
{Z_m©U Pmco Va Xwgè`m ~mOyZo `m n[apñWVrcmM à{V{H«$`m åhUyZ R>m_dmX ZmH$maUmam AmYw{ZH$dmX
{Z_m©U Pmcm.(25)
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
87
3.4
AmYw{ZH$dmX
{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©YmV AmYrÀ`m gd© YmaUm ~Xcy cmJë`m. gÎmocm ZmH$maÊ`mg
Am{U Vr YwS>H$mdyZ cmdÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. _mUgmMo ñdV…{df`rMo Am{U g_mOdmñVdm{df`rMo
AmH$cZ ~Xcy cmJco. Y_m©Zo H$mT>cëo `m {ZîH$fmª{df`r _mZdd§eemómZo àíZ CnpñWV Ho$co. {ZËeo
Am{U ~J©gm±gma»`m VÎdkm§Zr VH$m©nj
o m àoaUocm _hÎd {Xco. `wJ§ Am{U \«$m°BS© >gm»`m _mZgemókm§Zr
_Z, A§V_©Z Am{U g_yh_ZmMm AW©~moY CcJSy>Z XmI{dcm. Ë`m_wiM
o nyduÀ`m OJmnojm Zdo OJ
A{YH$ doJio Am{U ì`m{_l Amho hr OmUrd AmYw{ZH$dmXr coIH$m§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrcm AmH$ma XoD$
cmJcr.
AmYw{ZH$dmX hr EH$ {d{eï> àH$maMr g§doXZj_Vm Amho. hr g§doXZj_Vm nmíMmÎ`
H$cmna§naoV {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V Zo_Ho$nUmZo ~mocm`Mo Va 1910 Vo 1930 `m H$mcI§S>mV
{Z_m©U Pmcr. H$mhrOU hm H$mcI§S> 1890 Vo 1930 Agmhr _mZVmV. amo_±{Q>{gP_ d dmñVddmX
ZmH$maUmè`m, Ë`mVrc Om{Udm, V§Ìo BË`mXtMr _moS>VmoS> H$aUmè`m AZoH$ àd¥Îmr àUmctMm MiditMm
EH$ g_yh åhUOo AmYw{ZH$dmX Ago åhUVm `oBc
© . Ë`m àd¥Îmr àUmct_Ü`o Båàoe{ZP_, A{^ì`ŠVrdmX,
Š`w{~P_, â`wM[aP_, àVrH$dmX, à{V_mdmX, XmXmdmX Aem AZoH$ àd¥Îmr àUmctMm g_mdoe hmoVm.
Ë`m_wioM AmYw{ZH$dmX hr EH$ A{Ve` ì`m{_l g§H$ënZm Pmcr Amho.(26)
3.5
AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$cmd§Vm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr
amo_±{Q>{gP_dmXr coIH$m§gmR>r OJ ho cncoë`m AWm©Zo ^acoco hmoVo Am{U H$cmd§Vm§Zm
Vmo cncocm AW© emoYyZ H$mT>m`Mm hmoVm nU AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$cmd§V {dg§JVrZo Am{U {ZaW©H$mZo
^acoco OJ nhmV hmoVo. AmYrM ApñVËdmV Agcocm AW© emoYÊ`mMo Zìho Va AmYw{ZH$
OrdZmÀ`m Jm|YimVyZ Am{U AamOH$mVyZ Zdm AW© emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMo AmìhmZ AmYw{ZH$dmXr
H$cmd§Vm§g_moa hmoVo. ñQ>r\$Z ñnoÝS>aZo ‘The struggle of the modern’ _Ü`o XmoZ R>iH$ {ZarjUo
Zm|Xdcr AmhoV.
1.
Modern art is that in which the artist reflects awareness of an unprecedented modern
situation in form and idiom.
2.
The principle of reality in our time is peculiarly difficult to grasp and that realism is
not an adequate approach to it.
1.
‘_m°S>Z© AmQ>©’ åhUOo Aer H$cm {OÀ`mV H$cmd§V A^yVnyd© Aer AmYw{ZH$ pñWVr
ê$n~§Y Am{U {d{eï> eãXà`moJm§_YyZ ì`ŠV H$aVmo.
2.
Am_À`m H$mimV ‘A§{V_ gË`’ `m VÎdmMo AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoUo ho IamoIaM H$R>rU Amho
Am{U dmñVddmXmMm X¥{ï>H$moZ Ë`mgmR>r VmoH$S>m Amho.
ñQ>r\$Z ñnoÝS>aZo ‘X ñQ´>Jc Am°\$ X _m°S>Z’© `m nwñVH$mV _m§S>cc
o o darc XmoZ _wÔo AmYw{ZH$dmXr
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
88
H$cmd§Vm§Mr ^y{_H$m R>iH$nUo AYmoao{IV H$aVmV.
AZw^dmVrc gJir Jw§VmJw§V AW©nyU© nÕVrZo _m§Sy> eH$Vrc Ago ê$n~§Y Amnë`m coIZmV
g_m{dîQ> H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMr BÀN>m ho AmYw{ZH$dmXr coIH$m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç hmoVo. AmYw{ZH$dmXr coIH$
Ooìhm {chÿ cmJco Voìhm Ë`m§À`mH$S>o à`moJercVo{df`rÀ`m Am¡ËgwŠ`mcm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eH$Vrc
Aem ê$n~§Ym§À`m AmXemªMm A^md hmoVm. Ë`m_wio OJm~ÔcÀ`m Ë`m§À`m ~XcË`m ZmË`mMo n¡cy
ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r, OJmMr ~XcVr g§doXZercVm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm Zì`m ê$n~§YmMm emoY
KoUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. nyduÀ`m H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m H$cm d gm{hË`mnojm Amncr A{^ì`ŠVr
doJir H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ AmYw{ZH$dmÚm§Zr OmUyZ~wOyZ Ho$cm. OJmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aÊ`mÀ`m nma§n[aH$
nÕVtnojm ho doJio hmoVo.(27)
3.6
AmYw{ZH$dmX… {MÌH$cm
19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V ìh°ZJm°J, {gP°Z, Jm°{JZ `m VrZ {MÌH$mam§Zr Ho$coë`m à`moJm§Zr
gmè`m§Mo cj doYyZ KoVco. A_yV© {MÌm§Ûmam `m {MÌH$mam§Zr aofm Am{U a§Jm§Mo Zdo AmH$ma emoYco.
H$moH$moîH$m `m Am°pñQ´>`Z H$cmd§VmZo EImÚm Jmoï>rMr Ho$di COi ~mOy nmhUo ZmH$maco. 1909 _Ü`o
Ooìhm pìhEÞm_Ü`o Ë`mÀ`m {MÌm§Mo àXe©Z ^aco Voìhm Ë`m {MÌm§Vrc Y¸o$ nMdUo cmoH$m§Zm OS> Joco.
Zì`m AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$cmd§Vm§Zr {df`m§À`m VmoMVmoMnUmcm N>oX {Xcm. Ë`m§Zr ê$n~§YmÀ`m
Mm¡H$Q>r cd{MH$ Ho$ë`m. ñdrg {MÌH$ma nm°c Šcr `m§À`m _Vo `m à`moJm§Zr dmñVdmMo à{V{Z{YÎd
H$aÊ`mMr dmQ> {VVH$ser XmIdcr Zmhr nU ê$n~§Ymer IoiÊ`mÀ`m Zì`m eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m
Am{U XmIdë`m. OwÝ`m H$cmd§Vm§Zr, {MÌH$mam§Zr ê$n~§Ym§À`m Mm¡H$Q>tÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmV amhÊ`mMr {ZdS>
Ho$cr hmoVr Va AmYw{ZH$ {MÌH$mam§Zr Amnë`m {Z{_©Vrcm {VÀ`m ñdV…À`m {Z`_m§à_mUo {dH${gV hmoD$
{Xco. `m H$cmd§Vm§Zm dmñVdmVrc EImÚm dñVyMr Ho$di ZŠH$c H$am`Mr ZìhVr Va Ë`m§Zm Zd{Z{_©VrV
ag hmoVm. 1924 _Ü`o ‘ga[aA°{cñQ>’ hm eãX AZoH$ VéU H$cmd§Vm§À`m AmH$m§jm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r
{Z_m©U Pmcm. `m§À`mn¡H$s AZoH$ H$cmd§V ‘{g½_§S> \«$m°B©S>’ `m _mZgemókmÀ`m coIZmZo à^m{dV
Pmcoco hmoVo. _ZmÀ`m Imoc Vimer XS>coco g§doXZ nH$S>Ê`mMr C_u Ë`m§À`m _ZmV {Z_m©U Pmcr
hmoVr. ‘gmëdmXmoa Xmcr’ hm EH$ _hÎdmMm ‘ga[aA°{cñQ>’ {MÌH$ma åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. Amncr
ñdßZg¥ï>r Am{U dmñVd OJ `m§À`mVco {d{dY KQ>H$, {d{dY VwH$S>o Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m {MÌm§VyZ EH$Ì
AmUco. XmcrÀ`m {MÌmV àË`oH$ AmH$ma Am{U àË`oH$ a§J AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm {ZX}e H$aV hmoVm. AZoH$
AWmªÀ`m eŠ`Vm§da àH$me Q>mH$V hmoVm. XmcrZo aoImQ>cocm g_wÐqencm hm S>moimhr hmoVm, \$im§Mo
^m§S>ho r hmoVm qH$dm EImÚm _wcrMo H$nmi Am{U ZmH$hr hmoVm. na§nam {d{eï> à{V_m{Z{_©VrMr C^maUr
H$aV AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr _moS>Ur H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Zì`m H$cmd§Vm§Zr Ho$cm.(28)
_yi dñVynojm doJio R>aoc Aem àH$maMo dñVyMo ê$n ì`ŠV H$aUo hr A_yVuH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr
Am{U _yi dñVyÀ`m ê$nmMr _moS>VmoS> hr {dê$nrH$aUmMr àd¥Îmr `m AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$cm§_Yrc XmoZ
à_wI àd¥Îmr åhUVm `oVrc.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
89
3.7
AmYw{ZH$dmX… gm{hË`
nmíMmÎ` OJmVcm 1914 Vo 1918 hm H$mi _hm`wÕmMm, gm_m{OH$ X¥îQ>çm ghZeŠVrMm
A§V nmhUmam, Am{W©H$X¥îQ>çm IƒrH$aUmMm hmoVm, na§Vw gm§ñH¥ {VH$X¥îQ>çm Vmo AmË`§{VH$ g¥OZerc
H$mcI§S> hmoVm. `m H$mimZo E{c`Q>À`m ‘X doñQ> c±S>’cm, EPam nmC§S>À`m ‘øyJ gocdrZ _m°~cu’cm,
Ooåg Om°B©gÀ`m ‘`w{c{gg’cm, S>r.EM. cm°aoÝgÀ`m ‘dw_Z BZ cìh’cm Am{U ìh{O©{Z`m dwë\$À`m
‘Qy> X cmB©Q> hmD$g’cm àoaUm {Xcr.(29)
AmYw{ZH$ OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY n¡cH§y $S>o AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË` g§e`mZo qH$dm VwÀN>VZo o nmhVo.(30)
A{dZme gào `m§Zr AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË`mcm AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr gm{hË` Ago åhQ>co Amho. `m gm{hË`mÀ`m
_wimer Agcocr ^y{_H$m ñnï> H$aVmZm Vo åhUVmV, “AmYw{ZH$VmdmXm_Ü`o coIH$ Am{U dmMH$mÀ`m
nañna nyaH$ Am{U g_mZYmaUoÀ`m ^y{_Ho$nmgyZ \$maH$V KoÊ`mV Amcr. ~mø dmñVdmnojm _mUgmÀ`m
Am§V[aH$ dmñVdmMm doY KoVcm OmD$ cmJcm. à{V{ð>V g§Ho$Vm§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mnojm à`moJerc
~ZÊ`mH$S>o H$c dmT>cm. àñWm{nV _yë`m§Zm Y¸o$ {Xco OmD$ cmJco. Oo {df` AdÁ`© AmhoV Ago
_mZco Om`Mo Ë`m {df`m§Zm gm{hË`mV ñWmZ {_iy cmJco. gm{hË`mÀ`m ‘ñdm`VÎmoMm’ nwañH$ma hmoD$
cmJcm. gm{hË`mVrc Z¡{VH$VoMm emoY KoÊ`mnojm gm¢X`©VÎdmMm emoY KoD$ nmhUmao gm¢X`©emó {Z_m©U
hmoD$ cmJco. ór-nwéf g§~Y§ mMm YrQ> Am{dîH$ma hmoD$ cmJcm. _mZdr OrdZ Am{U _mZdr ApñVËdmÀ`m
gmW©H$Vo~amo~aM {ZaW©H$VoMo Xe©Zhr KS>dco OmD$ cmJco. dmL>²_`mÀ`m n[aKm~mhoaÀ`m [aëHo$,
_m`H$modñH$s, nmñVaZmH$, _mZ, àmCñQ>, H$mâH$m BË`mXr à{V^md§Vm§À`m {Z{_©VrVyZhr AmYw{ZH$VmdmXmMr
VÎdo àH$Q> Pmcr.”(31)
H$Wm
cKwH$Wocm EImXo H$WmZH$ AgVo `m AmYrÀ`m _yc^yV _mZë`m Jocoë`m YmaUocm
EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoaÀ`m VrZ XeH$mV hmXam ~gcm. H$WmZH$m{edm` H$Wm Agy eH$Vo ho
Zdo VÎd CX`mg Amco Am{U Ë`mZo Mm§JcoM _yi Yaco. XrK©, g{dñVa Am{U Vnercdma hmoUmè`m
H$Wocm `m Q>ßß`mda _hÎdmMo diU cmJco d _moOŠ`m eãXmV, H$_rVH$_r H$WZmV OmñVrV OmñV
gwMdUo hm ZdrZ KmQ> H$WogmR>r `moOcm OmD$ cmJcm. hm Zdm KmQ>M à`moJerc H$Wm§À`m {Z{_©Vrcm
àoaH$ R>acm. hr OmUrd _monm§gm, BdmZ VwJZ© ìo h, A°ÝWm°Z MoH$m°ìh Aem \«$| M Am{U a{e`Z H$WmH$mam§À`m
H$Wm dmMë`mZ§Va hoÝar Ooåg gma»`m VmH$XrÀ`m B§J«Or H$WmH$mamcm d H$mX§~arH$mamcm Pmcr. `m
H$WmH$mam§À`m H$Wm VËH$mcrZ g_mOmVrc Zr{VdmXr dmMH$m§Zm Z¸$sM Jm|YimV Q>mHy$ eH$Vrc ho
Ooågcm OmUdco. Zr{VdmXr, ~moYdmXr dmMH$m§À`m H$mhr {ZpíMV Aem Z¡{VH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ YmaUm§Zm
`m H$Wm§_Yrc H$mhrem Xw~m}Y, VwQ>H$-VwQ>H$, AY©dQ> dmŠ`aMZm, ~moYmMm A^md, Aem e¡crZo
Z¸$sM Y¸$m ~gy eH$Vmo hohr Ë`mcm {Xgco. `m H$Wm§À`m àdmhmH$S>o cj Q>mH$co AgVmZm Ago {XgVo
H$s Am¡Úmo{JH$Vm d V§ÌkmZmÀ`m ^mamZo ^aS>ë`m Jocoë`m _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m d g_mOmÀ`m g§doXZm,
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
90
OJÊ`mVcr {Za§Va A{ZpíMVVm, EH$Q>onUm d na§nam§nmgyZMo VwQ>conU `m dmñVdmcm ì`ŠV H$aUo ho
H$Wm§À`m Zì`m KmQ>m_wio cKwH$Wocm eŠ` hmoD$ cmJco. `m H$WZe¡crMr EM.B. ~oQ>²gZo {dgmì`m
eVH$mVrc Zì`m {gZo_m V§Ìmer VwcZm Ho$cr Amho. H$mX§~arV Ogm Vnerc, H$WZ, dU©Z `m§Mm
Adc§~ hmoVmo Vgo Z H$aVm {MÌnQ>mV Á`mà_mUo H$mhr àg§J, H$mhr hmcMmcr, OcX X¥í`m§H$Zo,
gyMH$ X¥í`o `m§À`m AmYmao {MÌnQ> _m§S>cm OmVmo Ver hr Zdr H$Wm _m§S>Ur H$aVo Ago ~oQ>g²Mo åhUUo
Amho. Va g_yh åhUyZ g_mO Amnë`m ^y{_H$m§nmgyZ T>ië`m_wio n[aUm_V… àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m dmQ>çmcm
Oo EH$Q>onU Amco Amho Ë`mcm A{^ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo CÎm_ gmYZ åhUOo cKwH$Wm hmo`, Ago \«±$H$
AmoH$moZa åhUVmo. Á`m AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmcm ñdV…Mr {Xem _m{hV Zmhr, ñdV…Mo Ü`o` _m{hV Zmhr
Am{U Á`mÀ`mH$S>o ñdV…Mo Ago CÎma Zmhr Aem g_mOmMo à{Vq~~ Zì`m cKwH$Wm§_Ü`o nS>ë`mMo
AmoH$moZaMo åhUUo Amho.(32)
H$mX§~ar
B§J«Or H$mX§~arH$ma Ooåg Om°B©gZo {c{hcocr 1922 _Ü`o àH$m{eV Pmcocr ‘`w{c{gg’ hr
H$mX§~ar AmYw{ZH$dmXmMr à{V_mM g_Ocr OmVo. h°ar co{dZZo “gd© H$mX§~è`m§Mm eodQ> H$aUmar
H$mX§~ar” `m eãXmV ‘`w{c{gg’Mo dU©Z Ho$co Amho. “_r gd© ì`dñWm cmdUmè`m§da A{dídmg
XmIdVmo Am{U Ë`m§Zm Q>miVmo. ì`dñWm cmdÊ`mMr BÀN>m åhUOo àm_m{UH$nUmMm, gMmoQ>rMm A^md”
Ago \«o$S>[aH$ {ZËeo `m O_©Z VÎddoÎ`mZo åhQ>co Amho. ìh{O©{Z`m dwë\$ hr nmíMmÎ` co{IH$mXoIrc
~§X ì`dñWoer Agcoë`m {ZËeoÀ`m d¡amcm gmW XoVo Am{U {dMmam§À`m Iwcno UmÀ`m ~mOyZo C^r amhVo.
nma§n[aH$ H$WmZH$mÀ`m ~§YZmVyZ H$mX§~arMo _wŠV hmoUo, H$mX§~arÀ`m Zì`m ê$nm§Mm CX` hmoUo `m Zì`m
MmhþcrMr Zm|X Vr ‘Phases of Fiction’ (1929) `m {VÀ`m nwñVH$mV KoVo. nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr Am{U
àoaUm§Mm emoY Ë`m§À`m Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m AmYmamda Z KoVm _mZdr g§dXo ZercVoÀ`m Am{U AmH$cZj_VoÀ`m
AmYmamda Vmo ¿`m`Mm ho AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$mX§~arZo ñdrH$macoco gyÌ dwë\$cm {Xgco. ho ìh{O©{Z`m
dwë\$Zo ‘Modern Fiction’ `m 1919 gmcr {c{hcoë`m {Z~§YmVyZ nwT>rcà_mUo ì`ŠV hmoVo. “Let us
record the atoms as they fall upon the mind in the order in which they fall. Let us trace the
pattern, however disconnected and incoherent in appereance which each sight or incident
scores upon the consciousness.”(33)
{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^rÀ`m XeH$m§_Ü`o Ooìhm H$mX§~arcm Zdo diU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ gwê$
Pmcm Voìhmhr nma§n[aH$ H$mX§~ar Omo_mV hmoVr. g_mO{MÌU hm nma§n[aH$ H$mX§~arMm Jm^m hmoVm.
g_mO{MÌU åhUOo EH$m AWu ~mø dñVwJV {dídmMo {MÌU åhUVm `oB©c. {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m
àma§^r Ooìhm H$mhr nmíMmÎ` H$mX§~arH$mam§Zr doJù`m dmQ>m Yw§S>mim`cm gwédmV Ho$cr Voìhm nma§n[aH$
H$mX§~arÀ`m `m A§JmH$S>o Ë`m§Zr nmR> {\$adcr. ~mø dñVwJV dmñVdmMo dñVw{Zð> {MÌU H$aÊ`mnojm,
g_mOOrdZmÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§Mo dU©Z H$aÊ`mnojm ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§Va§JmMm-Am§V[aH$ dmñVdmMm emoY
KoUo Ë`m§Zm A{YH$ _hÎdmMo dmQ>co. _mg}c àyñV Am{U Ooåg Om°B©g `m§Mr Zmdo `m g§X^m©V àm_w»`mZo
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
91
¿`mdr cmJVmV. XmoKm§À`mhr {cImUmV dmñVdmÀ`m Am§V[aH$sH$aUmda, AZw^dmÀ`m AmË_{Zð>mdmXr
ñdê$nmda ^a Amho. H$mX§~ar gyú_ _Zmoì`mnmam§_Ü`o ag KoD$ cmJcr Voìhm {VZo H$mì`mMr H$mhr
d¡{eîQ>ço Am{U V§Ìo AmË_gmV Ho$cr. ZdH$mX§~arMo Ü`o` g§nyU© AmË_{Zð>m (Total Subjectivity) ho
Amho. g°å`wAc ~oHo$Q>Mo H$mX§~arÌ` ‘_m°cm°`, _°cmoZ S>m`O, {X AZZo_o~c’ hm ZdH$mX§~arÀ`m
{dH$mgmVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm Amho. ho H$mX§~arÌ` åhUOo ‘ñd’Mm EH$ àXrK© AgmYmaU CÐoH$
Amho. \«|$M ZdH$mX§~arMm Zyìhmo amo_m§ AWdm Ý`y Ýhm°docMm AÜd`y© A°c± am°~ J«r`o (Alian Robbe
Grillet) `mÀ`m H$mX§~è`m \$ma dmXJ«ñV R>aë`m. am°~ J«r`o Ë`mÀ`m EH$m coImV ñdV…À`m H$mX§~è`m§er
~mëPmH$À`m H$mX§~è`m§Mr {damoYmË_ VwcZm H$aVmo. ~mëPmH$À`m H$mX§~è`m na_oídamà_mUo gd©k
{ZdoXH$mZo gm§{JVcoë`m AgVmV Va Amnë`m H$mX§~è`m§V EH$ _mUyg ñdV…À`m _ZmodñWoÀ`m Mîå`mVyZ
gd© dU©Z H$arV AgVmo. \«$| M ZdH$mX§~arMr AmUIr EH$ _w»` àUoVr åhUOo ZmVmcr gmamoV (Nathalie
Sarraute) gmamoVZo ‘Q´>mo{nP_’ `m ZmdmMo EH$ doJio V§Ì {Z_m©U Ho$co. ‘Q´>mo{nP_’ hm _mZdr _ZmÀ`m
AË`§V gyú_ ñn§XZm§Mm doY KoÊ`mMm EH$ à`ËZ Amho. Ooåg Om°B©gZo g§kmàdmhr V§Ì Á`m Q>ßß`mda
AmUyZ R>odco Ë`mÀ`mhr nwT>o OmÊ`mMm Ë`mhÿZ Imocda Am{U gyú_ emoY KoÊ`mMm ‘Q´>mo{nP_’ hm EH$
à`ËZ åhUVm `oB©c.(34)
ZmQ>H$
19ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r ‘_ocmoS´>m_m’ hm Omo ZmQ>H$mMm àH$ma hmoVm Vmo WoQ>nUo Mm§Jco Am{U
dmB©Q> `m_Yrc g§Kf© C^m H$aUmam hmoVm. Zm`H$, Zm{`H$m, Icnwéf hr à_wI nmÌo, IcZm`H$mZo
Zm{`Ho$cm {_idÊ`mMm IQ>mQ>mon, eodQ>r gwï> Am{U Xwï> `m§À`m g§Kfm©V gwï> àd¥ÎmtMm {dO` hmoUo Ago
`m ‘_ocmoS´>m_m’ ZmQ>H$m§Mo ñdê$n hmoVo. Aem nR>S>r~mO ZmQ>H$m§Zm Zm°d}{O`Z ZmQ>H$H$ma BãgoZ, a{e`Z
ZmQ>H$H$ma MoH$m°ìh gma»`m ZmQ>H$H$mam§Zr Zdo diU {Xco d nma§n[aH$ ZmQ>H$mÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r _moS>Ê`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mZo ‘The Drama of Undramatic’ da àH$me Q>mH$cm. Z-ZmQ>çmVrc ZmQ>ç nH$S>Ê`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm. A§V_©ZmVrc ZmQ>ç hm MoH$m°ìhÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m ZmQ>H$m§Mm {df` hmoVm. ñdrS>Z ZmQ>H$H$ma
Am°JñQ> ñQ´>tS>~J©Zo H$WmZH$mda AmYm[aV ZmQ>H$mnojm nmÌm§À`m _ZmMr Jw§VmJw§V XmIdUmao ZmQ>H$
{c{hco. CÎm_ H$WmZH$ Agcoë`m ~m§Ygo Xy ZmQ>H$m§nj
o m nmÌmMr _mZ{gH$ JwV§ mJwV§ XmIdUmar _mZgemór`
ZmQ>Ho$ A{YH$ dmñVd AgVmV Agm Ë`mMm {dídmg hmoVm.
nmíMmÎ` ZdZmQ>çmV coIH$m§Zr àojH$ Am{U a§J_§Mmcm doJio H$aUmar Mm¡Wr q^V H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$cr Am{U nmÌm§Zm ñdV…cmM Ë`m§À`m{df`r ~mocy {Xco. \«|$M ZmQ>H$H$ma cwB©Or {na±Xo„moÀ`m ‘{gŠg
H°$aoŠQ>g© BZ gM© Am°\$ A°Z Am°Wa’Mm 1921 _Ü`o Ooìhm àojH$m§Zr à`moJ nm{hcm Voìhm H$moUË`mhr
ZonÏ`m{edm` Agcocm a§J_§M àojH$m§Zm {Xgcm. Á`m coIH$mZo Ë`m§Zm {Z_m©U Ho$co Ë`mZo Ë`m§Mo ZmQ>H$
nyU© Ho$co Zmhr ho gm§JUmar nmÌo àojH$m§Zm {Xgcr. EImXr ì`{ŠVaoIm H$mhrVar KS>Ê`mMr dmQ> nmhVo
Amho nU Vo Z KS>Uo qH$dm nS>Xm nS>ë`m{dZmM X¥í` ~XcUo Aem àH$maÀ`m nyd©g§Ho$Vm§Zm Y¸o$
XoUmè`m Jmoï>r ZdZmQ>çmV KS>V hmoË`m.(35)
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
92
O_©Z ZmQ>H$H$ma ~Q´>mo©ëS> ~«o»V>Zo OwÝ`m ZmQ>H$m§nojm A{Ve` doJir ZmQ>Ho$ {c{hcr d Ë`m§Zm
‘S´>m_°{Q>H$’ Z åhUVm ‘E{nH$’ åhQ>co. ~«o»V>Mo ‘E{nH$ {WEQ>a’ _mUgmcm J¥{hV YaÊ`mEodOr Ë`mcm
Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mOmoJm KQ>H$ (object of the inquiry) _mZVo. _mUyg hm {ZpíMV d R>m_ q~Xy Z _mZVm
_mUgmH$S>o à{H«$`m (man as a process) åhUyZ nmhVo.(36) g°å`wAc ~oHo$Q> `m ZmQ>H$H$mamMo ZmQ>H$
XoIrc a§J^y_rÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mr Zdr _m§S>Ur H$aUmao R>aVo.
Ho$ZrW Q>m`ZZ `m à{gÕ {~«{Q>e g_rjH$mZo ‘waiting for Godot’ `m ~oHo$Q>À`m {d»`mV
ZmQ>H$m~Ôc H$mT>coco CX²>Jma AJXr ~mocHo$ AmhoV. “by all the known criteria samual becket’s
‘waiting for Godot’ is a dramatic vaccum. If forced me to re-examine the rules which have
hitherto governed the drama.”
(Amnë`mcm _m{hV Agcoë`m gd© {ZH$fm§da nmhVm g°å`wAc
~oHo$Q>Mo ‘doqQ>J \$m°a JmoXmo’ hr EH$ ZmQ>ç_` nmoH$ir Amho. ZmQ>H$m_mJÀ`m AmOn`ªVÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm
nwZ{d©Mma H$am`cm Ë`mZo _cm ^mJ nmS>c.o )(37) WmoS>Š`mV Q>m`ZZMo ho CX²Jma AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË`mZo
nyd©n[a{MV dmL>²_`rZ g§Ho$Vm§À`m ~§{XñV Mm¡H$Q>r {Ii{Iù`m Ho$ë`m, ho AYmoao{IV H$aVmV.
3.8
‘_m°S>{Z©P_’ Am{U ‘ZdVm’… g_mZ gyÌo
`wamonr` gm{hË`mVrc AmYw{ZH$dmXr dmL>_² `rZ àUmcrer g§dmXr d g_mZY_u àd¥Îmr _amR>r
gm{hË`mV 1940 Z§VaÀ`m XeH$mV àW_ _T>H} $ar H${dVoVZy J§JmYa JmS>Jrim§À`m H$Wm§_YyZ X¥H$²JmoMa
Pmcr Am{U ‘ZdH$Wm’ Am{U ‘ZdH$mì`’ Aem XmoZ g§km ApñVËdmV Amë`m. nma§n[aH$ _amR>r
gm{hË`mnojm ZdH$mì` d ZdH$Wm§VyZ ì`ŠV Pmcoë`m Om{Udm doJù`m hmoË`m åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm C„oI
‘ZdVm’ `m Zm_m{^YmZmZo Ho$cm Jocm. ZdH$mX§~ar Am{U ZdZmQ>ç `m g§km _mÌ 1960 Z§Va _amR>rV
ApñVËdmV Amë`mMo {XgVo. _amR>rV àH$Q>coë`m `m ZdVoMo nmí`mÎ` ‘_m°S>{Z©P_²’er Agcoco ZmVo
VnmgVmZm Xmohm|V H$mhr g_mZ gyÌo AmT>iVmV.
1.
na§naoMm Zdm emoY KoUo. Vmo KoV AgVmZm nma§n[aH$ dmL>²_`rZ g§Ho$Vm§Zm Y¸$m XoUo.
2.
Vm{H©$H$ g§JVr Z _mZUo.
3.
_mZdr _ZmVcr Am{U dmñVdmVcr ì`m{_lVm nH$S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo Am{U Vmo H$aV
AgVmZm A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmVirda Xw~m}YVm XoIrc `oUo.
4.
OwZr _yë`o T>mgiV OmUmè`m _yë`^§JmÀ`m Om{UdoVyZ OrdZmVrc CÜdñVVoMm, {dénVoMm,
AZmH$cZr`VoMm, namË_VoMm AZw^d ì`ŠV H$aUo.
5.
\«$m°B©S>-`w§Jà{UV _mZgemór` {dMmamVyZ _mZdr _ZmH$S>o Am{U _mUgmH$S>o ~KÊ`mMr
nma§n[aH$ OmUrd ~XcUo d `mVyZM Am§V[aH$ dmñVdmMm emoY KoÊ`mg àd¥Îm hmoUo.
6.
A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmVirda ApñVËdcú`r gyÌo, ApñVËddmXr gyÌo, g§kmàdmhr Om{Udm,
AmË_{Zð>mdmXr Om{Udm, \±$Q>gr, Cnhmg, CnamoY, à{V_mg§H$a, à`moJercVm `m§Mm Am{dîH$ma hmoUo.
H$mimÀ`m {d{eï> Q>ßß`mda dmL²>_`rZ H«$m§VrÀ`m ê$nmZo ‘ZdVm’ àH$Q>Vo Am{U {VMm emoY
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
93
{d{dY dmL>²_`àH$mam§À`m ñVamda VgoM Ë`m dmL>²_`àH$mam§VJ©V {d{eï> Om{Udm§À`m g§X^m©Vhr KoVm
`oVmo. CXmhaUmW©, JmS>Jrim§À`m H$WoVrc ZdVm hr _hmZJar Om{Udoer ZmVo gm§JVo Va ì`§H$Q>oe
_mS>JyiH$am§Mr H$Wm J«m_rU H$WoÀ`m nmVirda VnmgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. àñVwV Aä`m{gHo$À`m
Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m nmíd©^_y rda 1940 Z§VaÀ`m XeH$mV _amR>r H$WoÀ`m ñVamda Am{U 1960 Z§VaÀ`m
XeH$mV H$mX§~arÀ`m ñVamda Or ZdVm àH$Q>cr {VMr d¡{eîQ>ço nmhUo C{MV R>aVo. `m AZwf§JmZo
OwÝ`m H$Wm-H$mX§~arnojm Zdr H$Wm-H$mX§~ar H$moUH$moUË`m ~m~VrV doJir R>aVo hm emoY Amdí`H$
R>aVmo. Ë`mVyZ hmVr cmJcoë`m H$mhr R>iH$ {deofm§Mr Imcrc àH$mao _m§S>Ur H$aVm `oB©c.
3.9
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arMr ZdVm
1.
g^modVmcÀ`m g_mOdmñVdmVrc ì`m{_lVm d JwV§ mJwV§ Am{dîH¥$V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ ZdH$WmH$mX§~ar H$aVo. _mZdr Am`wî`mMr, _ZmMr, _mZdr g§~§Ym§Mr doJdoJù`m H$moZm§VyZ nS>VmiUr H$aUo ho
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arMo d¡{eîQ>ç R>aVo. Vr H$aVmZm `m g§{hVm§_Ü`o g§{X½YVm d gyMH$Vo~amo~aM Xw~m}YVmhr
`oD$ eH$Vo.
2.
OwÝ`m H$Wm-H$mX§~arV ~mø KQ>Zm§À`m OwiUrMm {dMma A{YH$ {XgVo Va ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~ar
_mZdr _ZmÀ`m O{Q>cnUmda cj H|${ÐV H$aVo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV _mUgmÀ`m ~mø ì`mnmam§À`m
_wimer Agcoë`m A§V…àoaUm§Mm emoY _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. A§V_©ZmMm Am{U Zo{UdoMm emoY ho ZdH$WmH$mX§~arMo d¡{eîQ>ç R>aVo. Ë`m_wio ~mø dmñVdmnojm Am§V[aH$ dmñVdmÀ`m {XeoH$S>o Ë`m A{YH$
diVmV. _mZdr _ZmÀ`m H$mimo»`m ^mJm§Mm emoY KoD$ nmhVmV åhUyZM namË_^md, Ag§JVVm,
ApñVËddmXr, A{VdmñVddmXr Om{Udm, \±$Q>gr, ñdßZ^mg, g§kmàdmhr {ZdoXZ BË`mXtMo Cn`moOZ
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV {XgVo.
3.
EH$_oH$m§Zm AZwgaV nwT>o OmUmè`m d H$m`©H$maU^mdm§À`m gyÌmZo EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>ë`m Jocëo `m
KQ>Zm VgoM ‘nwT>o H$m`?’ hr dmŠ`m§Mr CËgwH$Vm VmUyZ YaUmao H$WZê$n ho nma§n[aH$ H$WZê$nmMo
d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`. nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV H$WmZH$mMr aMZm Aer AgVo H$s Ë`mVyZ dmMH$mcm
KQ>ZmH«$_ OwidyZ ghO Jmoï> {Z_m©U H$aVm `mdr na§Vw ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV Vr dmMH$mcm AemàH$mao
ghOVoZo {Z_m©U H$aVm `oVoM Ago Zmhr. nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arÀ`m H$WmZH$m§_Ü`o gcJVm d
gaiaofr`Vm AgVo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV H$WmZH$mÀ`m gaiaofr`Vocm Zoh_rM ñdrH$maco OmV Zmhr.
4.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV _w»` H$WmZH$ Am{U CnH$WmZH$ Agm ^oX ñnï> {XgVmo. _w»`
nmÌm§Mm g§~§Y _w»` H$WmZH$mer Am{U Jm¡U nmÌm§Mm g§~§Y CnH$WmZH$mer Agm ^oXhr `mVyZ {Z_m©U
hmoVmo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV `m ^oXmMo _hÎd Caco Zmhr. Jm¡U nmÌo Am{U _w»` nmÌo Ago ñnï> {d^mOZhr
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV nwgQ> Pmco. H$WmZH$mVrc KQ>Zm§À`m gmIirVrc _moR>çm KQ>Zm _hÎdmÀ`m Am{U
N>mQo >çm KQ>Zm {~Z_hÎdmÀ`m hr nma§n[aH$ X¥ï>r ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV ~XcVo. H$mhr doim N>mQo >çm KQ>Zmhr
_moR>çm KQ>Zm§Zm PmHy$Z Q>mH$VmV.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
94
5.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arVrc KQ>Zm H$maU Am{U n[aUm_ `m ñdê$nmV EH$_oH$m§er
OmoS>ë`m Jocoë`m AgVmV. n[aUm_ AÝ` n[aUm_m§Zm OÝ_ XoV A§{V_ n[aUm_mn`ªV nmohmoMVmV. XmoZ
KQ>Zm nañnam§er g§~§{YV dmQoo >ë`m ZmhrV Var dmMH$ Ago _mZVmo H$s Ë`m Aem EImÚm
VÎdmda AmYm[aV AgVrc Á`mMm emoY Z§Va cmJoc. H$WmZH$mÀ`m aMZoV àma§^mnmgyZ H$WmZH$mMm
Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo {dH$mg, dmMH$m§Mr CËH§$R>m VmUUmam _Ü`, H$cmQ>Ur XoUmam g_aàg§J d g§Kf©,
_w»` nmÌm§À`m hoVy§Mr nyVu d {dO` qH$dm Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë`y Aem àH$maMm R>m_ eodQ> hr aMZm nma§n[aH$
H$Wm-H$mX§~arZo ñdrH$macocr {XgVo, na§Vw ê$T> H$WmZH$mÀ`m Aem gmÀ`mcm ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~ar
Y¸$m XoVo.
6.
H$Wm qH$dm H$mX§~arVrc gmhgr gd©JwUg§nÞ Zm`H$mÀ`m nma§n[aH$ gmÀ`mcm ZdH$WmH$mX§~arV N>Xo {Xcm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio ì`{ŠV_ÎdmV gwgJ§ Vr ZgUmam, g_mOì`dñWoer Xwamdm AZw^dUmam
Zm`H$hr ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr `oD$ eH$Vmo.
7.
a§OH$VoÀ`m X¥ï>rZo {^Þ {^Þ ñd^mdmMr nmÌo EH$_oH$m§g_moa C^r H$aÊ`mMm g§Ho$V nma§n[aH$
H$mX§~arV {XgVmo. {damoYÝ`mgmda AmYm[aV nmÌm§À`m OmoS>çm Cä`m H$ê$Z nmÌaMZoV d¡{MÍ` {Z_m©U
H$aÊ`mMm T>mo~i à`ËZ ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV Q>micm OmVmo. nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV H|$ÐdVu nmÌm§Zm
_hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV Vo Zoh_rM AgVo Ago Zmhr. H$YrH$Yr Aer {d{eï
H|$ÐdVu nmÌoM >ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV ZgVmV.
8.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV EImXm {d{eï> ñWiH$mi~Õ AdH$me {ZdSy>Z Ë`mV Vnerc
^aV OmUo hr _`m©{XV X¥ï>r {XgVo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV ñWiH$mi~Õ AdH$memMm AZoH$ {_VtVyZ
Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVcm OmVmo.
9.
nma§n[aH$ d OwÝ`m ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV CnpñWV Ho$coë`m gd© àíZm§Mr CH$c H$éZ Ë`m§Mr
gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mH$S>o coIH$mMm H$c AgVmo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV coIH$ àíZ _m§S>V OmVmo Ë`m§Mr
CÎmao Vmo XoVmoM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM `m gm{hË`H¥$VtMo eodQ> ~§X ZgVmV.
10.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV OJÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY ñVam§darc _yë`o, lÕmñWmZo, ì`dñWm `m§À`m
OnUwH$scm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV àñWm{nV _yë`o, lÕmñWmZo Am{U ì`dñWm§Mr
\o$aVnmgUr _hÎdmMr R>aVo.
11.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV {ZdoXH$mMm dmna gmMo~Õ arVrZo H$aÊ`mV `oB©. qH$~hþZm {ZdoXH$
åhUOo _wIdQ>m YmaU Ho$cocm coIH$M Agm g_OM A{YH$ hmoVm. _mÌ ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV `m
YmaUocm N>oX {Xcm Jocm. nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV coIH$mZo {ZdoXH$mda _mV Ho$cocr {XgVo _mÌ
ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV {ZdoXH$mMo ñWmZ A{YH$ _hÎdmMo AgVo.
12.
nma§n[aH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV Ac§H$m[aH$Vm, ^mdZmàYmZVm, M_H$XmanUm Aem ^mfoÀ`m
d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm, ~mø Am`wYm§Mm Cn`moJ {XgyZ `oVmo. ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arV ^mfoÀ`m A§J^yV eŠ`Vm§Mm ~hþnXar
Cn`moJ OmUdVmo. Ame`mer EH$mË_ hmoD$Z Amcoë`m à{V_m ho ZdH$Wm-H$mX§~arMo d¡{eîQ>ç R>aVo.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
95
3.10 CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ pñWVr
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ AdñWm dm pñWVr Amdí`H$ hmoVr.
AmYw{ZH$dmXmÀ`m H$mhr n¡cy§_YyZM hr pñWVr {Z_m©U Pmcocr hmoVr.
1960 Z§VaÀ`m XeH$mV AmYw{ZH$dmXm_Ü`o AgUmao A§V{d©amoY ñnï> hmoD$Z AmYw{ZH$VoMr
AdñWm Am{U AmYw{ZH$dmX g§në`mMr OmUrd {Z_m©U Pmcr. AmYw{ZH$Vm hr ñdV…cm cmoH$emhrdmXr
åhUdV Agcr Am{U ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm d ~§Yw^md `m VrZ _yë`m§Mm CX²>Kmof {VZo Ho$cocm Agcm Var
Iao nmhVm Vr A{YH$maemhrdmXr Am{U gm_«mÁ`dmXr hmoVr.(38)
Xwgè`m _hm`wÕmÀ`m H$mimV npíM_r OJmZo ZmPtMr EH$m{YH$maemhr amOdQ> Am{U àM§S>
à_mUmdarc Zag§hma nm{hcm. AUw~m±~Mo ^rfU n[aUm_, Z¡g{J©H$ n`m©daUmMm dmT>Vm {dZme øm§Mmhr
AZw^d KoVcm.(39)
AmYw{ZH$VodaMr lÕm g§nîw Q>mV `oÊ`mg amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr H$maUr^yV
Pmcr. gd© nma§nm[aH$ {df` g§e`J«ñV Pmco. ~hþdmX _hÎdmMm R>acm. H$moUË`mhr àíZmMo A§{V_
CÎma dm g_mYmZ ZmH$maÊ`mV Amco. {Z…g§{X½Y AgUo `mnojm AZoH$ AWm©e` {_idUo hr
CÎmaAmYw{ZH$VoMr àd¥Îmr Pmcr. à{V_m§Mm g§H$a hmoD$ cmJcm. ‘H$mocmO’ gmaIr g§ñH¥$Vr dmTy>
cmJcr. J§^ra Am{U J§_VrXma, Cƒ^y« Am{U H${Zð>, ícrc Am{U Aícrc `m§Mr ga{_gi
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. {dkmZ, H$cm Am{U gm{hË` `m§À`m Om{UdmV _yc^yV ~Xc Pmco. eãXm§Zm {ZpíMV
AW© AgVmV qH$dm OJmMo H$mhrEH$ {ZpíMV H|$Ð AgVo qH$dm _yë`m§H$ZmÀ`m H$mhr {ZpíMV H$gmoQ>çm
AgVmV qH$dm EImXr {dídì`dñWm AgVo ho CÎma-AmYw{ZH$VoZo ZmH$maco. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ `wJ åhUOo
AnyU©ËdmMo, A{ZpíMVVoMo, g§{X½YVoMo `wJ Pmco.(40)
1970 Z§Va g§nyU© OJmVM _mZdr ZmVr, _yë`o, OrdZe¡cr Aem OJÊ`mÀ`m gd© ñVamda
doJmZo ~Xc Pmco. Ë`mMà_mUo gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ñVamdahr H«$m§{VH$maH$ n[adV©Z Pmco.
_m{hVrV§ÌkmZ, _mÜ`_H«$m§Vr Am{U _m{hVrMm {dñ\$moQ> hm `mn¡H$s R>iH$ ~Xc hmo`. Zì`m `wJmV
AdH$memda dM©ñd {_idÊ`mgmR>r hmoUmè`m amOH$maUmMm n[aUm_ hm ^y^mJmda Vm~m {_iÊ`mÀ`m
`wÕmV Pmë`mMm {XgVmo. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV doJmMo amOH$maU Ioico OmV AgyZ Ë`mMm n[aUm_
Hw$UmMr Am`wYo A{YH$ doJdmZ AmhoV d H$moU _m{hVr A{YH$ doJmZo nmohMdy eH$Vmo `m ñnY}V
Pmë`mMo {XgVmo. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm åhUOo Agm EH$ H$mcI§S> Á`mV ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dO` Pmë`mMo
ñnï> {XgVo.(41)
~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§À`m CX`m~amo~aM ~mOmam§Mr eŠVr à~i Pmcr. _mZdr ZmË`m§Mohr
~mOmarH$aU Pmco. _mUgmMo ê$nm§Va Cn^moŠVm qH$dm J«mhH$ `m ê$nmV Pmco. Hw$Q>§w~g§ñWm§gH$Q> BVa
gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Zm ‘~mOma’ `m _hmeŠVrZo {Ji§H¥$V Ho$co. Ag§»` nmVù`m§da JaJaV amhUmam
_mUyg ^m§~mdyZ Jocm Am{U M§JidmXmÀ`m _mJo \$anQ>V OmD$Z Vmo ~{YamdñWoMm ~ir R>acm. hr
~{YamdñWm ho CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$mimMo _hÎdmMo cjU hmo`.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
96
3.11 CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm… {d{dY X¥{ï>H$moZ
dmÀ`mWm©Zo CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm hr H$mc{ZXe©H$ g§km Amho. AmYw{ZH$mZ§VaMm H$mi {VZo
gy{MV hmoVmo. gm{hË`, H$cm, dmñVwemó, g_mOemó, amÁ`emó, VÎdkmZ BË`mXr joÌmV {VMm
à`moJ hmoV am{hcm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m àd¥ÎmrH$S>ohr Vr {ZX}e H$aVo. Á`mZo Ë`mZo Amnmnë`m
_Ouà_mUo `m g§koMm à`moJ Ho$cm. Amnë`mcm hdm Vmo AW© {VÀ`mV ^acm. Ë`m_wio `m g§koVyZ
g_H$mcrZ g§{X½YVm ì`ŠV hmoVmZm {XgVo. _mëH$_ ~«°S>~arÀ`m _Vo hr g§km Amnë`mcm MH$dV
Agoc Va hr H$mcmZwê$nM KQ>Zm hmo`. g§JUH$, gm`~aZo{Q>Šg, AdH$me g§emoYZ, V§ÌkmZ, Ord
A{^`m§{ÌH$s `mgma»`m d¡pídH$ J«m_g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m H$mimer g_m§Va AerM hr KQ>Zm Amho.(42)
‘CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm’ `m g§koMr EH$ {ZpíMV ì`m»`m H$aVm `oUo H$R>rU Amho. `m g§koer
AWm©Mo AZoH$ g§X^© OmoS>co Joco AmhoV. hr g§km AmO {d{dY kmZjoÌmV `moOcr OmVo Ë`m_wio {VÀ`m
AWm©À`m H$jmhr {dñVmaë`m Joë`m AmhoV.
ë`moVma (Lyotrad Jean Francois), \y$H$mo (Foucault Michel) Xo[aXm (Derrida Jacques),
~mo{S´>cmS>© (Baudrillard Jean) Am{U \«$o S>[aH$ OoågZ (Fredric Jameson) ho _w»` CÎmaAmYw{ZH$VmdmXr
{dMmad§V _mZco OmVmV. Amnmnë`m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr CÎma-AmYw{ZH$VoH$S>o nm{hco Amho. Ë`m§À`mn¡H$s
\«$o S>[aH$ OoågZ, ~mo{S´>cmS>© Am{U ë`moVma `m§À`m {dMmam§Mm g§{jßV AmT>mdm nmhÿ. _mŠg©dmXr g_mOemók
\«$o S>[aH$ OoågZZo gm§{JVcocm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$VmdmX g_mOmÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm Jmofdmam Imcrcà_mUo…
1.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g_mO hm dadaMm g_mO Amho. `m g_mOmV gImoc H$mhr Zmhr. `m
g_mOmMr g§ñH¥$Vr {XImD$ à{Vq~~mda d à{V_m§da AmYm[aV Amho. Á`m§Mr _yi H¥$VrM Zmhr Aem
Jmoï>tMr à{VH¥$Vr CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmV {XgVo.(43)
2.
`m g_mOmV Or H$cm Amnë`mcm nhm`cm {_iVo Vr H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr ^mdmË_H$Vm {Z_m©U
H$aV Zmhr. cmoH$m§Mm AmË_m OUy _ocm Amho Ago {MÌ {VÀ`mVyZ {XgVo. cmoH$m§Mr g§dXo ZercVm g§ncr
Amho. g§nUy © g_mOM {dI§{S>V Pmcm Amho. n[aUm_r Hw$Urhr Hw$UmMm Zmhr Aer BWo n[apñWVr Amho.
gJù`m§MM
o Amnco ñdV§Ì OJ Amho. Xwgè`m§À`m OJmer BWë`m Hw$Umcm H$mhr KoU-o XoUo Zmhr.(44)
3.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ pñWVr Am{U CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX `m§À`mV {damoYmMo ZmVo ZgVo. na§Vw
^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m `m Z§VaÀ`m dm CÎma AdñWo_Ü`o (late capitalism) _mZdr kmVm dm H$Vm© hr ^y{_H$mM
{dK{Q>V Pmcocr AgVo Am{U Ë`m_wio _mZdr B{VhmgmV Or gm_y{hH$Vm Am{U Vm{H©$H$ gwg§JVr
AmT>iVo {VÀ`mnmgyZ CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX XwamdVmo. `m gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdñWo_Ü`o H$co_Ü`o H$moUË`mhr
dmñVdmMo à{Vê$nU hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. CcQ> VwQ>H$-VwQ>H$ Aem à{V_m§Zm Ag§JV Aem VwH$S>çm§Zm
EH$Ì OmoSy>Z JmoYS>r V`ma Ho$cr OmVo. ho EH$ àH$maMo dmñVdmnmgyZMo VwQ>conU AgVo, Ë`mMà_mUo
EH$ àH$maMo {N>Þ _mZgËd AgVo.(45)
4.
^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWocm g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr H$moUVrhr qMVm `m g_mOmcm Zmhr Am{U Á`m
g§ñH¥$VrV Vmo {Od§V Amho Vr {dñ\$moQ>mÀ`m AdñWoV Amho `m gË`mnmgyZhr hm g_mO Xya Amho.(46)
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
97
\«|$M {dMmad§V Á`m± ~mo{S´>cmS>©Zo CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmMr Imcrc d¡{eîQ>ço gm§{JVcr
AmhoV.
1.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmMr aMZm Cn^moJmda AmYm[aV Amho. Ë`m_wio `m g_mOmVrc ñVa^oXhr
Cn^moJmda AmYm[aV Amho.
g_mOmVrc dmT>Ë`m Cn^moJdmXr àd¥ÎmrMr ~mo{S´>cmS>© VrZ H$maUo XoVmo.
CËnmXZm§_Yrc àM§S> dmT>.
BVam§nojm doJio {XgÊ`mMr cmcgm.
Cn^moJmÀ`m dñVy§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$cocr g§Ho$Vì`dñWm.(47)
2.
~mo{S´>cmS>Z© o CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g_mOm~Ôc Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s Amåhr Á`m OJmV amhVmo Vo Vo
OJ à{VH¥$VtMo Amho. `m à{VH¥$VtÀ`m ~mhoa H$moUVohr dmñVd Zmhr, H$mhrhr _m¡{cH$ Zmhr Á`mMr
Amåhr Z¸$c H$ê$ eHy$. AmVm dmñVd Am{U à{VH¥$Vr `m§À`mV H$mhr {ddmX Zmhr. AmVm `m OJmV
Ho$di à{VH¥$VrM AmhoV.(48)
Pm§-\«$mÝgwAm ë`moVma `mMm ‘The post modern condition-A report on knowledge’
hm J«§W àW_ \«|$M_Ü`o 1979 _Ü`o à{gÕ Pmcm. VÎdkmZ, amÁ`emó, gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ `m§À`m
g§X^m©V ‘Postmodern’ hr g§km àM{cV H$aÊ`mMo Am{U AmYw{ZH$VoMo {dícofU H$ê$Z CÎmaAmYw{ZH$VmdmXmMr ì`mnH$ _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMo lo` Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o OmVo.(49)
ë`moVmaÀ`m _Vo hoJoc Agmo qH$dm _mŠg© Hw$UrM g_mOmÀ`m g_J«Vocm nH$Sy> eH$V Zmhr.
hm g_mO ~hþ{dY Amho. `m d¡pídH$ g_mOmMr g_J«Vm g_OyZ KoUo H$moUË`mhr EH$m g_mOemór`
{gÕm§Vmcm eŠ` Zmhr. ë`moVma _hmH$WZm§À`m g§nUy © g_mO g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m (Totality) {dMmaYmaoÀ`m
{damoYmV Amho.(50)
ë`moVmaÀ`m _Vo CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm hr EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdñWm dm pñWVr AgyZ _hmH$WZo
dm A{VH$WZo hr H$mogiyZ nS>Uo hoM {VMo _w»` d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr hr ~hþ{dY ñdê$nmÀ`m
cKwH$WZm§À`m JmoYS>rVyZM gmH$ma hmoV AgVo {VÀ`mncrH$S>o OmD$Z g§ñH¥$Vrcm d¡Y R>adoc Ago
H$moUVohr _hmH$WZ AgyM eH$V Zmhr H$maU g§ñH¥$Vr ncrH$S>o, B{VhmgmncrH$S>o OmUmao AVrV
{Zanoj Ago g§^m{fV dm ^m{fH$ Ioi hr Jmoï>M AeŠ`àm` Amho.(51)
AmYw{ZH$Vo_mJo XmoZ à_wI _hmH$WZo AmhoV. Ë`mVco EH$ åhUOo hoJocMo _hmH$WZ hmo`.
{dídM¡VÝ`mcm ñdV…Mo kmZ H$go hmoV OmVo, Ë`mMr Û§ÛmË_H$ _m§S>Ur hoJocÀ`m `m _hmH$WZmV `oV.o
AmYw{ZH$VoMo Xwgao _hmH$WZ åhUOo dJ© g§Kfm©À`m à{H«$`o_YyZ _mZdmÀ`m CËnmXZ gm_Ï`m©Mm {dH$mg
H$gm Pmcm Am{U Ë`mMm CËH$f© l{_H$dJm©À`m H«$m§Vr_Ü`o H$gm hmoVmo, ho gm§JUmao _mŠg©Mo _hmH$WZ
hmo`.(52)
nmíMmÎ` XoemV ‘nmoñQ>-_m°S>{© Z©P_²’ hr g§km Amë`mZ§VaM Amnë`mH$S>o ‘CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX’
hm eãX MM}V Amcm _mÌ ^maV AOyZ CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ pñWVrn`ªV nmohmoMcm Amho H$m hm _V^oXmMmM
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
98
{df` Amho. H$mhtZm ^maVr` g_mO AmYw{ZH$Vm Am{U CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm `m XmoÝhr q~Xy§da C^m
Agcocm {XgVmo Va dmL>²_`mÀ`m joÌmV AmYw{ZH$dmXM AOyZ AnyU© pñWVrV Agë`mMr YmaUmhr
ì`ŠV Ho$cr OmVo. Ago Agco Var H$mimÀ`m nQ>mda AmO ‘CÎma-AmYw{ZH$Vm’ Am{U ‘CÎmaAmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË`’ `m Xmohm|Mo g§X^© ZOaoAmS> H$aVm `oV ZmhrV.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX hm Ho$di A_o[aH$Z g_mOmV dm Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmImcr Amcoë`m nmíMmÎ`
g_mOmV \$mo\$mdcocm Amho Ago _mZÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. AmË_{M{H$Ëgm Z H$aUmar J«mhH$dmXr,
M§JidmXr g§ñH¥$Vr OodT>r ngaoc VodT>m CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXmcm Adga A{YH$ {_ioc hr Jmoï> CKS>
Amho.(53)
3.12 CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË`… RiH$ d¡{eîQ>ço
ES>_§S> pñ_W `m§À`m ‘nmoñQ> _m°S>{Z©P_’ g§~§YmVrc {ddoMZmMm g§X^© XoD$Z dg§V Am~mOr
S>hmHo$ `m§Zr AmË_OmUrd, qMVZnaVm, I§{S>VVm, gmVË`hrZVm, A{ZpíMVVm, ~hþ{dYVm,
{^ÞY_u`Vm, Am§Vg§{hVmË_H$Vm, {dH|${ÐVVm, Aì`dñWm, hmñ`mñnXVm BË`mXr d¡{eîQ>ço àH$Q>
H$aUmè`m gm{hË`mcm nmoñQ> _m°S>Z© åhQ>co OmVo Agm C„oI Ho$cm Amho.(54)
AmOÀ`m AamOH$nyU© OJmV gwg§JVr d AW©nyU©Vm emoYUo hr {ZaW©H$ Jmoï> Amho Ago CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ coIH$ _mZVmo. _r AW©nyU©VoÀ`m eŠ`VonmgyZ Xya OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. åhUyZM CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`H¥$Vr AW©nyU©VoMo {dS>§~Z R>ê$ nmhVo.(55)
gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m AW©{ZU©`Zmdarc A{YH$maemhrcm (Am°Wm°[aQ>r Amoìha B§Q>a{àQ>e
o Z²) {damoY
ho CÎma-AmYw{ZH$VmdmXmMo EH$ à_wI cjU R>aVo.(56)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` ~è`mMXm ê$T> gm{hË`àH$mam§Mo {Z`_ d g§Ho$V Z nmiUmao,
gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm R>am{dH$ eodQ> Zgcoco d eodQ>mMo AZoH$ Iwco n`m©` g_moa R>odUmao, AZoH${dY
Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mr EH$mM doir ga{_gi H$aUmao, ÌmoQ>H$ d VwQ>H$, g§H$sU© d Anwao ^mgUmao Am{U A_yV©
ñdê$nmMo AgVo.
na§namJV dmñVddmXr {MÌUmMm Ë`mJ, Ho$dc gË`mÀ`m H$ënZo~ÔcMm EH$ ImocdaMm
g§e`, Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mÀ`m {ZIi H$pënVê$nVoda {Xcocm ^a hr XoIrc CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mMr
cjUo hmoV.(57)
g_mOmV {dMmam§À`m Am{U AZw^dm§À`m gm_mÝ`V… ñdrH$maë`m Jocoë`m nÕVtZm Y¸$m
XoD$Z ApñVËdmMr {ZaW©H$Vm OmUdyZ XoUo, VÛVM Amncr VWmH${WV gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm Á`m§da
cQ>H$cocr AgVo Ë`m Iw§Q>çm§Mm nmoH$inUm XmIdyZ XoUo Aer C{Ôï>ohr CÎma-AmYw{ZH$VmdmXr
gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo H$mhr doim {XgyZ `oVmV.(58)
CnamoY, N>Ù d Cnhmg `m§Mo àmMw`© hohr CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç R>aVo. gm{hË`mV
ho KQ>H$ AmUÊ`mMo H$m`© AmYw{ZH$dmXr åhUdUmè`m coIH$m§nmgyZ gwê$ PmcoM hmoV.o CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
99
coIH$m§À`m gm{hË`mV ho KQ>H$ H|$ÐñWmZr Amco. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ åhUdco Jococo
nmíMmË` coIH$ ho AmYr ‘ãc°H$ øy_arñQ>’ _mZco Joco hmoVo. CnamoYnyU© d CnhmgnyU© ^mî` ho CÎmaAmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WmË_ gm{hË`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUVm `oB©c Ago qcS>m hM°°Z (Linda Hutcheon) `m§Zr
åhQ>co Amho.(59)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ coIH$ gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m EH$g§Y AmH$mamda A{dídmg XmIdVmo. Ë`m_wiM
o
{VÀ`m nma§n[aH$ aMZoMo g§H$o V YwS>H$mdyZ Vmo ‘_oQ>{° \$ŠeZ’Mm Adc§~ H$am`cm _moH$im hmoVmo. `m_wiM
o
Vmo AW©nyU©Vocm ZH$ma XoD$Z gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc coIH$mÀ`m EH$mM qH$dm EH$g§Y AmdmOmcm ZmH$maVmo.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ coIH$mcm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s AmOÀ`m H$mimVrc AamOH$Vm nma H$aVm `oUo eŠ` Zmhr
qH$dm {VMm JwV§ m gmoS>dVm `oUma Zmhr. `m AamOH VoV KS>V Agcocr nS>PS> amoIVm `oUo eŠ` Zmhr.
_J `m nS>PS>rVM H«$sS>m H$aUo qH$dm Ioi H$ê$Z a_Uo Aer ^y{_H$m CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ coIH$ KoVmo. hr
H«$sS>mM Ë`mÀ`m gm{hË`H¥$VrV _Ü`dVu R>aVo. VrM gm{hË`H¥$VrMo _w»` `e _mZcr OmVo.(60)
‘Xod _ocm Amho’ `m {ZËeoZo Ho$coë`m KmofUoZ§Va OJ, g_mO Am{U Hw$Qw>§~ {dI§{S>V Pmco
Amho. {dI§S>rH$aUmMr hr à{H«$`m gwê$M Amho. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mV hoM ê$n~§Ym§À`m Mm¡H$Q>r
VmoS>Ê`mVyZ, Ë`m§À`m g§{_l Cn`moOZmVyZ, _m|VmO Am{U H$mocmOgma»`m V§Ìm§_YyZ AZno{jV nÕVrZo
gmXa Ho$co OmVo.(61)
^mfoÀ`m Cn`moOZmÛmam dmñVddmXr gm{hË`mZo {Z{_©cc
o o OJ dmMH$mcm n[aM`mMo dmQ>Vo Va
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` ^mfoÛmam Agm Ioi {Z_m©U H$aVo H$s Ë`m IoimVyZ gmH$macoco {díd {d{eï>
ê$n~§YmÀ`m Cn`moOZm_wio dmMH$mcm An[a{MV dmQ>Vo. Vo {d{MÌ, {MS>dUmao, {S>dMUmao, Jm|YimV
Q>mH$Umao Am{U Ë`mMdoir H«$sS>mê$n AgVo.(62)
ë`moVmaÀ`m _Vo {dgmì`m eVH$mVrc Joë`m nÞmg dfm©V H$WZmË_ gm{hË`mZo _hmZ Zm`H$,
_hmZ YmoHo$, _hmZ àdmg Am{U _hmZ Ü`o` J_mdcr AmhoV. _hmH$WZm§Mm cmon ho CÎma-AmYw{ZH$
H$mimMo d¡{eîQ>ç ë`moVmaZo gm§{JVco Amho.(63)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m§Mo g§^m{fVhr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AgVo. Ë`m_Ü`o {d{dY e¡cr
àdoey eH$VmV. Ë`m§Mr O~m~Xmar EH$mM coIH$mda qH$dm {ZdoXH$mda Q>mH$Vm `oV Zmhr. {_ImB©c
~mp»VZÀ`m eãXmV gm§Jm`Mo Va `m H$Wm-H$mX§~è`m ZH$mo EdT>çm ñnï>nUo AZoH$ AmdmOr AgVmV.
ho AmdmO EH$mM doiocm EoHy$ `oD$ eH$VmV. Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY à`moJ Ho$co OmVmV.(64)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$cmd§V g§Ho$V _moS>Ê`mMo H$m`© H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm e¡cr, V§Ì, Šc¥ßË`m
dJ¡a|Mr {d{dYVm Iwcr hmoVo nU Ë`m~amo~aM A{ZpíMVVm, A{Z`VVm `m§Mmhr àdoe hmoVmo. Ë`mV
A{YH$maemhr{dê$Õ Am{U {MÝhrH$aUm{dê$Õhr ~§S>Imoar AmT>iZy `oV.o (65)
‘_°{OH$c [aA°{cP_’ ho c°{Q>Z A_o[aH$Z coIH$m§_Ü`o à{gÕ nmdcoco V§Ì hmo`. hm CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mer g_m§Va dmL>²_`rZ àdmh _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`mer g§~§{YV g§{hVm§Zm XoIrc
H$mhr doim CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ ho {deofU cmdco OmVo. X¡Z§{XZ dmñVdmVrc KQ>Zm Am{U \±$Q>gr`wŠV
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
100
Aä`mgmMo KQ>H$ `m§Mr `m àdmhmV gm§JS> KmVcr OmVo. Vr KmcVmZm narH$Wm Am{U àmH$²H$Wm§Mm
Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. AO]{Q>ZmVrc Om°O© cwB© ~m°O}g (Jorge Luis Borges), H$moc§{~`mVrc J°{~«`c
Jm{g©`m _mŠd}P (Gabriel Garcia Marquez), O_©ZrVrc ½`wQ§ >a J«mg (Gunter Grass), B§½c§S>_Yrc
Om°Z \$mD$ëg (John Foules), `m§Mo coIZ `m àdmhmer {ZJ{S>V Amho.(66)
3.13 CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`… R>iH$ n¡cy
ñdg§X^©`Šw VVm/A{YH$WZmË_Vm
_oQ>°{\$ŠeZ qH$dm A{YH$WZmË_ gm{hË` hm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm EH$ cjdoYr n¡cy
Amho. H$mX§~ar{df`rMr H$mX§~ar qH$dm H$Wo{df`rMr H$Wm ho _oQ>°{\$ŠeZMo àH$ma hmoV. `m àH$maÀ`m
H$Wm-H$mX§~arV OJ ho eãXm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo AmH$mamcm `oUmao OJ Amho, `m Jmoï>rda {deof ^a {Xcm
OmVmo. H$mX§~ar_Ü`o Ë`m_wio {d{eï> àH$maMr ñdg§X^©`Šw VVm (self-reflexivity) {Z_m©U hmoV.o (67)
nma§n[aH$ dmñVddmXr H$mX§~ar gmXa Ho$cr OmVo, Voìhm Vr EH$ H$pënVH$Wm AgyZhr Amncr
H$pënVVm eŠ` VodT>m XS>dZy R>do Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVo. Iao åhUOo {VÀ`m ê$nmZo EH$ H$pënVH$WmM
gmXa hmoV AgVo. Var XoIrc dmMH$mZo {VÀ`m dmñVd AgÊ`mda {dídmg R>do m`Mm AgVmo. H$mX§~arVrc
nmÌm§H$S>o IamoIarMr _mUgo åhUyZ nmhm`Mo AgVo. {VMo {d{dY {d^«_, gmXarH$aUmMr V§Ìo, {VMo
ê$n{deof `mM CÔoem_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV.(68) {VÀ`mVrc H$pënV, dmñVdmMo à{Vq~~ gmXa
H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVZy o {Z_m©U Pmcoco AgVo. {VÀ`m_Ü`o dmñVdmcm àmWå` Am{U àmYmÝ` AgVo. H$pënVmcm
Jm¡U nmVirda R>do Ê`mV Amcoco AgVo. dmñVdmÀ`m à{Vê$nUmMo EH$ gmYZ EdT>M
o _hËd H$pënVmcm
AgVo.(69)
dmñVddmXr H$mX§~arMm dÊ`©{df` H$mX§~ar~mhoaMo OJ AgVo. {VÀ`mVrc nmÌo, Ë`m§Mo
nañna g§~§Y, Ë`m§À`m H¥$Vr IamoIarÀ`m ì`ŠVtgma»`m AmhoV Ago J¥hrV Yamdo cmJVo. Ago J¥hrV
YaUo hm Ho$di EH$ g§Ho$V AgVmo `mMo CËH$Q> ^mZ _oQ>°{\$ŠeZcm Amho. Ë`m_wio ‘_oQ>°{\$ŠeZ’ hr
~mø OJm~ÔcMr Zìho Va H$mX§~ar~ÔcMr H$mX§~ar hmoVo. {VÀ`m_Ü`o KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmV nU Ë`m
KS>{dë`m OmUmè`m, H¥${Ì_nUo aMcoë`m KQ>Zm AmhoV `mMr OmUrd à^mdr AgVo. Ë`m KQ>Zm
aMë`m OmÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`odaMo ñnï> ^mî` H$mX§~ar_YyZ gmXa hmoV AgVo. H$WoMr {Z{_©Vr Am{U
{VÀ`m {Z{_©{Và{H«$`oÀ`m ñdê$nmMo ñnï>rH$aU `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r EH$mM doir gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ
‘_oQ>°{\$ŠeZ’_YyZ hmoV AgVmo.(70) X¡Z§{XZ AZw^dmVrc dmñVd OJmcm Vr ZH$ma XoV Zmhr, VWm{n Vo
H$pënV H$WohÿZ doJio Zmhr `mMo ^mZ _oQ>°{\$ŠeZ {Z_m©U H$aVo.(71)
n°{Q´>{e`m dm°J (Patricia Waugh) `m§Zr `m àH$maÀ`m g§{hVoÀ`m ñdê$nm~Ôc åhQ>co Amho,
“Metafiction names a practice that plays upon the conventional working of fiction. Meta means
above. So Meta languages are languages that comment on an object language. Metafiction
refers to a strain of self-reflexivity in a fiction which comments on the workings of that fiction
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
101
and reflects, often sceptically, upon its relations to the social and historical world it claims to
represent. This Metafictional strategy lays bare and questions the convention of 19th century
omnicient narration which knows both character and history.”(72)
ñdV…À`m {Z{_©Vrda ^mî` H$aUo qH$dm dmMH$mcm Vmo H$pënV gm{hË` dmMVmo Amho `mMr
OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUo ho ñdg§X^©`wŠV H$mX§~arMo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo`. BQ>mcmo H$mpëìhZmo ‘Italo Calvino’ `m
coIH$mÀ`m ‘B\$ Am°Z A {dÝQ>g© ZmB©Q> A Q´>ì° hca’ (1982) ‘If on a winter’s night a traveller.’ `m
H$mX§~arÀ`m n{hë`m àH$aUmMr gwédmVM “You are about to begin reading Italo Calvino’s new
novel, ‘If on a winter’s night a traveller’. Relax, concentrate.” Aer Amho. `m dmŠ`mVyZ ‘Vwåhr
H$mX§~ar dmMV AmhmV’ hr ñnï> OmUrd dmMH$mcm H$ê$Z {Xcr OmVo.(73)
S>po ìhS> Aë~mhmar (David Albahari) `m g{~©`Z coIH$mÀ`m ‘_m` dmB\$ h°O cmBQ> AmB©O’
‘My wife has light eyes’ `m H$WoÀ`m g§aMZoV CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mMm ‘_oQ>°{\$ŠeZ’ hm n¡cy
R>iH$nUo {XgVmo. `m H$WoMo n{hco dmŠ` nwT>rcà_mUo Amho. “hr EH$ AJXr gmYr H$Wm Agoc. _r
{dMma H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mV EH$hr g§`wŠV dmŠ` Zgoc.” H$WoMo ho n{hcoM dmŠ` hr H$Wo{df`rMr H$Wm
Agë`mMo gy{MV H$aVo. coIH$mZo Ë`mMoM Zmd Agcocm {ZdoXH$ {Z_m©U H$aUo, {dkmZH$WoMo g§Ho$V
dmnaUo hr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>o Aë~mhmarZo H$WoÀ`m g§aMZoV hmVmicr AmhoV.(74)
Am§Vag§{hVmË_H$Vm…
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$Wm-H$mX§~arV AmYw{ZH$dmXmMo H$mhr {deof Q>moH$mcm ZoD$Z Ë`m§Mr
g§àofUeyÝ`Vm XmIdyZ XoVmZm ZdZdo à`moJ Ho$co OmVmV. ê$ng§H$a, gm{hË`àH$mam§Mo {_lU, H$cm§Mo
{_lU ho `mn¡H$sM H$mhr à`moJ hmoV. {deofV… Joë`m XmoZ XeH$mV A_o[aHo$Vrc CÎma-AmYw{ZH$
coIH$m§Zr ‘H$pënVa{hV’ (non-fictional) gm{hË`mÀ`m _mZX§S>m§Zmhr AmìhmZ {Xco Amho. H$pënV
gm{hË` H$pënV KQ>Zm§Zr `wŠV AgVo Va H$pënVa{hV gm{hË` dmñVdmVrc KQ>Zm§da AmYm[aV AgVo.
Zm°_Z© _oca (Norman Mailer), {dë`_ ñQ>ao Z (William Styron) gma»`m coIH$m§Zr d¥Îmm§Vna {df`
H$pënVmÀ`m A§JmZo hmVmico AmhoV. dmñVdmVrc KQ>Zm qH$dm dmñVdmVrc ì`ŠVr H$mën{ZH$
n[apñWVrer qH$dm H$mën{ZH$ ì`ŠVr Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[apñWVrer OmoS>Uo Ago à`moJ `m coIH$m§Zr Ho$co.
H$pënV Am{U dmñVd `m§À`mVrc ^oX nwgyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMo ho à`ËZ hmoVo.(75)
{dë`_ ~moahog (William Burroughs) hm coIH$ {dkmZ H$mX§~ar Am{U ahñ`_` H$mX§~arMo
{_lU Amnë`m coIZmV `moOVmo Va C§~oVm} BH$mo (Umberto Eco) JwßVhoaH$Wm, n[aH$Wm Am{U {dkmZ
H$mX§~ar `m§Mr ga{_gi H$aVmo. Wm°_g qnMZ (Thomas Pynchon) Amnë`m H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o ahñ`H$Wm,
{dkmZ H$mX§~ar, `wÕH$Wm, nm°n g§JrV BË`mXt_Yrc KQ>H$ dmnaVmo. am°~Q>© Hw$ìha (Robert Coover)
Ë`m§À`m ‘X nm{ãcH$ ~{ZªJ’ The Public Burning (1977) `m H$mX§~arV Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmÌo Am{U
H$pënV nmÌo `m§Mo {_lU H$aVmo.(76)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$mX§~è`m§_Ü`o Am§Vag§{hVmË_H$Vocm AË`§V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
102
EImÚm coIH$mcm H$mX§~ar {chm`Mr Agoc Va Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Zì`mZo H$mhr {chm`Mr JaO AgVoM
Ago Zmhr. nyd©à{gÕ g§{hVm§À`m H$mhr VwH$S>çm§Mo H$mocmO V`ma H$ê$Z coIH$ Zì`m H$mX§~arMr
{Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$Vmo. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$mX§~ar `m_wio AZoH$Xm a§Jr~oaJ§ r {R>Ji cmdcoë`m JmoYS>rgmaIr
hmoVo. cmoH${à` gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm-H$mX§~arV _wŠVnUo dmna H$aVm `oVmo. {d{dY
CnàH$mamVrc gr_maofm Zï> Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ~hþYm AZoH$ CnàH$mam§Mo {dS>§~Z Ho$co OmVo. J§^ra
gm{hË`àH$ma, hcHo$-\w$cHo$ gm{hË`àH$ma Aer H$mhr dJ©dmar Agoc Va Vr eŠ` VodT>r hmñ`mñnX
Ho$cr OmVo.(77)
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ H$WZmË_H$ g§{hVm…
{c{IV g§{hVm H$mhrVar {ZpíMV gm§JVo AgVo Am{U `m H$WZmda coIH$mMm A{YH$ma
AgVmo `m nma§n[aH$ YmaUocm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g§{hVm N>Xo XoV.o Vr Ago _mZVo H$s g§{hVm hr Hw$R>ë`mVar
gwßV Ame`mcm PmHy$Z R>odUmam nS>Xm Zìho Va Vo Ago Omio AgVo H$s Á`mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr Hw$Ur H$moir
ZgVmo. h>r g§{hVm åhUOo H$moUË`mhr Mm¡H$Q>r{edm`Mm _wŠV IoiM _mZcm OmVmo.(78) g§{hVm
{Z{_©Vr{df`rMo àñWm{nV ê$T> g§H$o V CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr coIH$ _moS>yZ H$mT>VmoM nU AmnU Ho$coë`m
AmYrÀ`m ^§OZmMr XoIrc MmH$moar _moS>Ê`mH$S>o Ë`mMm H$c AgVmo. `m g§{hVoV _w»` H$WmZH$mMr
Aem àH$mao _moS>VmoS> Ho$cr OmVo H$s OoUoH$ê$Z g~§Y g§{hVmM g§e`mñnX hmoVo. `m _moS>VmoS>r_wio
dmMH$ nyU© Jmoï> AWdm nyU© Ame`mn`ªV nmohmoMy eH$V Zmhr. Aem pñWVrV dmMH$mcm An[ahm`©nUo
ñdV…M Ë`m g§{hVoÀ`m AWm©Mm {Z_m©Vm ìhmdo cmJVo. OrdZmVrc VgoM gm{hË`mVrc KQ>Zm§_mJo EH$
{d{eï> C{Ôï> Amho Ago nma§n[aH$ J¥{hVH$ Amho. Ë`mZwgma nyd©{ZYm©[aV Ame`mda AmYm[aV g§{hVoMr
{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo Aer _mÝ`Vm hmoVr. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g§{hVm Aem àH$maÀ`m Jmoï>rdoëhminUmcm
nyU©nUo ZmH$maVo. Vr EH$m AWu Jmoï> Z gm§JVm `oÊ`mOmoJr g§{hVm (De-teleological Text) ~ZVo.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ coIH$m§Zr H$WmZH$, nmÌ, Ame`gyÌ, dmVmdaU Aem g§aMZoÀ`m KQ>H$m§ZmM ZmH$maco
Amho AWdm Ë`m§Zm H$pënV g§{hVoMo eÌy _mZco Amho. n[aUm_r CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g§{hVm
VwH$S>çmVwH$S>çm§À`m OmoS>UrMo qH$dm _moP°H$Mo (Mosaic) ê$n YmaU H$aVo. H$cmH¥$Vr_Ü`o {d{eï>
AW©, AmH$ma qH$dm EImÚm R>mog àíZmMo R>m_ CÎma emoYÊ`mMr nma§n[aH$ dmMH$mMr _mZ{gH$Vm V`ma
Pmcr Amho. `m _mZ{gH$Vocm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ g§{hVm Y¸$m XoVo H$maU H$moUVrhr CÎmao {_iUma ZmhrV.
Ho$di EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXUmao g§X^© {_iVrc Ago {VMo ñdê$n AgVo.(79)
3.14 AmYw{ZH$dmX Am{U CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX… VwcZm
AmYw{ZH$dmXr qH$dm CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr coIH$m§Mo coIZ åhUOo nma§n[aH$ dmL>²_`rZ
g§Ho$Vì`yh Am{U nma§n[aH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`ì`yh `m Xmohm§oÀ`m {damoYmVrc {dÐmoh hmo`.
nma§n[aH$ g_mOì`dñWoV Ago J¥{hVH$ ñdrH$macoco hmoVo H$s _mUyg hm AÝ`àmÊ`m§À`m
VwcZoV g_§Og d VH©$ewÕ {dMma H$aUmam àmUr Amho. Vmo Aem g¥ï>rV amhVmo Or H$mhr à_mUmV Var
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
103
g_OyZ KoVm `oÊ`mBVH$s gwJ_ Amho Am{U _mUyg hm EH$m {Z`_~Õ gm_m{OH$ g§aMZoMm ^mJ Amho.
1920-30 Z§Va hr YmaUm ~Xcy cmJcr. {deofV… ApñVËddmXr {dMmaàUmcrZo _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m
VH©$hrZ ê$nmH$S>o cj doYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. _mZdr OrdZ ho {ZaW©H$, ApñWa Am{U A§V{d©amoYm§Zr,
d¡\$ë`mZo `wŠV Amho hr OmUrd n{hë`m _hm`wÕmZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV {Z_m©U Pmcr.
OrdZmVrc _yë`^md Zï> hmoÊ`mda EH$ CVmam åhUyZ qH$dm Ë`mMr OmJm KoD$ eHo$c Ago
_yë` åhUyZ H$coH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr AmYw{ZH$dmXm_Ü`o Amho.(80) CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË` ho
AmOÀ`m g§{X½Y d A{ZpíMV dmñVdmMo gyÌ Yê$ZM Amncr g§aMZm C^r H$aVo.Ë`m_wio `m g§{hVoV
R>mog Ago H§o$Ð qH$dm {d{eï> AmH$ma emoYUo ì`W© qH$dm {ZgaS>o R>aVo.
CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXm_Ü`o J¥hrV Agcocr AZoH$ Ame`gyÌo AmYw{ZH$dmXm_Ü`ohr CnpñWV
AmhoV `mV e§H$m Zmhr. CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXm_Ü`o Vr A{YH Q>mHo $mcm Zocc
o r {XgVmV Am{U H$mhr Zdr
Ame`gyÌohr àH$Q>cocr {XgVmV.(81) S>m°. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV `m§Zr ho ñnï> H$aVmZm Ago åhQ>co Amho,
“AmYw{ZH$moÎmadmXmMm _hÎdmMm {deof åhUOo gd© _mZdOmVrÀ`m g§X^m©V AW©nyU© R>ê$ eH$Umè`m
gm{d©H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m {gÕm§Vì`yhmMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maUo hm Amho. _mZdr ì`{ŠV_Îd gË`, dñVw{Zð>m,
dmñVd, _yë`o `m gd© Jmoï>r aMcoë`m AgVmV Agohr AmYw{ZH$moÎmadmXr X¥ï>rZo J¥hrV Yaco OmVo.
Ë`m_wio gË` AZoH$ AgVmV d Ë`m§À`mV H$moUVmhr VaV_^md H$aVm `oV Zmhr Ago _mZco OmVo. `m
n[apñWVr_wio EH$ àH$maMo Va§JconU {Z_m©U hmoVo. Am{dîH$mam§Zm Am{dîH$mam§À`m~mhoa H$mhr {ZpíMV
g§X^© Agë`mMo ZmH$maco OmVo. n¥îR>ñVamcm Ago ñdê$n XoUmao A§V…ñVamda Imoc H$mhrVar AgVo
Ago AmYw{ZH$moÎmadmXmV J¥hrV Yaco OmV Zmhr. n¥ð>ñVamMr CH$c H$ê$Z Imocda H$m` Amho Vo nmhmdo
Ago AmYw{ZH$VmdmXmcm dmQ>V hmoV.o AmYw{ZH$moÎmadmXmcm hm hì`mg Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV AmYw{ZH$moÎmadmX
åhUOo EH$ AË`§V A{ZpíMV, àdmhr, H$moUË`mhr jUr dmQ>oc Vo ê$n YmaU H$aUmar OmUrd Amho
Ago Amnë`mcm åhUVm `oB©c. {VÀ`m_Ü`o H$em~amo~arZo H$mhrhr Mmcy eH$Vo. H$emer H$mhrhr
OmoS>co OmVo. _yi Am{U Z¸$c `mVrc ^oX Zmhrgo hmoVmV. H$mi Am{U AdH$memMo Ag§~Õ VwH$S>o
EH$_oH$m§er OmoS>Vm `oVmV. `m {d{eï> X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ CÎma-AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË` AmH$mamcm `oVo. Ë`m_wio
nma§n[aH$ H$WZmË_ gm{hË`mnojm Ame` d ê$n~§Y `m XmoÝhr ñVam§da Vo doJio R>aVo. {deofV… ê$n~§YmÀ`m
nmVirdaMr `m gm{hË`mMr ZdVm dmMH$m§gmR>r AmìhmZM R>aVo.”(82)
3.15 {ZîH$f©
_amR>rV ‘ZdVm’ hm eãX H$Yr AmYw{ZH$dmXmcm g_m§Va åhUyZ `moOcm Jocm Va
Ooìhm-Ooìhm nma§n[aH$ Ame`mnojm doJio ê$n YmaU Ho$cocr g§{hVm g_moa Amcr Voìhm {VÀ`mgmR>rhr
Vmo `moOcm Jocm.
àË`oH$ XoemMm ^m{fH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s` n[adoe Am{U n`m©daU
{^Þ Agë`m_wio Ë`m-Ë`m nmíd©^y_rdaM ZdVm VnmgyZ-g_OyZ ¿`mdr cmJVo.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
104
nma§n[aH$ dmL>²_`rZ àdmhmnojm doJir, An[a{MV Am{U n¥WJmË_ Aer dmL>²_`rZ
àd¥Îmr Ooìhm-Ooìhm àH$Q> hmoVo Voìhm Ë`m dmL>²_`rZ àd¥ÎmrMo àH$Q>rH$aU åhUOo ‘ZdVm’. hm ZdVm `m
eãXmMm EH$ n¡cy hmo`.
H$mimÀ`m Á`m-Á`m Q>ßß`m§da ZdVm àH$Q> hmoVo Voìhm g_mOmV, ~mø dmñVdmV
H$mhr Zm H$mhr CcWmnmcW hmoV AgVo qH$~hþZm g_mOmVrc KS>m_moS>tMm, CcWmnmcWrMm aoQ>m
gm{hË`mVrc AZno{jV ~Xcm§Zm ào[aV H$arV AgVmo. AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË`, _amR>rV 1940À`m
XeH$mV àH$Q>cc
o r ZdVm Am{U CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmXr gm{hË` `m§À`m Am{dîH$mamÀ`m _wimer gm_m{OH$
dmñVdmVrc ~Xcm§MrM nmíd©^y_r ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo. `m àH$aUmÀ`m _m§S>UrV Ë`mMo {dícofU Ho$co
Amho.
Ame`mÀ`m Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m nmVirda ì`ŠV hmoUmar à`moJercVm hm ZdVoMm
Jm^m^yV KQ>H$ hmo`.
H$mimÀ`m doJdoJù`m Q>ßß`m§da {d{dY dmL>²_`àH$mam§À`m g§X^m©V ZdVoMm emoY
KoVm `oVmo VgoM {d{eï> Om{UdoÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr Vr VnmgVm `oVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m, g§{hVoÀ`m {d{dY
_ycKQ>H$m§À`m g§X^m©Vhr {VMo {dícofU H$aVm `oVo.
Zì`m AZw^dm§À`m àH$Q>rH$aUmgmR>r OwÝ`m dmL>_² `rZ g§H$o Vm§Mr nwZa©MZm qH$dm nma§n[aH$
gmMo~Õ g§Ho$Vm§Zm Aìhoê$Z Zì`m Om{Udm§Mm Am{dîH$ma qH$dm OwÝ`m AZw^dm§Mo AkmV nmoVM Zì`mZo
OmUdUo Am{U Ë`mVyZ Zì`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmaUr JdgUo Agm {dñVrU© narK ‘ZdVm’ `m eãXmVyZ
ì`ŠV hmoVmo.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
105
g§X^©
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
adrÝÐ Kdr, ‘ñdmV§Í`moÎma H${dVm’, àX{jUm, I§S> 2, H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ, nwUo, 1991, n¥.5.
VÌ¡d, n¥.5.
J§JmYa JmS>Jri, ‘ZdH$WoMo ñdê$n’, IS>H$ Am{U nmUr, n¥.145 Vo 157.
~m.gr. _T>}H$a, gm¢X`© Am{U gm{hË`, _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1955, n¥.134.
Jmo.{d. H$a§XrH$a, na§nam Am{U ZdVm, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1967, n¥.4.
VÌ¡d, n¥.7-8.
Ho$ed gÐo, H${dVoVrc AmYw{ZH$dmX, eãXmc` àH$meZ, lram_nya, 2000, n¥.14.
J§JmYa JmS>Jri, ‘ZdH$WoMo ñdê$n’, IS>H$ Am{U nmUr, C{Z.n¥.149-150.
VÌ¡d, n¥.150.
VÌ¡d, n¥.149.
VÌ¡d, n¥.149.
nw.{e. aoJo, N>m§Xgr, am.O. Xoe_wI àH$meZ, nwUo, 1962, n¥.82.
VÌ¡d, n¥.83.
eaƒ§Ð _w{ŠV~moY, Zdr _idmQ>, drUm àH$meZ, ZmJnya, 1949, n¥.8.
VÌ¡d, n¥.21-22.
dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu, dmL>²_`rZ {Q>nm Am{U {Q>ßnUr>, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _§w~B©, 1974, n¥.17.
VÌ¡d, n¥.24.
dm.c. Hw$iH$Uu, dmL>²_`rZ X¥ï>r Am{U X¥{ï>H$moZ>, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _§w~B©, 1959, n¥.118.
dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$, H${dVo{df`r>, ñdê$n àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1999, n¥.110-112.
dg§V nmQ>UH$a, H${dVm… g§H$ënZm, {Z{_©Vr Am{U g_rjm>, _§w~B© {dÚmnrR> _amR>r {d^mJ Am{U AZw^d
àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1995, n¥.68.
VÌ¡d, n¥.72-74.
{_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, _amR>r {d^mJ, _§w~B© {dÚmnrR> d _m¡O àH$meZ,
_w§~B©, 2007, n¥.25-36.
VÌ¡d, n¥.26.
Ho$ed gÐo, H${dVoVrc AmYw{ZH$dmX, eãXmc` àH$meZ, lram_nya, 2000, n¥.16-17.
dg§V nmQ>UH$a, H${dVm… g§H$ënZm, {Z{_©Vr Am{U g_rjm>, C{Z. n¥.70-71.
VÌ¡d, n¥.69.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Peter Faukner, Modernism, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 1977, p.15-16.
28. E.H. Gombrich, The Story of Art, Phaidon Press Ltd., London, 1995, p.368-393.
29. Peter Faukner, Modernism, op. cit, p.13.
30. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.26.
31. A{dZme gào, ‘AmYw{ZH$dmX’, g_rjoVrc Zì`m g§H$ënZm, g§nm. _Zmoha OmYd, ñdê$n àH$meZ,
Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2001, n¥.26.
32. Adrian Hunter, The Cambridge Introduction to the Short Story in English, Cambridge Univeristy
Press, 2007, p.2-3.
33. Peter Faukner, op. cit, p.22-25.
34. {dcmg gma§J, Ajam§Mm l_ Ho$cm, _amR>r {d^mJ, _§w~B© {dÚmnrR> d _m¡O àH$meZ, 2000, n¥.32-33.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
106
35.
Pericles Lewis, The Cambridge Introduction of Modernism, Cambridge Univeristy Press, New
York, p.184-185.
36. Ibid, p.192.
37. {dÚmYa nw§S>crH$,_amR>r gm{hË`… àoaUm Am{U ñdê$n(1950-75), g§nm. Jmo._m. ndma - _.X.
hmVH$U§JcoH$a, nm°ß`wca àH$meZ, _w§~B©, 1986, n¥.116.
38. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.29.
39. O{VZ dmJio, ‘CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX’, _amR>r dmL>²_`H$moe, I§S> 4Wm, g§nm. {dO`m amOmÜ`j, _hmamï´>
amÁ` gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr _§S>i, _w§~B©, 2002. n¥.46
40. {Z{eH$m§V R>H$ma, gm{hË`mMo n[aK, ñdê$n àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2001, n¥.18.
41. Patricia Waugh, Literary Theory and Criticism, Oxford University Press, Indian Edition, New
Delhi, 2006, p.410.
42. {Z{eH$m§V R>H$ma, gm{hË`mMo n[aK, C{Z. n¥.16.
43. Eg.Ec. Xmofr, AmYw{ZH$Vm-CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ed§ Zd-g_mOemó {gÕmÝV, {ÛVr` g§ñH$aU, amdV
àH$meZ, O`nya, 2005, n¥.310.
44. VÌ¡d, n¥.310-311
45. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.38.
46. Eg.Ec. Xmofr, AmYw{ZH$Vm-CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ed§ Zd-g_mOemó {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.309.
47. VÌ¡d, n¥.186-188.
48. VÌ¡d, n¥.157.
49. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.33.
50. Eg.Ec. Xmofr, AmYw{ZH$Vm-CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm Ed§ Zd-g_mOemó {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.278.
51. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.35-36.
52. VÌ¡d, n¥.33.
53. VÌ¡d, n¥.43.
54. dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$, ‘AmYw{ZH$Vm/CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm’, n§MYmam, g§nm. S>m.° Z{cZr gmYco, df© 36gmdo,
A§H$ 1cm, E{àc-_o-OyZ 1993, n¥.90.
55. http://en.wikipedia.org
56. O{VZ dmJio, ‘CÎma-AmYw{ZH$dmX’, _amR>r dmL>²_`H$moe, I§S> 4Wm, C{Z. n¥.47.
57. VÌ¡d, n¥.47.
58. VÌ¡d, n¥.46.
59. http://en.wikipedia.org
60. http://en.wikipedia.org
61. Mohit Ray, The Genealogy of Post-Modernism, Post Modernism and English Literature, ed. M.K.
Bhatnagar, M. Rajeshwar, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 1999, p.17.
62. Ibid, p.2-3.
63. Paul Cobley, Narrative, Roultedge, London and New York, 2001, p.172.
64. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_ gm{hË` Am{U Ë`mMo gm{hË`emó’,> AZwïw>^, df© 24do,
A§H$ 6dm, _o-OyZ 2001, n¥.34.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
107
65. _.gw. nmQ>rc, ‘AmYw{ZH$Vm Am{U CÎma AmYw{ZH$Vm’ _amR>rÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc EH$ à{V{H«$`m, AZwïw>^, _oOyZ 2001, C{Z. n¥.35.
66. M.H. Abrams, AGlossary of Literary Terms, Bangalore and Hax our Brace and Co. USA, Sixth
Edition, 1993, p.135.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_ gm{hË` Am{U Ë`mMo gm{hË`emó’,> AZwïw>^, C{Z. n¥.30.
h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘H$mX§~ar{df`r’,> nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo, n¥.156.
VÌ¡d, n¥.156-157.
h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_ gm{hË` Am{U Ë`mMo gm{hË`emó’,> AZwïw>^, C{Z. n¥.30.
VÌ¡d, n¥.30.
Patricia Waugh, Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of self concious fiction, Methuen, London,
1984, p.131.
73. Paul Cobley, Narrative, op. cit, p.172.
74. {Z{Icooe {MÌo, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm’, Amnco dmL>²_d¥Îm, df© 1co, A§H$ 11dm, OyZ 2009. n¥.1213.
75. Paul Cobley, Narrative, op. cit, p.179.
76. http://en.wikipedia.org
77. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_ gm{hË` Am{U Ë`mMo gm{hË`emó’,> AZwïw>^, C{Z. n¥.34.
78. Mohit Ray, The Genealogy of Post-Modernism, Post Modernism and English Literature, op. cit,
p.14.
79.
T. Ravichandran, Teaching a Post-Modern Text, Modern Criticism, ed. Christopher Rollason,
Rajeshwar Mettapalli, Atlantic Publishers, New Delhi, 2002, p.20-22.
80. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer, AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV, C{Z. n¥.28.
81. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘CÎma AmYw{ZH$dmXr H$WZmË_ gm{hË` Am{U Ë`mMo gm{hË`emó’,> C{Z. n¥.29.
82. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, ‘g_H$mcrZ _amR>r H${dVoMo gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X^©’,> dmL>²_`rZ àd¥Îmr… VÎd
emoY, S>m°. XmXm Jmoao Jm¡ad J«§W, g§nm. Ho$ed _olm_, à{V^m àH$meZ, nwUo 2007, n¥.44-45.
í`m_ _Zmoha `m§À`m H$WZmË_H$ gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg 
108