JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech. IV-I Sem (M.E)
T
P
C
4
0
4
(9A03702) AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
UNIT – I
Introduction to Automation: Need , Types, Basic elements of an automated system, levels of automation, hardware
components for automation and process control, mechanical feeders, hoppers, orienters, high speed automatic insertion
devices.
UNIT – II
Automated flow lines: Part transfer methods and mechanisms, types of Flow lines, flow line with/without buffer storage,
qualitative analysis.
UNIT – III
Assembly line balancing: Assembly process and systems assembly line, line balancing methods, ways of improving line
balance, flexible assembly lines.
UNIT – IV
Introduction to Industrial Robots: Classification. Robot configurations, Functional line diagram, Degrees of Freedom.
Components, common types of arms, joints, grippers
UNIT – V
Manipulator Kinematics: Homogeneous transformations as applicable to rotation and translation D-H notation,
Forward and inverse kinematics.
Manipulator Dynamics: Differential transformation, Jacobians . Lagrange – Euler and Newton – Euler formations.
UNIT VI
Trajectory Planning: Trajectory planning and avoidance of obstacles, path planning, Skew motion, joint integrated motion
– straight line motion .
Robot programming-Types – features of languages and software packages
UNIT VII
Robot actuators and Feedback components: Actuators: Pneumatic, Hydraulic actuators, electric & stepper motors,
comparison. Position sensors – potentiometers, resolvers, encoders – Velocity sensors, Tactile sensors, Proximity sensors.
UNIT VIII
Robot Application in Manufacturing: Material Transfer - Material handling, loading and unloading- Processing - spot and
continuous arc welding & spray painting - Assembly and Inspection.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Automation, Production systems and CIM, M.P.Groover, Pearson Edu.
2. Industrial Robotics, M.P. Groover, TMH.
REFERENCES:
1. Robotics, Fu KS, McGraw Hill.
2. An Introduction to Robot Technology, P. Coiffet and M.Chaironze, Kogam Page Ltd. 1983 London.
3. Robotics Engineering, Richard D.Klafter, Prentice Hall
4. Robotics, fundamental Concepts and analysis, Ashitave Ghosal, Oxford Press, 2006
5. Robotics and Control, Mittal RK & Nagrath IJ, TMH.
6. Introduction to Robotics, John J. Craig, Pearson Edu
1
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2012-13
Class
: IV B.Tech ME
Subject
: AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
Semester
:I
Name of the Faculty
: Mahendra Babu. M
COURSE OBJECTIVE
At end of the course, the student will be able to …………………….
1.
Classify different types of automation.
2.
Analyze the automated flow line for quality product.
3.
Understand the importance of line balancing in an automated assembly lines
4.
Familiarize with the concepts of robotization
5.
Apply kinematic and dynamic analysis to the given robotic structure.
6.
Plan the robot trajectory for a given application.
7.
Differentiate the drives and sensors required in any robotic application.
8.
Understand the wide range of robotic applications in manufacturing sector.
2
3
Class
& ROBOTICS
Semester
:I
Mahendra Babu. M
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2012-13.
: IV B.Tech ME
Subject
: AUTOMATION
LESSON PLAN
02-07-12 to
07-07-12
2
2
1
09-07-12 to
13-07-12
2.
23-07-12 to
28-07-12
1
2
2
4.
30-07-12 to
04-08-12
5.
06-08-12 to
11-8-12
6.
7.
13-08-12 to
18-08-12
20-08-12 to
25-08-12
8.
27-08-12 to
01-09-12
9.
03-09-12 to
05-09-12
II
Automated flow
lines
3
2
III
Assembly line
balancing
3.
2
2
16-07-12 to
21-07-12
IV
Introduction
to
1.
WEEK
No.
of
Class
es
I
Introduction
To
UNIT
WEEK
NO
2
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
Name of the Faculty
TOPIC
Introduction, Need for an
automation
Types of automation
Basic elements of an
automated system,
levels of automation,
hardware components for
automation process control,
mechanical feeders,
hoppers, orienters,
high speed automatic
insertion devices.
Automated flow linesintroduction
Part transfer methods and
mechanisms,
types of Flow lines,
flow line with/without
buffer storage,
qualitative analysis.
Automated assembly line
Assembly process
systems assembly line,
line balancing methods,
ways of improving line
balance,
flexible assembly lines.
Introduction to robotics,
Classification by coordinate system
Function line diagram –
robot arm
Common types of arms &
components
Architecture, robot
characteristics,
Robotics wrists,Robotic end
effectors,
hydraulics, pneumatics&
locomotion devices
I MID EXAMS
4
No. of
period
s in a
Week
No. of
periods
per unit
5
4
14
5
5
10
5
3
07
4
4
09
5
:
12.
17-09-12 to
22-09-12
13.
24-09-12 to
29-09-12
14.
01-10-12 to
06-10-12
15.
08-10-12 to
13-10-12
16.
15-10-12 to
20-10-12
17.
22-10-12 to
27-10-12
18.
29-10-12 to
31-10-12
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
VI
Trajectory Planning &
Programming
10-09-12 to
15-09-12
VII
Robot actuators &
sensors
11.
V
Manipulator Kinematics
&
06-09-12 to
08-09-12
VIII
Robot Applications in
Manufacturing
10.
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
Motion analysisHomogeneous
1
transformations
Specifications of matrices
D-H notation, joint & world
coordinates
Forward Kinematics
inverse Kinematics
5
Differential transformation
and manipulators
Jacobians, problems
Dynamics –Lagrange-Euler
formulation
4
Newton-Euler formulation
Trajectory planning -Path
planning
Joint integrated motion
5
Trajectory planning &
avoidance of obstacles
Straight line
motion,problems
4
Robot programmingLanguages, packages
ACTUATORS-hydraulic,
pneumatic,
5
Electricactuators -stepper
motors
Feed back devices-position
proximity sensors, velocity
5
sensors
encoders
Material
Transfer
Application - Material
handling,
loading
and
3
unloadingProcessing Application - arc
welding
spray painting.
Assembly and Inspection
3
applications
Total number of classes
5
10
09
10
06
73
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I sem)
I MID EXAM (Descriptive type)
Time : 90 min
Date : 03-09-12 ( AN )
Automation &Robotics Marks : 20
Answer any THREE questions
1.
What are the different types automation? Discuss them briefly.
2.
Draw the neat sketches of the following mechanisms and discuss briefly:
a) Rachet and Pawl mechanism
b) ‘Over and Under’ type chain drive mechanism
c) Cam mechanism
d) Walking Beam mechanism.
3.
a) What is ranked positional weight value? Explain its importance in solving line balancing problems by using
Ranked Positional Weights Method.
b) Discuss any four methods that should be considered by the designer of a flow line for improving the efficiency
of the assembly line.
4.
What are the basic components of Industrial robot? Explain the functional of the components briefly.
5.
a) What is an end effector?
b)Give the classification of grippers.?
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper?
.
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I sem)
II MID EXAM
Time : 90 min
Date : 01-11-12 ( AN )
ROBOTICS
Marks : 20
Answer any THREE of the following.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Explain a 3-5-3 trajectory plan to represent a pick and place movement for an assembly operation.
Explain the different types of actuators that can be used for the robot joints.
Find the manipulator Jacobian matrix J (q) of the five axis spherical co-ordinate robot..
(a).
Explain the Lagrange Euler’s formulation for robot arm.
(b).
Explain Denavit-Hartenberg convention for selecting frames of reference in robotic application
5. Classify & Explain manufacturing applications of robots
6
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I sem)
I MID EXAM (Objective type) Time : 20 min
Date : 03-09-12 ( AN )
Automation &Robotics Marks : 20
1. Technology that is concerned with the use of mechanical, electronic and computer based systems in the operation
and control of production
[
]
a). Mechanization
b). Automation
c). Industrialization.
d). all the above.
2. use of machines to do the work of animals/people
[
]
a). Mechanization
b). Automation
c). Industrialization.
d). all the above.
3. .................................................................... Robot comes under
type of automation.
.......................................................................... [ ]
a), programmable
b). Flexible
c). Fixed
d). (a) & (b)
4.
following is the work transfer mechanism in an automated flow line
[
]
a). walking beam transferbar mechanism
b). powered roller conveyor system
c). chain drive conveyor system
d). any of the above
5.
number of buufers in an n – staged line
[
]
a). n
b). n-1
c). n+1
d)1/n
6.
Work station continue to operate with no part to work on” is
called………………..
[
]
a). blocking of stations
b). idling of stations
c). starving of stations
d). any of the above.
7.
The following is the performance measure of line efficiency
[
]
a). cost per item
b). average production rate
c). proportion of down time
d). all the above
8.
Following is the mechanical fastener
[
]
a). threaded fastener
b). Rivet
c). press fit
d). All the above
9.
Following are the constraints in the line balancing problem
[
]
a). precedence constraints
b). zoning constraints
c). position constraints
d). all the above
10.
Graphical representation of the sequence of work elements as defined
by the precedence constraints[
]
a). flow diagram
b). network diagram
c). precedence diagram
d). all the above.
11.
following is the measure of line in-efficiency
[
]
a). balance delay
b). downtime proportion
c). buffer capacity
d). (a)&(b)
12.
following method improves the balance of the line……………….
[
]
a). dividing work elements
b). methods analysis
c). parallel stations
d). all the above.
13.
Following is the method of line balancing
[
]
a). largest candidate rule
b). RPW method
c). kilbridge-Wester method
c).all the above.
7
14. The attractive feature of SCARA robot
[
]
a), more tolerance
b). Selective compliance c). Accuracy
d). Repeatability
15. the robot configuration, which is used in high reach applications
[
]
a), polar
b). jointed arm
c). spherical
d). (a) & (b).
16. Interface between the last link of the manipulator and the end effector is called
[
]
a), critical joint
b). Gripper
c). Wrist
d). Tool flange / too mounting plate.
17. The device which is used to interpret the data stored in a memory of a robot.
[
]
a), sensor
b). controller
c). Sequencer d). Synchronizer.
18. "Only one surface required to grasp or hold the object" by
[
]
a) vacuum gripper
b) magnetic gripper
c) adhesive gripper d). any of the above.
19. Magnetic gripper is used only for ........ materials.
[
]
a), stainless steel
b). non-ferrous
c). ferrous
d). plastic
20. Number degrees of freedom exhibited by robot wrist
[
]
a). 1
b). 2
c). 3
d). 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I Sem)
II MID EXAM (objective type)
Time : 20 min
Date : 01-11-12 ( FN )
ROBOTICS
Marks : 20
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
Name:
Roll No:
20 X 1=20
Jacobian relates the velocities of joints to the velocities of ……………….
[
]
(a). Tool point (b). Manipulator
(c). Joint
d). None of the above.
if A- is a non-singular square matrix, then A-I = ……………….
[
]
(a). adjA X detA
(b). adj A + detA
(c). adjA ÷ detA
(d). detA ÷ adjA
dynamic model of a robotic arm can be studied by
[
]
(a). Newtonian Laws (b). Lagrangian Laws (c). Eularian Laws
(d). all the above.
Lagrangian Function L= f( Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy )=…………
[
]
(a). KE + PE
(b). KE – PE
©. KE ÷ PE
(d). PE ÷KE
Measure of mass distribution……………………..
[
]
(a). Radius of gyration
(b).acceleration
(c). moment of inertia
(d). any of the above.
Newton – Euler formulation is used to analyze the ……behavior of the manipulator.
(a). Static
(b). Dynamic
(c). Kinematic (d). Kinetic.
[
]
Dynamic equations of motion of robot arm allows
[
]
(a). Analysis (b). Synthesis
(c). Simulation
(d). All the above.
In Lagrange – Euler Equation d  ∂L  ∂L
[
]

dt  ∂ q*
 i

 − * = ............(i = 1,2,3,................n)
 ∂ qi
Where
L – Lagrangian function = KE – PE ,
qi – Generalised co-ordinate
(a). Velocity (Vi)
(b). Acceleration (ai)
(c). Torque (Ti)
(d). None of the above
Newton’s equation gives the relationship between
[
(a). Torque, mass, jerk
(b). Force, mass, acceleration
©. Power, force, velocity
(d). Energy, mass, velocity
Differential change in the manipulator can be computed by……………….
[
(a). Jacobian (b) Inverse Jacobian
(c) Any of the above
(d) None of the above.
Trajectory planning satisfies…………
[
a) Only path constraints
b). Only path specifications
c). Only dynamic constraints
d). All the above.
8
]
]
]
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20.
An N-joint manipulator will have………….number of trajectories.
a) N
b) (N+1)
c). (N-1)
d). (N+2).
Type of actuator used in robot to move sizable loads
a) hydraulic
b) pneumatic
c). electrical
d) mechanical
Type of actuator used in PICK and PLACE robot.
a). hydraulic b) pneumatic c) electrical
d) mechanical hydraulic
Stepper motor works based on the principle of
a) Minimum reluctance
b). Maximum reluctance
c). Minimum resistance
d). Maximum resistance
Path end points can be specified in…………..
a) Joint co-ordinates (b) Cartesian co-ordinates (c) (a) and (b) (d) none of the above
Mathematical functions used in trajectory planning problems.
a) Fourier
(b) laplace
(c)polynomial (d) all the above.
Product of two quaternion is a
a) scalar
(b)vector
(c) quaternion (d)none of the above
Characteristic of Pneumatic actuator
a) under damped applications (b)fast movements
(c) accurate movements
(d) all the above
In Inertia Tensor. all the elements are………………..
(a) Zeros
(b) Zeros Except diagonal elements
(c) Ones
(d) Can’t say
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2012-13.
Class : IV B.Tech ME
Subject : AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
Semester
:I
Name of the Faculty
: Mahendra Babu. M
QUESTION BANK
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.
4.
What are the different types automation? Discuss them briefly.
Describe the function and working of the following automated machine tools:
(i) Transfer Machine
5.
(ii) Single Station Machine.
a) Discuss the general methods of transporting work pieces on flow lines.
b) Discuss the advantages and limitations of the continuous transfer mechanisms.
6.
a) Discuss the general terminology used in the analysis of an automated flow line.
b) Discuss briefly about the following terms used in automated flow lines:
(i) Buffer stock effectiveness
(ii) Partial Automation
9
7.
a)With the help of neat sketches, explain the following linear transfer mechanisms:
i) Powered Roller Conveyor System
ii) Walking Beam Transfer System
b) Explain the advantages and limitations of synchronous transfer mechanisms.
8.
a) Explain how the efficiency of the flow line increases by adding one or more parts storage
buffers between work stations along the line.
b) Discuss the analysis of a two-stage automated flow line
9.
a) With the help of neat sketches, explain the following linear transfer mechanisms:
(i) Walking Beam Transfer System (ii) Chain Drive Conveyor System
b) Enumerate the differences between synchronous and asynchronous transfer mechanisms.
10.
a) What is ‘partial automation’ and what are the reasons for the existence of partially automated production lines
in the shop floors?
b) Discuss the following terms used in the automated flow lines:
(i) Starving of stations (ii) Blocking of stations.
11.
What are the important mechanical feeding devices used in automated systems? Discuss them briefly.
12.
Draw the neat sketches of the following mechanisms and discuss briefly:
a) Rachet and Pawl mechanism
b) ‘Over and Under’ type chain drive mechanism
c) Cam mechanism
d) Walking Beam mechanism.
13.
What are the two basic approaches used in the analysis of transfer lines without storage? Explain them briefly.
12.
a)What are the various assembly systems used in industry to accomplish the assembly processes.
b) Explain the steps used in solving the line balancing problem by using Largest Candidate Rule method.
13.
a) What is ranked positional weight value? Explain its importance in solving line balancing problems by using
Ranked Positional Weights Method.
b) Discuss any four methods that should be considered by the designer of a flow line for improving the efficiency
of the assembly line.
14.
a)Explain the different ways in which the work is moved on the line between operator workstations in Manual
Assembly Line.
b)What is Flexible Assembly Line? Discuss its important features.
15.
a)Briefly discuss the following assembly processes:
(i) Adhesive bonding
(ii) Joining Methods
b)With the help of suitable example explain the procedure to solve the line balancing problem by Kilbridge and
Wester’s Method.
16.
What are the basic components of Industrial robot? Explain the functional of the components briefly.
10
17.
a) What is an end effector?
b)Give the classification of grippers.?
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper?
18
a).Define robot ?
b)Describe different robot configurations with neat sketches.
19.
Robot comes under what type of automation ? why?
20.
Explain tool as an end effector ?
21.
Enumerate the functions of a robotic system ?
22.
(a) Describe the degrees of freedom of a robot wrist with the help of a neat sketch.
(b) Describe the common types of robot arms.
Illustrate a robot gripper with [5+5+6]
(a) cam operated
(b) gear operated
(c) lever (links) operated fingers
Give the classification of robots based on control system and describe their characteristic features.
23.
24.
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2012-13.
Class : IV B.Tech ME
Subject : AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
Semester
:I
Name of the Faculty
: Mahendra Babu. M
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
21. Technology that is concerned with the use of mechanical, electronic and computer based systems in the operation
and control of production
a). Mechanization
b). Automation c). Industrialization.
d). all the above.
22. .................................................................. Highly integrated transfer lines comes under
type of
automation.
a), programmable
b). Flexible
c). Fixed
d). (a) & (b)
23. use of machines to do the work of animals/people
a). Mechanization
b). Automation c). Industrialization.
d). all the above.
24. .................................................................. Numerically controlled machines comes under
type of
automation.
a), programmable
b). Flexible
c). Fixed
d). (a) & (b)
25. .................................................................. Robot comes under
type of automation.
a), programmable
b). Flexible
c). Fixed
d). (a) & (b)
26.
following is the method of work transfer in an automated flow line
a). synchronous b). asynchronous
c) continuos d). all the above.
27.
following is the work transfer mechanism in an automated flow line
a). walking beam transferbar mechanism b). powered roller conveyor system
c). chain drive conveyor system
d). any of the above
28.
motion conversion in geneva mechanism
a). rotary to linear
b). rotary to rotary
c). linear to linear
d). any of the above
29.
the approach in which the work part is not removed from the station
when the breakdown occurs during the analysis
a). lower bound approach
b). upper bound approach
c). none of the above
d). any of the above
11
30.
a). n
31.
called………………..
a). blocking of stations
c). starving of stations
32.
a). zero
c).-1
33.
a). cost per item
c). proportion of down time
34.
a). threaded fastener
c). press fit
35.
a). precedence constraints
c). position constraints
36.
by the precedence constraints
a). flow diagram
c). precedence diagram
37.
stations
a). balance delay
c). buffer capacity
38.
a). balance delay
c). buffer capacity
39.
a). dividing work elements
c). parallel stations
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
number of buufers in an n – staged line
b). n-1
c). n+1
d)1/n
Work station continue to operate with no part to work on” is
b). idling of stations
d). any of the above.
Line efficiency + downtime proportion =……………………
b). 1
d). can’t say
The following is the performance measure of line efficiency
b). average production rate
d). all the above
Following is the mechanical fastener
b). Rivet
d). All the above
Following are the constraints in the line balancing problem
b). zoning constraints
d). all the above
Graphical representation of the sequence of work elements as defined
b). network diagram
d). all the above.
Measure of line in-efficiency due to imperfect allocation of work to
b). downtime proportion
d). all the above
following is the measure of line in-efficiency
b). downtime proportion
d). (a)&(b)
following method improves the balance of the line……………….
b). methods analysis
d). all the above.
Following is the method of line balancing
b). RPW method
c).all the above.
a). largest candidate rule
c). kilbridge-Wester method
Type of control used in Bang - Bang robot.
a), servo
b). non-servo
c). None of the above d). all the above.
SCARA robot is used in ..... applications.
a).quality control
b).assembly.
c).defense. d). all the above.
Following is the robotic like device.
a). Telecherics. b). exo-skeleton c). locomotive device d). all the above.
Number of linear co-ordinates in a cylindrical co-ordinate robot.
a). 2
b). 3
c). 1
d). 0
Work volume of a spherical robot
a), cylinder
b). paraboloid
c). sphere
d). cube
Wrist motions of the robot among the following.
a), yaw
b). pitch
c). roll
d). all the above.
The attractive feature of SCARA robot
a), more tolerance b). Selective compliance c). Accuracy d). Repeatability
Type of control used in Cartesian robot.
a), servo
b). non-servo
c).pneumatic
d). hydraulic
……………….type of robot uses feed back from the control system
a), non-servo
b). servo
c). (a) & (b).
d). Pneumatic
Type of robot used in spray painting applications
a), point to point
b).bang-bang
c). end point
d). continuous path
12
51. Preferred robot system for load carrying applications
a), hydraulic
b). Pneumatic
c). Electrical
d). Mechanical
52. Interface between the last link of the manipulator and the end effector is called
a), critical joint
b). Gripper
c). Wrist
d). Tool flange
53. Preferred robot system for high repeatability applications
a), cylindrical
b). Cartesian
c). spherical d). any of the above
54. Type of robot used in transferring the object
a), point to point
b).bang-bang
c). end point d). continuous path
55. Type of robotic like device used in undersea applications
a).Telecherics.
b). exo-skeleton
c). locomotive device d). prosthesis
56. The shape of work volume of a cylindrical robot is....
a), paraboloid
b). sphere
c). cylinder
d). cube
57. Number of polar co-ordinates in a jointed arm configuration
a). 2
b). 3
c). 1
d). 0
58. Type of robot used in grinding applications.
a), point to point
b).bang-bang
c). end point d). continuous path
59. the technical name of a hand attached to the wrist of the robot
a), gripper b). end effector
c). joint
d). any of the above
60. the arm and the body joints of the manipulator are used to .......... the end effector
a), orient
b). position
c). shake
d). any of the above.
61. the robot configuration, which is used in high reach applications
a), polar
b). jointed arm
c). spherical
d). (a) & (b).
62. high repeatability applications of Cartesian configurations is due to ......
a), linear joints
b). high stiffness of links c). its rigid structure d). all the above.
63. "piston movement inside the engine cylinder" is ......... type of joint.
a), prismatic
b). rotational
c). twisting
d). revolving
64. Interface between the last link of the manipulator and the end effector is called
a), critical joint
b). Gripper
c). Wrist
d). Tool flange / too mounting plate.
65. The intelligence which is required to control the manipulator will be provided by
a), sensor
b). controller
c). Sequencer
d). Synchronizer.
66. The device which is used to interpret the data stored in a memory of a robot.
a), sensor
b). controller
c). Sequencer
d). Synchronizer.
67. The device which is used to hold or grasp the object
a), end effector
b). gripper c). (a) or (b).
d). none of the above.
68. "Only one surface required to grasp or hold the object" by
a), vacuum gripper b). magnetic gripper c). adhesive gripper d). any of the above.
69. Magnetic gripper is used only for ........ materials.[
a), stainless steel
b). non-ferrous
c). ferrous
d). plastic
70. Ability of the wrist socket to yield elastically, when subjected to a force is called ...........
a), elasticity
b). stiffness
c). strength
d). compliance.
71. Remote Centered Compliance ( RCC ) devices are used in ............ applications.
a), assembly
b). defense
c). undersea
d). mining
72. Number degrees of freedom exhibited by robot wrist
a). 1
b). 2
c). 3
d). 4
73. Type of robot used in spot-welding applications.
a), point to point
b).sequential c). end point
d). continuous path
74. Type of drive used for larger robots
a), electrical
b). mechanical c). pneumatic d). hydraulic
75. Type of power used in robot for precision work applications
a), electrical
b). mechanical
c). pneumatic
d). hydraulic
76. Smallest increment of the movement into which the robot can divide its work volume
a), control resolution b). spatial resolution
c). repeatability
d). accuracy
77. Mechanical inaccuracy among the following
a), gear backlash
b). leakage of hydraulic fluid
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
78. c). stretching of pulley cards
d). all the above.
79. Relation between spatial resolution, control resolution and mechanical inaccuracies is
a) spatial resolution = control resolution + mechanical inaccuracies
b) spatial resolution = control resolution - mechanical inaccuracies
c) spatial resolution = control resolution x mechanical inaccuracies
d)
spatial resolution = control resolution / mechanical inaccuracies
80. Suitable automation for mass production system
a). transfer line
b). robot
c). general purpose CNC machine
d). all the above
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I sem)
(objective type BITS)
UNITS: V,VI,VII,VIII
AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
Jacobin is the method of control of ……in a co-ordinate fashion.
[
]
(a). controller
(b). Sequencer (c). Manipulator(d). Sensor
Jacobian relates the velocities of joints to the velocities of ……………….
[
]
(a). Tool point (b). Manipulator
(c). Joint
d). None of the above.
Jacobian is a time varying quantity
[
]
(a). False for all (b). True for all (c). Can’t say
(d). Some times.
if A- is a non-singular square matrix, then A-I = ……………….
[
]
(a). adjA X detA
(b). adj A + detA
(c). adjA ÷ detA
(d). detA ÷ adjA
dynamic model of a robotic arm can be studied by
[
]
(a). Newtonian Laws (b). Lagrangian Laws (c). Eularian Laws
(d). all the above.
………..representation has been used to describe the special displacement between
two links
[
]
(a). Identity Matrix.
(b). Null Matrix.
(c). D-H Matrix.(d). none of the above.
Lagrangian Function L= f( Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy )=…………
[
]
(a). KE + PE
(b). KE – PE
©. KE ÷ PE
(d). PE ÷KE
Measure of mass distribution……………………..
[
]
(a). Radius of gyration
(b).acceleration
(c). moment of inertia
(d). any of the above.
Inertia Tensor characterizes the …………..distribution of the body in space
[
]
(a). velocity
(b).acceleration (c). Strength
(d). Mass.
inertia tensor for a rectangular body will depends on its
[
]
(a). Length
(b). Breadth
(c). Height
(d). All the above.
the theorem used to relate the inertia tensor of one frame to another
[
]
(a). Pythagoras theorem
(b). Parallel Axes theorem
(c). Super position theorem
(d). any of the above.
Newton – Euler formulation is used to analyze the ……behavior of the manipulator.
[
]
(a). Static
(b). Dynamic
(c). Kinematic (d). Kinetic.
Use of dynamic equations of motion of robot arm
[
]
(a). in computer robotic simulation.
(b). in the design of control equations.
©. To evaluate the kinematic structure of robot arm.
(d). all the above
Dynamic equations of motion of robot arm allows
[
]
(a). Analysis (b). Synthesis
(c). Simulation
(d). All the above.
In Lagrange – Euler Equation
[
]


Where
d  ∂L  ∂L
−
= ............(i = 1,2,3,................n) L – Lagrangian function = KE – PE
dt  ∂ q*  ∂ q*
qi – Generalised co-ordinate
i
 i
(a). Velocity (Vi)
(b). Acceleration (ai)
(c). Torque (Ti)
(d). None of the above
Generalization of scalar moment of inertia…………………..
[
]
(a). Polar moment of inertia
(b). Inertia tensor
(c). Centre of mass
(d). None of the above.
in Inertia Tensor. all the elements are………………..
[
]
14
(a). Zeros
(b). Zeros Except diagonal elements
(c). Ones
(d). Can’t say
Euler’s equation gives
(a). Force acting on the body
(b). Velocity of the body
©. Acceleration of the body
(d). Torque acting on the body
19.
Newton’s equation gives the relationship between
(a). Torque, mass, jerk
(b). Force, mass, acceleration
©. Power, force, velocity
(d). Energy, mass, velocity
18.
20.
Differential change in the manipulator can be computed by……………….
(a). Jacobian
(b). Inverse Jacobian
(c). Any of the above
(d). None of the above.
21
Trajectory planning satisfies…………
b) Only path constraints
c) Only path specifications
d) Only dynamic constraints
e) All the above.
22
An N-joint manipulator will have………….number of trajectories.
b) N
c) (N+1)
d) (N-1)
e) (N+2).
23
Quaternion Representation of a trajectory is generally used for
a) Closed mechanics
b) Special mechanics
c) (a) and (b)
d) None of the above.
24
If S is a scalar part of Q and V=ai+bj+ck then unit quaternion is equal to S+ ai+bj+ck
Where S2+a2+b2+c2=……………
a) 0
b) a
c) 1
d) 2
25
example for power transmission system
a) pulley
b) gear
c) screw
d) all the above
26
type of actuator used in robot to move sizable loads
b) hydraulic
c) pneumatic
d) electrical
e) mechanical
27
type of actuator used in over damped applications.
a) hydraulic
b) pneumatic
c) electrical
d) mechanical
28
type of actuator used in PICK and PLACE robot.
a) hydraulic
b) pneumatic
c) electrical
d) mechanical
29
the stepper motor can be operated in
a) closed loop manner
b) an open loop manner
15
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
c) (a) and (b)
d) none of the above.
Most costly actuator
a) hydraulic
b) pneumatic
c) electrical
d) mechanical
The actuator which gives high positional accuracy
a) hydraulic
b) pneumatic
c) electrical
d) mechanical
Stepper motor works based on the principle of
b) Minimum reluctance
c) Maximum reluctance
d) Minimum resistance
e) Maximum resistance.
If S is a scalar part of Q and vector V=ai+bj+ck then (S-V) is……… of Q
a) Normal
b) conjugate
c) reciprocal
d) none of the above
Path end points can be specified in…………..
b) Joint co-ordinates
c) Cartesian co-ordinates
d) (a) and (b)
e) none of the above
An N-joint manipulator will have………….number of trajectory segments
a) 3N
b) 5N
c) (a) and (b)
d) none of the above
Mathematical functions used in trajectory planning problems.
b) Fourier (b) laplace
(c) polynomial (d) all the above.
37
a)
b)
c)
d)
38
b)
c)
d)
e)
39
b)
c)
d)
e)
40
a)
Methods used in straight line trajectory planning.
Cartesian path control
bounded deviation joint path
(a) and (b)
none of the above
product of two quaternion is a
scalar
vector
quaternion
none of the above
characteristic of Pneumatic actuator
under damped applications
fast movements
accurate movements
all the above
discrete motion of the manipulator possible by
hydraulic
(b)pneumatic (c) stepper motor
(d) mechanical
16
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
[
]
17
Code: 9A03702
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Supplementary Examinations, May 2013
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
(b)
8.
(b)
Max Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
List out and discuss about the basic elements of an
automated system.
List out the various types of flow lines. Discuss flow line
with and without buffer storage.
What are the considerations to be made in assembly line
design?
Explain various configurations of robot with neat
sketches.
Explain in detail about DH representation of robot with a
suitable example.
Discuss the following methods of robot programming:
(i) Lead through teaching.
(ii)Walk through teaching.
(iii) Off-line programming.
( Classify different sensors and actuators used in robotics.
Discuss the working of following actuators:
(i) Pneumatic actuators.
(ii) Hydraulic actuators.
( What are the desirable features of a robot for successful machine tool
load/unload applications?
Describe the applications of a robot in press working
operation
18
Code: R5 321305
R5
B.Tech III Year II Semester (R05) Supplementary Examinations, April / MAY 2012
ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
(Electronics and Control Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All
questio
ns carry
equal
marks
1
a What are the various generation of robotics? Briefly explain the importance of each.
(b)
2
Write short notes on dynamic stabilization of robotics.
( Discuss the working principle of hydraulic drives with the help of neat sketch.
(b)
3
Distinguish between electric drives and pharmamatic drives.
( Write short notes an path determination in robotics.
(b)
4
(b)
5
(b)
6
7
8
Discuss the working principle and advantage of fiber optic sensors in robotics.
( With a neat sketch describe the working of pneumatic actuator.
Discuss the design consideration of robotic gripper.
( Define ‘work envelope’ and discuss the jacobian work envelope for any type of robotic configuration.
What are the advantages of using robot programming languages?
Discuss the various Hillelimbing techniques in robotic.
What are the various robot programming software packages? Explain theircharacteristics.
( Explain the considerations to be mode in the design of a robot work cell.
(b)
Write short notes an robot machine interface.
19
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Class : IV B.Tech (I sem)
DESCRIPTIVE TYPE
UNITS: V,VI,VII,VIII
AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS
1.
Find the manipulator Jacobian matrix J (q) of the five axis spherical co-ordinate robot. [16]
2.
Explain Direct and Inverse dynamics with a block diagram applied to a simple task.[16]
3.
A manipulator with a single link is to rotate from θ (0) = 300 to θ (2) = 1000 in 2 seconds. The joint velocity and
acceleration are both zero at the initial and final positions. [16]
(a)
Determine the co-efficients of a cubic polynomial that accomplishes the motion.
(b)
Determine the co-efficients of a quartic polynomial that accomplishes the motion and
(c)
Determine the co-efficients of a quintic polynomial that accomplishes the motion.
4.
Under what conditions a hydraulic motor is preferred, compared to stepper or DC servomotor. Briefly explain the
functioning of a hydraulic motor. [16]
5.
Find the manipulator Jacobian matrix J (q) of the five axis spherical co-ordinate robot. [16]
6.
Derive the expression for joint torques for a planar R-P robotic manipulator using Lagranze-Euler formulation.
[16]
7.
An automated guided vehicle has to be designed to aid visually disadvantages people. What strategy would you
adopt to avoid obstacles and path planning?[16]
8. (a) Explain various devices used as position sensors in robots. [8]
(b)
Discuss any one device that can be used as velocity sensor in robot. [8]
9.
Find the manipulator Jacobian matrix J (q) of the five axis spherical co-ordinate robot. [16]
10.
In the re cursive Newton Euler equations of motion referred to its own link co ordinate frame, the matrix (iRo Ic
oRi)is the inertial tensor of link i about the ith co ordinate frame. Derive the relationship between the matrix and the
pseudo inertica matrix Ji of the Lagrange - Euler equations of motion. [16]
11. (a) What are the conditions under which a position sensor is preferred versus encoder based systems? Where are
encoders placed with respect to drive system and where are position sensors placed? Can both the systems be used on the
same robot? [12]
(b)
Why are absolute encoders preferred?
12.
Consider a two-link robot arm and assume that each link is 1 m long. The robot arm is required to move from an
initial position (xo, yo) = (1.96, 0.50) to a final position (xf , yf ) = (1.00 , 0.75). The initial and final velocity and
acceleration are zero. Determine the co-efficients of a cubic polynomial at each joint to accomplish the motion. [16]
13.
Under what conditions a hydraulic motor is preferred, compared to stepper or DC servomotor. Briefly explain the
functioning of a hydraulic motor. [16]
14. (a) Discuss robot trajectory planning? [8]
(b)
Explain the general guidelines for planning a joint interpolated motion trajectory. [8]
15. (a) Explain the control loops using current amplifier for the robot joint motions mentioning the response equations
involved. [8]
(b)
What is path planning and explain why path planning is required for a robotic system. [8]
16. (a) Explain the Lagrange Euler’s formulation for robot arm. [8]
(b)
Differentiate clearly with reference to 2- jointed manipulator of RR type and LL type. [8]
17.
Trajectory planning and motion control determines the type of actuator required, explain three different systems,
one with hydraulic, one with pneumatic and one with electrical actuator. Provide detailed justification. [16]
18.
Explain a 3-5-3 trajectory plan to represent a pick and place movement for an
assembly operation. [16]
19.
Explain the different types of actuators that can be used for the robot joints. [16]
20.
Distinguish clearly between forward Newton - Euler equations and Forward Newton-Euler equations and
backward Newton euler Equations, with a simple example.[16]
21. (a) What is path planning? Explain the need for path planning. [6]
20
(b)
Differentiate between path planning and trajectory planning. [4]
(c)
What are the drawbacks of incremental encoders? [6]
22. (a) Draw the figure of a hydraulic system of robot and show how the out put shaft velocity is proportional to the flow
of the oil in motor-pump combination for a hydraulic system. [10]
(b)
Compare and contrast hydraulic and Electrical actuators. [6]
23.
Define rotation transformation and explain how to represent the transformation for rotation of an angle ‘θ’about x
, y and z-axis.
24.
What is a forward kinematics problem? Explain Denavit-Hartenberg convention for selecting frames of reference
in robotic application. [16]
25.
Write and explain the algorithm for deriving the forward kinematics for any manipulator based on D-H
convention.
Perform the forward transformation for the five axis Microbot using the following data.
Link
a
α
θ
d
1.
0
-90
θ1
d1
2.
a2
0
θ2
0
3.
a3
0
θ3
0
4.
a4 +
900
θ4
0
5.
0
0
θ5
d5
AUTOMATION IN MANUFACTURING
1. a) Draw the simple block diagram of pneumatic circuit and discuss it briefly.
b) What are the different types automation? Discuss them briefly.
2. a) Discuss the general methods of transporting work pieces on flow lines.
b) Discuss the advantages and limitations of the continuous transfer mechanisms.
3. a) Discuss the general terminology used in the analysis of an automated flow line.
b) Discuss briefly about the following terms used in automated flow lines:
(i) Buffer stock effectiveness (ii) Partial Automation
4. a) What are the various assembly systems used in industry to accomplish the assembly processes.
b) Explain the steps used in solving the line balancing problem by using Largest Candidate Rule method.
5. a) Explain briefly the important principles of material handling.
b) Describe the following conveyors used in material transport systems:
(i) Roller and Skate wheel conveyors (ii) Belt conveyors.
6. a) Explain the various objectives for installing an automated storage system in a factory.
b) Explain the various applications of carousal storage systems.
7. a) Explain the advantages of using adaptive control systems in turning operation.
b) Discuss the comparisons between adaptive machining and non-adaptive machining.
8. a) What is stereo lithography? Describe the stereo lithography with the help of neat sketch.
b) What is Concurrent Engineering and what are its important components?
1. a) Explain the following types of Automation:
(i) Programmable Automation (ii) Fixed Automation
b)What are the important pneumatic components used in automated system?Describe briefly.
21
2. a)With the help of neat sketches, explain the following linear transfer mechanisms:
i) Powered Roller Conveyor System
ii) Walking Beam Transfer System
b) Explain the advantages and limitations of synchronous transfer mechanisms.
3. a) Explain how the efficiency of the flow line increases by adding one or more parts storage buffers between work
stations along the line.b) Discuss the analysis of a two-stage automated flow line.
4. a) What is ranked positional weight value? Explain its importance in solving line balancing problems by using Ranked
Positional Weights Method.
b) Discuss any four methods that should be considered by the designer of a flow line for improving the efficiency of the
assembly line.
5. a) Explain the advantages of implementing various principles of material handling.
b) Describe the following conveyors used in material transport systems:
(i) In-floor tow-line conveyor (ii) Overhead trolley conveyor.
6. Define AS/RS. Describe the various basic components of AS/RS.
7. a) Explain the advantages of using adaptive control systems in turning operation.
b) Enumerate the differences between ACO and ACC types of adaptive control.
8. a) What are the advantages of various Rapid Prototyping techniques?
b) Briefly explain the software configuration of Business Process Reengineering.
1. a) Explain the following types of automation:
(i) Fixed Automation (ii) Flexible Automation.
b) Describe the function and working of the following automated machine tools:
(i) Transfer Machine (ii) Single Station Machine.
2. a) With the help of neat sketches, explain the following linear transfer mechanisms:
(i) Walking Beam Transfer System (ii) Chain Drive Conveyor System
b) Enumerate the differences between synchronous and asynchronous transfer mechanisms.
3. a) What is ‘partial automation’ and what are the reasons for the existence of partially automated production lines in the
shop floors?
b) Discuss the following terms used in the automated flow lines:
(i) Starving of stations (ii) Blocking of stations.
4. a) Explain the different ways in which the work is moved on the line between operator workstations in Manual
Assembly Line.
b) What is Flexible Assembly Line? Discuss its important features.
5. What are the different types of material handling equipment associated with the different plant layouts? Discuss them
briefly.
6. a)Explain the various applications of AS/RS technology.
b)Describe the use of the following components of an AS/RS:
(i) Pickup and deposit stations (ii) Storage structure
7. a) Explain the advantages of using adaptive control systems in turning operation.
b) What is adaptive control? Under what conditions adaptive control is
recommended?
8. a) Explain the solid based Rapid Prototyping process with the help of neat sketch.
b) Explain the objectives of Concurrent Engineering
1. a) Define ‘Fixed Automation’ and ‘Flexible Automation’. Enumerate the differences between them.
b) What are the important mechanical feeding devices used in automated systems? Discuss them briefly.
2. Draw the neat sketches of the following mechanisms and discuss briefly:
a) Rachet and Pawl mechanism
22
b) ‘Over and Under’ type chain drive mechanism
c) Cam mechanism
d) Walking Beam mechanism.
3. a)Discuss the important general terminology used in the analysis of the automated flow lines.
b) What are the two basic approaches used in the analysis of transfer lines without storage? Explain them briefly.
4. a) Briefly discuss the following assembly processes:
(i) Adhesive bonding (ii) Joining Methods
b) With the help of suitable example explain the procedure to solve the line balancing problem by Kilbridge and Wester’s
Method.
5. a) When are the Conveyors used in Automated Material Handling System? What are the different types of conveyor
systems?
b) Discuss them briefly with the help of simple sketches, wherever possible.
6. a) Discuss the advantages of using Automated storage systems in a warehouse.
b) What are the various problems encountered in interfacing handling and storage systems with manufacturing units?
Discuss them briefly.
7. a) Explain the advantages of using adaptive control systems in turning operation.
b) Enumerate the differences between ACO and ACC types of adaptive control.
8. a) Discuss the applications of Rapid Prototyping.
b) Discuss the reasons for implementation of Business Process Reengineering concepts in various companies
ROBOTICS
1. A single cubic trajectory given by q(t) = 30 + t2 – 6t3 is used for a period of 3 seconds. Determine starting and goal
position, velocity, and accelerations of the end-effector. [16]
2.a) Explain the working of Pneumatic actuator. Develop the relationship in case of cylinder type and rotary vane type
actuator.
b) What is the velocity of the piston and the force generated by the piston if the fluid pressure is 12 N/mm2 inside the
cylinder, the piston is 50 mm in diameter and the flow rate is 2.5 cm3/sec? [8+8]
3.a) What are the sequence of operations of robot in the manufacturing cell? Explain.
b) What are the various components of the manufacturing cell? Explain the function of the components in the cell. [6+10]
4. What are the basic components of Industrial robots? Explain the functional of the components briefly. [4+12]
5.a) What is an end effector?
b) Give the classification of grippers.
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper? [4+4+8]
6.a) Find the rotation matrix correspondent to the set of Euler angles ZXZ.
b) What do you mean by equivalent angle and axis? Explain.
[8+8]
7. Explain the method of Assignment of DH frames with the help of an example and define the link parameters. [16]
8.a) Differentiate between geometric Jacobian & analytical Jacobian.
b) Compute the Jacobian matrix for a spherical robotic manipulator. [6+10]
1. Explain the method of Assignment of DH frames with the help of an example and define the link parameters. [16]
2.a) Differentiate between geometric Jacobian & analytical Jacobian.
b) Compute the Jacobian matrix for a spherical robotic manipulator. [6+10]
3. A single cubic trajectory given by q(t) = 30 + t2 – 6t3 is used for a period of 3 seconds. Determine starting and goal
position, velocity, and accelerations of the end-effector. [16]
4.a) Explain the working of Pneumatic actuator. Develop the relationship in case of cylinder type and rotary vane type
actuator.
b) What is the velocity of the piston and the force generated by the piston if the fluid pressure is 12 N/mm2 inside the
cylinder, the piston is 50 mm in diameter and the flow rate is 2.5 cm3/sec? [8+8]
5.a) What are the sequence of operations of robot in the manufacturing cell? Explain.
b) What are the various components of the manufacturing cell? Explain the function of the components in the cell.
23
[6+10]
6. What are the basic components of Industrial robots? Explain the functional of the components briefly. [4+12]
7.a) What is an end effector?
b) Give the classification of grippers.
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper? [4+4+8]
8.a) Find the rotation matrix correspondent to the set of Euler angles ZXZ.
b) What do you mean by equivalent angle and axis? Explain. [8+8]
1.a) What is an end effector?
b) Give the classification of grippers.
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper? [4+4+8]
2.a) Find the rotation matrix correspondent to the set of Euler angles ZXZ.
b) What do you mean by equivalent angle and axis? Explain. [8+8]
3. Explain the method of Assignment of DH frames with the help of an example and define the link parameters. [16]
4.a) Differentiate between geometric Jacobian & analytical Jacobian.
b) Compute the Jacobian matrix for a spherical robotic manipulator. [6+10]
5. A single cubic trajectory given by q(t) = 30 + t2 – 6t3 is used for a period of 3 seconds. Determine starting and goal
position, velocity, and accelerations of the end-effector. [16]
6.a) Explain the working of Pneumatic actuator. Develop the relationship in case of cylinder type and rotary vane type
actuator.
b) What is the velocity of the piston and the force generated by the piston if the fluid pressure is 12 N/mm2 inside the
cylinder, the piston is 50 mm in diameter and the flow rate is 2.5 cm3/sec? [8+8]
7.a) What are the sequence of operations of robot in the manufacturing cell? Explain.
b) What are the various components of the manufacturing cell? Explain the function of the components in the cell. [6+10]
8. What are the basic components of Industrial robots? Explain the functional of the components briefly. [4+12]
1.a) What are the sequence of operations of robot in the manufacturing cell? Explain.
b) What are the various components of the manufacturing cell? Explain the function of the components in the cell. [6+10]
2. What are the basic components of Industrial robots? Explain the functional of the components briefly. [4+12]
3.a) What is an end effector?
b) Give the classification of grippers.
c) What is a mechanical gripper? What are the two ways of constraining the part in the mechanical gripper? [4+4+8]
4.a) Find the rotation matrix correspondent to the set of Euler angles ZXZ.
b) What do you mean by equivalent angle and axis? Explain. [8+8]
5. Explain the method of Assignment of DH frames with the help of an example and define the link parameters. [16]
6.a) Differentiate between geometric Jacobian & analytical Jacobian.
b) Compute the Jacobian matrix for a spherical robotic manipulator. [6+10]
7. A single cubic trajectory given by q(t) = 30 + t2 – 6t3 is used for a period of 3 seconds. Determine starting and goal
position, velocity, and accelerations of the end-effector. [16]
8.a) Explain the working of Pneumatic actuator. Develop the relationship in case of cylinder type and rotary vane type
actuator.
b) What is the velocity of the piston and the force generated by the piston if the fluid pressure is 12 N/mm2 inside the
cylinder, the piston is 50 mm in diameter and the flow rate is 2.5 cm3/sec? [8+8]
24
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech. IV-I Sem (M.E)
T
P
C
4
0
4
(9A03701) OPERATIONS RESEARCH
UNIT – I
Development – Definition– Characteristics and Phases – Types of models – operation Research models– applications.
ALLOCATION : Linear Programming Problem Formulation – Graphical solution – Simplex method –Artificial variables techniques
-Two–phase method, Big-M method – Duality Principle-Economic interpretation of duality.
UNIT – II
TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM – Formulation – Optimal solution, unbalanced transportation problem –Degeneracy. Assignment
problem – Formulation – Optimal solution - Variants of Assignment Problem-Traveling Salesman problem.
SEQUENCING – Introduction – Flow –Shop sequencing – n jobs through two machines – n jobs through three machines – Job shop
sequencing – two jobs through ‘m’ machines.
UNIT – III
REPLACEMENT : Introduction – Replacement of items that deteriorate with time – when money value is not considered and
considered – Replacement of items that fail completely, group replacement.
UNIT – IV
THEORY OF GAMES : Introduction – Minimax (maximin) – Criterion and optimal strategy – Solution of games with saddle points
– Rectangular games without saddle points – 2 X 2 games – dominance principle– m X 2 & 2 X n games -graphical method.
UNIT – V
WAITING LINES : Introduction – Single Channel – Poisson arrivals – exponential service times – with finite queue length and non
finite queue length models– Multichannel – Poisson arrivals – exponential service times with finite queue length and queue length
and non finite queue length models.
UNIT – VI
INVENTORY : Introduction – Single item – Deterministic models – Purchase inventory models with one price break and multiple
price breaks – shortages are not allowed – Stochastic models – demand may be discrete variable or continuous variable –
Instantaneous production. Instantaneous demand and continuous demand and no set up cost.
UNIT – VII
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING : Introduction – Bellman’s Principle of optimality – Applications of dynamic programming- capital
budgeting problem – shortest path problem – linear programming problem.
UNIT – VIII
SIMULATION : Definition – Types of simulation models – phases of simulation– applications of simulation – Inventory and
Queuing problems – Advantages and Disadvantages – Simulation Languages.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Operations Research, Taha, PHI
2. Introduction to Operations Research, Hiller & Libermann, TMH.
REFERENCES:
1. Operations Research, A.M. Natarajan, P.Balasubramani, A. Tamilarasi, Pearson
Edu.
2. Operations Research: Methods & Problems, Maurice Saseini, Arhur Yaspan &
Lawrence Friedman
3. Operations Research, R.Panneerselvam, PHI Publ.
4. Operations Research, wagner, PHI Publ.
5. Operations Research, J.K. Sharma, Mac Milan.
6. Operations Research, Wayne L. Winston, Thomson Brooks, Cole
7. Operations Research, R. Veerachari and V. Ravi Kumar, I.K. International
Question Paper Pattern: 5 questions to be answered out of 8 questions
Each question should not have more than 3 bits.
25
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
SUBJECT: OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Semester
: I
Name of the faculty: B. Konda reddy
COURSE OBJECTIVE
At end of the course , the learner will be able to-----------
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Industrial and business applications can be formulated as mathematical equations and solve these equations.
Transportation costs can be calculate with simple techniques.
Assigning the jobs to machines, operators to the machines, salesmen assigning to various regions.
Scheduling the jobs on various machines to minimize the time of completing the jobs.
Machines replacement period can be optimized.
In competitive situations better decision can be made.
Calculate optimum inventory period and costs.
Waiting time of customers or jobs can be reduced.
26
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LESSON PLAN FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013
Class / Semester: IV B.Tech. I Semester
Subject: Operations Research
Unit
Week
2-7-12 TO
7-7-12
9-7-12 TO
14-7-12
No. of
Hours
Topic to be covered
No. of
Hours per
Week
2
3
Overall introduction of the subject, Development of OR Definitions of
OR, Characteristics of OR, Phases in OR, Types of models, Applications
2
3
LP formulation
Graphical solution
5
5
I
20
16-7-12 to
21-7-12
3
2
Simplex Method
Artificial Variables Technique (Big M Method)
23-7-12 to
28-7-12
2
3
2
Two Phase Method,
Duality Principle, Economic interpretation of duality
Transportation Problem: Formulation, Balanced T.P. and Unbalanced T.P.
Optimal solution By MODI and Stepping stone method
30-7-12 TO
04-08-12
II
06-8-12 TO
11-8-12
13-8-12
TO
18-8-12
III
IV
21-8-12 TO
25-8-12
27-8-12 TO
01-9-12
06-09-12 to
08-09-12
10-9-12
TO
15-9-12
V
17-9-12 TO
22-9-12
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
5
2
2
3
24-9-12 to
29-9-12
VI
2
2
01-10-12 TO
06-10-12
VII
No. of
Hours per
Unit
08-10-12 TO
13-10-12
3
2
Degeneracy in transportation problem
Assignment Problem: Formulation, Optimal solution, Variations in
Assignment problem Traveling Salesman Problem
Sequencing: Flow shop Scheduling : n jobs through 2 machines, n jobs
through 3 machines
Job Shop Scheduling : 2 jobs trough m machines
Replacement of items that deteriorate with time when money value is
counted and not counted
Replacement of items that fail completely, Group replacement
Maximin and Minimax Criterion, Optimal strategy, Solution of games
with saddle points, Dominance Principle
Rectangular games without saddle points
Solution to mx2 and 2xn games – Graphical Method
Waiting Lines : Introduction, Single Channel Poisson Arrivals
Exponential service times with infinite population models
Single Channel Poisson Arrivals Exponential service times with finite
population models
Multi channel Poisson arrivals exponential service times with infinite
population
Inventory : Introduction, Single Item Deterministic Models Shortages
allowed and not allowed
Purchase inventory models with one price break
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
7
2
5
9
4
5
10
Purchase inventory models with multiple price break
Stochastic models
5
Dynamic Programming : Introduction, Characteristics, Bellman’s
Principle of optimality, Applications
5
27
13
9
15-10-12 to
20-10-12
22-10-12 to
27-10-12
VIII
29-10-12 to
31-10-12
3
2
2
Capital budgeting problem
Shortest Path Problem
Linear Programming Problem
2
Simulation: Definition, Types of simulation models, Phases of simulation
4
2
2
2
Inventory Problems Queuing Problems
Advantages, Disadvantages, Simulation languages
Total Expected Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to OR / Hamdy Taha / PHI Publications
2. Introduction to OR / Hiller & Libermann
REFERENCES:
1. Operations Research / R. Panner Selvam / PHI Publications
2. Operations Research / P.K.Gupta & D.S.Hira / S. Chand Publications
3. Operations Research / Mahajan / Dhanpat Rai Publications
4. Operations Research / S.D.Sharma / Kedarnath Publications
28
6
4
79
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MID EXAM-I/DESCRIPTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: OPERATIONS RESEARCH
DATE: 03/08/2012 (FN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION: 90 min
*************************************************************************************
Answer any three of the following
1. (a) Explain the following (i) Slack variables (ii) Surplus variables (iii)Artificial variables with respect to LPP.
(b) Solve the following LPP
Max Z = 50x1+ 60 x2
Subjected to
2 x1 + x2 ≤30
3x1 +4 x2 ≤60
x1 ≤10
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0,
2. Four engineers are available to design four projects. Engineer 2 is not competent to design the project B. Given the following
time estimates needed by each engineer to design a given project, find how the engineers should be assigned to projects so as
to minimize the total design of four projects.
Projects
A
B
C
D
1
12
10
10
8
2
14
not suitable
15
11
Designer
3
6
10
16
4
4
8
10
9
7
3.
ABC Limited has three production shops which supply a product to five warehouses. The cost of production varies from shop
to shop and cost of transportation from one shop to a warehouse also varies. Each shop has a specific production capacity and
each warehouse has certain amount of requirement. The costs of transportation are given below.
I
I
II
III
IV
V
supply
A
6
4
4
7
5
100
B
5
3
7
4
8
125
C
3
4
6
3
4
175
Demand
60
80
85
105
70
The cost of manufacturing the product at different production shops is
Shop
Variable Fixed cost
A
14
7000
B
16
4000
C
15
5000
Find the optimum quantity to be supplied from each shop to different warehouses at minimum total cost.
4. A transport company owns three mini buses each of which was purchased for Rs 80000. The costs of running a bus together
with resale value are as follows.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Running cost
3000
3600
4800
5000
8000
11200 15000 20000
Resale value
70000
61000 55000 49000
32000 20000
10000
5000
Two of these buses are two years old while the third one is one year old. The company contemplates replaces the buses
by two full sized buses, each such bus containing 50% more seating capacity than a mini bus.
Estimates of running costs and resale value of each of new buses are given below. While each such bus would cost Rs
120000.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Running cost 3400
3900 4700
5800
7200
9000
12000
16000
Resale value
100000
92000 86000
81000
76000
66000 54000
40000
Should the mini buses be replaced with new full sized buses? If not why ? If yes, when?
5. (a) Briefly explain (i) pure strategy (ii) mixed strategy (iii) optimal strategy
matrix , determine the best strategies and the value of the game.
29
(b) For the following pay off
Player X
P
J
60
Q
R
70
80
Player Y
K
50
70
60
L
40
50
75
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MID EXAM-I/OBJECTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: OPERATIONS RESEARCH
DATE: 03/08/2012 (FN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION: 20 min
*************************************************************************************
1. In the optimal table artificial variable is present in the basis column then the problem has ____solution.
(a) Unique (b) Unbounded (c) infeasible (d) multiple
[
]
2. In the key column all the elements are negative or zero then the problem has _________solution.
(a) Unique (b) Unbounded (c) infeasible (d) multiple
[
]
3. Assignment models are solved by
[
]
(a) Johnson’s method (b) MODI method (c) Hungarian method (d) Least cost method
4. Sequencing models are solved by
[
]
(a) Johnson’s method (b) MODI method (c) Hungarian method (d)Stepping stone method
5. If the probability of failure of a resistor in the first month is 0.2 and total number of resistors in the system 100 , then the
number of resistors failed in the first month is ___
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) 50 (d) none
[
]
6. Write the sequence for the following problem
[
]
Job
1
2
3
Time on m/c A 7
3
8
Time on m/c B 4
9
3
(a) 2,3,1
(b) 1,3,2 (c) 1,2,3 (d) none
7. Find the saddle point for the following game
[
]
B
I
II
III
I
5
7
3
A
II
8
9
1
III
6
4
2
(a) I, II (b) II, III
(c) I, III
(d) III, I
8. The depreciation cost __________ (increases / decreases) with the age of the equipment.
9. What is meant by fair game?
10. If the game is reduced to 3X3 by dominance principle , then the problem is solved by ______method.
11. What is meant by degeneracy in transportation problem?
30
12. Name the methods to find initial feasible solution for transportation problems?
13. Write the dual for the following problem
Max Z = 50x1+ 60 x2 Subjected to 2 x1 + x2 ≤30, 3x1 +4 x2 ≤60, x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0,
[
]
14. In 2 jobs m machines problem, a line at 450represents
(a) Job 1 is idle (b) Job 2 is idle (c) both Jobs are idle
(d) no Job is idle
15. Group replacement is applicable for
[
]
(a) Repairable items (b) Items fail partially (c) Items that fail completely (d) Dissimilar items
16. While sequencing a job , No passing rule is allowed.
TRUE/FALSE
17. Initial basic feasible solution for a transportation problem can be found by MODI method. TRUE/FALSE
18. When money value is changing with time at 10% the discount factor for 2ndyear is _________
19. Operations research is the art of giving bad answers to problems to which otherwise worse answers are given.
TRUE/FALSE
20. The travelling salesman problem is said to be ____________, if the distance between every pair of cities is independent of
the direction of his journey.
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MID EXAM-II/DESCRIPTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: OPERATIONS RESEARCH
DATE: 01/11/2012 (FN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION:
90 min
Answer any three of the following
1. A computer shop has a laser printer. The jobs for laser printing are randomly distributed approximating a Poisson distribution with
mean service rate of 10 jobs per hour, since job pages vary in length (pages to be typed). The jobs arrive at a rate of 6perhour during
the entire 8 hours work day. If the laser printer is valued Rs30/- per hour, determine (a) the percent time an arriving job has to wait (b)
average system time (c) average idle time cost of the printer per day.
2. (a) Derive an expression for basic EOQ model.
(b) Contract has to supply 10000 bearings per day with an automobile manufacturer and he finds that when he starts a production
run he can produce 20000 bearings / day. A cost of holding a bearing in stock per one year is 30 paise and setup cost of production run
is Rs 280/-. How frequently should production run be made?
3. An organization is planning to diversity its business with a maximum utility of Rs 5crores. It has identified three different locations
to install plants. The organization can invest one or more of these plants subjected to the availability of the fund. The different possible
alternatives and their investment (in crores of rupees) and present worth of returns during the useful life (in crores of rupees) of each
these plants are summarized in table. The first row of table has zero cost and zero returns for all the plants. It is known as do-nothing
alternative. Find the optimal allocation of the capital to different plants which will maximize the corresponding sum of the present
worth of returns.
plant 1
Alternative
plant 2
plant 3
cost
return
cost
return
cost
return
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
15
2
14
1
3
3
2
18
3
18
2
7
4
4
28
4
21
-
-
4.(a) Define simulation?
(b) Briefly explain about different simulation languages?
5. Find the optimal order quantity for a product when the annual demand for the products is 5000 units. The cost of storage per unit
per year is 10% of the unit cost and ordering cost per order is Rs 180/-. The unit costs are given below.
Quantity
0≤q1≤500
unit cost
Rs 25.00
31
500≤q2≤1500
RS 24.80
1500≤q3≤3000
Rs 24.60
3000≤q4
Rs 24.40
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MID EXAM-II/OBJECTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: OPERATIONS RESEARCH
DATE: 01/11/2012 (FN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION: 20 min
Name:_______________
Roll no : ____________
______________________________________________________________________________
1. Dynamic programming technique is developed by
[
]
a) Johnson
b) Richard Bellman
c) Hungarian
d) none
2. The cost involved in inventory are
[
]
a) carrying cost
b) ordering cost c) shortage cost d) all of the above
3. Which of the following is not a simulation language
[
]
a) GPSS
b) GPRSc) SIMULA
d) SIMSCRIPT
4. FORTRAN was the intermediate language in the initial day for
[
]
a) GPSS
b) GPRSc) SIMULA
d) SIMSCRIPT
5. SIMULA resembles with
[
]
a) COBOL
b) BASIC
c) ALGOR
d) FORTRAN
6. For the basic EOQ model the minimum inventory cost is
[
]
c) √2RC3C1 d)none
a) √2RC3/C1 b) √2RC1/C3
7. In model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞) the average length of queue
[
]
a) λ/µ(µ- λ) b) λ2/µ(µ- λ)
c) λ/(µ- λ)
d)none
8. In model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞) the average waiting time in system
[
]
c) 1/(µ- λ)
d)none
a) λ/µ(µ- λ) b) λ2/µ(µ- λ)
9. Dynamic programming is also called ___________ optimization.
[
]
a) Bell man's b) Johnson's
c) recursive d) none
10. State Bellman's principle of optimality?
11. Name the assumptions for production model with shortage?
12. Write the Kendal's notation for first come first serve, Poisson arrival exponential distribution multi channel with infinite
population queuing problem?
13. Ordering quantity increases ordering cost value is decreases.
TRUE/FALSE
14. Define service rate?
15.The numbers generated by mid square method are called ___ random numbers.
16. Which costs can vary with order quantity?
[
]
a) unit cost only b) Reorder cost only
c) holding cost only d) all of these
17. Which of the following is not a key operating characteristic for a queuing system?
[
]
a) Utilization factor
b) percent idle time c) average time spent for waiting in system and queue. d) None of the above.
18. A calling population is considered to be infinite when _________________.
19. Define lead time?
20. LPP can be solved by using Dynamic programming technique.
TRUE / FALSE
QUESTION BANK
UNIT-I
32
1.
A confectioner sells two products A and B. The selling price of A is Rs 60 and B is Rs 40. The unit cost of product A is Rs
30 and of B Rs 10. The two products are produced in a common production process. The production process has a capacity of
30000 man hours. It takes three hours to produce a unit of A and one hour to produce unit of B. The market for the product
has been surveyed and confectioner knows that the maximum number of units of A that can be sold is 8000 and B is 12000.
Formulate and solve the equation graphically to maximize contribution.
2. (a) Explain the following (i) Slack variables (ii) Surplus variables (iii) Artificial variables with respect to LPP.
(b) Solve the following LPP
Max Z = 50x1+ 60 x2
Subjected to 2 x1 + x2 ≤30
3x1 +4 x2 ≤60
x1 ≤10
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0,
3. a) Define operations research?
b) Enumerate the main characteristics of operations research?
c) Describe the phases of scientific method in operations research?
4. Find the dual of the following problem and hence or otherwise solve the given problem.
Min Z = 3x1+ 4 x2+ 6 x3
Subjected to x1 + 4x2+ 3x3 ≥2
x1 -2 x2- 6 x3 ≤3
x1+ x2+ x3 ≥1
x1 ≥ 0, x2 ≥ 0,x3≥ 0
5. a) How are the following detected in simplex method?
i) Alternate solution
ii) unbounded solution
iii) Infeasible solution
b) Use simplex method to solve the following LPP
Min Z = 5x+ 6y
Subjected to 2 x + 5y ≥ 1500
3x +y ≥ 1200
x ≥ 0,y ≥ 0,
UNIT-II
1. Solve the following transportation problem.
10
1
7
From
2.
TO
7
6
4
3
8
5
Supply
3
5
7
6
3
3
Demand
3
2
6
4
The owner of a small machine shop has four machinists available to assign to jobs for the day. Five jobs are offered with
expected profit for each machinist on each job as follows.
Jobs
M/C s
3.
M1
A
12
B
28
C
0
D
51
E
32
M2
12
34
11
23
9
M3
37
42
61
21
31
M4
0
14
37
27
30
Assign machinist to jobs which results in overall maximum profit.
A machine operator has to perform three operations, turning, threading, and knurling on different jobs. The time required to
perform these operations (in minutes) for each job is known. Determine the order in which the jobs should be processed in
order to minimize the total time required to work out all the jobs. Also find the minimum elapsed time.
Jobs
1
2
3
4
5
6
33
M/C
4.
Turning
3
12
5
2
9
11
Threading
8
6
4
6
3
1
Knurling
13
14
9
12
8
13
Four engineers are available to design four projects.Engineer2 is not competent to design the project B. Given the following
estimates needed by each engineer to design a given project, find how should the engineers be assigned to projects so as to
minimize the total design of four projects.
Projcects
A
B
C
D
1
12
10
10
8
2
14 not suitable 15
11
3
6
10
16
4
4
8
10
9
7
5. ABC Limited has three production shops which supply a product to five warehouses. The cost of production varies from
shop to shop and cost of transportation from one shop to a warehouse also varies. Each shop has a specific production
capacity and each warehouse has certain amount of requirement. The costs of transportation are given below.
I
I
II
III
IV
V
supply
A
6
4
4
7
5
100
B
5
3
7
4
8
125
C
3
4
6
3
4
175
Demand
60
80
85
105
70
The cost of manufacturing the product at different production shops is
Shop
Variable Fixed cost
A
14
7000
B
16
4000
C
15
5000
Find the optimum quantity to be supplied from each shop to different warehouses at minimum total cost.
UNIT-III
1. A transport company owns three mini buses each of which was purchased for Rs 80000. The costs of running a bus together
with resale value are as follows.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Running cost
3000
3600
4800
5000
8000
11200 15000 20000
Resale value
70000
61000 55000 49000
32000 20000
10000
5000
Two of these buses are two years old while the third one is one year old. The company contemplates replaces the buses
by two full sized buses, each such bus containing 50% more seating capacity than a mini bus.
Estimates of running costs and resale value of each of new buses are given below. While each such bus would cost Rs
120000.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Running cost 3400
3900 4700
5800
7200
9000
12000
16000
Resale value
100000
92000 86000
81000
76000
66000 54000
40000
Should the mini buses be replaced with new full sized buses? If not why ? If yes, when?
2. a) Write a note on replacement of capital items when money value is considered.
b) The following table gives the running costs per year and resale price of a certain equipment whose purchase price is Rs
5000.
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Running cost(Rs)
1500
1600
1800
2100
2500
2900
3400
4000
Resale value (Rs)
3500
200
1700
1200
800
500
500
500
At what year is replacement due?
34
3. a) Explain briefly how the replacement problems are classified?
b) Fleet of cars have increased their costs as they continue in service due to increased direct operating cost and increased
maintenance cost . The initial cost is Rs 350000 and the trade in value drop as time passes until it reaches a constant value of Rs
40000. Given the cost of operating, maintaining, and the trade in value , determine the proper length of service before cars
should be replaced.
Year of service
1
2
3
4
5
Year end trade in value (Rs) 290000
210000
150000 110000
40000
Annual operating cost (Rs) 11500
12800
13600
14000
15000
Annual maintaining
3000
5000
8000
12000
15000
4. A machine has initial investment of Rs 30000 and its salvage value at the end of ‘i’ years of its use is estimated as Rs 30000
(i+1). The annual operating and maintenance cost in the first year is Rs 15000 and increases by Rs 5000 in each year
thereafter. Replacement policy is to be planned over a period of seven years. During this period cost of capital may be taken
as 10% per year. Solve the problem for optimal replacement.
5. A series lamp circuit contains 10000 bulbs. When any bulb fails it is replaced. The cost of replacing a bulb individually is Re
1only. If all the bulbs are replaced simultaneously, the cost per bulb would be Rs 0.35. The percent of surviving, say S(t) at
the end of month ‘t’ and P(t) probabilities of failures during the month are given below:
T
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
S(t) 100
97
90
70
30
15
0
P(t) 0.03
0.07
0.2
0.4
0.15
0.15
What is the optimal replacement?
UNIT-IV
1. (a) Briefly explain (i) pure strategy (ii) mixed strategy (iii) optimal strategy
(b) For the following pay off matrix, determine the best strategies and the value of the game.
Player Y
J
K
L
P
60
50
40
Player X
Q
70
70
50
R
80
60
75
2. a) Briefly explain limitations of game theory.
b) Find the solution of the following
B
I
II
III
A
I
1
3
11
II
8
5
2
3. Solve the following game by LPP
B
1
2
3
1
0
2
2
A
2
3
-1
3
3
4
4
-2
4. a) Briefly explain the properties found in competitive games.
b) Reduce the following game by dominance and find the game value.
Player B
I
II
III
IV
I
3
2
4
0
Player A
II
3
4
2
4
III
4
2
4
0
IV
0
4
0
8
5. Player A is paid Rs 8 if two coins turn both heads and Rs 10 if two coins turn both tails. Player B is paid Rs 3 when the two
coins do not match. Given the choice of being A or B. Which one would you choose and what would be your strategy.
UNIT- V
35
1.
2.
3.
4.
A computer shop has a laser printer. The jobs for laser printing are randomly distributed approximating a Poisson
distribution with mean service rate of 10 jobs per hour, since job pages vary in length (pages to be printed). The jobs
arrive at a rate of 6 per hour during the entire 8 hours working day. If the laser printer is valued Rs 30 per hour,
determine (a) the percent time an arriving job has to wait. (b) average system time. (c) Average idle time cost of the
printer per day.
Assume in a hotel a server is to look after supply of three tables, which would accommodate in total 6 customers.
Assume customers who arrive when all the six seats of the three tables are full. Customers arrive at the average rate of
4 per hour and spend an average of 15 minutes in the hotel. Find (a) the probability a customer can directly sit in a seat
up on his arrival. (b) Expected number of customers waiting for a seat. (c) The time a customer can expect to spend in
the hotel.
In a bank 4 cash counters are operated for drawing money. On average 40 persons arrive in a 4hour day. Each cashier
is to spend 10 minutes on the average on an arrival. If the arrivals are Poisson ally distributed and service times are
according to exponential distribution. Determine (a) average number of customers in the system. (b) average number
of customers waiting in the system. (c) average time a customer spends in the system. (d) the probability that a
customer has to wait before he gets service.
Customers arrive at one teller counter in a bank according to a Poisson distribution with mean 12 per hour. Service
time per customer is exponential with mean 6 minutes. The space in front of the counter can accommodate a maximum
of 10 customers. Other customers can wait out side the space. (a) What is the probability that an arriving customer can
come directly to the counter. (b) What is the probability that an arriving customer will have to wait outside the indicate
space. (c) How long an arriving customer is expected to wait before starting service.
UNIT-VI
1.
(a)Write advantages and disadvantages of inventory.
(b) Certain item costs Rs 235 per ton , the monthly requirement is 5 tons and each time the stock is replenished. There is a
setup cost of Rs 1000. The cost of carrying inventory has been estimated at 10 % of value of stock per year. What is the
optimum order quantity.
2.
Find the optimal order quantity for a product when the annual demand for the products is 500 units. The cost of storage
per unit per year is 10% of the unit cost, and ordering cost per order is Rs 180. The unit costs are given below.
Quantity
unit cost
0 ≤ q1 ≤ 500
Rs 25.00
500 ≤ q2 ≤1500
Rs 24.80
1500 ≤ q3 ≤ 3000
Rs 24.60
3000 ≤ q4
Rs 24.40
3.
(a) Derive an expression for basic EOQ model.
(b) Contract has to supply 10000 bearings per day with an automobile manufacturer and he finds that when he starts a
production run he can produce 20000 bearings per day. A cost of holding a bearing in stock per one year is 30 paise and setup
cost of production run is Rs 280 . How frequently should production run be made.
4. A shop keeper has to decide how much quantity of bread he should stock every week. The quantity of bread demand is
assumed to be continuous random variable with a given probability function f(x) . Let A is Rs 8be ultimate cost of purchasing the
bread B is Rs 20. Unit sale price . C is Rs 2 refund on unit sale bread and D is Rs 5 is the unit penalty cost. Find the optimum
quantity of bread to be stock.
UNIT-VII
1.
Solve the following linear programming problem by using dynamic programming technique.
Maximize Z =Z1 Z 2Z3 Z4
Subjected to constraints Z1+ Z 2 +Z3 +Z4 = 20
2.
Solve the following LPP by using dynamic programming
Maximize Z= 3x1 +8x2
Subjected to x1 +4 x2 ≤ 8
X2 ≤ 2
X1, x2 ≥0
3.
A man is engaged in buying and selling identical item. He operates from a ware house that can hold 500 items. Each
month he can sell any quantity that he chooses up to the stock at the beginning of the month. Each month he can buy as much
36
as he wishes for delivery at the end of the month. So long as his stock does not exceed 500 items. For the next four months he
has the following error free forecasts of the cost sale prices.
4.
Month
I
1
2
3
4
Cost
Ci
27
24
26
28
Sale price
Pi
28
25
25
27
If he currently has a stock of 200 units, what quantity should he sell and buy next four months. Find the solution using
dynamic programming.
An organization is planning to diversity its business with a maximum utility of Rs 5 crores. It has identified three different
locations to install plants. The organization can invest one or more of these plants subjected to the availability of the fund.
The different possible alternatives and their investment (in crores of rupees) and present worth of returns during the useful
life (in crores of rupees) of each these plants are summarized in table. The first row of table has zero cost and zero return for
all the plants. It is known as do nothing alternative. Find the optimal allocation of the capital to different plants which will
maximize the corresponding sum of the present worth of returns.
Plant 1
plant 2
plant 3
Alternative
cost
return cost
return cost
return
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
15
2
14
1
3
3
2
18
3
18
2
7
4
4
28
4
21
UNIT-VIII
1. (a) Write the advantages and disadvantages of simulation?
(b) Define simulation?
2. (a) Briefly explain about different simulation languages?
(b) At Dr. Raju’s clinic patients arrive with an average duration of 12 minutes between one
arrival and next. The average service time is assumed to be 28 min. Simulation the system till 11 am, assuming to be
starting from 9 am immediately after the clinic is opened. Also calculate the average waiting time per patient.
3. A company uses a certain raw material. The consumption pattern is probabilistic as given below and is taken two months
to replenish stocks.
Demand in tons
1
2
3
4
Probability
0.15
0.3
0.45
0.1
The cost of placing an order is Rs 1000 and cost of carrying stock is Rs 50 per month per ton. The average carrying costs
are calculated on the stocks held at end of each month.
The company has two alternatives for the purchase of raw materials as under
Alternative-I : order for 5 tons when the closing inventory of the month plus outstanding order is less than 8 tons.
Alternative-II: order for 8 tons when the closing inventory of the month plus outstanding order is less than 8 tons.
Currently on first April 2013 , the company has a stock of 8 tons of raw material plus 6 tons of ordered two months ago.
The ordered quantity is expected to be received next month. Using the random numbers given below to simulate 12
months consumption till 31/3/2014 and advise the company as to which purchase alternative should be accepted such
that the inventory costs are minimum.
Random numbers are 80,44,67,68,58,74,37,15,12,64,49,24.
QUIZ I to IV units
1.
Define operations research?
2.
Name the phases in operations research?
3.
Name the three phases in scientific method of operations research?
4.
The variable is added to less than are equal to constraint to convert in to equation is called_____________ variable.
5.
The variable is added to equality constraint to avoid mathematical inconvenience is called ___________ variable.
6.
In the optimal table artificial variable is present is present in the basis column then the problem has_______ solution.
a) Unique
b) Unbounded c) infeasible
d) multiple
7.
In the key column all the elements are negative or zero then the problem has_______ solution.
b) Unique
b) Unbounded c) infeasible
d) multiple
37
8.
For any LPP with the same characteristics mirror image problem writing ,then the mirror image problem is called
______problem and original problem is called ________ problem.
9.
Write the dual for the following problem.
Maximize Z= 5x1 +6x2
Subjected to 3x1 +8 x2 ≤ 8
5x1 +9x2 ≤ 4
x1, x2 ≥0
10. In the minimization case LPP, the problem will be optimum, if Cj-Zj values of all columns is negative or zero.
TRUE/FALSE.
11. Name the methods to find initial feasible solution for transportation problem?
12. Assignment models are solved by _____________ method.
a) Jhonson’s
b) MODI
c) Hungarian
d) Least cost
13. Sequencing models are solved by _____________ method.
a) Jhonson’s
b) MODI
c) Hungarian
d) stepping stone
14. What is meant by degeneracy in transportation problem?
15. How you can convert maximization assignment model in to minimization problem?
16. In transportation problem all cell evaluation values are negative or zero, then it will be optimum. TRUE/FALSE.
17. Write the conditions to solve n jobs 3 m/c’s problem by Jhonson’s method, if the jobs has to be processed in the order
ABC?
18. Find the sequence for the following problem.
Job
1
2
3
4
Time on m/c A 7
3
8
6
Time on m/c B 4
9
3
2
19. What is meant by penalty in best starting solution method for transportation problems?
20. Write the assignment for the following
Jobs
1
2
3
1
4
0
1
m/c 2
3
0
2
3
4
1
3
21. Define present worth factor?
22. Find the average life of the bulb from the following table.
Week
1
2
3
4
Probability of failure in that week
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
23. If the total number of bulbs in above problem is 1000, then the how many bulbs failed on an average in every week?
24. If the average group replacement cost is greater than average individual replacement cost, then group replacement policy
adopted is better. TRUE/FALSE
25. Motor cycles are the examples for the items that deteriorate with time. TRUE/FALSE
26. Write the classification of replacement problems?
27. The depreciation cost_____________ ( increases/decreases) with the age of equipment.
28. Write the discount factor formula for n years, if money value is 10%?
29. When money value considered the average cost = total cost / number of years. TRUE/FALSE
30. If the probability of failure of a resistor in the first month is 0.2 and total number of resistors in the system 100, then the
number of resistors failed in first month is ______
a) 100
b) 200
c) 50
d) none
31. What is meant by rectangular game?
32. Define saddle point?
33. What is meant by optimal strategy?
34. State the principle of dominance?
35. Write the algebraic formula to find the value of the game.
B
1
2
38
1
V11
V12
V22
A
2
V21
36. If the game is reduced to 2 X n by dominance principle, then the problem is solved by _________ method.
37. If the game is reduced to 3 X 3 by dominance principle, then the problem is solved by _________ method.
38. Find the saddle point for the following problem.
B
I
II
III
I
5
7
3
A
II
8
9
1
III
6
4
2
39. Name the characteristics of rectangular game?
40. What is meant by fair game?
QUIZ V to VIII units
1.
Write the Kendal’s notation for first come first serve, poisson arrival, exponential distribution, multi channel with infinite
population queuing problem?
2.
In model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean service rate. What is the average waiting time in
system
a) λ/µ(µ-λ)
b) λ2/µ(µ-λ)
c) 1/(µ-λ)
d) none
3.
In model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean service rate. The average length of queue
c) λ /(µ-λ)
d) none
b) λ/µ(µ-λ)
b) λ2/µ(µ-λ)
4.
In model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean service rate. The probability for the system is idle
c) λ/µ
b)1- λ/µ c) 1-µ/λ d) none
5.
In model (M/M/C) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean service rate. The probability for the system is idle
(all the servers are idle)____________
6.
Write the formula for effective arrival rate for the model (M/M/1) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean
service rate?
7.
Dynamic programming is also called ____________ optimization.
8.
Dynamic programming technique is developed by
a) Jhonson’s b) Richard Bellman
c) Hungarian
d) none
9.
State Bellman’s principle of optimality?
10.
Name the assumptions for purchase model with out shortage?
11.
Name the assumptions for production model with shortage?
12.
The cost involved in inventory are
a) Carrying cost b) ordering cost
c) shortage cost
d) all of the above
13.
If ordering quantity increases, ordering cost value decreases. TRUE/FALSE.
14.
Write the formula to find critical ratio for probabilistic inventory model?
15.
If R= demand rate C3 = ordering cost and C1=carrying cost then EOQ for basic EOQ model is
b) 2RC3 / C1
c) 2RC3 C1
d) none
a) 2RC3 / C1
16.
If R= demand rate C3 = ordering cost and C1=carrying cost then minimum inventory cost for basic EOQ model is
b)
17.
a)
18.
a)
19.
a)
20.
a)
21.
a)
2RC3 / C1
b) 2RC1 / C3
c) 2RC3 C1
d) none
Simulation is ______________ of real life problem.
Imitation
b) opposite
c) computer software
d) computer hardware
Simulation is widely used to solve
Queuing problem
b) inventory problem
c) Real life complex
d) all of the above
Which of the following is necessary for simulation
Imaginary numbers
b) complex numbers
c) random numbers
d)none
Which of the following is not a simulation software
GPSS
b) GPRS
c) SIMULA
d)SIMSCRIPT
Simulation is not a must in one of the following cases. Identifyλλ
Designing a wind tunnel of aircraft
b) training military personal on war activities
c) training fire servicemen for fire fighting, if it occurs
d) Transportation of goods
39
22. FORTRAN was the intermediate language in the initial day for
a) GPSS
b) GPRS
c) SIMULA
d)SIMSCRIPT
23. SIMULA resembles with 2
a)COBOL
b) BASIC
c) ALGOR
d)FORTRAN
24. Which of the following is wrong relation in the simple queue model
a) L q = λWq
b) Ws =Wq +µ c) λ= µp
d) Ls= Lq +p
25. In model (M/M/C) (FCFS/∞/∞), λ is mean arrival rate and µ is mean service rate. The traffic intensity is _______________.
26. Aero plane landing on a runway at an aerodrome follows ___________ queue discipline.
27. A T.V repair person spends about 30 min on each job exponentially distributed and is busy for 5 hours in 8hour day. The
mean arrival rate is
a) 10 per 8 hour day b) 5/2 per hour c) 10 per hour
d) 6 per hour
28. If annual demand is square of optimal order quantity then
a) C0 = Cc2 b) C0 = 2Cc
c) C02 = Cc
d) 2C0 = Cc
29. The stock maintained to withstand unknown demand changes is known as
a) de-coupling inventoryb) pipe line inventory
c) Fluctuatory inventory d) anticipatory inventory
30. Total cycle time in case of model with shortage is
a) 2RC3 /C1)(C1 +C2)/C2
b) (2RC3 /C1) C2 /( C1 +C2)
c) (2C3 /RC1) C2 /( C1 +C2) d) none
31. In F-S-N analysis of inventory control ‘S’ represent as_____________.
32. The operating doctrine of inventory models is to find ____________and __________ to order.
33. An Erlangian service distribution for poisson arrival of single service in a limited size queue selected at random is represented
in Kendal-Lee notation as ________.
34. Given traffic intensity = 0.75, the server will be idle for ____________ hours in a 8 hour day.
35. Define rate of service?
36. The characteristics of queue model are independent of ____________.
37. Given traffic intensity = 0.5, the server will be idle for ____________ hours in a 8 hour day.
38. The number generated by mid square method are called _______________numbers.
39. The code name “Monte- Carlo Simulation” is given by ___________________________.
40. Face validity is concerned with_________________.
Code :R7410301
IV B.Tech I Semester (R07) Regular Examinations, Nov/Dec 2010
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
1
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) De¯ne and explain the following terms used in linear programming
i. Objective function iii. Constraints
ii. Feasible solutions iv. Optimal solutions
(b) Solve the following LPP and its dual by simplex method
MaxZ = 5x1 + 12x2 + 4x3
Subject to x1 + 2x2 + x3 · 5
2x1 ¡ x2 + 3x3 = 2
40
x 1; x 2; x 3 ¸ 0
Verify that the solutions of primal can be read from the optimal table of the dual and vice versa.
2. (a) Explain the Hungarian method to solve an assignment problem
(b) A company has six jobs which go through three machines x,y and 2 in the order xyz. The processing time in minutes for each
job on each machine is as follows.
Jobs Machine
123456
x 18 12 29 36 43 37
y 7 12 11 2 6 12
z 19 12 23 47 28 36
What should be the sequence of the jobs that will minimize total elapsed time and ideal time for each machine
3. A manufacturer is o®ered two machines A and B. Machine A is priced at Rs 10,000 and running costs are estimated as Rs 1600 for
each of the ¯rst ¯ve years, increasing by Rs. 400 per year with sixth and subsequent years. Machine B which has the same capacity as
A, costs Rs 5000 but will have a running costs of Rs 2400 per year for six years, increasing by Rs 400 per year thereafter. If money is
worth 10% per year, which machine should be purchased?
Assume that the machine will eventually be sold for scrap at a negligible price.
4. (a) Explain the graphical method of solving 2xn and mxz games.
(b) Solve the following game after reducing it to a 2x2 game.
Player B
Player A
B1 B2 B3
A1 1 7 2
A2 6 2 7
A3 5 1 6
5. (a) What do you understand by
i. Queue discipline
ii. Arrival pattern
iii. Service pattern
(b) In a railway marshally yard, goods trains arrive at a rate of 30 trains per day. Assuming that the inter arrival time follows an
exponential distribution and service time distribution is also exponential with an average of 36 minutes. Calculate.
i. Expected queue size
ii. Probability that the queue exceeds 10.
If the input of trains increases to an average of 33 per day, what will be the change in (i) and (ii).
6. (a) Clearly explain with suitable examples the different costs that will involved in the inventory problems.
(b) A contractor has to supply 10,000 bearings per day to an automaker manufacturer. He ¯nds that when he
starts production run, he can produce 25,000 bearings per day. The cost of holding a bearing in stock for
a year is Rs 2 and the set up cost of a production run is Rs 180. How frequently should production can be
made?
7. Use dynamic programming to solve the following linear programming problem
Maximize z = 3x1 + 5x2
subject to
x1 · 4
x2 · 6
3x1 + 2x2 · 18
x 1; x 2 ¸ 0
8. (a) What are random numbers? What are random number useful in simulations models?
(b) What is Monte Carlo simulation? Describe the idea of experimentation in simulation.
Code :R7410301
IV B.Tech I Semester (R07) Regular Examinations, Nov/Dec 2010
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
2
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) What is operations research? State the opportunities and shortcomings of operations research.
41
(b) Solve the following problem by using two - phase simplex method.
Min: Z = x1 ¡ 2x2 ¡ 3x3
Subject to
¡2x1 + 3x2 + 3x3 = 2
2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 1
x1; x2; x3 > 0
2. (a) Explain brie°y about unbalanced transportation problem and degenerate case in transportation
problem.
(b) A salesman estimates that the following would be the cost on his route, visiting the six cities as
shown in the table below.
To city From city
123456
1 x 20 23 27 29 34
2 21 x 19 26 31 24
3 26 28 x 15 36 26
4 25 16 25 x 23 18
5 23 40 23 31 x 10
6 27 18 12 35 16 x
The salesman can visit each of the cities once. Determine the optimum sequence he should follow
to minimize the total distance travelled. What is the total distance travelled?
3. (a) Explain how the theory of replacement is used in the following problems.
i. Replacement of items whose maintenance cost varies with time.
ii. Replacement of item that fail completely.
(b) The cost of new machine is Rs 4000, The maintains cast of nth year is given by Rn = 500(n-1),
n=1,2,.. Suppose that the discount rate per year is 0.05. After how many years, will it be economical to replace
the machine by a new one.
4. (a) Explain the following:
i. Principles of dominance
ii. Pure strategy in game theory.
(b) A company is currently involved in negotiations with its union on the upcoming wage contract, positive
signs in the table represent wage increase while negative sign represents wage reduction.What are the optimal
strategies for the company as well as the union? What is the game value?Conditions costs to the company (Rs in
Lakhs)Union Strategies Company Strategies
U1 U2 U3 U4
C1 0.25 0.27 0.35 -0.02
C2 0.20 0.06 0.08 0.08
C3 0.14 0.12 0.05 0.03
C4 0.30 0.14 0.19 0.00
5. (a) State and explain the basic elements of queues.
(b) A post o±ce has 3 windows providing the same service. It receives an average 300 customers per hour.
Arrivals are poisson distribution and service time is exponential distribution. Each windowserves on an average
12 customers per hour
i. What is the probability that a customer will be served immediately?
ii. What is the probability that a customer will have to wait?
iii. What are the average number of customers in the systems?
iv. What is the average total time a customer must spend in the post office?
Page 1 of 2
6. (a) What is economic order quantity? Derive the formula for determining EOQ for inventory model
with uniform demand.
42
(b) The demand of an item is uniform at a rate of 20 units per month. The ¯xed cost is Rs 10 each time a
production run is made. The product cost is Rs 1 per item, and the inventory carrying cost is Rs 0.25 per item
per month. If the shortages cost is Rs 1.2 per item per month; determine how often to make a production run
and on what size it should be?
7. Use dynamic programming to solve the problem Minmize Z = x2
1+x2
2+x2
3 Subject to
x1:x2:x3= 6
x1 ; x2 ; x 3 ¸ 0
8. (a) Explain what factors must be considered when designing a simulation experiment.
(b) Explain how simulation can be applied in the case of inventory control, where the demand is
probabilistic and lead time is random.
43
3
Code :R7410301
IV B.Tech I Semester (R07) Regular Examinations, Nov/Dec 2010
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Give a general mathematical formulation of L.P problem.
(b) Solve the following L.P Problems using Chan's Big- M method
Max:Z = 2x1+x2+3x3
Subject to x1+x2+2x3 · 5
2x1+3x2+4x3= 12
x1; x2; x3 ¸ 0
2. (a) Explain with an example the North - West corner rule, the Least cost method and the Vogel's approximation
method for obtaining an initial basic feasible solution of the transportation problem.
(b) Find the sequence that minimize the total time required in performing the following jobs on three machines in the order ABC,
Processing (in hours) are given in the following table.
Jobs 1 2 3 4 5
A 8 10 6 7 11
B56234
C49865
3. (a) Describe the di®erent factors which are responsible to replace the equipment although it may be running.
(b) The following mortality rates have been observed for a certain types of light bulbs.
Month 1 2 3 4 5
Percentage failing by month end
10 25 50 80 100
There are 1000 bulbs in use and it costs Rs 10 to replace an individual bulb which has been burnt out if all bulbs were replaced
simultaneously, It would cost Rs. 2.5 per bulb. It is proposed to replace all the bulbs at ¯xed intervals and individually those which
fails between the intervals . What would be the best policy to adopt?
4. (a) Explain the two person zero - sum game, give suitable example.
(b) Use the graphical method for solving the following game and ¯nd the value of the game.
Player B
Player A
B1 B2 B3 B4
A1 2 2 3 -2
A2 4 3 2 6
5. (a) What is queuing problems? Explain steady state and transient state queuing systems.
(b) A self service employs one casher at its counter. 9 customers arrive on an average every 5 minutes, while the
cashier can serve 10 customers in 5 minutes. Assume Poisson distribution for arrival rate and exponential distribution for service rate,
¯and.
i. Average number of customers in the system.
ii. Average number of customers in queue or average queue length.
iii. Average time a customer spends in the system.
iv. Average time a customer waits before being served.
6. (a) What are inventory models? Enumerate various types of convening models and describe then brie°y.
(b) An item is to be supplied at a constant rate of 300 units per day. Supplier of any amount can be obtained at
any required time but each ordering cost Rs 60; Cost of holding the items in inventory is Rs 2.00 per unit per
day while the delay in the supply of the item causes a penality of Rs 18 per unit per day.
i. Find the optimal policy (Q,t) , where t is the reorder cycle period and Q is the order quantity.
ii. What would be the best policy, if the penalty cost becomes in¯nite?
7. (a) State the bell man's \Principle of optimality" and explain by an illustration example how it can be used to
solve a multistage decision problem.
(b) What is the dynamic recursive relation? Describe general process of forward and backward computation in
dynamic programming.
8. (a) De¯nd simulation. Why is simulations used?
(b) Why would an analyst even prefer a general purpose Language such as FORTRAN (or) BASIC in a simulation
when there are advantages of using special purpose languages such as GPSS or SIMSCRIPT?
44
4
Code :R7410301
IV B.Tech I Semester (R07) Regular Examinations, Nov/Dec 2010
OPERATIONS RESEARCH
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Give three defnitions of operations research. Explain briefy the applications of operations research.
(b) A company is manufacturing two different types of products A and B. Each product has to be processed on two machines M1 and
M2. Product A requires 2 hours on machine M1 and 1 Hour on machine M2. Product B requires 1 hour on Machine M1 and 2 hours on
machine M2. The available capacity of machine M1 is 104 hours and that of machine M2 is 76 hours. Profit per unit for the product A
is Rs 6 and that for B is Rs 11.
i. Formulate the problem.
ii. Find out the optimal solution by Simplex method.
2. (a) Give the mathematical formulation of Assignment Problem
(b) A Steel company has three open hearth furnaces and ¯ve rolling mills. Transportation cost ( rupees per quintal), for shipping steel
from furnaces to rolling mills are shown in the following table.
Mills Furnaces
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Capability (in quintals)
F1 4 2 3 2 6 8
F2 5 4 5 2 1 12
F3 6 5 4 7 3 14
Requirements(in quintals)
44688
What is the optimal shipping schedule?
3. (a) Explain the following in detail:
i. Individual replacement
ii. Group replacement.
(b) A ¯rm pass Rs 10,000 for its equipments. Their operation and maintenance costs are about Rs 2500 per year
for the first two years and then go up by approximately Rs 1500 per year. When such equipment be replaced?
The discount rate is 10% per year.
4. (a) Explain Minimax and Maxmin principle used in the theory of games.
(b) Solve the game whose pay o® matrix is given below:
Player B Player A
B1 B2 B3 B4
A1 3 2 4 10
A2 3 4 2 4
A3 4 2 4 0
A4 0 4 0 8
5. (a) What do you understand by a queue? Give some important applications of queuing theory.
(b) Customers arrive at one person barber shop according to a Poisson process with a mean inter arrival time of 20 minutes. Customers
spend on an average of 15 minutes in the barber's chair.
i. What is the probability that a new arrival need not wait for the barber to be free?
ii. What is the expected number of customers in the barber shop?
iii. How much time can a customer expect to wait for his turn?
iv. How much time can customers expect to spend in the shop?
6. (a) Describe the EOQ problem with one price break.
(b) A manufacturing company purchases 1000 parts for its annual requirement, ordering one month usage at a time. Each part costs Rs
20. The ordering cost per order is Rs 15 and the carrying charges are 15% of the average inventory per year. You have been assigned
to suggest a more economical purchasing policy for company. What advice would you o®er and how much would it save the
company per year?
7. Determine the values of x1; x2 and x3 so as to
Maximize Z = x1x2x3
Subject to the constraints
x1+x2+x3 = 10
x1; x2; x3 ¸ 0
8. (a) What are the advantages and limitations of simulation model?
(b) Describe the kind of problems for which Monte Carlo will be an appropriate method of solution.
45
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
Course File
Entrepreneurship
IVYear B.Tech (ME) – I Semester
Contents
46
1.
Syllabus
2.
Objective
3.
Lesson Plan
4.
Question Papers – Mid-semester examinations
5.
Question Bank
6.
Previous years’ question papers – JNTUA
Syllabus
47
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech. IV-I Sem (M.E)
T
4
0
P
C
4
(9A03705) ENTREPRENEURSHIP
(Elective-I)
UNIT 1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial Traits, Entrepreneur vs. Manager, Entrepreneur vsIntrapreneur.
The Entrepreneurial decision process.Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development, Ethics and Social responsibility of
Entrepreneurs.Opportunities for Entrepreneurs in India and abroad.Woman as Entrepreneur.
UNIT II : Creating and Starting the Venture, Sources of new Ideas, Methods of generating ideas, creating problem solving, product planning and
development process.
UNIT III: The Business Plan Nature and scope of Business plan, Writing Business Plan, Evaluating Business plans, Using and implementing
business plans. Marketing plan, financial plan and the organizational plan, Launching formalities.
UNIT IV: Financing and Managing the new venture, Sources of capital, venture capital , angel investment, Record keeping, recruitment, motivating
and leading teams, financial controls. Marketing and sales controls.E-commerce and Entrepreneurship, Internet advertising.
UNIT V: New venture Expansion Strategies and Issues, Features and evaluation of joint ventures, acquisitions, merges, franchising. Public issues,
rights issues, bonus issues and stock splits.
UNIT VI: Choosing location and layout, Issues related to Selection of layout.
UNIT VII : Production and Marketing Management Thrust of production management, Selection of production Techniques, plant utilization and
maintenance, Designing the work place, Inventory control, material handling and quality control.Marketing functions, market segmentation, market
research and channels of distribution, Sales promotion and product pricing.
UNIT VIII: Global aspects of Enterprenership.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Entrepreneurship, RobertHisrich, & Michael Peters, 5/e TMH.
2. Entrepreneurship, Dollinger, Pearson, 4/e, 2004.
REFERENCES:
1. Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and Management, Vasant Desai, Himalaya Publ. House, 2004.
2. Harvard Business Review on Entrepreneurship. HBR Paper Back, 1999.
3. Entrepreneurial Management, Robert J.Calvin, TMH, 2004.
4. The Entrepreneurial Connection, GurmeetNaroola, TMH, 2001.
5. Indian Economy, Dutt&Sundaram S. Chand, 2005.
6. Essential of Entrepreneurship and small business management, Thomas W. Zimmerer& Norman M. Scarborough, 4/e PHI, 2005.
7. Industrial Relations & Labour Laws, Srivastava, Vikas, 2005.
8. Industrial Law, ND Kapoor, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2005
Question Paper Pattern :5 questions to be answered out of 8 questions. Each question should not have more than 3 bits.
Objective
The course “ENTRPRENEURSHIP” is designed with the following objectives:
48
1. The student shall gain the understanding and appreciation of the importance
of entrepreneurship particularly in a developing country like India.
2. The student shall gain the insight on “what makes one an entrepreneur?”
taking examples of great entrepreneurs of India and abroad. He will study
the peculiar prospects of women entrepreneurs in India.
3. The steps involved in establishing a new enterprise will be studied starting
from getting ideas to preparing and implementing project plans.
4. The requirement, sourcing and planning of finances required for the
enterprise shall be studied in detail.
5. The student shall gain understanding on how to select a site for the plant and
layout facilities for the new enterprise.
6. Various ways of expansion of the organisation and product diversification
shall be taught.
7. The student shall be imparted knowledge of planning and organising human
resources and techniques of product promotion and marketing.
8. The student will gain appreciation of overall global scenario of
entrepreneurship and an understanding of the issues involved in global
trading.
49
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Class: IV B.Tech ME ( I SEM )LESSON PLAN 2012-13 Subject: EntrepreneurshipC.M.M. Rao
WEEK
No.of
periods
per
week
1. 02.07.12 TO 07.07.12
5
S.NO
2. 09.07.12 TO 14.07.12
UNIT
I
5
3. 16.07.12 TO 21.07.12
5
4. 23.07.12 TO 28.07.12
5
II
5. 30.07.12 TO 04.08.12
5
III
6. 06.08.12 TO 11.08.12
4
7. 12.08.12 TO 18.08.12
4
No. of
Classes
TOPIC
No.of
periods
per unit
1
2
4
2
1
Introduction; What is entrepreneurship?
Entrepreneur- manager- intrapreneur
Qualities of entrepreneurs
Indian entrepreneurship
Women as entrepreneurs.
2
2
2
2
2
Staring new venture
Idea generation
Sources of ideas
Processing ideas
Planning and development
3
3
3
Writing business plan, evaluating business plan
Implementing business plan
Marketing, financial and organizational plan
Financing of new venture
Sources of capital, new venture
Recruiting, motivating and leading
Financing, marketing controls, E-commerce
8
10
10
9
8. 21.08.12 TO 25.08.12
4
2
2
2
2
9. 27.08.12 TO 01.09.12
5
5
Revision of topics covered - Units I to IV
5
10. 06.09.12 TO 08.09.12
2
10.09.12 TO 15.09.12
5
4
Expansion strategies of ventures
Joint ventures
acquisitions and mergers
Public issues, bonus issues, rights issues
Stock splits
11
12. 17.09.12 TO 22.09.12
2
2
2
3
2
13. 24.09.12 TO 29.09.12
5
2
3
Choosing a location
Selection and preparation of layout
VII
2
2
2
2
1
Production techniques, product management
Plant utilization and management
Material handling and inventory control
Market research and sales promotion
Product pricing
9
VIII
3
4
Global aspects of business
Global aspects of entrepreneurship
7
Revision of all topics covered
3
IV
11.
14.
01.10.12 TO 06.10.12
V
VI
4
15. 08.10.12 TO 13.10.12
5
16. 15.10.12 TO 27.10.12
7
17. 29.10.12 TO 31.10.12
3
Text Book :Entrepreneurship - Hisrich
Ref. Books :1) Dynamics of Entrepreneurship – Vasant Desai 2) Indian Economy – Dutt and Sundaram
50
5
Head of the department
Question Papers
Mid-semester examinations
51
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IV B.Tech – Mech (I sem)Mid Exam – I (Objective)
Date : 05-09-2012 (AN)
Max. Marks : 20
Time : 20 min
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Answer all questions
1. Name two famous women entrepreneurs in India ---------------------------------------2. Names of two Financial Institutions helping Indian entrepreneurs ----------------------------------3. Venture capital fund was launched in India in the year -------------------------------4. IRR means -----------------------------------------5. The approach of CPM is --------------------- (event oriented / activity oriented)
6. ----------------------------- ratio indicates the capital structure of a company.
7. The minimum debt-equity ratio specified by government of India for Venture Capital is ---------8. Two types of plant -layout followed for a manufacturing organisation are -------------------------------------------------9. Tata Iron & Steel was established in the year -------------------10. ------------------------ is the bank helping small scale industries.
11. ------------------------ develops and allots industrial plots for small industries.
12. FICCI’s wing to help women entrepreneurs is --------------------------------------13. The phased changes in a product during its life span are depicted as-------------------------------14. Fund required for meeting the short term expenses of the company is called ------------------15. Name two laws regulating Indian industry -----------------------------------------------------16. Cost of investment / cash flow per year is called ------------------------- ( ROI / pay-back period)
17. The biggest exhibition ground in India ----------------------------------18. Dividends distributed to share-holders are proportional to -----------------------------------------19. Name two important trade fairs of India ----------------------------------20.The document issued to the public giving details of the company while inviting to invest in
equity shares is called ----------------------------------------
52
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IV B.Tech – Mech (I sem)Mid Exam – I (Descriptive)
Date : 05-09-2012 (AN)
Max. Marks : 20
Time : 90 min
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Answer any THREE questions.
1. Differentiate between an entrepreneur, intrapreneur and a manager. What are the factors
that motivate or force a person to become an entrepreneur?
2. Can a woman be a successful entrepreneur? Explain giving examples.
3. How does an entrepreneur choose the suitable product while starting a new venture?
4. Describe various components of a business plan. Who should make the project report?
5. What is meant by capital structure? What are the factors on which it should be based?
53
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IV B.Tech – Mech (I sem)Mid Exam –II (Objective)
Date : 03-11-2012
Max. Marks : 20
Time : 20 min
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Answer all questions
1. Absorbing a company so that its identity is lost is called ………………………………
2. Inventory turnover ratio is ……………………………………………………
3. ECGC means …………………………………………………….
4. Time difference between completion date and path length in CPM is called ………………..
5. Planning and monitoring of movement of men and materials is called .……………….
6. Godrej, who were making safes, started making refrigerators. This is an example of
…………………………………………
7. Cost of inventory is ……………………….. + …………………………..
8. In cost plus method of pricing, Selling price = ……………..………. + ……………..
9. The total marketing strategy planned for a product including its pricing, sales promotion and
distribution is called ……………………………………
10. A TV manufacturer started making picture tubes instead of buying them from outside. This is an
example of …………………………………………
11. EOQ means ………………………………………………………………
12. Material handling is not efficient in ………………………….. layout
13. Work in progress is minimum in …………………………. Layout
14. If production involves a few standard products ………………………….. layout is useful
15. When the products can vary widely in design ………………………… layout is preferable
16. Terms and conditions for international exports and imports are specified in GATT.
GATT means …………………………………………………………………
54
17. ABC analysis is meant for controlling inventory on a …………………… basis
18. Financing assistance for exports and imports is provided by …………………………
19. WIP means ………………………………………………….
20.Tax paid to Government of India on goods imported is called ………………………..
55
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
IV B.Tech – Mech (I sem)Mid Exam – II (Descriptive)
Date : 03-11-2012
Max. Marks : 20
Time : 90 min
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Answer any THREE questions.
1. Discuss the role of Ecommerce and internet advertising in a start up venture.
2. What is growth strategy? Discuss various growth strategies for business and their implications.
3. Describe different types of layouts for a manufacturing plant. How would you decide which layout
suits best for your product?
4. What is market segmentation? Discuss the different sales promotion strategies followed in business.
5. Discuss various challenges being faced by business enterprises globally after economic
liberalisation.
56
Question Bank
57
Objective Questions – Entrepreneurship – Units: 1 to 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Tata Iron & Steel company was established by -------------------------------Tata Iron & Steel was established in the year -------------------Name two pioneering entrepreneurs of India -------------------------------------------Name two famous women entrepreneurs in India ---------------------------------------India’s economic liberalisation was pronounced in the year -------------------Names of two Financial Institutions helping Indian entrepreneurs ----------------------------------The biggest exhibition ground in India ----------------------------------Name two important trade fairs of India ----------------------------------Name two oldest large scale industries in India --------------------------------------------Apex body for planning economic activity of India --------------------------------------Venture capital fund was launched in India in the year -------------------------------PERT means -----------------------------------------------CPM means --------------------------------------------------IRR means -----------------------------------------The approach of PERT is --------------------- (event oriented / activity oriented)
The approach of CPM is --------------------- (event oriented / activity oriented)
Cost of investment / cash flow per year is called ------------------------- ( ROI / pay-back period)
Discounted cash flow is used in evaluating ------------------------ (IRR, pay-back period)
----------------------------- ratio indicates the capital structure of a company.
Two types of plant -layout followed for a manufacturing organisation are --------------------------------Export and import financing activities are supported by ----------------------- bank.
----------------------- is meant for training small scale entrepreneurs.
------------------------ is the bank helping small scale industries.
------------------------ develops and allots industrial plots for small industries.
---------------------------- is the organisation helping to cover the risk while exporting from India.
FICCI’s wing to help women entrepreneurs is --------------------------------------DPR means -----------------------------------------The phased changes in a product during its life span are depicted as-------------------------------Fund required for meeting the short term expenses of the company is called -------------------------------------------- are structured term loans raised from public by a company.
Industries supplying specified products to larger corporations on time-based agreements are called -----------------------------SEZ means --------------------------------------------------Name two laws regulating Indian industry -----------------------------------------------------The shares in a company funded by the promoters and the public is called ------------------The money paid to share-holders out of the profits generated by a company is called --------Dividends distributed to share-holders are proportional to ---------------------------------------------------------------- is a plan document showing sources of generating funds and allocating them against
expenditure under different heads.
The document issued to the public giving details of the company while inviting to invest in equity shares is called
----------------------------------------
58
39.
40.
41.
42.
------------------------- is an example of regulation for ensuring safety in factories.
--------------------------- is a legislation for welfare of employees.
The minimum debt-equity ratio specified by government of India for Venture Capital is -------------The promoter’s share should be minimum --------------------- for claiming Venture capital assistance.
Hints:
5. 1992
6. IFC, IDBI
7. PragatiMaidan / New Delhi;
8.IMTEX, AUTOEXPO
9. Textiles, Iron & steel
10. Planning Commission
11. 1988
15.Event
16.Activity 17. Pay-back period 18. IRR
19.Debt/equity
21.EXIM Bank
22.SISI
23. SIDBI
24. SIDCO
25. ECGC
26.FICCI’s Ladies Organisation (FLO)
27. Detailed project report 28.
Product life cycle
29. Working capital 30.Debentures
31.Ancillary industries.
33. Factories
Act, 1948 and Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 34. Equity
35. dividend 36. Face value of shares held by the share-holder 37. Budget
38. Prospectus.
39. IBR (Indian Boilers Regulation) 40. Indian Factories Act, 1948
41. 1:1.5
42. 40%
59
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Question Bank
Unit -1:
1. Define an entrepreneur. What are the distinguishing characteristics of a successful entrepreneur?
2. Write an essay on the origin and growth of entrepreneurship.
3. Differentiate between an entrepreneur, intrapreneur and a manager. What are the factors that
motivate or force a person to become an entrepreneur?
4. Discuss the entrepreneural decision making process for starting a new venture.
5. What is the role of an entrepreneur in a developing economy like India?
6. Can a woman be a successful entrepreneur? Explain giving examples.
Unit -2:
1. Describe the creative process that goes into starting a new business.
2. Explain different sources of ideas to start an enterprise.
3. What is the role of government in initiating an entrepreneur to start a new business?
4. How can trade-fairs and exhibitions help an entrepreneur?
5. How does an entrepreneur choose the suitable product while starting a new venture?
6. What are the steps involved in formulation of a new project?
Unit -3:
1. Explain the nature and scope of a business plan for a new venture.
2. What do you mean by a feasibility study? Why is it necessary?
3. What are the methods of appraisal/evaluation of a business plan?
4. Describe various components of a business plan. Who should make the project report?
5. What is the role of network analysis in formulating a new project?
6. What are various techniques used for evaluating the financial viability of a project?
Unit -4:
1. What are the sources of financing a new venture?
2. What is meant by capital structure? What are the factors on which it should be based?
3. Write notes on i) shares ii)debentures iii) loans
4. What is venture capital? Describe its origin and growth in India.
5. Write notes on i) Angel investment ii) export financing
6. Describe the process of planning, selecting and preparing the manpower required for a new venture.
60
Entrepreneurship:Question bank (objective)Units 5 to 8
1. A company can grow internally by the two strategies …………………………………
2. Godrej, who were making safes, started making refrigerators. This is an example of
……………………………………………
3. A TV manufacturer started making picture tubes instead of buying them from outside. This is an
example of
…………………………………………
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Rights issue of shares means giving share purchase offer to ……………………………..
Bonus shares are allotted to shareholders at …………………………… cost.
Bonus shares issued are in proportion to ……………………………………………………
Rights shares are offered for purchase in proportion to ………………………………………….
Bonus has to be paid to …………………… shareholders before distributing to others
Absorbing a company so that its identity is lost is called ………………………………
Planning and monitoring of movement of men and materials is called ……………………….
PERT means ……………………………………………………………………….
Time difference between completion date and path length in CPM is called …………………..
WIP means ………………………………………………….
Inventory turnover ratio is ……………………………………………………
ABC analysis is meant for controlling inventory on a …………………… basis
Cost of inventory is ……………………………….. + ………………………………..
EOQ means ………………………………………………………………
TQM means …………………………………………………………
SQC means …………………………………………………………….
In cost plus method of pricing, Selling price = ………………….. + ………………………..
Charging high price when a new type of product is launched in the market is called …………………………………….
Charging low price to enter a new market for the first time is called …………………… pricing
Dividing the market into separate groups of buyers and making marketing strategies targeting the group is called
………………………………………
Economy of space is ensured in ………………………………….. layout
Material handling is not efficient in ………………………….. layout
Work in progress is minimum in …………………………. Layout
Flexibility of operation is more in …………………………. Layout
Mass production requires …………………………….. layout
When the products can vary widely in design ………………………… layout is preferable
If production involves a few standard products ………………………….. layout is useful
Production is not affected by interruptions in ……………………….. layout
EPC means …………………………………………………………
GATT was introduced by …………………………………………………..
Terms and conditions for international exports and imports are specified in GATT.
GATT means …………………………………………………………………
Financing assistance for exports and imports is provided by …………………………
Tax paid to Government of India on goods imported is called ……………………………
Exports and Imports are governed by …………………………… ministry in India
ECGC means …………………………………………………….
The total marketing strategy planned for a product including its pricing, sales promotion and distribution is
called ……………………………………
61
41. Branded products are generally ………………………………….. in cost compared to unbranded products
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Hints:
1.
Expansion and diversification
2.
Horizontal diversification
3. Vertical diversification
4. Existing shareholders 5. Free of cost 6.
Number of shares held 7. Number of shares held
8. Preference
9. Merger 10. Scheduling
11. Program evaluation and review technique
12. Slack
13. Work in progress
14. Sales in
one year / inventory held during the year
15. Selective 16. Cost of material + cost of carrying it
17. Economic ordering quantity
18. Total quality management 19. Statistical quality control 20.
Cost of production + profit 21. Skimming
22. Penetration
23. Market segmentation
24.
Product 25. Process 26. Product 27. Process 28. Product 29. Process 30. Combined 31.
Process 32. Export promotion council 33. World Trade Organisation 34. General agreement on
trade and tariffs
35. Exim Bank 36. Customs duty 37. Commerce 38. Export Credit and
Guarantee Corporation 39. Marketing mix 40. More expensive
62
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Assignment Questions: Units 5 to 8
1. Discuss the role of Ecommerce and internet advertising in a start up venture.
2. What is growth strategy? Discuss various growth strategies for business and their implications.
3. What is meant by ‘shares and stocks’ in a company? Discuss the process of issuing shares when a
company goes ‘public’.
4. Discuss the relative merits and demerits between the following when a company decides to expand:
I)
Joint venture
ii) merger
iii) acquisition
iv) franchising
5. On what basis will you choose the location of the plant for a manufacturing company?
6. Describe different types of layouts for a manufacturing plant. How would you decide which layout suits
best for your product?
7. What are the factors you should keep in mind while designing a factory building?
8. What is meant by ‘inventory’? Discuss the importance of inventory control and the ways to control
inventory.
9. Discuss the production planning process in a manufacturing plant.
10. designing a quality system for a factory? What is the meaning of ‘Total Quality Management’? What
are the factors to be considered while
11. Discuss various methods for deciding the price of a new product.
12. What is market segmentation? Discuss the different sales promotion strategies followed in business.
13. Describe the different components of a marketing plan? How is marketing plan related to production
plan?
14. What are ‘intellectual property rights? How are they important in global business?
15. Discuss various challenges being faced by business enterprises globally after economic liberalization.
16. What are the issues involved if a company goes for exporting and importing from abroad? How do
government agencies help them to resolve these issues?
63
Previous years’ Question papers of JNTUA
64
Code:9A03705
B.TECH IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations, November
2012
ENTREPRENEURSHI
Time:3hours
Max.Marks:70
Answer any FIVE
questions
All questions carry equal
marks
1
Explain the differences between the entre-preneurial and managerial domains.
2
(a) Identify various sources of ideas for new ventures.
(b) Discuss methods available for generating new venture ideas.
3
(a) Why positive profits can still result in a negative cash flow?
(b) Explain the application and calculation of the break even point for the new
venture.
(a) Explain the types of financing available.
(b) What is the role of private placement as a source of funds? Explain.
4
5
What are the primary challenges for managing business growth? Explain.
6
What is meant by plant location? Discuss the steps to be taken in choosing a
location for plant.
7
(a) Explain ABC technique of inventory control.
(b) What do you understand by inventory control? Mention its main objectives.
8
(a) Explain importance of marketing channels.
(b) List out the functions of marketing channels.
65
1
Discuss the ethics and social responsibility of entrepreneurs.
2
Discuss creativity and the techniques forcre ative problem solving.
3
(a) What isthe importanceof themanagement teaminlaunchinganew venture?
(b) Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofalternativelegalformsfororganizing
anew venture?
4
Explain the basic stages of venture funding.
5
What are implications of growth for the firm? Discuss.
6
Definetheterm“Location”.Discussthefactorswhichdeterminethelocationofa plant.
7
(a) Distinguish between inspection and quality control.
(b) Discuss these venunder lying principles of total quality management.
8
What is maintenance? Explain briefly total productive maintenance.
1
Explain the role of entrepreneurship in economic development.
2
Discuss the aspects of the product planning are development process.
3
Describetheroleofmarketingresearchindeterminingmarketingstrategyforthe marketing
plan.
4
Explain in detail various valuation approaches.
5
Briefly discuss the risk reduction strategies for new entry exploitation.
6
Mention the types of layout. Briefly describe each.
7
Write Short notes on:
(a)Safety stock
(c)Two-bin system
8
(b)FSN analysis
(d) Inventory turnover ratio
Write a brief note global aspects of entrepreneurship.
66
1
Explain the entrepreneurial decision process in detail.
2
Discuss aspects of e-commerce and starting an e-commerce business.
3
Explain the scope and value of the business plan to investors, lenders, employees,
suppliers and customers.
4
(a) Explain small business administration loans.
(b) What the various aspects of research and development limited partnerships?
5
How resources are involved in the generation of opportunities? Explain.
6
(a) Discuss the objectives of a good layout.
(b) What is fixed position layout? Explain with examples.
7
(a) What is job design? State its objectives.
(b) State and explain various factors affecting job design.
8
Explain in brief various important distribution channels.
67
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR
B.Tech. IV-I Sem (M.E)
T
P
C
4
0
4
(9A03710) POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
(ELECTIVE - II)
UNIT – I
Introduction to the Sources of Energy – Resources and Development of Power in India.
STEAM POWER PLANT : Plant Layout, Working of different Circuits, Fuel and handling equipments, types
of coals, coal handling, choice of handling equipment, coal storage, Ash handling systems.
UNIT II
STEAM POWER PLANT : COMBUSTION PROCESS : Properties of coal – overfeed and underfeedfuel
beds, traveling grate stokers, spreader stokers, retort stokers, pulverized fuel burning system and its
components, combustion needs and draught system, cyclone furnace, design and construction, Dust collectors,
cooling towers and heat rejection. Corrosion and feed water treatment.
UNIT – III
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PLANT : DIESEL POWER PLANT: Introduction – IC Engines,
types, construction– Plant layout with auxiliaries – fuel supply system, air starting equipment, lubricationand
cooling system – super charging.
UNIT IV
GAS TURBINE PLANT : Introduction – classification - construction – Layout with auxiliaries – Principles of
working of closed and open cycle gas turbines. Combined Cycle Power Plants and comparision.
UNIT – V
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT: Water power – Hydrological cycle / flow measurement – drainagearea
characteristics – Hydrographs – storage and Pondage – classification of dams and spill ways.
HYDRO PROJECTS AND PLANT: Classification – Typical layouts – plant auxiliaries – plant operation
pumped storage plants.
UNIT VI
POWER FROM NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES: Utilization of Solar- Collectors- Principle of
Working, Wind Energy – types – HAWT, VAWT -Tidal Energy.
DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION: Solar energy, Fuel cells, Thermo electric and Thermo ionic, MHD
generation.
UNIT – VII
NUCLEAR POWER STATION : Nuclear fuel – breeding and fertile materials – Nuclear reactor –
reactor operation.
TYPES OF REACTORS: Pressurized water reactor, Boiling water reactor, sodium-graphite reactor, fastBreeder
Reactor, Homogeneous Reactor, Gas cooled Reactor, Radiation hazards and shielding – radioactive waste
disposal.
UNIT – VIII
POWER PLANT ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: Capital cost, investment of
fixed charges, operating costs, general arrangement of power distribution, Load curves, load duration curve.
Definitions of connected load, Maximum demand, demand factor, average load, load factor, diversity factor –
related exercises. Effluents from power plants and Impact on environment – pollutants and pollution standards –
Methods of Pollution control
TEXT BOOK:
1.
A Text Book of Power Plant Engineering , Rajput , Laxmi Publications
2.
Power Plant Engineering, P.C.Sharma , S.K.Kataria Pub
REFERENCES:
68
1. Power Plant Engineering, P.K.Nag, II Edition, TMH.
2. Power plant Engineering, Ramalingam, Scietech Publishers
3. A Course in Power Plant Engineering, Arora and S. Domkundwar.
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
AIM OF THE COURSE
Expose the students to basics of various power plants so that they will have the
comprehensive idea of power system operation.
OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE
•
To understand the layout of power plant.
•
To become familiar with operation of various power plants.
•
To know the basic parts of power plants.
•
To know about various working cycles of power plants.
•
To know the selection of power plants.
•
To know about the economics of power plants
69
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MID EXAM-I/DESCRIPTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: POER PLANT ENGG.
DATE: 05/09/2012 (AN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION:
90 min
******************************************************************************
Answer any three of the following
3X10=30
1. Draw the steam power plant layout and explain different circuits in steam power plant
2. Explain pulverized fuel firing system with neat sketch and state the advantages of pulverized fuel firing
system.
3. a) Explain overfeed firing system
b) Explain lubrication system used in diesel power plant
4. a) Explain fuel storage and supply system in diesel power plant
b) State
the advantages of diesel power plant over steam power plant
5. a) Explain open cycle gas turbine with neat sketch.
b) State the advantages of gas turbine power plant over diesel engine power plant
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, KAVALI
IV B.Tech (I -Sem)
Branch: M.E
Date: 03/11/12 A.N
Sub: power plant engg.
Max.marks:30
Subjective type test-II
******************************************************************************
ANSWER ANY THREE OF THE FOLLOWING;
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain pumped storage power plant with neat sketch and also write its advantages.
What is the purpose of surge tank and explain different types of surge tanks.
Explain MHD Generation system with neat sketch.
Explain elements of nuclear reactor with neat sketch.
a) Write advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
b) Explain solar collectors.
70
P.B.R.VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
EXAM-I/OBJECTIVE TYPE
SUBJECT: POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
DATE: 05-09-2012(AN)
CLASS/BRANCH: IV B.Tech/ME
DURATION:20min
******************************************************************************
1. Which of the following coals has the highest calorific value
[
]
a) Anthracite coal b) Lignite c) Peat coal d) Bituminous coal
2. Ash content in bituminous coal is of the order of
[
]
a) 6-12%
b) 12-18%
c) 4-6%
d) 8-12%
3. Natural draught in a Steam plant produced by
[
]
a)Fans
b)Chimney c)Steam jets
d)None
4. The basic unit of energy is
[
]
a) Watt
b) Joule c) Joule –Sec
d) None
5. Economiser is used to heat
[
]
a) Air
b) Flue gasses c) Feed Water d) None
6. Steam power plant works on
[
]
a) Rankine cycle
b) Otto cycle c) Brayton cycle
d) Diesel cycle
7. Steam turbine commonly used in Steam power stations are
[
]
a) Evaporative type b) Non - Condensing typ
c) Condensing type d) None
8. The Commonly used Steam pressure in steam power plant is
[
]
a) 20 Kg/cm2
b) 40Kg/cm2
c) 80 Kg/cm2
d) 150 Kg/cm2
9. The hight of Chimney in a Steam power plant is governed by
[
]
a) Flue gasses quantity b) Control of population c) The draught to be produced d) None
10. Example for overfeed stoker is
[
]
a) Chain grate
b) Travelling grate c) Spreader type
d) All the above
11. Belt Conveyor can used to transport coal at inclination upto
[
]
a) 600
b) 200
c) 900
d) 1000
12. Which of the following is an attrition mill
[
]
a) Bowl mill
b) Ball mill
c) Hammer mill
d) None
13. In diesel power plant the combustion would be
[
]
a) Homogeneous
b) Heterogeneous
c) Laminar
d) Turbulent
14. Commonly used lubrication system in diesel power plant is
[
]
a) wet sump lubrication b) Dry sump lubrication c) Mist lubrication d) All the above
15. The Common method used for fuel injection system is
[
]
a) Individual pump
b) common rail
c) Distributor d) All the above
16. The devise used to maintain constant speed of the engine is
[
]
a) Fly Wheel
b) Governor
c) Carburetor
d) None
17. Lubricating oil Consumption in diesel power plant is compared to fuel oil Consumption is
[
]
a)1%
b) 2%
c) 3%
d) 4%
18. Gas turbine works on
[
]
a) Carnot Cycle
b) otto Cycle
c) Brayton Cycle
d) Rankine Cycle
19. Power developed in gas turbine is partly utilized to run
[
]
a) Condenser
b) Heat exchanger
c) compressor
d) None
20. In open Cycle gas turbine plant maximum temperature is at the out let of
[
]
a) condenser
b) compressor
c) combustion chamber d) Turbine
71
`MID
Name: _____________________ Roll no:________________________
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES, KAVALI
IV B.Tech (I -Sem)
Branch:M.E
Date: 03/11/2012 (AN)
Sub: power plant engg.
Time:20 min
Max. Marks: 20 x1/2=10
1. Thermo-electric generator works on the principle of
[
]
a) Seebeck effect
b) Faraday’s law
c) Peltier effect
d) None
2. Temperature of working fluid in MHD cycle is
[
]
a) 900oc
b) 715oc
c) 1200oc
d) 3000oc
3. Thermo-electric energy conversion is due to
[
]
a) Emission effect
b) Radiation effect
c) Thermal energy
d) Chemical Energy
4. Example of direct energy conversion is
[
]
a) Hydro-electric power
b) Steam Power
c) Thermo-electric effect
d) None
5. Source of energy in fuel cells is
[
]
a) Chemical energy
b) Heat energy
c) Electrical energy
d) None
6. Hydrograph is
[
]
a) Discharge of flowing water with respect to time
b) Graph respecting the annual flow rate of water
c) Water available round the year graph
d) None
7. Flow duration curve represents
[
]
a) Availability of water
b) Run- off water
c) Run out data
d) Discharge of water
8. Breeder reactor has a conversion ratio of
[
]
a) Unity
b) Greater than unity
c) Less than unity
d) Zero
9. The average thermal efficiency of a modern nuclear power
Plant is
[
]
a) 30%
b) 60%
c) 40%
d) 80%
10. Tarapur nuclear power plant has
[
]
a) Pressurized water reactor b) Boiling water reactor
c) Gas cooled water
d) None11.
In a gas cooled reactor (GCR) are used as moderator and
coolent respectively
[
]
a) Graphite and CO2
b) Graphite and air
c) Heavy water and CO2
d) None
12. Coolent in boiling water reactor is
a) CO2
b) Water and steam
c) Liquid metal
d) Mercury
13. BWR uses the following as fuel
a) Thorium
b) Plutonium
235
c) U
d) Enriched uranium
72
[
]
[
]
14. India’s first nuclear plant is
a) Narora
c) Kalpakkam
[
]
b) Kota
d) Tarapur
15. Moderator is used for
[
]
a) Absorb the neutrons
b) Slow down the neutrons
c) Increase the velocity of neutrons d) None
16. Photovoltaic cells are made by
[
]
a) Conduction materials
b) Semi-conductor materials
c) Insulators
d) Ceramics
17. A load curve is a plot of
[
]
a) Load versus generation capacity
b) Load Versus current
c) Load Versus time
d) Load Versus cost of power
18 .Water hammer occurs in
[
a) Surge tank
b) Turbine
c) Penstock
d) Draft tube
19. Most widely used material of a solar cell is
[
a) Silicon
b) Cadmium
c) Arsenic
d) None
20. The measure of nuclear energy is
a) Mev
b) Curie
c) MW
[
d) Farad
73
]
]
]
PBR VISVODAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, KAVALI
DEPARTMENT OF ME
BIT BANK
1. Which of the following coals has the highest calorific value
[
]
b) Anthracite coal b) Lignite
c) Peat coal d) Bituminous coal
2. Ash content in bituminous coal is of the order of
[
]
a) 6-12%
b) 12-18%
c) 4-6%
d) 8-12%
3. Natural draught in a Steam plant produced by
[
]
a)Fans
b)Chimney
c)Steam jets
d)None
4. The basic unit of energy is
[
]
a) Watt
b) Joule
c) Joule –Sec
d) None
5. Economiser is used to heat
[
]
a) Air
b) Flue gasses
c) Feed Water
d) None
6. Steam power plant works on
[
]
a) Rankine cycle
b) Otto cycle
c) Brayton cycle
d) Diesel cycle
7. Steam turbine commonly used in Steam power stations are
[
]
a) Evaporative type b) Non - Condensing typ
c) Condensing type d) None
8. The Commonly used Steam pressure in steam power plant is
[
]
a) 20 Kg/cm2
b) 40Kg/cm2
c) 80 Kg/cm2
d) 150 Kg/cm2
9. The hight of Chimney in a Steam power plant is governed by
[
]
a) Flue gasses quantity b) Control of population
c) The draught to be produced
d) None
10. Example for overfeed stoker is
[
]
a) Chain grate
b) Travelling grate c) Spreader type
d) All the above
11. Belt Conveyor can used to transport coal at inclination upto
[
]
0
0
0
0
a) 60
b) 20
c) 90
d) 100
12. Which of the following is an attrition mill
[
]
a) Bowl mill
b) Ball mill
c) Hammer mill
d) None
13. In diesel power plant the combustion would be
[
]
a) Homogeneous
b) Heterogeneous
c) Laminar
d) Turbulent
14. Commonly used lubrication system in diesel power plant is
[
]
a) wet sump lubrication b) Dry sump lubrication
c) Mist lubrication d) All the above
15. The Common method used for fuel injection system is
[
]
a) Individual pump
b) common rail
c) Distributor
d) All the above
16. The devise used to maintain constant speed of the engine is
[
]
a) Fly Wheel
b) Governor
c) Carburetor
d) None
17. Lubricating oil Consumption in diesel power plant is compared to fuel oil Consumption is
[
]
a)1%
b) 2%
c) 3%
d) 4%
18. Gas turbine works on
[
]
a) Carnot Cycle
b) otto Cycle
c) Brayton Cycle
d) Rankine Cycle
19. Power developed in gas turbine is partly utilized to run
[
]
a) Condenser
b) Heat exchanger
c) compressor
d) None
20. In open Cycle gas turbine plant maximum temperature is at the out let of [
]
a) condenser
b) compressor
c) combustion chamber d) Turbine
21.
Thermo-electric generator works on the principle of
[
]
b) Seebeck effect
b) Faraday’s law
d) Peltier effect
d) None
22.
Temperature of working fluid in MHD cycle is
[
]
74
a) 900oc
b) 715oc
c) 1200oc
d) 3000oc
23. Thermo-electric energy conversion is due to
[
a) Emission effect b) Radiation effect c) Thermal energy d) Chemical Energy
24. Example of direct energy conversion is
[
]
a) Hydro-electric power
b) Steam Power
c) Thermo-electric effect
d) None
25. Source of energy in fuel cells is
[
]
a) Chemical energy
b) Heat energy
c) Electrical energy
d) None
26. Hydrograph is
[
]
a) Discharge of flowing water with respect to time
b) Graph respecting the annual flow rate of water
c) Water available round the year graph
d) None
27. Flow duration curve represents
[
]
a) Availability of water
b) Run- off water
c) Run out data
d) Discharge of water
28. Breeder reactor has a conversion ratio of
[
]
b) Greater than unity
a) Unity
c) Less than unity
d) Zero
29. The average thermal efficiency of a modern nuclear power Plant is [
]
a) 30%
b) 60%
c) 40%
d) 80%
30. Tarapur nuclear power plant has
[
]
a) Pressurized water reactor b) Boiling water reactor
c) Gas cooled water
d) None11.
31. In a gas cooled reactor (GCR) are used as moderator and coolent respectively [
a) Graphite and CO2 b) Graphite and air c) Heavy water and CO2
d) None
32. Coolent in boiling water reactor is
[
]
d) Mercury
a) CO2b) Water and steam c) Liquid metal
33.
BWR uses the following as fuel
[
]
235
a) Thorium b) Plutonium c) U d) Enriched uranium
34. India’s first nuclear plant is
[
]
a) Narora
b) Kota
c) Kalpakkam d) Tarapur
35. Moderator is used for
[
]
a) Absorb the neutrons b) Slow down the neutrons
c) Increase the velocity of neutrons
d) None
36. Photovoltaic cells are made by
[
]
a) Conduction materials
b) Semi-conductor materials
c) Insulators
d) Ceramics
37. A load curve is a plot of
[
]
a) Load versus generation capacity
b) Load Versus current
c) Load Versus time
d) Load Versus cost of power
38 .Water hammer occurs in
[
]
a) Surge tank b) Turbine c) Penstock
d) Draft tube
39.
Most widely used material of a solar cell is
[
]
a) Silicon
b) Cadmium
c) Arsenic
d) None
40.
The measure of nuclear energy is
[
]
a) Mev b) Curie
c) MW
d) Farad
75
]
]
QUESTION BANK
1. Draw the steam power plant layout and explain different circuits in steam power plant
2. Explain pulverized fuel firing system with neat sketch and state the advantages of pulverized fuel firing
system.
3. Explain overfeed firing system
4. Explain lubrication system used in diesel power plant
5. Explain fuel storage and supply system in diesel power plant
6. state the advantages of diesel power plant over steam power plant
7. Explain open cycle gas turbine with neat sketch.
8. State the advantages of gas turbine power plant over diesel engine power plant
9. Explain pumped storage power plant with neat sketch and also write its advantages.
10. What is the purpose of surge tank and explain different types of surge tanks.
11. Explain MHD Generation system with neat sketch.
12. Explain elements of nuclear reactor with neat sketch.
13. Write advantages and disadvantages of wind energy.
14. Explain solar collectors.
15. Explain Wind Energy
76
Code: 9A03710
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations November 2012
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max.
1. (a)
(b)
2.
(a)
(b)
3
(a)
(b)
4.
5. (a)
(b)
6.
7.
(b)
8.
(a)
Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
What is a chemical fuel? How does it differ from a nuclear fuel?
Draw an explanatory line diagram of an ash handling system used for a
modern high capacity steam power plant. State its merits.
Explain how combustion takes place in overfeed and underfeed stokers.
Discuss their relative performance.
Explain the working of an electrostatic precipitator and list its outstanding
features.
Draw line diagram to show the layout of diesel power plant and describe it in
brief.
State the factors to be considered for selection of prime movers in a
medium sized power plant.
Draw a neat diagram of a regenerative gas turbine plant having inter
cooling and reheater. Explain the working on the P-V and T-S diagram.
Draw a layout of a medium head hydro electric plant.
What is a flow duration curve? Explain its utility.
Write short notes on the following:
(a) Working of MHD generator.
(b) Fuel cells and its application.
(c) Solar collectors.
Give the construction and working of a ‘Gas cooled reactor’. What are its
advantages and disadvantages?
List down some safety measures for nuclear power plants.
A generating station has a maximum demand of 30 mw a load factor o 0.6,
a plant capacity of 0.48 and a plant use factor of 0.82. Find
(i) The daily energy produced.
(ii) The reverse capacity of the plant.
(iii) The maximum energy that could be produced if the plant were running
all the time.
(iv) The maximum energy that could be produced daily. If the plant when
running according to operating schedule were fully loaded.
77
Code: 9A03710
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations November 2012
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Write short notes on:
(i) Tidal power.
(ii) Wind power.
(iii) Thermo electric power.
(b) Draw an outline of ash disposal equipment. State the advantages of hydraulic system of handling ash.
2. (a) What is the function of cooling tower in a modern steam power plant? Describe briefly with a neat sketch
the working of a hyperbolic cooling tower.
(b) How is the draughts classified? Explain with neat sketch the balanced draught.
3. (a) Why is super charging necessary in diesel power plant? What methods are used for super charging the
diesel engines?
(b) Draw a neat diagram of a fuel storage and fuel supply system used for diesel power plants. 4. (a) What are
the different components of a gas turbine plant? Explain them with the help of neat sketches.
(b) What are the advantages of a gas turbine plant over diesel and steam power plants of the same capacity?
5. (a) Explain a method of drawing flow duration curves and explain their use in selecting the site for hydro
electric plant.
(b) What are the different types of spill ways used in practice?
6. (a) Describe with the help of a neat sketch, the working of a solar power plant. What are its silent features?
(b) Describe how power is generated by MHD.
(b) Describe how power is generated by MHD.
Describe how power is generated by MHD.
7. (a) What is ‘nuclear fusion’? How does it differ from ‘nuclear fission’?
(b) Describe with the help of a neat sketch the construction working of a pressurised water reactor.
8. A base load station having a capacity of 18 MW a stand by station having a capacity of 20 MW share a
common load. Find
(i) Annual load factor.
(ii) Use factor and
(iii) Capacity factor of the two power stations from the following data.
Annual stand by station output
=7.35x106KWh
Annual base load station output =101.35x106KWh
Peak load on the standby station =12 MW
Hours of use of standby station =2190 hours
during the year
78
Code: 9A03710
B.Tech IV Year I Semester (R09) Regular Examinations November 2012
POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours
Max. Marks: 70
Answer any FIVE questions
All questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Draw a general layout of a thermal power plant and explain the different circuits.
(b) What factors are considered in selecting a site for a big thermal power plant?
2. (a) Explain the different methods used for supplying pulverised fuel to the combustion chambers of the
boilers. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages each.
(b) Draw a neat diagram of a cyclone burner and describe it’s working.
3. For a diesel power station discuss briefly about the following:
(a) Cooling system.
(b) Lubricating system.
(c) Super charging system.
4. (a) Describe with diagram the working of a closed cycle gas turbine plant.
(b) Describe methods of improving output and performance of gas turbine plants.
5. (a) Describe the function of surge tank and penstock used in the storage type hydro electric plant.
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power plant over a thermal one?
6. (a) What is a fuel cell? State the advantage and disadvantages of fuel cells.
(b) Describe open cycle MHD system with a neat sketch.
7. (a) What is a moderator in nuclear reactor? Explain the desirable properties of good moderator.
(b) Describe with the help of a neat sketch the construction working of a “boiling water reactor”. What are its
advantages and disadvantages?
8. A power plant of 180 MW
=Rs 2160/KW installed
installed capacity has the
following data: Capital cost
Interest and depreciation
=12 percent
Annual load factor
=0.6
Annual capacity factor
=0.5
Annual running chargers
=Rs 36x106
Energy consumed by power
=6 percent
auxiliaries
79