Abbreviations, Fan Terminology and Definitions
ARR.
Arrangement of fan.
BHP
Brake horsepower, the fan’s power consumption.
CCW
Counterclockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing
the impeller from the drive side on centrifugal fans.
CFM
Cubic feet per minute, the volume of air moved per minute.
CL.
Class of fan. The class identifies the limit of the fan’s performance range.
CW
Clockwise. Used to describe the rotation of an impeller. Rotation is determined by viewing the
impeller from the drive side on centrifugal fans.
dBA
Estimated sound pressure level in the space using “A” weighting.
DWDI
EFFICIENCY
FPM
A Ratio of the useful energy (work) provided by a system to the energy supplied to it. Used to
provide a relative performance comparison of fans.
Feet per minute, the velocity of the airstream.
HP
Horsepower, the fan’s motor size.
I.D.
Inside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
Lp
Sound Pressure Level. Describes the loudness level of the sound, like the brightness level of a light
bulb. This value varies with the distance from the sound source and the environment surrounding
the sound source. Sound pressure is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 0.0002
microbars.
Lw
Sound Power Level. Describes the total amount of acoustical energy the fan emits, like the watt rating of a light bulb describes the total amount of energy the light emits. This value is independent
of location, distance, and environment. Sound power is usually expressed in decibels with a reference level to 10–12 watts.
LwA
Sound Power Level ‘A’ weighted. This is a single value representing the fan’s overall sound power
level. ‘A’ weighting adjusts the sound power level for the response of the human ear. This value is
often used in the calculation of sound pressure levels.
ME
Mechanical efficiency (or Total efficiency). Mechanical efficiency is a ratio of the total fan power output to the power supplied to the fan. Mechanical efficiency uses total pressure, which includes the
kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency.
O.D.
OV
RPM
Outside diameter of fan, duct or transition.
Outlet velocity, the average air velocity at the outlet of the fan. Outlet velocity is calculated by dividing the CFM by outlet area.
Revolutions per minute, the number of rotations the fan shaft makes per minute.
SE
Static efficiency. Static efficiency is a ratio of the fan power output to the power supplied to the fan.
Static efficiency uses static pressure, which does not include the kinetic energy, to calculate the efficiency. It can be found by multiplying the Mechanical efficiency by the ratio of the fan static pressure to the fan total pressure.
SP
Static pressure is the measure of the potential energy of the airstream. SP acts equally in all directions. It is this pressure in the duct that tends to burst or collapse the duct.
SWSI
2
Double width double inlet.
Single width single inlet.
TP
Total pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. It is the sum of static pressure
(SP) and velocity pressure (VP).
TS
Tip speed, the speed of the fan blade tip.
VP
Velocity pressure, the measure of the energy content of the airstream. Velocity pressure acts in the
direction of the airflow. It is the pressure necessary to accelerate the air.
Engineering Resource Guide
Formulas For Fan Applications
Mechanical Efficiency, ME =
CFM x TP x 100
6356 x BHP
Static Efficiency, SE
=
CFM x SP x 100
6356 x BHP
Total Pressure, TP
=
Velocity, V
CFM
= Area in Sq. Ft.
Velocity Pressure, VP
=
(where SP is in inches H2O)
SP + VP
2
V
(1096.7
)
x density in pounds per cubic foot
If the density is 0.075 lbs/ft3, the equation for VP reduces to =
2
V
)
(4005
SYSTEM CURVE EQUATION
The following formula is used to find other points on the system line when SP1 and CFM1 are known. Most, but not
all, systems follow this relationship.
SP2 =
SP1
(CFM
CFM )
2 2
1
How to Use the Fan Laws for Performance Changes
There are two reasons why a fan’s performance may
need to be changed:
●
The system or area requires additional airflow (CFM).
●
The actual system static pressure (SP) is different
from the design value.
When these situations occur, it is important to understand how they can affect the fan’s performance.
The effect on the fan’s performance can be shown by
using the Fan Laws, shown below.
FAN LAW EQUATIONS
RPM2
CFM2 = RPM1 x CFM1
RPM2
SP2 = RPM1
(
RPM2
BHP2 = RPM1
(
3. After installing the fan, the Plant Manager wants to
increase the airflow into the plant to 41,500 CFM.
The fan laws are used to determine how this fan will
be affected by the new system requirements.
4. The known values are
CFM1 = 33,120 CFM
CFM2 = 41,500 CFM
BHP1 = 20.01 BHP
6. Using the fan law equations, the unknown values are
calculated as follows
41,500 x
RPM2 =
33,120 620 = 777 RPM2
x SP1
SP2
x BHP1
BHP2
777
= 620
2
( ) x 2.5" = 3.93" SP
777
= ( 620 ) x 20.01 = 39.39 BHP
2
3
3
)
RPM2 = ??
SP2 = ??
BHP2 = ??
5. The unknown values are
2
)
SP1 = 2.5" SP
RPM1 = 620 RPM
2
7. What does this information tell us?
Subscript 1 = existing conditions
Subscript 2 = new conditions
EXAMPLE
1. Assume a customer requires a fan to operate at
33,120 CFM at 2.5" SP, at standard air density. Per the
specifications, a BC backward inclined fan is
required.
2. Based on the above information, from Twin City Fan
& Blower’s Bulletin 300, a 490 BC SWSI, CL. II fan is
selected. This fan will operate at 620 RPM and 20.01
BHP to meet the required performance.
Engineering Resource Guide
In order to use the same fan for an airflow of 41,500
CFM, the RPM needs to be increased to 777 RPM.
The new performance increases the fan’s horsepower requirement from 25 HP to 50 HP. If the fan is
sped up to 777 RPM the motor must be resized.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The new RPM should be checked
to make sure it does not exceed the maximum allowable RPM for the fan that is installed. If this information
is not provided in the catalog or you would like Twin
City Fan & Blower to review the application, please
contact your local representative, the factory, or the
Twin City Fan Selector® program.
3
Performance Correction for Temperature & Altitude
In each fan catalog the performance tables are based on
standard air density, which is defined as dry air at 70°F
at sea level (29.92 Hg barometric pressure). This is
equal to 0.075 lb./ft3 density. The fan performance
tables provide the fan RPM and brake horsepower
requirements for the given CFM and static pressure, at
standard air density.
When the fan performance is not at standard conditions, the performance must be converted to standard
conditions before entering the fan performance tables.
The fan performance is converted to standard conditions by using the correction factor in the Temperature
and Altitude Correction Chart shown below.
The following are examples explaining how to convert
the fan’s performance to standard conditions.
Temperature and Altitude Correction Factors
AIR
TEMP
°F
–50
0
50
70
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
0
1000
2000
29.92
1.293
1.152
1.039
1.000
.946
.869
.803
.747
.697
.654
.616
.582
.552
.525
.500
.477
.457
.439
.420
.404
.389
.376
.363
28.86
1.247
1.111
1.003
.964
.912
.838
.774
.720
.672
.631
.594
.561
.532
.506
.482
.460
.441
.423
.404
.391
.376
.363
.350
27.82
1.201
1.071
.967
.930
.880
.808
.747
.694
.648
.608
.573
.542
.513
.488
.465
.444
.425
.407
.389
.376
.363
.350
.338
ALTITUDE IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE IN INCHES OF MERCURY
26.82
25.84
24.90
23.98
23.09
22.22
1.159
1.116
1.076
1.036
.997
.960
1.032
.995
.959
.923
.889
.856
.932
.897
.864
.833
.801
.772
.896
.864
.832
.801
.772
.743
.848
.818
.787
.758
.730
.703
.770
.751
.723
.696
.671
.646
.720
.694
.668
.643
.620
.596
.669
.645
.622
.598
.576
.555
.624
.604
.580
.558
.538
.518
.586
.565
.544
.524
.505
.486
.552
.532
.513
.493
.476
.458
.522
.503
.484
.466
.449
.433
.495
.477
.459
.442
.426
.410
.470
.454
.437
.421
.405
.390
.448
.432
.416
.400
.386
.372
.427
.412
.397
.382
.368
.354
.410
.395
.380
.366
.353
.340
.393
.379
.365
.351
.338
.326
.375
.362
.350
.336
.323
.311
.363
.349
.336
.324
.312
.300
.349
.336
.324
.312
.300
.289
.337
.325
.313
.301
.290
.279
.325
.314
.302
.291
.280
.270
9000
10000
15000
21.39
.924
.824
.743
.714
.676
.620
.573
.533
.498
.467
.440
.416
.394
.375
.352
.341
.326
.313
.300
.289
.279
.269
.259
20.58
.889
.792
.715
.688
.651
.598
.552
.514
.480
.450
.424
.401
.380
.361
.344
.328
.315
.303
.290
.279
.268
.259
.250
16.89
.729
.650
.586
.564
.534
.490
.453
.421
.393
.369
.347
.328
.311
.296
.282
.269
.258
.248
.237
.228
.220
.212
.205
How To Convert the Fan’s Performance to Standard Conditions
When Operating Conditions Are Known:
Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 17,000 CFM,
2.5" SP, at 300°F and 3000 ft. altitude. This fan is not
operating at standard conditions; therefore, the performance needs to be converted to standard conditions to
find the fan’s speed and brake horsepower. The fan’s
performance is converted to standard conditions as follows:
1. From the table above, the correction factor for
300°F and 3000 ft. altitude is 0.624.
2. The static pressure, at standard air density, is calculated by dividing the operating SP by the correction
factor; i.e., 2.5" ÷ 0.624 = 4" SP. The static pressure
is 4" at standard air density.
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure, at standard air density, the fan RPM and BHP can be
found. Enter the 365 BC, SWSI fan performance
table (Bulletin 300) with 17,000 CFM and 4" SP.
4. In this example, the RPM and BHP are between the
values listed in the performance table; therefore,
the RPM and BHP are determined by interpolation.
The RPM is determined by the following equation
RPM – 915
17,000 – 16,850
17,620 – 16,850 = 929 – 915
4
6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
equation to
150
RPM – 915
770 =
14
7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
each side by 14 reduces the equation to
0.19 x 14 = RPM – 915
8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
915 to each side reduces the equation to
2.66 + 915 = RPM
9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
RPM equal to
RPM = 918 RPM
10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation
17,000 – 16,850
BHP – 14.20
17,620 – 16,850 = 15.03 – 14.20
11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
equation to
150
BHP – 14.20
770 =
0.83
12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
each side by 0.83 reduces the equation to
0.19 x 0.83 = BHP – 14.20
Engineering Resource Guide
13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
14.20 to each side reduces the equation to
0.16 + 14.20 = BHP
14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
BHP equal to
BHP = 14.36 BHP
Conclusions — For this example, the required fan
RPM is 918 RPM and the brake horsepower at standard
conditions is 14.36 BHP. The brake horsepower, 14.36
BHP at standard conditions (70°F at sea level), is also
referred to as the cold or starting brake horsepower.
If the fan is installed at a higher altitude than sea level,
such as described in this example, the cold or starting
brake horsepower at that altitude is determined by the
following equation
Cold BHP at altitude =
BHPstd x Correction Factor
at Required Elevation and 70°F
For this example, the cold or starting brake horsepower at 3000 ft. altitude and 70°F is
14.36 x 0.896 = 12.87 BHP,
cold BHP @ 3000 ft. altitude
To determine the BHP at operating conditions, 300°F
and 3000 ft. altitude, multiply the BHP at standard conditions by the factor for these conditions:
14.36 x 0.624 = 8.96 BHP
at operating conditions,
300°F and 3000 ft. altitude
The fan performance information for 17000 CFM, 2.5"
SP, at 300°F and 3000 ft. altitude is
● 918 RPM
● 8.96 BHP at operating conditions (300°F and 3000 ft.
altitude)
● 12.87 BHP (cold BHP, 70°F and 3000 ft. altitude)
● 14.36 BHP at standard conditions or cold BHP at
70°F and sea level
● 4" SP at standard conditions
When Operating Density Is Known:
Assume a 365 BC, SWSI fan is to handle 23,500 CFM,
3.0" SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3. This fan is not operating at
standard conditions; therefore, the performance needs
to be converted to standard conditions to find the fan’s
speed and brake horsepower. The fan’s performance is
converted to standard conditions as follows:
1. Using the operating density of 0.06364 lb./ft3, the
correction factor is determined by dividing the
operating density by the standard density, 0.075
lb./ft3.
Operating Density
Correction Factor = Standard Density = 0.848
2. The static pressure at standard air density is calculated by dividing the operating SP by the conversion factor, i.e., 3.0" ÷ 0.848 = 3.5" SP. The static
pressure is 3.5" at standard air density.
3. Knowing the CFM and the static pressure at standard air density, the fan RPM and BHP can be
found. Enter the 365 BC, SWSI fan performance
table (Bulletin 300) with 23,500 CFM and 3.5" SP.
4. This example also finds the RPM and BHP between
the values listed in the performance table; therefore, the RPM and BHP are determined by interpolation.
5. The RPM is determined by the following equation
RPM – 1015
23,500 – 22,980
24,510 – 22,980 = 1054 – 1015
6. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
equation to
520
RPM – 1015
1530 =
39
7. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
each side by 39 reduces the equation to
0.3 x 39 = RPM – 1015
8. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
1015 to each side reduces the equation to
13 + 1015 = RPM
Engineering Resource Guide
9. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
RPM equal to
RPM = 1028 RPM
10. Next, the BHP is determined by the following equation
BHP – 20.15
23,500 – 22,980
24,510 – 22,980 = 22.48 – 20.15
11. Subtracting the top and bottom values reduces the
equation to
520
BHP – 20.15
1530 =
2.33
12. Dividing the values on the left side and multiplying
each side by 2.33 reduces the equation to
0.34 x 2.33 = BHP – 20.15
13. Multiplying the values on the left side and adding
20.15 to each side reduces the equation to
0.79 + 20.15 = BHP
14. Solving the left side of the equation results in a fan
BHP equal to
BHP = 20.94 BHP
Conclusions — For this example, the required fan RPM
is 1028 RPM and the brake horsepower is 20.94 BHP at
standard conditions. The brake horsepower, 20.94 BHP
at standard conditions (70°F at sea level), is also
referred to as the cold or starting brake horsepower.
To determine the BHP at operating conditions, multiply
the BHP at standard conditions by the conversion factor for these conditions:
20.94 x 0.848 = 17.76 BHP
at operating conditions
The fan performance information for 23,500 CFM, 3.0"
SP, at 0.06364 lb./ft3 is
● 1028 RPM
● 17.76 BHP at operating conditions of 0.06364 lb./ft3
● 20.94 BHP at standard conditions (70°F at sea level)
● 3.5" SP at standard conditions.
5
Capture Velocities (or Airflow) For Exhaust Hoods
Exhaust hoods are critical devices
used to protect workers from process fumes or dust. Exhaust hoods
induce airflow from the work station
to the hood to remove contaminants
or particles from the work area. The
“capture velocity” is the air velocity
required to move the contaminants
from the work station to the hood.
Capture velocities and hood designs
depend on the type of fume or dust
being removed. Hood designs include canopy hoods, downdraft
hoods, booth-type hoods, slot
hoods, etc. The chart at right shows
the capture velocity and hood design for a given process.
PROCESS
Abrasive Blasting
Auto Parking Garage
Bag Loading for Grain
Elevators, Feed Mills,
Flour Mills
Ceramic:
Dry Pan
Dry Press
Spraying (Lead Glaze)
Cooling Tunnels (Foundry)
Core Sanding (on Lathe)
Crushers & Grinders
Degreasing; Evaporation From Tanks
Forge (Hand)
Furniture Stripping Tank
Metal Cutting Bandsaw
Metal Spraying
Outboard Motor Test Tank
Packaging Machines
Note: The flow rates and velocities
shown in the charts on this page are
based on standard air density. For
conditions not at standard density
such as high temperature, moisture
or elevation, convert the operating
conditions to standard air conditions
using the correction factors found in
the Temperature and Altitude
Correction Chart on page 4.
TYPE OF HOOD
Downdraft Hood
Crossdraft Hood
2 Level
Canopy Hood
Enclosure Hood
Local at Die
Local at Die
At Supply Bin
Booth Hood
Enclosure Hood
Downdraft Hood
Under Work
Enclosure Hood
Canopy Hood
Booth Hood
Slot Hood
Booth Hood
Booth Hood
Spray Booth
Side Draft Hood
Booth Hood
Downdraft Hood
Complete Enclosure
Canopy Hood
Canopy Hood
Canopy Hood
Hood Against Wall
Island Type Hood
Booth Hood
Steam Kettles
Varnish Kettles
Wire Impregnating
Canopy Hood
Canopy Hood
Covered Tanks
Paper Machine
Pickling Metals
Plating Metals
Restaurant Range
AIRFLOW OR
CAPTURE VELOCITY
60-100 CFM/ft2 of Floor
100 CFM/ft2 of Wall
500 CFM/Parking Space
100 CFM/ft2 Open Face Area
500 FPM Maximum
200 FPM Thru All 0penings
500 CFM
500 CFM
500 CFM
400 FPM (Face)
75-100 CFM Per Running Foot
of Enclosure
100 FPM at Source
200 FPM Thru Openings
50-100 FPM
200 FPM at Face
45 CFM/ft2 of Tank Area
225 CFM/ft2 of Open Area
a) 150 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Non-toxic
b) 200 CFM/ft2 of Face Area,
Toxic
200 CFM/ft2 of tank openings
50-100 FPM at Face
95-150 FPM Down
100-400 FPM Opening
200-300 FPM at Face
200-250 FPM
225-250 FPM
80 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
125 CFM/ft2 of Hood Area
a) 200 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Up To 4 ft2
b) 150 CFM/ft2 for Face Area
Over 4 ft2
150 FPM at Face
200-250 FPM at Face
200 CFM/ft2 of Opening
From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH®): A
Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.
Minimum Duct Velocities For Conveying Materials
After the exhaust hood removes the
fumes or dust from the work station,
the velocity downstream of the hood
must be high enough to prevent the
material from clogging the ductwork.
The velocity downstream of the
hood is defined as the minimum
duct velocity and is determined by
the type of material being conveyed
through the duct. The table at right
shows typical duct velocities for various materials.
AVG. VELOCITY
TO CONVEY
MATERIAL (FPM)
MATERIAL
VERY FINE LIGHT DUST:
Cotton Lint, Wood Flour, Litho Powder
DRY DUSTS & POWDERS:
Fine Rubber Dust, Jute Lint, Cotton Dust, Light Shavings, Soap Dust
AVERAGE INDUSTRIAL DUST:
Grinding Dust, Buffing Lint-Dry, Wool Jute Dust-Shaker Waste, Shoe
Dust, Granite Dust, Silica Flour, General Material Handling, Brick
Cutting, Clay Dust, Foundry-General, Limestone Dust, Packaging &
Weighing Asbestos Dust in Textile Industries
HEAVY DUSTS
Sawdust-Heavy & Wet, Metal Turnings, Foundry Tumbling Barrels &
Shake-Out, Sandblast Dust, Wood Blocks, Brass Turnings, Cast Iron
Boring Dust, Lead Dust
HEAVY OR MOIST:
Lead Dusts with Small Chips, Moist Cement Dust, Asbestos Chunks
From Transite Pipe Cutting Machines, Buffing Lint-Sticky, Quick-Lime
Dust
2500–3000
3000–4000
3500–4000
4000–4500
4500 & Up
From American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Industrial Ventilation (ACGIH®): A
Manual of Recommended Practice, 22nd Ed. Copyright 1995, Cincinnati, OH. Reprinted with permission.
6
Engineering Resource Guide
Air Change Rates for Ventilation
The volume of fresh air (CFM) required to a given area
can be easily estimated by the “air change method.”
This method is recommended for standard commercial
type applications where environmental control of hazards, heat and/or odors is not necessary.
Other items to consider when determining the number
of air changes required are:
● Local code requirements on air changes.
● How the space is used.
● The type of climate in the area, e.g., hot, moderate
or cold.
The air volume (CFM) can be estimated by using the
following equation and the chart at right that defines
the number of air changes for given area.
Volume of Air =
Room Volume (ft3)
No. of Air Changes (min./change)
AREA TYPE
ASSEMBLY HALL
BAKERY
BAR
BOWLING ALLEY
BOILER ROOM
CAFETERIA
CHURCH
CLASSROOM
ENGINE ROOM
FACTORY
FORGE SHOP
FOUNDRY
GENERATOR ROOM
HOSPITAL
KITCHEN
LABORATORY
LAUNDRY
LOCKER ROOM
MACHINE SHOP
MILL
OFFICE
RESTAURANT
RETAIL STORE
RESTROOM/TOILET
TRANSFORMER ROOM
WAREHOUSE
MINUTES PER CHANGE
3-10
1- 3
2- 4
3- 7
1- 3
3- 5
4-10
4- 6
1- 3
2- 7
1- 2
1- 5
2- 5
4- 6
2- 3
2- 5
2- 4
4-15
3- 6
3- 8
2- 8
5-10
5-10
2- 5
1- 5
4-10
Velocity-to-Velocity Pressure Conversion Chart
Values based at Standard Density,
0.075lbs/ft3.
Calculated by the formula:
VP =
2
( )
V
4005
For other densities use the formula:
VP =
2
( ) x Density
V
1097
Where:
V is velocity in ft./min.
Density is in lb/ft3.
Engineering Resource Guide
V-VELOCITY
FPM
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
VP-VELOCITY
PRESSURE
IN. WATER
0.0006
0.0025
0.0056
0.010
0.016
0.023
0.031
0.040
0.051
0.063
0.076
0.090
0.106
0.123
0.141
0.160
0.181
0.203
0.226
0.250
0.276
0.303
0.331
V-VELOCITY
FPM
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
VP-VELOCITY
PRESSURE
IN. WATER
0.360
0.391
0.423
0.456
0.490
0.526
0.563
0.601
0.640
0.681
0.723
0.766
0.810
0.856
0.903
0.951
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.16
1.21
1.27
1.32
V -VELOCITY
FPM
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
VP-VELOCITY
PRESSURE
IN. WATER
1.38
1.44
1.50
1.56
1.63
1.69
1.76
1.82
1.89
1.96
2.03
2.10
2.18
2.25
2.33
2.40
2.48
2.56
2.64
2.72
2.81
2.89
2.98
3.06
7
Definitions of English & Metric Units
°C
cfm
cm
°F
ft
fpm
g
Hg
hp
hpm
hr.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
degrees Celsius
cubic feet per minute
centimeter
degrees Fahrenheit
foot
feet per minute
gram
mercury
horsepower
metric horsepower
hour
in.
kg
km
kPa
l
lb.
lbf
lbm
m
min.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
inch
kilogram
kilometer
kilopascal
liter
pound
pound force
pound mass
meter
minute
mm
N
Nm
oz.
psi
rpm
rps
sec.
W
wg
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
millimeter
Newton
Newton-meter
ounce
pounds per square inch
revolutions per minute
revolutions per second
second
Watts
water gauge
Pressure Equivalent Chart
This chart shows pressure values in inches water gauge and the equivalent pressure in other commonly used units.
INCHES
WATER
(IN. WG)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
8
INCHES
MERCURY
(IN. Hg)
0.0733
0.1467
0.2200
0.2934
0.3667
0.4400
0.5134
0.5867
0.6601
0.7334
0.8067
0.8801
0.9534
1.027
1.100
1.173
1.247
1.320
1.393
1.467
1.540
1.613
1.687
1.760
1.834
1.907
1.980
2.054
2.127
2.200
2.274
2.347
2.420
2.494
2.567
2.640
2.714
2.787
2.860
2.934
3.007
3.080
3.154
3.227
3.300
OUNCES
PER SQ. IN.
(oz/in2)
0.577
1.154
1.730
2.307
2.884
3.461
4.038
4.614
5.191
5.768
6.345
6.922
7.498
8.075
8.652
9.229
9.806
10.382
10.959
11.536
12.113
12.690
13.266
13.843
14.420
14.997
15.574
16.150
16.727
17.304
17.881
18.458
19.034
19.611
20.188
20.765
21.342
21.918
22.495
23.072
23.649
29.226
24.802
25.379
25.956
POUNDS
PER SQ. IN.
(lb/in2)
0.0360
0.0720
0.1081
0.1441
0.1801
0.2161
0.2522
0.2882
0.3242
0.3602
0.3962
0.4323
0.4683
0.5043
0.5403
0.5763
0.6124
0.6484
0.6844
0.7204
0.7565
0.7925
0.8285
0.8645
0.9005
0.9366
0.9726
1.009
1.045
1.081
1.117
1.153
1.189
1.225
1.261
1.297
1.333
1.369
1.405
1.441
1.477
1.513
1.549
1.585
1.621
PASCALS
(Pa)
KILOPASCALS
(kPa)
250
500
750
990
1240
1490
1740
1990
2240
2480
2730
2980
3230
3480
3730
3970
4220
4470
4720
4970
5220
5460
5710
5960
6210
6460
6710
6950
7200
7450
7700
7950
8200
8440
8690
8940
9190
9440
9690
9930
10180
10430
10680
10930
11180
0.25
0.50
0.75
0.99
1.24
1.49
1.74
1.99
2.24
2.48
2.73
2.98
3.23
3.48
3.73
3.97
4.22
4.47
4.72
4.97
5.22
5.46
5.71
5.96
6.21
6.46
6.71
6.95
7.20
7.45
7.70
7.95
8.20
8.44
8.69
8.94
9.19
9.44
9.69
9.93
10.18
10.43
10.68
10.93
11.18
MILLIMETERS
WATER
(mm WG)
25.4
50.8
76.2
101.6
127.0
152.4
177.8
203.2
228.6
254.0
279.4
304.8
330.2
355.6
381.0
406.4
431.8
457.2
482.6
508.0
533.4
558.8
584.2
609.6
635.0
660.4
685.8
711.2
736.6
762.0
787.4
812.8
838.2
863.6
889.0
914.4
939.8
965.2
990.6
1016.0
1041.4
1066.8
1092.2
1117.6
1143.0
Engineering Resource Guide
English & Metric Conversions
AREA
MULTIPLY
in
2
ft2
m2
BY
0.006944
0.0006452
645.16
144
0.09290
92903
10.76
1550
106
PRESSURE
TO OBTAIN
ft2
m2
mm2
in2
m2
mm2
ft2
in2
mm2
MULTIPLY
psi
in-wg
DENSITY
MULTIPLY
BY
TO OBTAIN
lb/ft3
16.02
kg/m3
kg/m3
0.06243
lb/ft3
in-Hg
LENGTH
MULTIPLY
ft
in
m
mm
BY
12
0.3048
304.80
0.0833
0.02540
25.4
3.2808
39.37
1000
0.003281
0.03937
0.001
TO OBTAIN
in
m
mm
ft
m
mm
ft
in
mm
ft
in
m
Pa
mm-wg
MASS
MULTIPLY
lbm
oz
grams
kg
BY
16
453.59
0.45359
0.0625
28.35
0.0283
0.002205
0.03527
0.001
2.2046
35.274
1000
TO OBTAIN
oz
grams
kg
lbm
grams
kg
lbm
oz
kg
lbm
oz
grams
MOMENT OF INERTIA
MULTIPLY
lb-in2
lb-ft
2
2
kg-m
BY
0.0069
0.0002926
144
0.04214
23.73
3417.2
TO OBTAIN
lb-ft2
kg-m2
lb-in2
kg-m2
lb-ft2
lb-in2
POWER
MULTIPLY
HP
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
W
kg-m/sec
BY
33000
550
745.7
0.7457
76.04
0.0000303
0.0167
0.0226
0.0023
0.0018
60
1.3558
0.1388
0.00134
44.254
0.73756
0.1019
0.01
434.78
7.20
9.81
TO OBTAIN
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
W
kW
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/s
W
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/min
W
kg-m/sec
HP
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
kg-m/sec
hp
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/s
W
Engineering Resource Guide
mm-Hg
atm
BY
27.728
2.036
6894.8
704.28
51.715
0.06805
0.03607
0.07343
248.66
25.4
1.8651
0.002454
0.49115
13.619
3386.4
345.91
25.4
0.03342
0.000145
0.004022
0.0002953
0.10215
0.007501
0.0000099
0.00142
0.03937
0.002891
9.7898
0.07343
0.0000966
0.01934
0.53616
0.03937
133.32
13.619
0.001316
14.696
407.48
29.921
101300
10350
760
VELOCITY
TO OBTAIN
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
psi
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
psi
in-wg
pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
mm-wg
mm-Hg
atm
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-Hg
atm
psi
in-wg
in-Hg
Pa
mm-wg
atm
psi
in-wg
invHg
Pa
mm-wg
mm-Hg
MULTIPLY
fpm
fps
in/sec
m/s
m/min
RPM
RPS
Hertz
BY
0.0167
0.0167
60
1
60
1
TO OBTAIN
rps
Hertz
rpm
Hertz
rpm
rps
ft3
in3
l
m3
lb-in
lb-ft
N-m
BY
0.083
0.11298
12
1.3558
0.73756
8.8507
TO OBTAIN
lb-ft
N-m
lb-in
N-m
lb-ft
lb-in
TEMPERATURE
CFM
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
°F = 9/5 C + 32
°C = 5/9 (F – 32)
See page 12 for expanded Temperature Conversion table.
BY
1728
28.317
0.02832
0.000579
0.01639
0.0000164
0.03531
61.024
0.001
35.315
61024
1000
TO OBTAIN
in3
l
m3
ft3
l
m3
ft3
in3
m3
ft3
in3
l
VOLUME FLOW
MULTIPLY
TORQUE
MULTIPLY
TO OBTAIN
fps
in/sec
m/s
m/min
fpm
in/sec
m/s
m/min
fpm
fps
m/s
m/min
fpm
fps
in/sec
m/min
fpm
fps
in/sec
m/s
VOLUME
MULTIPLY
ROTATING SPEED
MULTIPLY
BY
0.0167
.2
0.005080
0.30480
60
12
0.30480
18.288
5
0.0833
0.02540
1.524
196.85
3.2808
39.37
60
3.2808
0.05468
0.65617
0.0167
l/min
BY
0.0004719
0.02832
1.6990
0.47195
28.317
2118.9
60
3600
1000
60000
35.315
0.0167
60
16.667
1000
0.58858
0.0167
0.0003
0.2778
16.667
2.1189
0.001
0.06
3.6
60
0.03531
0.000016
0.001
0.06
0.0167
TO OBTAIN
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/hr
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/min
m3/sec
l/s
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/min
CFM
m3/sec
m3/min
m3/hr
l/s
9
Friction Loss Per 100 Feet of Round Duct
Data is for duct roughness of 0.0005 feet. If a special duct material is being used, please contact the duct
material manufacturer for the friction losses. Friction loss in inches H2O.
VEL.
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
4"
CFM
175
192
209
227
244
262
279
297
314
332
349
367
384
402
419
437
454
471
489
506
524
541
559
576
594
611
VEL.
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
4200
4400
4600
4800
5000
5200
5400
5600
5800
6000
6200
6400
6600
6800
7000
10
5"
FL
1.85
2.21
2.59
3.04
3.49
4.00
4.52
5.10
5.68
6.33
6.97
7.69
8.39
9.18
9.95
10.80
11.63
12.50
13.45
14.37
15.39
16.38
17.47
18.52
19.68
20.80
CFM
273
300
327
355
382
409
437
464
491
518
546
573
600
627
655
682
709
737
764
791
818
846
873
900
928
955
14"
CFM
2138
2352
2566
2779
2993
3207
3421
3635
3848
4062
4276
4490
4704
4917
5131
5345
5559
5773
5986
6200
6414
6628
6842
7055
7269
7483
6"
FL
1.39
1.67
1.97
2.30
2.65
3.02
3.43
3.85
4.30
4.77
5.28
5.80
6.35
6.91
7.53
8.14
8.78
9.47
10.16
10.88
11.62
12.41
13.19
14.00
14.87
15.73
16"
FL
0.39
0.47
0.55
0.64
0.74
0.85
0.96
1.08
1.20
1.34
1.48
1.63
1.78
1.94
2.11
2.28
2.46
2.65
2.85
3.05
3.26
3.48
3.70
3.93
4.16
4.41
CFM
2793
3072
3351
3630
3910
4189
4468
4747
5027
5306
5585
5864
6144
6423
6702
6982
7261
7540
7819
8099
8378
8657
8936
9216
9495
9774
CFM
393
432
471
511
550
589
628
668
707
746
786
825
864
903
943
982
1021
1061
1100
1139
1178
1218
1257
1296
1336
1375
FL
1.11
1.33
1.57
1.83
2.11
2.41
2.72
3.07
3.43
3.80
4.21
4.62
5.05
5.51
5.99
6.49
7.00
7.54
8.10
8.67
9.26
9.88
10.51
11.16
11.84
12.53
18"
FL
0.33
0.40
0.47
0.55
0.63
0.72
0.82
0.92
1.02
1.14
1.26
1.38
1.51
1.65
1.79
1.94
2.09
2.25
2.42
2.59
2.77
2.95
3.14
3.34
3.54
3.75
CFM
3534
3888
4241
4595
4948
5302
5655
6008
6362
6715
7069
7422
7776
8129
8483
8836
9189
9543
9896
10250
10603
10957
11310
11664
12017
12370
FL
0.29
0.34
0.41
0.47
0.55
0.62
0.71
0.79
0.89
0.99
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.55
1.68
1.81
1.95
2.10
2.25
2.40
2.56
2.72
2.89
3.07
3.25
DUCT DIAMETER
7"
CFM
FL
535
0.92
588
1.10
642
1.30
695
1.51
748
1.74
802
1.99
855
2.25
909
2.53
962
2.83
1016
3.14
1069
3.47
1123
3.82
1176
4.17
1230
4.56
1283
4.95
1337
5.36
1390
5.78
1443
6.22
1497
6.68
1550
7.15
1604
7.65
1657
8.15
1711
8.68
1764
9.22
1818
9.78
1871
10.34
CFM
698
768
838
908
977
1047
1117
1187
1257
1327
1396
1466
1536
1606
1676
1746
1815
1885
1955
2025
2095
2164
2234
2304
2374
2444
FL
0.77
0.93
1.10
1.28
1.47
1.68
1.91
2.15
2.40
2.66
2.94
3.23
3.54
3.86
4.19
4.54
4.90
5.27
5.66
6.07
6.48
6.91
7.35
7.81
8.28
8.77
CFM
1091
1200
1309
1418
1527
1636
1745
1854
1963
2073
2182
2291
2400
2509
2618
2727
2836
2945
3054
3163
3272
3381
3491
3600
3709
3818
FL
0.59
0.71
0.83
0.97
1.12
1.28
1.45
1.63
1.82
2.02
2.23
2.46
2.69
2.93
3.18
3.45
3.72
4.00
4.30
4.61
4.92
5.25
5.59
5.93
6.29
6.66
CFM
1571
1728
1885
2042
2199
2356
2513
2670
2827
2985
3142
3299
3456
3613
3770
3927
4084
4241
4398
4555
4712
4869
5027
5184
5341
5498
FL
0.47
0.56
0.67
0.78
0.90
1.02
1.16
1.30
1.45
1.62
1.79
1.96
2.15
2.34
2.54
2.76
2.97
3.20
3.44
3.68
3.93
4.20
4.47
4.74
5.03
5.32
DUCT DIAMETER
20"
CFM
FL
4363
0.25
4800
0.30
5236
0.36
5672
0.42
6109
0.48
6545
0.55
6981
0.62
7418
0.70
7854
0.78
8290
0.87
8727
0.96
9163
1.05
9599
1.15
10036
1.26
10472
1.37
10909
1.48
11345
1.60
11781
1.72
12218
1.85
12654
1.98
13090
2.11
13527
2.25
13963
2.40
14399
2.55
14836
2.70
15272
2.86
22"
CFM
5280
5808
6336
6863
7391
7919
8447
8975
9503
10031
10559
11087
11615
12143
12671
13199
13727
14255
14783
15311
15839
16367
16895
17423
17951
18479
FL
0.22
0.27
0.32
0.37
0.43
0.49
0.55
0.62
0.70
0.77
0.85
0.94
1.03
1.12
1.22
1.32
1.42
1.53
1.64
1.76
1.88
2.01
2.14
2.27
2.40
2.55
24"
CFM
6283
6912
7540
8168
8796
9425
10053
10681
11310
11938
12566
13195
13823
14451
15080
15708
16336
16965
17593
18221
18850
19478
20106
20735
21363
21991
FL
0.20
0.24
0.29
0.33
0.39
0.44
0.50
0.56
0.63
0.70
0.77
0.84
0.92
1.01
1.10
1.19
1.28
1.38
1.48
1.58
1.69
1.81
1.92
2.04
2.16
2.29
30"
CFM
9817
10799
11781
12763
13744
14726
15708
16690
17671
18653
19635
20617
21598
22580
23562
24544
25525
26507
27489
28470
29452
30434
31416
32397
33379
34361
FL
0.15
0.19
0.22
0.26
0.29
0.34
0.38
0.43
0.48
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.71
0.77
0.84
0.91
0.98
1.05
1.13
1.21
1.29
1.38
1.47
1.56
1.65
1.75
8"
10"
12"
Engineering Resource Guide
Area and Circumference of Circles
DIA.
(IN.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
AREA
IN2
0.785
3.14
7.07
12.57
19.63
28.27
38.48
50.27
63.62
78.54
95.03
113.00
133.00
154.00
177.00
201.00
227.00
254.00
284.00
314.00
346.00
380.00
415.00
452.00
491.00
531.00
573.00
616.00
661.00
707.00
755.00
804.00
855.00
908.00
FT2
0.005
0.022
0.049
0.087
0.136
0.196
0.267
0.349
0.441
0.545
0.659
0.785
0.921
1.07
1.23
1.40
1.57
1.77
1.97
2.18
2.40
2.64
2.88
3.14
3.41
3.68
3.97
4.27
4.58
4.90
5.24
5.58
5.93
6.30
CIRCUMFERENCE
IN
FT
3.14
0.262
6.28
0.523
9.42
0.785
12.57
1.054
15.71
1.31
18.85
1.57
21.99
1.83
25.13
2.09
28.27
2.36
31.42
2.62
34.56
2.88
37.70
3.14
40.84
3.40
43.98
3.66
47.12
3.93
50.27
4.19
53.41
4.45
56.55
4.71
59.69
4.97
62.83
5.23
65.97
5.50
69.12
5.76
72.26
6.02
75.40
6.28
78.54
6.54
81.68
6.80
84.82
7.07
87.96
7.33
91.11
7.59
94.25
7.85
97.39
8.11
100.53
8.37
103.67
8.64
106.81
8.90
DIA.
(IN.)
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
AREA
IN2
962
1018
1075
1134
1195
1257
1320
1385
1452
1521
1590
1662
1735
1810
1886
1963
2043
2124
2206
2290
2376
2463
2552
2642
2734
2827
2922
3019
3117
3217
3318
3421
3526
3632
FT2
6.68
7.06
7.46
7.87
8.29
8.72
9.16
9.61
10.08
10.55
11.04
11.53
12.04
12.56
13.08
13.62
14.17
14.74
15.31
15.89
16.49
17.09
17.71
18.33
18.97
19.62
20.28
20.95
21.63
22.32
23.03
23.74
24.46
25.20
CIRCUMFERENCE
IN
FT
109.96
9.16
113.10
9.42
116.24
9.68
119.38
9.94
122.52
10.21
125.66
10.47
128.81
10.73
131.95
10.99
135.09
11.25
138.23
11.51
141.37
11.78
144.51
12.04
147.65
12.30
150.80
12.56
153.94
12.82
157.08
13.08
160.22
13.35
163.36
13.61
166.50
13.87
169.65
14.13
172.79
14.39
175.93
14.65
179.07
14.92
182.21
15.18
185.35
15.44
188.50
15.70
191.64
15.96
194.78
16.23
197.92
16.49
201.06
16.75
204.20
17.01
207.35
17.27
210.49
17.53
213.63
17.80
DIA.
(IN.)
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
AREA
IN2
3739
3848
3959
4072
4185
4301
4418
4536
4657
4778
4902
5027
5153
5281
5411
5542
5675
5809
5945
6082
6221
6362
6504
6648
6793
6940
7088
7238
7390
7543
7698
7854
FT2
25.95
26.70
27.47
28.25
29.04
29.84
30.66
31.48
32.31
33.16
34.01
34.88
35.76
36.64
37.54
38.45
39.37
40.31
41.25
42.20
43.17
44.14
45.13
46.13
47.14
48.15
49.18
50.23
51.28
52.34
53.41
54.50
CIRCUMFERENCE
IN
FT
216.77
18.06
219.91
18.32
223.05
18.58
226.19
18.84
229.34
19.10
232.48
19.37
235.62
19.63
238.76
19.89
241.90
20.15
245.04
20.41
248.19
20.67
251.33
20.94
254.47
21.20
257.61
21.46
260.75
21.72
263.89
21.98
267.04
22.24
270.18
22.51
273.32
22.77
276.46
23.03
279.60
23.29
282.74
23.55
285.88
23.81
289.03
24.08
292.17
24.34
295.31
24.60
298.45
24.86
301.59
25.12
304.73
25.38
307.88
25.65
311.02
25.91
314.16
26.17
Equations: Area = r2 (r = radius of circle)
Circumference = 2r or d
(r = radius of circle; d = diameter of circle)
Gauges & Equivalent Metal Thickness
Steel Sheet Gauges & Weights
GAUGE
1"
3/4"
5/8"
1/2"
3/8"
5/16"
1/4"
3/16"
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Engineering Resource Guide
THICKNESS
IN.
1
3/4
5/8
1/2
3/8
5/16
1/4
3/16
.1793
.1644
.1495
.1345
.1196
.1046
.0897
.0747
.0673
.0598
.0538
.0478
.0418
.0359
.0329
.0299
.0269
.0239
.0209
.0179
.0164
MM
25.4000
19.0500
15.8750
12.7000
9.5250
7.9375
6.3500
4.7625
4.5542
4.1758
3.7973
3.4163
3.0378
2.6568
2.2784
1.8974
1.7094
1.5189
1.3665
1.2141
1.0617
0.9119
0.8357
0.7595
0.6833
0.6071
0.5309
0.4547
0.4166
WEIGHT
LB/FT2
41.829
31.372
26.143
20.915
15.686
13.072
10.457
7.843
7.500
6.875
6.250
5.625
5.000
4.375
3.750
3.125
2.813
2.500
2.250
2.000
1.750
1.500
1.375
1.250
1.125
1.000
0.875
0.750
0.688
KG/M2
204.379
153.280
127.73
102.187
76.640
63.867
51.093
38.320
36.644
33.591
30.537
27.483
24.429
21.376
18.322
15.268
13.744
12.215
10.993
9.772
8.550
7.329
6.718
6.107
5.497
4.886
4.275
3.664
3.361
11
Fractions to Equivalent Decimal Values
FRACTION
1
⁄64
1
⁄32
3
⁄64
1
⁄16
5
⁄64
3
⁄32
7
⁄64
1
⁄8
9
⁄64
5
⁄32
11
⁄64
3
⁄16
13
⁄64
7
⁄32
15
⁄64
1
⁄4
17
⁄64
9
⁄32
19
⁄64
5
⁄16
21
⁄64
11
⁄32
FRACTION
23
⁄64
3
⁄8
25
⁄64
13
⁄32
27
⁄64
7
⁄16
29
⁄64
15
⁄32
31
⁄64
1
⁄2
33
⁄64
17
⁄32
35
⁄64
9
⁄16
37
⁄64
19
⁄32
39
⁄64
5
⁄8
41
⁄64
21
⁄32
43
⁄64
11
⁄16
DECIMAL
.016
.031
.047
.063
.078
.094
.109
.125
.141
.156
.172
.188
.203
.219
.234
.250
.266
.281
.397
.313
.328
.344
DECIMAL
.359
.375
.391
.406
.422
.438
.453
.469
.484
.500
.516
.531
.547
.563
.578
.594
.609
.625
.641
.656
.672
.688
FRACTION
45
⁄64
23
⁄32
47
⁄64
3
⁄4
49
⁄64
25
⁄32
51
⁄64
13
⁄16
53
⁄64
27
⁄32
55
⁄64
7
⁄8
57
⁄64
29
⁄32
59
⁄64
15
⁄16
61
⁄64
31
⁄32
63
⁄64
1
DECIMAL
.703
.719
.734
.750
.766
.781
.797
.813
.828
.844
.859
.875
.861
.906
.922
.938
.953
.969
.984
1.00
Temperature Conversions
°C
–40
–39
–38
–37
–36
–35
–34
–33
–32
–31
–30
–29
–28
–27
–26
–25
–24
–23
–22
–21
–20
–19
–18
–17
–16
–15
–14
–13
–12
–11
–10
–9
–8
–7
–6
–5
–4
–3
°F
–40.0
–38.2
–36.4
–34.6
–32.8
–31.0
–29.2
–27.4
–25.6
–23.8
–22.0
–20.2
–18.4
–16.6
–14.8
–13.0
–11.2
–9.4
–7.6
–5.8
–4.0
–72.2
–0.4
1.4
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
14.4
15.8
17.6
19.4
21.2
23.0
24.8
26.6
°C
–2
–1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
°F
28.4
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
°C
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
°F
96.8
98.6
100.4
102.2
104.0
105.8
107.6
109.4
111.2
113.0
114.8
116.6
118.4
120.2
122.0
123.8
125.6
127.4
129.2
131.0
132.8
134.6
136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
°C
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
°F
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
190.4
192.2
194.0
195.8
197.6
199.4
201.2
203.0
204.8
206.6
208.4
210.2
212.0
221.0
230.0
239.0
248.0
257.0
266.0
275.0
284.0
293.0
302.0
311.0
°C
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
°F
320
329
338
347
356
365
374
383
392
401
410
419
428
437
446
455
464
473
482
491
500
509
518
527
536
545
554
563
572
581
590
599
608
617
626
635
644
653
°C
350
355
360
365
370
375
380
385
390
395
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
650
700
750
800
°F
662
671
680
689
698
707
716
725
734
743
752
770
788
806
824
842
860
878
896
914
932
950
968
986
1004
1022
1040
1058
1076
1094
1112
1202
1292
1382
1472