APA
Referencing Guide 2015 - 2016
Based on
The American Psychological Association 6th Edition (APA) referencing style
All course materials, including lecture notes and other additional materials related to
your course and provided to you, whether electronically or in hard copy, as part of your
study, are the property of (or licensed to) UCLan and MUST not be distributed, sold,
published, made available to others or copied other than for your personal study use
unless you have gained written permission to do so from the Head of School. This
applies to the materials in their entirety and to any part of the materials.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
How to navigate the contents pages
The contents information is set out into three pages to make it easier for you to navigate
through. The first page is based on the technology which can facilitate you with
referencing and general guidance on the theories of referencing. The in-text and
reference list contents page has been separated into two simple questions. The first
question you should ask when referencing within text is:
How many authors are you trying to reference?
When you have identified this, click on the relevant number/type source and it will
navigate you to that section; there is also a link in that section which will take you back
to the contents page.
The final section is based on your reference list. You just need to answer the question:
What type source are you referencing?
When you have identified this, then click on the relevant link. At the end of each section
you will also find a link which will take you back to the contents page to ask the next set
of questions for your sources you are referencing.
Contents
How to navigate the contents pages ............................................................................... 2
Contents .......................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5
Why document your sources of information .................................................................... 5
Additional study skills help ........................................................................................... 6
Plagiarism .................................................................................................................... 7
Interactive training videos .......................................................................................... 13
RefWorks ................................................................................................................... 14
Microsoft Office Word ................................................................................................ 15
Ebscohost auto citation .............................................................................................. 17
EASYBIB ..................................................................................................................... 18
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V2.1
In-text referencing ......................................................................................................... 19
Single author ............................................................................................................. 20
Two authors ............................................................................................................... 21
Three, four or five authors ......................................................................................... 22
Six or more authors ................................................................................................... 23
Group authors with no readily identifiable abbreviation e.g. University of Pittsburgh . 24
Group authors with a readily identifiable abbreviation/acronym e.g. Department of
Health (DH) National Health Service (NHS) National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence (NICE). .................................................................................................... 25
Basic citation styles table........................................................................................... 26
Short quotations (less than 40 words) ....................................................................... 27
Long quotations (More than 40 words) ...................................................................... 28
Websites .................................................................................................................... 29
Direct quotation from a website with no page numbers ............................................. 30
No clear author .......................................................................................................... 31
No clear date ............................................................................................................. 32
Secondary sources .................................................................................................... 33
Edited books .............................................................................................................. 34
Multiple publications by the same author in the same year ....................................... 35
Multiple publications by the same author ................................................................... 36
Single statement with multiple authors ...................................................................... 37
Acts of Parliament...................................................................................................... 38
Law report (case law) ................................................................................................ 39
Direct quotes from Acts of Parliament ....................................................................... 40
Image......................................................................................................................... 41
Reference List ............................................................................................................... 42
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Ordering of your reference list ................................................................................... 42
Books......................................................................................................................... 43
Edited book/chapters ................................................................................................. 45
E-books ..................................................................................................................... 47
Edited E-book/chapter ............................................................................................... 49
Secondary referencing............................................................................................... 51
Journal articles .......................................................................................................... 52
Electronic Journals .................................................................................................... 54
Websites .................................................................................................................... 56
Digital media .............................................................................................................. 57
Social media .............................................................................................................. 59
No clear author .......................................................................................................... 61
Acts of Parliament...................................................................................................... 62
Law report (case law) ................................................................................................ 64
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill Paper found on the Internet ................................... 68
Image......................................................................................................................... 70
Tables ........................................................................................................................ 71
Figure ........................................................................................................................ 73
Appendix.................................................................................................................... 75
Checklist .................................................................................................................... 77
Printable checking tool .................................................................................................. 79
Checklist for Data Fields for Reference List .................................................................. 81
You said, We did ... ....................................................................................................... 82
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Introduction
This referencing guide to APA referencing explains and provides working examples of
how to use and list material for your assessments. As an initial resource it will be
reviewed annually and revised to incorporate student feedback and further examples
that may be use. For further guidance on this referencing standard please refer to the
6th Edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The
document is split into two parts –in-text referencing and reference list. You can
navigate these two sections using the contents page on the previous page. This is
hyperlinked; this means that you just need to click on the required section and it will
take you automatically to that section. At the end of that section you can click on ‘return
to the contents page’ which will then navigate you back.
Why document your sources of information
Full documentation enables the reader to follow up the sources and makes it clear how
you are drawing your conclusions from the evidence presented. It is also an
acknowledgement of the other writer's work or the work of a group of people, such as a
committee or conference report. Documentation should be used not only to provide the
source of a direct quotation but also to give the source for any information, ideas or
interpretation that you have used. To state other people‘s ideas as your own in the
absence of proper citation is considered to be plagiarism, theft of intellectual property.
The University imposes penalties for plagiarism which occurs not only when you directly
copy but when you reword text without giving a reference. See student handbook for
further details regards to possible penalties for plagiarism.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Additional study skills help
WISER gives academic support to all students enrolled on University courses. We help
students in all subject areas, both undergraduates and postgraduates. With our help
you can learn how to study more effectively and communicate at an advanced and
professional level. Developing formal communication skills during your time at
university is obviously necessary for academic success, but will also be invaluable in
future employment.
Click here for further information
If you struggle with referencing, paragraph structuring, critical analysis, you may
want to follow me on Twitter. As I will be posting interesting articles, tips and
tricks on a weekly basis. Please follow me on Twitter at
@JamesEdHill
And I’ll try to facilitate you in achieving your potential.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Plagiarism
What is plagiarism?
Simply put, plagiarism is using somebody’s work without correct
acknowledgement/referencing of the original work. This means that all quotes,
ideas, opinions, music and images should be acknowledged and referenced within your
assignments. There are multiple types of plagiarism and here are the most common
types - each plagiarism type will be supplemented with an example of how this would
look within Turnitin (a tool which will help you identify issues of plagiarism).
Plagiarism using a citation: Within this type of plagiarism, the original source is
acknowledged, but there have been no changes to the original work.
As you can see by the example above, the text in green has been acknowledged, but
no changes have been made from the original source
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James Hill(Ed.).
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V2.1
Secondary referencing Plagiarism: This is where you have copied multiple direct
quotes and given the reference for the primary source used in the original source you
used.
As you can see above this information has been directly taken from another source and
not referenced as a second citation. It has been given as a primary reference which is
not the case. You should always reference the source you use, not the source they
used. See second citation within text to see how to do this correctly.
Word Switch Plagiarism: within this type of plagiarism only a couple of words are
changed.
As you can see in the red box above only one or two words have been changed from
the original source.
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Straight plagiarism: This is where the source is copied with minimal or no changes
and without any reference to identify the original source.
As you can see within the red box is an exact match to a non-identified source with no
attempt to acknowledge the original source or where the information came from.
Self-plagiarism: This is where you use a previously submitted piece of work for a new
assessment without changing the information. In the majority of cases your assignments
are stored, allowing identification of self-plagiarism from previously submitted work.
As you can see, the highlighted text has been identified to have a similarity match - in
this case this has been matched to a previous assessment.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Mosaic Plagiarism: This is gathering a range of sources and placing them together
with no clear identification of the individual sources used, creating a mosaic of other
people’s work.
As you can see by the example above, there are multiple matches with no identification
of any of the original sources.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
How to avoid plagiarism
Here some tips which will help you avoid plagiarism:




Read the source you want to use fully, making sure you fully understand the
source you are using. Without fully understanding the information you will
struggle to adequately capture the source’s key points.
Read the source fully and then hide it! - Then put this into your own words. If the
source is visible, there will be a tendency to adopt the same words used within
the source.
After using a reference within the main body of text immediately add the
reference to your reference list, as it can become very confusing which reference
came from which source if this task is carried out at a later date.
Use Turnitin throughout the development of your work to check for
plagiarism issues. Do not leave it to the last minute to check this, as you
can be doing this as an on-going process as you write.
o To see how to upload your files to Turnitin Click here
o How to interpret a TurnItIn report Click here
Click here to go back to the contents page
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Available referencing software
There is a range of software which can make referencing easier to manage and
produce. It is strongly recommended, even though some of the systems can
automatically generate you a reference for the source you are using, you should
always double check the accuracy of the reference, as in some cases information can
be stored incorrectly within the database from where the data was retrieved and can
result in your references being incorrect. We recommend that you select the software
solution/solutions which you feel more comfortable with. The software solutions are:
RefWorks
Microsoft office Word
Ebscohost auto citation
EasyBib
Click here to go back to the contents page
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Interactive training videos
For each of these software solutions there are a set of interactive training videos which
will walk you through the process of using the software. These videos will play in
stages and stop to allow you to undertake the process at the same time. The video will
stop and a blue arrow will appear at the bottom right of the screen, to continue the video
playing click on the blue arrow.
Example of video
Click on the blue
arrow to continue
playing the video
Click here to go back to the contents page
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
RefWorks
Is an online research management, writing and collaboration tool -- is designed to help
researchers easily gather, manage, store and share all types of information, as well as
generate citations and bibliographies.


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
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Organize and create a personal database online – no more index cards to write
out and organise. Everything is done automatically as you import the reference
into RefWorks.
Format bibliographies and manuscripts in seconds – this saves hours of typing
time and decreases the number of errors in creating tedious bibliographies.
Easily make changes to your paper and reformat in seconds.
Import references from a variety of databases using the already created Import
Filters.
Manage Alerts – RefWorks has incorporated a RSS feed reader to allow you to
establish links to your favourite RSS feeds and import data from those feeds
directly into RefWorks.
Searching your RefWorks database is fast and easy – RefWorks automatically
creates author, descriptor and periodical indexes when importing so you just click
on the word to perform the retrieval. Use Quick Search to search all fields for the
most comprehensive results or Advanced Search to narrow your search to
specific terms and fields.
Click here to go RefWorks
Click here to watch a video on how to use RefWorks
Click here to go back to the contents page
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Microsoft Office Word
In Microsoft Office Word you can automatically generate a bibliography based on the
source information that you provide for the document. It is a simple process of entering
the relevant data fields and publishing the reference list on completion. You will see
below, a link to a video indicating how to manage your references within text and also
some basic functions of the management system. At the end of each referencing type
within the reference list section, you will see a video demonstrating how to add this
particular source to the Word’s reference management tool. Furthermore, these videos
are interactive, meaning that at the end of each required data fields, the video will
pause, allowing you to carry out that particular process. After completing the process
you just need to press the arrow at the bottom right of the video to continue.
Click here to see video on how to install APA 6th edition style to the University PC
In text referencing
Click here to see the interactive training video on how to use in-text citations using Word
auto citation tool and basic fundamental management function (watch this video first
before using this tool)
Reference list
Books
Edited book/chapters
E-books
Edited E-book/chapter
Secondary referencing
Journal articles
Electronic Journals
Websites
No clear author
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Acts of Parliament
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill Paper
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill Paper found on the Internet
Image
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Ebscohost auto citation
All Ebscohost databases (Discovery, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTD) have integrated
auto referencing capabilities. The system is very simple to use and easy to manage all
your references.
Click here to go to Ebscohost databases
Click here to watch a video on how to use the auto referencing tool within Ebscohost
databases
Quick citation with Ebscohost databases
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
EASYBIB
This is a free application for any mobile device running android or OS
(iPhone/iPad/iPod touch). You simply scan the bar code or the title of the book. It will
then automatically generate an APA reference for that book and add it to a reference
list. It is then a simple case of emailing this list to your University email address.
Click here to see video on how to use EasyBib.
Click here for OS (iPhone/iPad/iPod touch) version.
Click here for android version.
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
In-text referencing
All statements, opinions and conclusions taken from another writer's work should be
acknowledged. You may be summarising, paraphrasing or directly quoting from a work,
but in each case, the work must be cited in the text. The American Psychological
Association (APA) referencing style uses an author-date citation system. This means
any time you state any factual or theoretical information, you need to give the author
from where you gained this information and the date of publication when it is available.
This will then allow the reader of your work to find the reference within your reference
list, at the end of your work and find where you sourced this information from. In the
following section you will find examples of the most common types of in-text referencing
categorised by author types. For each example the specific order and layout will be
demonstrated for both references with the author appearing as part of the sentence (In
sentences) and parenthetical referencing (End of sentences).
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Single author
Cited publications are referred to in the text by giving the author's surname and the year
of publication. Just give the surname, not the initials.
Single Author
In sentences
Evans (2008) found that the law recognises a distinction between civil and criminal
proceedings and the courts in which the proceedings take place.
End of sentences
In-depth interviewing requires highly skilled interviewers (Bowling, 2002).
Click here to go back to the contents page
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Two authors
When there are two authors, cite both authors’ surnames every time the reference
occurs in the text. Remember, when referencing multiple authors, if the reference is in
the sentence then use ‘and’ and if the reference is at the end of the sentence use ‘&’.
Two authors
In sentences
Three or more authors
In a recent review by Tomczyk and Latté (2009) it was identified that there was
considerable shortage of affordable and appropriate day care for disabled children.
End of sentences
Those whose opportunities are already more restricted because of poverty, stressful
life events or ethnic minority status are likely to experience greater barriers to
accessing information (Russell & Kagan, 2009).
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James Hill(Ed.).
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V2.1
Three, four or five authors
When there are three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference
appears and then the year. In subsequent citations include only the first author’s
surname and then et al. and then the year. Remember when referencing multiple
authors if the reference is in the sentence then use ’and’ and if the reference is at the
end of the sentence use '&’.
Three, four or five authors
In sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
Smith, Woods, Tang, and Kessler (2012) argues that if healthcare provision is going
to meet increasing demand, there is a need to examine creative mechanisms to
enable individuals to make the most efficient use of the available services.
Used as subsequent citations:
Smith et al. (2012) goes on to indicate that practice nursing is fundamental to the
success of this policy.
End of sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
The changing context of health care finds district nurses and other community nurses
in a leading position within primary care (Smith, Woods, Tang, & Kessler, 2012).
Used as subsequent citations:
Primary Care Groups and Trusts, Local Health Groups and Scottish Primary Care
Trusts have opened the way for the direct involvement of nurses on the executive and
board of these organisations (Smith et al., 2012).
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James Hill(Ed.).
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V2.1
Six or more authors
When citing six or more authors, site only the surname of the first author followed by et
al. and the year for the first citing and subsequent citations.
Six or more authors
In sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
However Jones et al. (2011) argued that for many practitioners the political agenda is
far removed from the day-to-day issues surrounding care delivery.
Used as subsequent citations:
Jones et al. (2011) indicated that a clinical ethical dilemma appears in the desire of
nurses and physicians to shield patients from bad news.
End of sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
Although the rhetoric found in recent government policies supports the health visitor's
role in making a contribution to the nation's health, the conflict in paradigms between
individual practice and community and population work needs to be addressed
(Clarke et al., 2010).
Used as subsequent citations:
All models would encompass a social and medical model of health, working towards
promoting health in a number of different ways, all of which work towards meeting the
public health agenda in the United Kingdom (Clarke et al., 2010).
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Group authors with no readily identifiable abbreviation e.g. University of
Pittsburgh
The name of the group serves as the author's name (e.g. Corporations, associations,
government agencies and study groups) and it is spelt out each time they appear in the
text in full followed by the publication date.
Group authors with no readily identifiable abbreviations e.g. University of
Edinburgh
In sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
Edinburgh Ethnicity and Health Research Group (2009) highlight that many, especially
fixed term contract researchers are undoubtedly watching the current economic
crisis with some trepidation.
Used as subsequent citations:
Edinburgh Ethnicity and Health Research Group (2009) suggests as research
departments look for ways to bring in more funding, perhaps cross collaborations with
both statutory and voluntary service providers, are appropriate steps in this direction.
End of sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
The issues of devolution, reform of the House of Lords and reform of the voting
system for European, national and local elections were put forward as part of the
current Labour Government’s election manifesto (The European Observatory on
Health Care Systems, 1999).
Used as subsequent citations:
Public health medicine has a long history in the United Kingdom. Its origins can be
traced back to the middle of the nineteenth century when the main Acts of Parliament
concerning public health issues were passed (The European Observatory on Health
Care Systems, 1999).
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Group authors with a readily identifiable abbreviation/acronym e.g. Department of
Health (DH) National Health Service (NHS) National Institute for Health and
Clinical Excellence (NICE).
The first time of using the source the full author/group name should be given and the
readily identified abbreviation, then the date of publication. In subsequent citations only
the abbreviation is used within the first citation and the date of publication is required.
Group authors with a readily identifiable abbreviation e.g. Department of Health
(DH), National Health Service (NHS), National Institute for Health and Clinical
Excellence (NICE).
In sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2009) suggest older
people who present for medical attention because of a fall, or report recurrent falls in
the past year, or demonstrate abnormalities of gait and/or balance should be offered a
multifactorial falls risk assessment.
Used as subsequent citations:
NICE (2009) go on to indicate that this assessment should be performed by a
healthcare professional with appropriate skills and experience, normally in the setting
of a specialist falls service.
End of sentences
Used in the first citation in text:
It is not intended, however, that all Band 9 Agenda for Change posts should come
within the very senior managers pay arrangements (Department of Health [DH],
2012).
Used as subsequent citations:
The percentages assigned to these roles range from 55% to 75% depending on role
and organisation (DH, 2012).
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Basic citation styles table
This table shows how basic citation styles are used in the first instance and subsequent
instances.
Type of
citation
First citation in
sentences
Subsequent
citations in
sentences
First citation at
the end of a
sentence
Single Author
Author1 (Date)
Author1 (Date)
(Author1, Date)
Author1and
Author2 (Date)
Author1et al.
(Date)
(Author1 &
Author2, Date)
(Author1,
Author2, &
Author3, Date)
(Author1,
Author2,
Author3, &
Author4, Date)
(Author1,
Author2,
Author3,
Author4, &
Author5, Date)
(Author1et al.,
Date)
(Groups Name,
Date)
(Author1 &
Author2, Date)
(Author1 et al.,
Date)
(Groups Name
[Abbreviation],
Date)
(Abbreviation,
Date)
Author1 and
Author2 (Date)
Three authors Author1,
Author2, and
Author3, (Date)
Four authors
Author1,
Author2,
Author3, and
Author4, (Date)
Five authors
Author1,
Author2,
Author3,
Author4, and
Author5 , (Date)
Six or more
Author1 et al.
authors
(Date)
Group authors Groups Name
(No
(Date)
abbreviation)
Group authors Groups Name
(Readily
(Abbreviation,
identified the
Date)
abbreviation)
Two authors
Author1 et al.
(Date)
Author1 et al.
(Date)
Author1 et al.
(Date)
Groups Name
(Date)
Abbreviation
(Date)
Subsequent
citations at
end of
sentences
(Author1,
Date)
(Author1 et al.,
Date)
(Author1 et al.,
Date)
(Author1 et al.,
Date)
(Groups
Name, Date)
Key:
1 First
author surname
Second author surname
3 Third author surname
4 Fourth author surname
5 Fifth author surname
2
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James Hill(Ed.).
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V2.1
Short quotations (less than 40 words)
Quotations, if short, that is less than 40 words, can be set in quotation marks and
included in the body of the text. If you wish to omit part of the quotation because it is not
relevant in the context of your essay, this can be indicated using three dots... You will
need to indicate the standard information for the reference and additionally page
number of the quotation.
Short quotations (less than 40 words)
In sentences
Standard short quote:
Roberts (2006) argues that “outline plans for delivery of this strategy should meet all
gateway procedures including risk analysis and return on investment” (p.72).
Separated short quote:
Thompson (2012) highlights that “These efforts were supported by the Centers for
Medicare and Medicaid, the IOM, and the Congressional Research Service... without
any additional support or funding” (p.72).
End of sentences
Standard short quote:
It has been argued that “Older people need to be cared for holistically and to achieve
this psychological social and physical needs must be addressed’’ (Hindle, 2012, p.
112).
Separated short quote:
“Understanding the relationship between the elements makes the body of knowledge
nurses use for nursing care more transparent... and the differences between nursing
specialties more explicit’’ (Jones, 2010, p.12).
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James Hill(Ed.).
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V2.1
Long quotations (More than 40 words)
Unless you want to discuss the implications of the wording of a statement, it is better to
avoid long quotes. Long quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and
indented from left-hand margin to make the quotation distinct from the main text {Tab
key}. You will need to indicate the standard information for the reference and
additionally the page number of the quotation.
Long quotations (More than 40 words)
In sentences
Frankland (2012) indicates that:
licensing of the health occupations was advocated in the early nineteenth
century, but it was not until the early 1900s that a significant number of licensing laws
were enacted. They were generally initiated by the associations of practitioners that
were interested in raising standards and establishing codes for ethical behaviour
(p.313).
End of sentences
As highlighted above this is an on-going process but there has been some dispute in
regards to the effectiveness of these statutory frameworks.
No statutory framework for risk taking exists as such. For vulnerable
adults, there is a body of community care law in the United Kingdom,
which does not yet amount to a coherent legislative package. There are
instead a number of relevant provisions in different Acts passed at different
times for different purposes. (Marshall, 2012, p.111)
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V2.1
Websites
The in-text citation includes the author and date (Author, date) as with any other APA
style citation. This information can be found usually at the bottom of the website; if this
information is not there please see 'No clear author' referencing method.
Website
In sentences
Roosevelt (2006) states that licensure is a credential awarded to an individual through
the police power of the state.
End of sentences
In the 1970s, health manpower credentialing was the object of considerable attention,
especially by the government (Hindle & Kagan, 2012).
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V2.1
Direct quotation from a website with no page numbers
Wherever possible if the website has page numbers as part of it you should use the
page number. As previously indicated within Short and Long Quotations, if this is not
available you should count the number of paragraphs to the point where you begin to
quote the information Click here to see original source used in these examples below.
Direct quotation from a website
In sentences
Department of Health (2014) states that ‘last week the respected Commonwealth
Fund ranked the UK as the best healthcare system in the world’ (Para. 1).
End of sentences
“Most importantly it will make a positive difference to the people we care for - and
potentially save 6,000 lives over the next three years” (Department of Health, 2014,
Para. 6).
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V2.1
No clear author
When there is no author, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry. Cite
in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use
double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a webpage and
italicise the title of a book, a brochure, or a report.
No clear author
In sentences
Article, chapter, or a webpage:
"What do we believe" (2010) argued that the way we reason depends upon the
particular context we are in and on what we already know.
Book, brochure, or a report:
Your care (2012) highlights that it is important to be prompt for the visit, but be ready
to accept the fact that the legislator may be late or not able to keep the appointment.
End of sentences
Article, chapter, or a webpage:
Use double quotation marks around the title or abbreviated title ("New Child Vaccine",
2009).
Book, brochure, or a report:
Legislators are particularly sensitive to communications from constituents (You're
right, 2011).
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31
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
No clear date
When there is no clear date of publication the date is replaced with n.d. for all types of
resources and citation types.
No clear date
In sentences
Bradsher (n.d.) suggests Vitamin B12 deficiency is usually observed in developing
countries and poor dietary intake is the most frequent cause.
End of sentences
Most children with vitamin B12 deficiency present with non-specific manifestations, such
as pallor, failure to thrive, developmental delay, weakness, and irritability (Shaw, n.d.).
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32
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Secondary sources
A secondary source is where you cite an author who has been cited in a publication
which you have read. You may have to do this when you have been unable to obtain
the original publication. Please note that this should only be done occasionally.
Within the reference list you should cite only the secondary source (within the next
example Smith, 2012 would be the secondary source). For example if you want to refer
in the text to a 2010 study by Brown and Boutin, which you read about in a 2012 book
by Smith. Use one of the following citation formats.
Secondary sources
In sentence
Brown and Boutin (as cited in Smith, 2012) found strangers would not receive the
same level of caring as those for whom we experience a personal responsibility.
End of sentence
However, a care orientation is fundamental to the nurse-patient relationship and the
nursing profession itself (Brown & Boutin, as cited in Smith, 2012).
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33
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Edited books
Some books are a collection of chapters by different authors under the editorship of one
or more people. When citing these in your text you should remember to cite the author
of the appropriate chapter rather than the editors of the book.
Edited book
In sentences [Tuckett is the author of the chapter]
Tuckett (2010) suggested the caring responses of nurses in practice should be in a
manner that is fitting.
End of sentences [Pask is the author of the chapter]
Nurses see the value of their work when they make a positive impact for patients,
leaving them feeling better (Pask, 2011).
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34
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Multiple publications by the same author in the same year
When an author or group of authors have had more than one publication in one year,
they are distinguished by the addition of a, b, c, etc. after the year, and the same letters
are used in the Reference List. They are numbered according to their sequence in the
essay.
Multiple publications by the same author in the same year
In sentence
First citation from the same author in the same year:
Kelly (2008a) indicates that if drug abuse is suspected, the collection and delivery of
the urine sample should be witnessed by a legally responsible person and labelled
with a code instead of a name and other personal information.
Second citation from the same author in the same year:
Kelly (2008b) suggests that the client should be informed of the procedure to collect
and test the specimen, the reporting protocol, and possible implications of the results.
End of sentence
First citation from the same author in the same year:
The rate of uptake of radioactive thymidine indicates the extent of lymphocyte
proliferation (Gilmour, 2008a).
Second citation from the same author in the same year:
Aspirin ingestion also prevents platelet aggregation and may prolong bleeding time for
as long as 5 days after a single 300-mg dose (Gilmour, 2008b).
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35
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Multiple publications by the same author
When citing multiple pieces of work from the same author in a single statement you
place the surname of the author of the work and then the subsequent publication dates
ordered by year, with the oldest being placed first.
Multiple publications by the same author
In sentence
Studies by Sanderson and Green (1999, 2002, 2005) have shown interdisciplinary
conflicts in primary care teams.
End of sentence
This attitude may arise because there is little empirical research evidence to support
the benefits of exercise and mental health (Pickles & Kennedy, 2008, 2011, 2012).
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36
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Single statement with multiple authors
When citing multiple authors for a single statement in a sentence give standard
information separated by ’and’ and if there is more than two references insert a comma
to separate each reference. Within End of sentence referencing separate each
reference with a semicolon. This information should be given alphabetically using
the first author’s surname.
Single statement with multiple authors
In sentence
Stevenson (2009) and Thompson (2005) suggest such names are needed to
communicate and collaborate within the disciplines and with others, that is, patients,
families, and system-wide stakeholders.
End of sentence
Programs described in the literature range in length from twelve to eighteen months
and have been predominantly offered at bachelor degree level (Jones, 2012; Kelly &
Smith, 2010; Stanfield, 2007).
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37
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Acts of Parliament
When citing an Act of Parliament you need to give the name of the act followed by the
date. Main words should start with capital letters and if you are referring to a specific
part of the act, include the chapter or section number in the citation.
Acts of Parliament
In sentence
The Health Act (2006) highlights the importance of visibility of no smoking signs.
End of sentence
Appointment regulations may make provision about the formalities of appointing a
person as a representative (Mental Health Act, 2007).
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38
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Law report (case law)
When citing case law you place the Names of Parties in italics followed by the date.
This is the date of judgement.
Law report (case law)
In sentence
Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent (1985) highlights the importance of always making
sure you follow the correct process.
End sentence
Healthcare professionals should be free to exercise their professional functions (D v. Bury
Metropolitan Borough Council, 2006).
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39
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Direct quotes from Acts of Parliament
When citing an Act of Parliament you need to give the name of the act followed by the
date and include the number of the section followed by a full stop. Then number of the
subsection in brackets followed by a full stop. Then letter paragraphs within brackets
followed by a full stop. Then the roman initial subparagraphs within brackets followed by
a full stop at the end of the quote. The quotes should be set in quotation marks and
included in the body of the text.
Direct quotes from Acts of Parliament
In sentence
The Health Act (2006) indicates that "any report required by that section may relate to
more than one such failure" 16. (5). (b). (ii).
End of sentence
The appropriate national authority shall make such arrangements as it considers
reasonable to enable persons to be available to help qualifying patients (Mental Health
Act, 2007 12. (2). (a).).
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40
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Image
When citing an image you should place the authors surname and the publication date of
the resource from where the image was retrieved underneath the image itself and align
to the right [Ctrl + R].
Image
As can be seen by the diagram within study that there is a significant increase in
cardiovascular output.
(McCarthy & Gibbons, 2011)
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41
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Reference List
In the APA style, you should include a reference list rather than a bibliography within
your work. What’s the difference? A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text
of a paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname. A bibliography, however, may
include resources that were consulted, but not cited in the text, as well as an annotated
description of each one. If you have been given an assignment that asks for a
bibliography, consult your lecture or assignment brief for more specifics about the
required format.
Ordering of your reference list
ALL citations (including electronic and other sources) must be listed alphabetically by
surname of the first author at the end of your work. Do not separate journals, books
and/or web sites. When your piece of work includes publications by the same author or
group of authors, they should be listed in chronological/date order with the oldest first.
The reference list should be written using single line spacing with a blank line
separating each new listing to aid clarity. The second line of each reference should be
indented by selecting the reference/references and pressing Ctrl and T.
It is important to check your reference list carefully before you submit your work as you
can lose marks for not referencing correctly. Please do not hesitate to ask your module
tutor for help if you are unsure of how to reference properly.
In the next section each example will first describe the form of the layout, then, it will
illustrate the relevant order of the information and finally give an example of the
particular referencing source.
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42
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Books
Books are referenced within the reference list as follows:
1. Author Surname followed by a comma, then initials of first followed by a full stop
and, if available, the initial of the middle name, followed by a full stop e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author, information is repeated as above with the last
author separated with a comma and then ampersand. If there are more than two,
then prior authors are separated with a comma e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D., Rankin
I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title in italics and the use of colon to differentiate between title and subtitle followed
by a full stop and capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through rehabilitation.
5. Edition (if it has an edition after the first one) within brackets followed by ed. within
the brackets then close bracket then a full stop e.g
a. (3rd ed.).
6. Publication Location and Publication company are separated by a colon:. If two or
more publication locations are stated, use the first location stated. If the reference
location is within the United States (US) use town/region and then official letter
abbreviation (US Postal service address). If the location is not within the US use the
town and [region or country] with a comma, in between e.g.
a. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
b. New York, NY: McGraw-hill.
c. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
d. Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.
See next page for examples
43
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Books
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the book:
Subtitle if
required
5
(ed.).
6
Publication Location:
Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the book: Subtitle if required (ed.). Publication Location: Publisher.
McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E. (2009). Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through
rehabilitation (4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
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44
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Edited book/chapters
1. Author of the chapter surname followed by a comma then initials of first name
followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name then followed by a
full stop e.g.
a. Author of the chapter with only a first name: Jones, A.
b. Author of the chapter with first name and middle name: Banks, C. J.
2. If there is more than one author of the chapter then information is repeated as
above with the last author separated with comma and then ampersand. If there
are more than two, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J. & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title of the chapter, followed by a full stop and capitalise only the first word of the
title of the chapter e.g.
a. How we apply evidence.
5. The word "In" followed by the initials/initial of the editor of the book, separated by
a full stop. Then the surname followed by (Ed.). for a single author e.g.
a. In K. T. Jones (Ed.).
6. The word "In" followed by the initials/initial of the editor of the book, separated by
a full stop. If there is more than one editor of the book then editors is separated
with comma and then ampersand. If there are more than two, then prior authors
are separated with a comma e.g.
a. In J. S. Lymn, & P. M. Stevenson (Eds.),
b. In S. F. Wadsworth, P. Arkell, & J. Corbett (Eds.),
7. Title in italics and the use of colon to differentiate between title and subtitle and
capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through rehabilitation
8. pp followed by full stop, followed by the range of pages of the chapter all in
brackets followed by full stop e.g
a. (pp. 205-250).
b. (pp. 14-50).
See next page for further details
45
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
9. Publication Location and Publication company are separated by a colon :. If two
or more publication locations are stated, use the first location stated. If the
reference location is within the US, use official letter abbreviation (US Postal
service address). If the location is not within the US use the town and [region or
country] with a comma, in between e.g.
a. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
b. New York, NY: McGraw-hill.
c. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
d. Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.
.
Edited book/chapter
1 or 2
Author of the
chapter
Surname, A.
A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of
the
chapter
5 or 6
7
Title of the
In A.
Editor book: Subtitle
(Eds.), if required
8
(pp.0000).
9
Publication
Location:
Publisher.
Author of the chapter Surname, A. A. (Date). Title the chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of
the book: Subtitle if required (pp.00-00). Publication Location: Publisher.
Allock, N. (2010). How we apply evidence. In F. Bath-Hextall, J. S. Lymn, R Knaggs, &
D. Bowskill (Eds.), The newprescriber: An integrated approach to medical and
non-medical prescribing (pp. 156-165). Chichester, West Sussex: WileyBlackwell.
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46
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
E-books
When referencing either a chapter of an E-book, or an E-book, the only piece of
information which changes compared to referencing a standard book is the location for
publication and publisher. This is replaced either by the doi if available for the http
address (http://www.xxxxxx). Within Microsoft Word when you write a web address it will
highlighted blue and underlined in the text. This will not be penalised as this change in
formatting is standardised and is acceptable within the APA.
1. Author surname followed by a comma, then initials of first name followed by a full
stop and if available initial of middle name then followed by a full stop e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author, information is repeated as above, with the last
author separated with a comma and then ampersand. If there is more than two,
then prior authors are separated with a comma e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title in italics and the use of colon to differentiate between title and subtitle
followed by a full stop and capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle
e.g.
a. Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through rehabilitation.
5. Edition (if it is only the first edition just a full stop) e.g
a. (2ed ed.).
b. (3rd ed.).
6. doi if available, followed by colon e.g
a. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
7. If doi is not available then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx e.g [The HTML
link can be either underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk
See next page for examples
47
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
E-book
Using doi
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the
book: Subtitle if
required
5
(ed.).
6
doi:xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the Book: subtitle if required (ed.). doi:xxxxxxx
Winters, J. M., & Story, M. (2007). Medical Instrumentation: Accessibility and Usability
Considerations. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
Using website http address
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the
book: Subtitle if
required
5
(ed.).
7
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the book: Subtitle if required (ed.). Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Winters, J. M., & Story, M. (2007). Medical instrumentation : Accessibility and usability
considerations. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer
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48
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Edited E-book/chapter
1. Author of the chapter surname followed by a comma then initials of first followed
by a full stop and if available initial of middle name then followed by a full stop
e.g.
a. Author of the chapter with only a first name: Jones, A.
b. Author of the chapter with first name and middle name: Banks, C. J.
2. If there is more than one author of the chapter then information is repeated as
above with the last author separated with a comma and then an ampersand. If
there are more than two, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket. e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title of the chapter you are referring to, followed by a full stop and capitalise only
the first word of the title of the chapter e.g.
a. How we apply evidence.
5. The word "In" followed by the initials/initial of the editor of the book, separated by
a full stop. Then the surname followed by (Ed.). for a single author e.g.
a. In K. T. Jones (Ed.).
6. The word "In" followed by the initials/initial of the editor of the book, separated by
a full stop. If there is more than one editor of the book then editors is separated
with comma and then ampersand. If there are more than two, then prior authors
are separated with a comma e.g.
a. In J. S. Lymn, & P. M. Stevenson (Eds.),
b. In S. F. Wadsworth, P. Arkell, & J. Corbett (Eds.),
7. Title in italics and the use of colon to differentiate between title and subtitle and
capitalise only the first word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through rehabilitation
8. pp followed by full stop, followed by the range of pages of the chapter all in
brackets followed, by full stop e.g.
a. (pp. 205-250).
b. (pp. 14-50).
See next page for further details
49
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
9. doi if available followed by colon
a. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
10. If doi is not available then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx [The HTML link
can be either underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk
Chapter of a E-book
Using doi:
1 or 2
Author of the
chapter
Surname, A.
A.
3
(Date).
4
5 or 6
Title the
chapter
7
Title of the
In A.
Editor book:
(Eds.), Subtitle if
required
8
10
(pp.0000).
doi;xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title the chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle if
required (pp.00-00). doi;xxxxxxx
Allock, N. (2010). How we apply evidence. In J. S. Lymn (EDs.), The new prescriber:
An integrated approach to medical and non-medical prescribing (pp. 156-165).
doi:13.2317/FGO54380534516781
Using website http address:
1 or 2
Author of the
chapter
Surname, A.
A.
3
4
(Date). Title the
chapter
5
6
Title of the
In A.
Editor book:
(Eds.), Subtitle if
required
7
9
(pp.00- Retrieved from
00).
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle
if required (pp.00-00). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Banks, J, T. (2004). Practice and research. In D. Freshwater & G. Rolfe
(Eds.), Deconstructing evidence based practice. Routledge (pp. 101125).Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk
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50
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Secondary referencing
1. A secondary reference is where you cite an author who has been cited in a
publication which you have read. You may have to do this when you have been
unable to obtain the original publication. Please note that this should only be
done occasionally. Within the reference list you should cite only the secondary
source (within the next example Smith, 2012 would be the secondary source).
For example if you want to refer in the text to a 2010 study by Brown and Boutin,
which you read about in a 2012 book by Smith. This is how it would appear within
your Reference List. You reference your secondary source as normal for
whatever type source it is e.g. journal, book.
Secondary referencing
1
Author, A, A. (Date). Title of the Book: subtitle if required. Publisher: Location:
Publisher.
Author, A, A. (Date). Title of the Book: subtitle if required. Publisher: Location:
Publisher.
Smith, T. H. (2012). The expectation of treatment. London, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
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51
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Journal articles
1. Author surname, followed by a comma, then initials of first author, followed by a
full stop and if available the initial of the middle name, then followed by a full stop
e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author, information is repeated as above with the last
author, separated with a comma and then ampersand. If there are more than
two, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors: Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D., Rankin
I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket. e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title of the article followed by full stop and capitalise only the first word of the title
and the subtitle e.g.
a. Approaches to nursing skills training in three countries.
b. Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.
c. Working the way up in neurological rehabilitation: The holistic approach of
nursing care.
5. Title in italics of the journal, followed by a comma and capitalise all significant
words of the title of the journal e.g.
a. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
b. Journal of Health Informatics,
c. British Medical Journal,
6. The volume number in italics, followed by the issue in brackets, followed by a
comma e.g.
a. 63(2),
b. 51(1),
7. The range of pages of the article, followed by full stop e.g.
a. 201-255.
b. 10-61.
See next page for examples
52
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Journal articles
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the article.
5
Title of the journal,
6
Vol(issue),
7
00-00.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00.
Benbassat, J., & Baumal, R. (2012). Expected benefits of streamlining undergraduate medical
education by early commitment to specific medical specialties. Advances In Health
Sciences Education, 17(1), 145-155.
.
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53
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Electronic Journals
1. Author Surname, followed by a comma, then initials of first, followed by a full
stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed by a full stop, followed
by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author, information is repeated as above with the last
author separated with comma and then ampersand. If there are more than two
authors, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.,
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.,
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title of the article followed by full stop and capitalise only the first word of the title
and the subtitle e.g
a. Approaches to nursing skills training in three countries.
b. Applying the ethics of care to your nursing practice.
c. Working the way up in neurological rehabilitation: The holistic approach of
nursing care.
5. Title in italics of the journal followed by a comma and capitalise all significant
words of the title of the journal e.g.
a. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
b. Journal of Health Informatics,
6. The volume number in italics followed by the issue in brackets followed by a
comma e.g.
a. 63(2),
b. 51(1),
7. The range of pages of the article followed by full stop e.g.
a. 201-255.
b. 10-61.
8. doi if available, followed by colon.
a. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
9. If doi is not available, then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx [The HTML link
can be either underlined or not-underlined]
54
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
a. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk
Electronic Journal
Using doi:
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the
article.
5
Title of the
journal,
6
Vol(issue),
7
00-00.
8
doi;xxxxxx
x
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00.doi;xxxxxxx
Anna-Bettina, H., Charis, B., Theodore, D., Ilias, T., & Malamatenia, A. (2012). Systematic Review:
The quality of safety reporting in trials is still suboptimal: Survey of major general medical
journals. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 64(2), 124-135.
doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.005
Using website http address:
1 or 2
Author, A.
A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of
the
article.
5
Title of the
journal,
6
Vol(issue),
7
00-00.
9
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Abdulla, E., & Hilary, N. (2012). Publishing research in a second language: The case of Sudanese
contributors to international medical journals. Journal of English For Academic Purposes,
7(2), 87-96. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1475158508000088
Click here to go back to the contents page
55
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Websites
1. Author surname of the website, followed by a comma then initials of first,
followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed by a
full stop, followed by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author of the website, then information is repeated as
above, with the last author separated with comma and then ampersand. If there
are more than two, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.,
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.,
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
4. Title in italics of the Website, followed by a full stop and capitalise only the first
word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. NICE technology appraisals included in local formularies.
b. EAGA annual report.
c. Improving the process of dealt certification.
5. Then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx [The HTML link can be either
underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/eaga-annual-report-2011/
b. Retrieved from http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/08/eaga-annual-report/
Website
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the website.
5
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the website. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Stevenson, N. J. (2011). EAGA annual report. Retrieved from http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/eagaannual-report-2011/
Click
here to go back to the contents page
56
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Digital media
1. Author surname of the Digital media, followed by a comma then initials of first,
followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed by a
full stop, followed by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Johnson, R.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Gilmour, A.R.
2. If there is more than one author of the Digital media, then information is repeated
as above, with the last author separated with comma and then ampersand. If
there are more than two, then prior authors are separated with a comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.,
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.,
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors : Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D.,
Rankin I.,…Bowden J.
3. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2015).
4. Title in italics of the Digital media, and capitalise only the first word of the title and
the subtitle, no full stop is needed, as this will follow after the next set of
information. e.g.
a. Privatisation of the NHS: Allyson Pollock at TEDxExeter
b. Charlie bit my finger - again
c. Every 15 cigarettes you smoke cause a mutation that can become cancer
5. If it can help the reader to identify the resource it is recommended that the
resource type is provided within squared brackets with the first letter being in
capitals followed by a full stop, which is instead of the full stop which is given
traditionally at the end of a title e.g.
a. [Audio podcast].
b. [Data file].
c. [Brochure].
d. [Motion picture].
e. [Lecture notes].
f. [CD].
g. [Computer software].
h. [Video webcast].
i. [Supplemental material].
6. doi if available, followed by colon.
a. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
7. If doi is not available, then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx [The HTML link
can be either underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk
57
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Digital media
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the
website
5
[Resource type].
5
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the website. [Resource type]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Pollock, A. (2015). Privatisation of the NHS: Allyson Pollock at TEDxExeter [Video webcast].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz5dl9fhj7o
58
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Social media
1. Author surname of the Digital media, followed by a comma then initials of first,
followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed by a
full stop, followed by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Johnson, R.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Gilmour, A.R.
2. If the social media is authored by a group such as National Health Service or
Department of Health etc. then the full name of the group is required with each
word capitalised e.g.
a. Department of Health
b. National Health Service
c. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
3. Second, provide social media identity information. On Twitter, provide the
author’s screen name in square brackets (if only the screen name is known,
provide it without brackets). On Facebook and Google+, when the author is an
individual, spell out his or her given name in square brackets followed by a full
stop e.g.
a. [NHSEngland].
b. [NICEcomms].
4. Provide the year, month, and day for items that have a specific date associated
with them, such as status updates, tweets, photos, and videos; otherwise,
provide only the year in brackets followed by a full stop e.g.
a. (2015, February 26).
b. (2014).
5. Provide the name of the page or the content or caption of the post (up to the first
40 words) as the title. Do not italicize the titles of status updates, tweets, pages,
or photographs e.g.
a. Got a question for our Chair and CEO? The next Question Time event is
hosted by @BristolCouncil
b. Do you have experience of managing your #asthma or care for someone
who does? If so, NICE needs you for our committee
See next page for further details
59
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
6. If it can help the reader to identify the resource it is recommended that the
resource type is provided within square brackets with the first letter being in
capitals followed by a full stop, which is instead of the full stop which is given
traditionally at the end of a title e.g.
a. [Tweet].
b. [Google+ post]
c. [Infographic]
7. Then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx [The HTML link can be either
underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/NICEcomms/status/593793912294236
b. Retrieved from https://plus.google.com/+nhschoices/posts/CSrXhfTFdFK
Social media
1 or 2
Author, A.
A.
3
[Social
media
identity].
4
(Date).
5
Title/Caption
of the post
6
[Resource
type].
7
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. [Social media identity]. (Date). Title of the website. [Resource type]. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. [NICE]. (2015). Beyond the QALY,
@The_MRC and @OfficialNIHR are looking for new ways to measure health &social care
benefits: http://www.mrc.ac.uk/funding/how-we-fund-research/highlight-notices/improvingcross-sector-comparisons-beyond-qaly/ … [Tweet]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/NICEcomms/status/582496556294782977
60
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
No clear author
When there is no author, the title moves to the first position of the reference entry. This
is the same with all types of referencing books, edited books and websites etc. The
examples below use the same references used within previous examples these
resources would be referenced if the author was not apparent.
No clear author
Books
4
Title of the book: Subtitle if required
3
(Date).
5
(ed.).
6
Publication Location:
Publisher.
Title of the book: Subtitle if required. (Date). Publication Location: Publisher.
Trauma nursing: from resuscitation through rehabilitation, (2009). St. Louis, MO: Saunders
Elsevier.
Edited book/chapter
4
Title of the chapter
3
(Date).
5 or 6
In A.
Editor
(Eds.),
7
Title of the book:
Subtitle if
required
8
(pp.0000).
9
Publication
Location:
Publisher.
Title the chapter. (Date). In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of the Book: subtitle if required (pp.00-00).
Publication Location: Publisher.
How we apply evidence. (2010). In J. S. Lymn (EDs.), The newprescriber: An integrated approach
to medical and non-medical prescribing (pp. 156-165). Chichester, West Sussex: WileyBlackwell.
Website
4
Title of the website.
3
(Date).
5
Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Title of the website. (Date). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
EAGA annual report. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/eaga-annual-report-2011/
Click here to go back to the contents page
61
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Acts of Parliament
1. Name of the government act and capitalise all significant words of the title of the
name of the government act and then a followed by a full stop e.g.
a. Health Act.
b. Care Standards Act.
2. Date: in brackets, year, and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2006).
b. (2000).
3. The word ‘Chapter’ then the number of the chapter and a full stop
a. Chapter 3.
b. Chapter 14.
c. Chapter 22.
4. Publication locations and publisher are separated by colon followed by a full stop.
If two or more publication locations are stated, use the first location stated. If the
reference location is within the US, use official letter abbreviation (US Postal
service address). If the location is not within the US use the town and [region or
country] with a comma, in between e.g.
a. London, United Kingdom: HMSO.
8. If accessed online then the place of publication and publisher are replaced by
Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx e.g. [The HTML link can be either underlined or
not-underlined]
b. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/12/part/1
c. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/14/contents
See next page for examples
62
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Acts of Parliament
If printed copy
1
Name of
act.
2
(Date).
3
4
Publication Location: Publisher.
Chapter XX.
Name of Act. (Date). Chapter xx. Publication Location: Publisher.
Health Act. (2006). Chapter 22. London, United Kingdom: HMSO.
If retrieved from the Web
1
Name of
act.
2
(Date).
3
Chapter XX.
5
Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Name of Act. (Date). Chapter xx. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Care Standards Act. (2000). Chapter 23. Retrieved from
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/14/contents
Click here to go back to the contents page
63
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Law report (case law)
1. The names of the parties should be placed in italics then followed by a full stop
e.g.
a. Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent.
b. D v. Bury Metropolitan Borough Council.
c. Donoghue v. Stevenson.
2. The date in brackets indicates then followed by a full stop. The date of judgment (a
case could have been judged in one year but reported the following year) so you would
use the volume number to locate the case e.g.
a. (1985).
b. (2006).
3. The volume number e.g.
a. 3
b. 2
4. Common publication abbreviations e.g.
a. FLR
b. CCLR
Common abbreviations for Law Reports:
Abbreviation
All ER
WLR
FLR
FCR
CCLR
EHRR
Law report series
All England Law Reports
Weekly Law Reports
Family Law Reports
Family Law Reporter
Community Care Law Reports
European Human Rights Reports
5. First page of report e.g.
a. 126
b. 567
See next page for examples
64
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Law report (case law)
1
Names of the
parties.
2
3
(Date). Volume
4
Common publication
abbreviations
5
First page of report
Names of the parties. (Date). Volume Common publication abbreviations First page of report
Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent. (1985). 1 WLR 1126
Click here to go back to the contents page
65
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill/ Paper
1. Author surname of the government report, followed by a comma then initials of
first, followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed
by a full stop, followed by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author of the government report, then information is
repeated as above, with the last author separated with comma and then
Ampersand. If there is more than two, then prior authors are separated whether
comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.,
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.,
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors: Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D., Rankin
I.,…Bowden J.
3. If the government report is Authored by a group such as National Health Service
or Department of Health etc then the full name of the group is required with each
word capitalised e.g.
a. Department of Health
b. National Health Service
c. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
4. Date: in brackets, year and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
5. Title in italics of the Government Report, followed by a full stop and capitalise
only the first word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. Caring for our future progress report on funding reform.
b. Maternal mental health pathway.
c. Showcase hospitals local technology review report.
6. Publication Location and publisher are separated by colon :. If two or more
publication locations are stated, use the first location stated. If the reference
location is within the US, use official letter abbreviation (US Postal service
address). If the location is not within the US use the town and [region or country]
with a comma, in between e.g.
a. London, United Kingdom: Department of Health.
b. London, United Kingdom: National Health Service.
See next page for examples.
66
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill/ Paper
1 or 2 or 3
Author, A. A.
4
(Date).
5
Title of the report.
6
Publication Location:
Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the report. Publication Location: Publisher.
Department of Health. (2012). Caring for our future progress report on funding reform. London,
United Kingdom: Department of Health.
Click here to go back to the contents page
67
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill Paper found on the Internet
1. Author surname of the government report, followed by a comma then initials of
first, followed by a full stop and if available initial of middle name, then followed by
a full stop, followed by a comma e.g.
a. Author with only a first name: Heffernan, T.
b. Author with first name and middle name: Stevenson, N. J.
2. If there is more than one author of the government report, then information is
repeated as above, with the last author separated with comma and then
Ampersand. If there is more than two, then prior authors are separated whether
comma, e.g.
a. 2 authors: Smith, H., & Stevenson, A.,
b. 3 authors: McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E.,
c. 4 authors: Smith, H., Stevenson, A., Hill, J., & Edwards, K.
d. 8+ authors: Green, A., Smith, B., Woods E., Hill, C., Baldwin A. D., Rankin
I.,…Bowden J.
3. If the government report is Authored by a group such as National Health Service
or Department of Health etc. then the full name of the group is required with each
word capitalised e.g.
a. Department of Health
b. National Health Service
c. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
4. Date: in brackets, year and a full stop after the closing bracket e.g.
a. (2009).
5. Title in italics of the Government Report, followed by a full stopand capitalise only
the first word of the title and the subtitle e.g.
a. Caring for our future progress report on funding reform.
b. Maternal mental health pathway.
c. Showcase hospitals local technology review report.
6. doi if available, followed by colon e.g
a. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610431
7. If doi is not available then use Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx e.g [The HTML
link can be either underlined or not-underlined]
a. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/Patients_First_and_Foremost.pdf
See next page for examples.
68
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill Paper found on the Internet
Using doi:
1 or 2 or 3
Author, A. A.
4
(Date).
5
Title of the Paper.
6
doi:xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the report. doi:xxxxxxx
Department of Health. (2012). Patients First and Foremost. doi:10.034354334/45643
Using website http address:
1 or 2 or 3
Author, A. A.
4
(Date).
5
Title of the Paper.
7
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the Paper. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Department of Health. (2013). Patients First and Foremost. Retrieved
fromhttps://www.gov.uk/government/Patients_First_and_Foremost.pdf
Click here to go back to the contents page
69
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Image
When referencing an image you cite the author of the resource you retrieved the image
from e.g. Website, Book, Journals etc.
Image
website
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
4
Title of the website.
(Date).
5
Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the website. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Stevenson, N. J. (2011). EAGA annual report. Retrieved from http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/eagaannual-report-2011/
Books
1 or 2
Author, A. A.
3
(Date).
4
Title of the book:
Subtitle if
required
5
(ed.).
6
Publication Location:
Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the book: Subtitle if required (ed.). Publication Location: Publisher
McQuillan, K. A., Makic, M., & Whalen, E. (2009). Trauma nursing: From resuscitation through
rehabilitation. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier.
Journals
1 or 2
Author, A.
A.,
3
4
(Date). Title of the article.
5
Title of the
journal,
6
Vol(issue),
7
00-00.
ClickA.
here
go back
pageof the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00.
Author,
A., to
(Date).
Titletoofthe
thecontents
article. Title
Benbassat, J., & Baumal, R. (2012).Expected Benefits of Streamlining Undergraduate Medical
Education by Early Commitment to Specific Medical Specialties. Advances In Health
Sciences Education, 17(1), 145-155.
70
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Tables
Number all tables with numbers in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text,
regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of this occurs later in the paper. That
is, label them as Table 1:, Table 2:, and Table 3:and so on. Place the word Table with
the numerical value given for this table and then a colon. Then the title of the table. All
letters should be capitalised except for conjunctions = and, not, or, etc. Table title
should be placed directly above the table.
Example of Numbering
Table 1: The Information Systems Included in The Review
Administrative management systems
Patient information systems
Text processing
Medical records
Patient administration system
Clinical information systems
Table 2: Overview of Training Intervention and Resources Provided
Activities
Accessing/Efficiently Using
Resources
Practice Improvement Plan
Workshop I
Search assignment based
on a clinical
case/exploration of several
online resources through
hands-on exercise
Discuss experiences using
Web-based information in
practice for patient care
decisions and patient
education
Table 3: Descriptor Variables at Baseline
Delayed Intervention Group
Initial Intervention
Group
Male
3 (15%)
7 (29%)
Female
17 (85%)
17 (71%)
Gender
71
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Examples of Table Titles
Give every table a brief but clear and explanatory title. The basic contents of the table should be
easily inferred from the title.
Too general:
Table 1: Relation Between Patients and Arousal Levels
Case Number
Test A Eye Response
Test BVerbal
Test C Motor
Response
Response
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
[It is unclear what data are presented in the table.]
Too detailed:
Table 1: Performance Scores on Test A Eye Response, Test B Verbal Response and Test CMotor
Response of Patients on Arriving Into Accident and Emergency Department
Case Number
Test A Eye Response
Test BVerbal
Test C Motor
Response
Response
1
2
3
2
2
3
2
1
[This duplicates
in the
headings
Click here toinformation
go back to the
contents
pageof the table.]
72
Good title:
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Figure
A ‘Figure’ is any type of illustration other than a table e.g. chart, graph, photograph, or
drawing. Place the figure near to the point of discussion where possible. Number all
Figures with numbers in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text,
regardless of whether a more detailed discussion of this occurs later in the paper; that
is, label them as Figure 1:,Figure 2:, and Figure 3: and so on. Place the word Figure
with the numerical value given for this Figure and then a colon. Then the title of the
Figure. All letters should be capitalised except for conjunctions = and, not, or, etc.
Figure number and title should be placed directly below the Figure.
Examples of Figures
Language and
Home Literacy
Literacy Skill
Environment
(Criterion)
(Predictors)
Figure 1: Theory Through a Set of Path Models
Figure 2: Primary Care Spending Budgets from 2005 to 2006
73
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Figure 3: Positions of Maximal Auscultation
Key points






Use figures to complement information in text or to simplify text.
Number figures in the order they are first mentioned in text.
Figures should be large enough to read easily.
Ensure that figures are simple, clear and consistent in presentation and vocabulary.
Ensure data are plotted accurately and the grid scale is proportioned.
Place labels close to the identified item.
Click here to go back to the contents page
74
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Appendix
Appendices are placed after your reference list. Appendices are used in documents for
supplementary materials within your assessment; for example, ethical clearance forms,
raw data and critical appraisal tools, etc. Number all Appendices with numbers in the
order in which they are first mentioned in the text, regardless of whether a more detailed
discussion of these occurs later in the paper. Place the subsequent appendices after
the references in the same order, that is, label them as Appendix 1:, Appendix 2:, and
Appendix 3: and so on. Place the word Appendix with the numerical value given for this
Appendix and then a colon. Then the title of the Appendix. All letters should be
capitalised except for conjunctions = and, not, or, etc. Each appendix should start on a
new page.
Examples of Appendices
Appendix 1: Critical Appraisal Tool by Homa, Schifferdecker and Reed (2008).
Categories and Items
1. Preamble 2/5
Text
1. Sufficient detail others could reproduce 
2. Clear, concise writing/table(s)/diagram(s)/figure(s)
 These are over-arching concepts and should be present throughout the study.
Appendix 2: University of Central Lancashire Ethical Clearance Checklist.
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE
Ethics Checklist
75
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Appendix 3: Informed Consent and an Initial Training Video Introduction Email
The videos have been developed by Joe Franklin who is a student from the University of Central Lancashire
undertaking an MSc in Health Informatics. As part of Joe Franklin’s MSc dissertation he is reviewing the effect of
interactive training videos on end user activity levels over a one week period, compared to use of the system one
week prior to release of the training videos. This data will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of
interactive training videos. The only data we will be using as part of this monitoring is the number of times users
have logged on to the system - no additional data will be shared, additionally, all data will be anonymised.
To give consent that your data on how many times you have accessed the system can be used for Joe Franklin’s
dissertation please reply to this email with the statement 'I XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX, agrees that Joe Franklin can use my data on activity levels for his dissertation'.
If at any time you want to withdraw from the study after giving consent please contact Joe Franklin directly using the
e-mail below indicating you want to withdraw from the study. If you need further guidance or information on this
research please contact Joe Franklin directly via e-mail at xxxxxxxxx
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76
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Checklist
It is recommended that you should get at least one person to proof read your work.
They may be willing to check this list for you as well, but some tasks are quite timeconsuming.
Self Review
Peer Review One
Check that all references are
accounted for within Reference
List and body of text.
Ensure that the in-text
reference matches in every
detail with the Reference List.
Provide accurate and full
details in the reference to
enable the reader to locate the
source of the cited document.
Check that the second line of
each reference is indented
(Ctrl and T).
Check grammar and spelling
Ensure that you have an
introduction
All referenced information
'applies', 'critically analyses' or
'compares'
All learning outcomes are
addressed
There is a conclusion
Work submitted in word
processed form
Leave wide margins. As a
general rule use A4 paper
unless the assessment
guidelines for a piece of work
specify otherwise
Work should be double spaced
in the main body of text
Reference list should be single
lined and double return
between each reference
77
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Self Review
Peer Review One
Your pages must be numbered
clearly
At the beginning or end of the
assignment you must indicate
how many words you have
written within the main body of
text, excluding reference list,
contents page and appendices
If required the
authenticity/plagiarism
statement has to be signed
If required creative contents
page
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78
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Printable checking tool
This section can be printed out and kept in a folder so that individual resources can be
checked on screen or on a printed copy.
Books
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the book: Subtitle if required (ed.). Publication Location:
Publisher.
Edited book/chapter
Author of the chapter Surname, A. A. (Date). Title the chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.),
Title of the book: Subtitle if required (pp.00-00). Publication Location: Publisher.
E-Books
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the book: Subtitle if required (ed.). doi:xxxxxxx
Edited E-book/chapters
Author, A. A. (Date). Title the chapter. In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book: Subtitle if
required (pp.00-00). doi;xxxxxxx
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James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Journal articles
Author, A. A., (Date).Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00.
Electronic Journals
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 0000.doi;xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date).Title of the article. Title of the journal, Vol(issue), 00-00.
Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Websites
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the website. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
Report/Policies/Green/White/Bill
Author, A. T. (Date). Title of the report. Publication Location: Publisher.
Report/Green/White/Bill Paper found on the Internet
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the report. doi:xxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of the report. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
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80
James Hill(Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2.1
Checklist for Data Fields for Reference List
Author of
the
chapter
Name of
act
Author/ed
itor
Date of
publication








Journal articles







Electronic
Journals







Websites



Book
Edited book/
chapters

E-book
Edited E-book/
chapter

Title/number of
the chapter


Acts of
Parliament



Acts of
Parliament
retrieved from
the Web



Title of
the
source
Edition (If
not the
first)

Title of the
journal
Vol
Issue
Publication
Location
Publisher











Editor
Page
number
doi or
URL









Report/Green/W
hite/Bill Paper



Report/Green/W
hite/Bill Paper
found on the
Internet






Click here to go back to the contents page
81
James Hill (Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2
You said, We did ...
As you may be aware, every year we ask for feedback on the previous version of this
referencing guide and, based on this feedback from staff and students, we update this
document. This year, based on staff and student feedback we have added these
additional features:



We have added and clarified the plagiarism section.
Added reference list examples of how to reference digital sources.
Added reference list examples of how to reference social media.
We want to reassure you that your feedback is very important in regards to updating this
document and we really appreciate the time you spend giving this to us every year.
Thank you for your help.
James Hill
82
James Hill (Ed.).
jehill1@uclan.ac.uk
V2