REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
Fire Protection Approaches and
Experiences in Nuclear Power Plants
Darko Pavlin
Slovenian Nuclear Safety Administration
Contents
• General overview of the Krsko NPP
• Fire protection program (FPP)
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Slovenian legislation, U.S. NRC legislation and standards
Fire Hazard Analysis
Explosion Hazard Analysis
Training and fire brigade
• Good practices and challenges
• Fire events in Krsko NPP
• Feedback on draft IAEA publication with fire protection
guidelines
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Krsko NPP
• PWR reactor
(Westinghouse); 1 unit
• Reactor Thermal Power:
1994 MWt
• Gross electrical output:
• 727 MWe
• Operating: since 1983
• Ownership: Slovenia (50%)
and Croatia (50%)
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Slovenian legislation
Fire protection (FP) program should be in compliance with:
• Nuclear legislation
– Ionising Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act
– Rules on radiation and nuclear safety factors (JV5)
• Requirements based on WENRA reference level: Issue S
– FP objectives, FP design bases, Building fire safety, Fire hazard
analyis (FHA), FP systems,
– Fire-safety surveillance and maintance,
– FP organisational arrangements.
– Rules on operational safety of radiation or nuclear facilities
• reporting,
• performance indicators,
• OPEX
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Slovenian legislation
• Industrial legislation
– Fire protection Act
– Rules on training and authorization for the implementation of fire
protection measures
– Rules on inspection and testing the fire detection, fire suppresion
systems
– Rules on explosion protection
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – U. S NRC legislation
Fire protection program rev. 0 (1990) was prepared according
with U.S. NRC legislation, because of the following reason:
• Krsko NPP is “Westinghouse plant” and consequently all fire
systems (fire detection, fire supression, hydrants) are
designed and tested according to U.S. NRC legislation and
NFPA standards
• 10 CFR Appendix R “Fire Protection Program for Nuclear
Power Facilities Operating Prior to January 1, 1979”
• NUREG 800, Standard Review Plan, Section 9.5.1
• Tehnical specification (LCO, SR)
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Standards
• Krsko NPP is divided into two parts:
– Technical part (reactor building, auxiliry building, turbine building,
diesel degenerator building, bunkered building…)
– Non- Technical part (administrative buildings, fire brigade buildings,
simulator, warehouses, workshops…)
• Fire protection systems installed in tehnical part of Krsko
NPP are designed according with US standards (NFPA
standards)
• Fire protection systems installed in non-tehnical part of
Krsko NPP are designed according with European standards
(EN 54, VdS…)
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Fire Hazard Analysis
• Fire Hazard Analysis is one of the most important document
in Fire protection program.
• Krsko NPP Fire Hazard Analysis is divided into the following
volumes:
• Fire protection program review (Vol. 1)
• 110 fire compartments/areas for tehnical part of NPP
• Fire compartment (general description, fire barriers,
equipments, safe shutdown equipment, combustibles load,
fire detection, fire suppression systems)
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Fire Hazard Analysis
• Post-fire shutdown analysis, safe – shutdown cable schedule
(Vol. 2)
– In this volume the routing of safe-shutdown cables is represented
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Fire Hazard Analysis
• Post-fire shutdown analysis, safe – shutdown component
index (input data to Safe shutdown Separation Analysis) –
Vol. 3
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Fire Hazard Analysis
• Safe-shutdown separation analysis (SSA) – Vol. 4
– The purpose of SSA analysis is to perform and document a
comprehensive analysis of the separation between redundant
safe-shutdown components and cables in the context of postfire
shutdown system separation requirements defined by 10 CFR 50,
Appendix R, Section III.G, and Rules on radiation and nuclear safety
factors (JV5), Appendix I, Section 3.
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Fire Hazard Analysis
• Fire protection program findings – Vol. 5
– Fire Load in Building and Fire Areas (eg. substantial amount of
polyurethane foam)
– Compartment and Equipment Separation (eg. no boundary between
some Fire Areas)
– Protective Trains Separation (eg. Protective train A & train B in some
cases are not separated)
– Protection Fire Barriers Openings (eg. openings for instance duct
penetrations in the same areas are not protected, either provided
with fire dampers.)
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Explosion Hazard Analysis
Contects:
• General overview about explosion protection in Krsko NPP
• Tehnical description of the systems, structures and
components (SSK) where explosion atmosfhere can appear
• Technical data about gases, liquids (e.g. hydrogen,
propane…) which can cause the explosion atmosfhere
• Determination Ex zone
• Explosion protection measures (e.g. Ex qualified
equipments, admanistrative procedures, organization
measures…)
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program - Training and fire brigade
Internal Fire Brigade
• Each operating shift of Fire Brigade consists from three
professionals fire fighters. Local operators (4 per shift) are
qualified for fire fighting of small fires and helping to Fire
Brigade members. In case of emergency Fire Protection
Squad could be activated. Fire Protection Squad made up of
16 fire fighters trained in accordance with ADP-1.0.500 “Fire
Protection Program".
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program - Training and fire brigade
External fire brigade (PGE Krsko)
• PGE Krsko is located 3 kilometers from NPP Krško
• three professional fire fighters and equipments should be always
available for fire fighting purposes in NPP Krško.
Training in Fire Protection is defined in ADP-1.0.500 “Fire protection
program" for several groups:
• all plant personnel
• fire brigade members
• fire protection squad members
• local fire department members
• person assigned to a fire watch
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Good practices
Good practices:
• In 2012 fire detection systems were modernized and partlly fire
supression systems (eg. fire detectors, fire centrals, network
connections…) and all plant rooms are covered with fire detection
system (1300 detectors).
• In 2009 Explosion Hazard Analysis and corrective actions were
performed
• After Fukushima accident in 2011, in the scope of Stress test a lot of
new fire fighting equipments were bought:
– portable hydraulic driven submersible pump with floating device (flow: 4000
l/min at 2,5 bar; featuring access to any open water source at distances of
up to 60 meters horizontally and 30 meters vertically)
– 500kW diesel hydraulic power pack pump with floating device (flow: 11000
l/min at 12 bar; featuring access to any open water source at distances of
up to 60 meters horizontally and 30 meters vertically)
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – Good practices
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two movable high pressure pumps (flow: 500 l/min at 32 bar)
two movable fire fighting pumps (flow: 2000 l/min at 3 bar)
two electric submersible pumps (flow: 1170 l/min at 0,5 bar)
special fire fighting truck (reservoir with 8500 l of water, 1500 l of
foam, water pump 8000 l/min at 10 bar, high pressure water pump
300 l/min at 40 bar, 40 m hydraulic arm)
– building for all movable fire fighting equipment (safe against seismic
and flood event)
– fuel for 3 days of operation of fire fighting equipment on site
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MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Krško NPP’s latest acquisition
Fire truck with a hydraulic fire-fighting arm (40 m)
Tanks: 8500 l of water & 1500 l of fire-extinguishing foam
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire protection program – challenges and issues
NPP Krsko has the following important challenges and issues:
– Protective Trains Separation (e.g. Protective train A & train B in
some cases are not separated). This issue will be solved by 2018.
– Protection Fire Barriers Openings (e.g. openings for instance duct
penetrations in the same areas are not protected, either provided
with fire dampers.). This issue will be solved by 2017.
– Fire protection systems (fire detection, fire suppresion, hydrants, fire
hose station…) are not seismically qualified. This issue will be
considered in the scope of Periodic Safety Review.
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Fire events in Krsko NPP
In last 10 years there was no fire in Krsko NPP.
In 1999 it was fire in simulator in non-tehnical part of Krsko
NPP.
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication - Glossary
I recommend to add the following terms in Glossary:
• Explosion - The explosion is very fast reaction of oxidation or
decomposition, which results in an increase in temperature or pressure
or both at the same time.
• SSC Important to safety (currently is not clear, which SSC are
important to safety? What is the difference between safety-related SSC
and SSC important to safety?)
• Fire events, event of fire – this issue is specialy important on the
reporting of fire event (e.g. to regulator, WANO, IAEA). It should be
clear what actualy is fire event, because the fire could be very small/big,
inside/outside the NPP, occure on safety/non-safety SSC, without any
consequences/safety important consequences.
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication - Glossary
What do the following terms mean :
• Fire Needs Analysis
• Fire Response Needs Analysis (page 151)
• Fire Hazard Assessment = Fire Hazard Analysis (page 151),
I recommend to use only one term
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication – Fire
compartment and fire area
Chapter 3.2.1.2 defined terms Fire compartment and Fire Cell
Issue:
- If Fire area is the same term as Fire compartment -> All Fire
area terms should be replaced with Fire compartment ->
May be WENRA Fire compartment definition is better.
- If Fire area is not the same term as Fire compartment -> In
glossary should be add definition for Fire area
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication – Fire
compartment and fire area
Fire area (NFPA 805) – An area that is physically separeted
from other areas by space, barriers, walls, or other means
in order to contain fire within that area.
Fire compartment (draft IAEA) - A fire compartment is defined as
that portion of a building or plant that is separated from other areas by
fire barriers,…
Fire compartment (WENRA) - A fire compartment is a building or part
of building that is completely surrounded by fire resistant barriers of
sufficient rating so that a total combustion of the fire load can occur
without breaching the barriers (barriers comprise doors, walls, floors
and ceilings).
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication – Standards
• Currently draft IAEA publication mentiones mostly NFPA
standards and examples (e.g. Classification of Fires – NFPA
10, Manual Foam – NFPA 11, Inspection and Testing…)
• I recommend to show some examples on other standards
(EN 54, VdS, IAEA…) and prepare comparison with above
mentioned NFPA standards
• Draft IAEA document mentioned different kind of terms for
the same term - standard (e.g. International or national fire
Code and Standards, national standards, industry standards,
adequate standards …). I recommend to use only one term.
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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Feedback on draft IAEA publication – Seismic incident
• In chapter 6.3.1.3 International feedback on fires caused by
seismic incident in NPP , the seismic events are not enough
described in details.
• On seismic events should be IRS number on IRS link
– Onagawa, March 11th 2011 (IRS 8256) ->
https://irs.iaea.org/IncidentReport.aspx?ReportType=0&ReportNum
ber=10903
– Kashiwazaki Kariwa, Japan 2007 (IRS 7922) ->
https://irs.iaea.org/IncidentReport.aspx?ReportType=0&ReportNum
ber=11142
REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND SPATIAL PLANNING
SLOVENIAN NUCLEAR SAFETY ADMINISTRATION
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