4
Wind Turbine Modelling
of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Umashankar S, Dr. Kothari D P and Mangayarkarasi P
VIT University & Anna University
Tamilnadu,
India
1. Introduction
This document provides detail about modelling Fully-Fed Induction Generator (FFIG) based
wind farm. The generator torque model was specified either as a constant derived from
nominal turbine power or pitch control block depends on the wind speed.
This model has been simulated under the normal operating condition and three different
fault conditions. The performance of the model analysed based on the speed, torque,
voltage, current, and power of generator, converter and grid.
This document contains the model design parameters and simulation results.
2. Wind farm model
The model in Fig.1. is the top level model of the fully-fed induction generator based wind
farm with the following subsystems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Induction generator and its torque subsystem
Converter Bridges
Machine bridge control
Network bridge control
Pitch Controller
Transmission line and grid
2.1 Induction generator
The Induction Generator block is a standard block in the SimPowerSystems Application
Library, Machines. Its design is based on reference 3
2.2 Converter bridges
This is a standard block in SimPowerSystems, Power Electronics, Universal Bridge. The
pulses for these two bridges given from subsystems MCB control and NWB control, which
are modelled based on the vector control principles. Its design parameters are based on
reference 12.
Source: Wind Power, Book edited by: S. M. Muyeen,
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7, pp. 558, June 2010, INTECH, Croatia, downloaded from SCIYO.COM
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Fig. 1. Top Level Wind Farm Model
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Conn1
Conn2
Fault_block
Conn3
Discrete,
Ts = 5e-006 s.
A
aA
A
A
aA
A
a
aA
B
bB
B
B
bB
B
b
bB
C
cC
C
C
cC
C
c
cC
pow ergui
Grid
TX Line
Park T/Xr
I_Inv
mech system
V_WTP1
[Wm]
Tm
I_WT1
0
1
[Vdcref]
IGabc
BR
Tm
A
-K-
aA
a
com
com
Vinv
Iinv
m
Gain
1
[Vdc]
Vdc
m1
[Wm_T e]
0
Vdcref
Wm
<Electromagnetic torque Te (N*m)>
outA
aA
aA
A
a
A
outB
bB
bB
B
b
B
outC
cC
cC
C
c
C
A
B
<Rotor speed (wm)>
bB
inA
b
B
C
cC
c
inB
inC
C
Te, wm
DC LINK INVERTER
WTG
WTG T/Xr
I_Inv
br
Iinv
Conn1
Conn2
View Scope
To Plot
scope_en
plot_en
Constant1
Constant
[grid_var]
Grid_outputs
[grid_var]
Grid_outputs
[wtg_var]
WTG_outputs
[wtg_var]
WTG_outputs
[inv_var]
Inv_outputs
[inv_var]
Inv_outputs
Measurements
[mech_var]
mec_outputs
results_scope
[mech_var]
mec_outputs
results_plot
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Fig. 2. Wind Turbine Generator mask dialogue
NWB control
MCB control
1
IGabc
2
IGabc
pulse1
Vabc
3
pulse2
Iabc
Vinv
4
pulses1
Wm
Iinv
Wm
W*
pulse3
Vdc_Ref
pulse4
Vdc
1100
pulses2
1100*pi/30
Saturation
Constant2
pulses_mc
Wref
pulses_nw
1
Vdcref
g
g
+
1
v
B
inB
3
C
2
+
A
inA
2
A
+
-
-
B
outA
5
C
outB
6
-
inC
MCB
Fig. 3. DC link-Inverter with control blocks
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4
NWB
outC
Vdc_ref
Vdc
Vdc_actual
96
Wind Power
2.3 Machine-bridge
This subsystem was modelled based on the vector control principles, in which the flux and
torque controlled with the use of speed controller and hysteresis current controller. All the
parameters are converted into two phase quantities and then the required flux and torque
are calculated using abc to dq conversion. Here one provision is also available for checking
the controller response for step change in speed.
Flux
Calculation
Phir
1
Id
[Iabc]
IGabc
Goto
2
Pulses
2
openloop_pulse
Wm
Discrete
PWM Generator
Constant
speed
[Speed]
109
Goto2
[Iabc]
Iabc
Id
wm Teta
Teta
Iq
Iq
ABC to dq
conversion
Phir
[Speed]
Speed
step
Teta
Calculation
1
z
0.96
Phir*
Phir* Id*
id*
Calculation
Teta
[Iabc]
Iabc
Pulses
Id* Iabc*
Iabc*
1
clloop_pulse
Phir
[Speed]
w
Iq*
Te*
3
W*
w*
Speed
controller
Iq*
Te*
iqs*
calculation
Current
Regulator
dq to ABC
conversion
Fig. 4. Machine bridge control block
2.4 network-bridge
This subsystem was modelled based on the independent real and reactive power control
using voltage and current controller. All the AC quantities are converted into two phase dqo
and then the voltage and current references are estimated. Here one more provision is also
available to give different type of pwm pulses, open loop as well as closed loop.
2.5 Transmission line and grid specifications
The transmission line is modelled as simple Π equivalent circuit block which is available
with the standard block in SimPowerSystems, Elements. Its design parameters are specified
in reference 8.
The Grid block is a standard block in the SimPowerSystems, Electrical Sources. Its design
parameters are based on reference 8. The grid condition is based on the parameters under
short-circuit section either by providing short-circuit power SCVA, Base Voltage Vrms, X/R
ratio SCR or by Source Resistance Rs and inductance Ls.
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Scope3
-K-
wt
Freq
V->pu
Vabc (t)
1
Vabc (pu)
1/z
wt
VdVq
Vabc
Sin_Cos
v abc
Vd
Vd
m_Phi->Vabc(t)
PLL
sincos
IdIq
4
Pulses
IdIq
2
Iabc
-K-
open_looppwm
IdIq_Ref
Iabc
A->pu
VdVq
Scope6
Vdc
Measurements
Discrete
PWM Generator
current Regulator
0
Uref
P1
wt
P2
3
sync_pwm
3
Vdcref
Vdc_Ref
Idref
4
synchronised 2L pwm
Terminator2
Vdc
Vdcactual
Uref
Pulses
DC Voltage regulator
1
discrete_pwm
Discrete
PWM
P1
Uref
2
unsync_pwm
P2
Terminator3
unsynchronised 2L pwm
Fig. 5. Network bridge control block
Fig. 6. Transmission Line Π equivalent mask dialogue
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Wind Power
2.6 Pitch controller
The pitch controller block is a standard SimPowerSystems Pitch Controller Library block.
We have made some modifications to enable or disable the controller based on the wind
speed. Also the existing standard wind turbine block will give the per unit torque value.
Then this is converted into actual value by manually adding the gain block which multiplies
it with the base torque.
Display7
Generator speed (pu)
Display8
[wr]
Display3
[pitch]
[Tm]
Tm (pu)
PI
Pitch angle (deg)
Rate Limiter
1
Wind speed (m/s)
Pmec/Pnom
Wind (m/s)
Wind Turbine
Display4
Wind_On
Wind_On
Display2
0
2
Tm
Display9
m1
2
Display1
-K-
[wr]
<ElectromagneticGain1
torque Te (N*m)>
[Te]
<Rotor speed (wm)>
Display5
V_WT1
Vabc_B1
I_WT1
Iabc_B1
[wr]
wr
[Tm]
Tm
[Te]
Te
Pmes
m
1
m
[pitch]
Pitch_angle (deg)
Data acquisition
Fig. 7. Pitch controller block
Fig. 8. Wind Turbine mask dialogue
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Turbine Power Characteristics (Pitch angle beta = 0 deg)
Max. power at base wind speed (12 m/s) and beta = 0 deg
12 m/s
1
Turbine output power (pu of nominal mechanical power)
0.8
10.8 m/s
0.6
9.6 m/s
0.4
8.4 m/s
7.2 m/s
0.2
6 m/s
1 pu
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Turbine speed (pu of nominal generator speed)
1
1.2
1.4
Fig. 9. Wind Turbine characteristic curves
12
1
Display16
-CWind speed
(m/s)2
-K-
Display11
wind_speed_pu
Generator speed (pu)2
Pm_pu
wind_speed^1
Product 1
1.2
9.72
Display13
Display15
-C-
Pwind_pu
u(1)^3
1/wind_base1
Avoid division
by zero 1
1.2
-Kpu->pu 1
lambda_pu
Product1
-K-
0.8827
Display9
cp_pu
Display8
0.8827
lambda
lambda
-Kpu->pu
cp
Display12
-K-
beta
lambda_nom1
cp(lambda,beta)1
1/cp_nom1
-C-
0.4237
pitch angle1
Display14
-1
Avoid division
by zero1
-0.7356
1.2
Tm (pu)2
Display10
Run the M-file Turbine_model_initialisation.m first to assign values to Parameters
Fig. 10. Wind Turbine Block
3. Modelling notes and assumptions
The model is completely discrete; there are no continuous states.
The model is full parameterised; it has no hard coded parameter values.
All the model parameter values are set up in the initialisation file. The model could be used
for a different wind turbine simply by changing the initialisation file; no change to the
model is needed.
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Wind Power
The stiffness of the shaft between the generator and wind turbine was chosen so that
mechanical resonance occurred at 5Hz. This was done to demonstrate the effectiveness of
active damping.
MATLAB mechanical dynamic model has been made discrete. The sample time chosen for
the discrete model, 5X10-6 s, gave time domain results very close to the continuous model
for 5Hz resonant frequency.
The model assumes that the converter DC link voltage is maintained constant during the
simulations, thus the energy storage of the DC link due to the DC link capacitor has not
been modeled.
The standard MATLAB wind turbine model has been used, which is analytic but doesn’t
completely agree with the data provided by client in reference 1.
The wind speed is assumed to be rated value and hence the torque and speed of the
generator.
The wind turbine is considered to be delivering the power to grid and not to local loads.
All the initial conditions are assumed to be zero, unless otherwise specified externally and
losses neglected to make the model simple and calculation easier.
As the objective of the modelling work was to get the correct transient response during a
grid fault, generator and converter losses neglected or assumed to be zero.
The model is not analysed under Grid Fault Ride through Conditions, also not able to
maintain the stability due to unavailable provision for voltage stabilization.
4. Results
Simulation results are provided for the following different cases
1. Normal operation
2. Grid Fault Analysis
a. Three-Phase Line to Ground Fault
b. Two-Phase Line to Line Fault
The following category figures are plotted for each scenario
1. Generator Voltage, Current, Real Power and Reactive Power
2. Generator Electromagnetic Torque, Speed
3. Mechanical Torque, Rotor and Wind Speed, Pitch
4.
Inverter Voltage, current, PWM pulses, Vdc
5. Grid Voltage, Current, Real Power and Reactive Power
4.1 Normal operation
To analyse the model under normal operating condition, follow the steps in the below
snapshot of the matlab command window. After the simulation, command window will
prompt for user input to display the results and to save the figures. To start with run the
main.m file in command window and follow the steps below:
4.1.1 Comments on the result
At rated torque and speed, the FFIG delivers the rated power to grid under normal
operation. The negative sign in the generator power waveform denotes consumption and
positive sign denotes generation of power. Thus the generator delivering rated power to
grid by absorbing some reactive power.
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Fig. 11. Matlab command window as user interface, normal operation
Wind Generator Voltage in Volts
5000
0
-5000
1
0
0.5
4
x 10
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Wind Generator Current in Amps
4
4.5
5
0
0.5
7
x 10
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Wind Generator Real Power in Watts
4
4.5
5
0
0.5
7
x 10
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Wind Generator Reactive Power in vARs
4.5
5
0
1
4.5
5
0
-1
2
0
-2
2
0
-2
0.5
1.5
2
2.5
3
Time in secs
3.5
Fig. 12. Generator-side electrical outputs, normal operation
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4
102
Wind Power
4
5
Wind Generator Electro Mag Torque in N-m
x 10
0
-5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
5
5
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
3.5
4
4.5
5
Mech Torque in N-m
x 10
0
-5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Wind Generator Speed in RPM
3000
2000
1000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Pitch in °/sec
1
0
-1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time in secs
Fig. 13. Generator-side mechanical outputs, normal operation
Inverter Voltage in Volts
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
4
4
2.5
Inverter Current in Amps
x 10
2
0
-2
-4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
DC Link Voltage Ref, Actual in volts
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time in secs
Fig. 14. Inverter Electrical outputs, normal operation
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103
Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Machine Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
4.995
4.9955
4.996
4.9965
4.997
4.9975
4.998
4.9985
4.999
4.9995
5
4.998
4.9985
4.999
4.9995
5
Network Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
4.995
4.9955
4.996
4.9965
4.997
4.9975
Time in secs
Fig. 15. PWM pulse outputs, normal operation
5
2
Grid Voltage in Volts
x 10
0
-2
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
0.5
7
x 10
1
1.5
0
0.5
8
x 10
0
2
2.5
3
Grid Current in Amps
3.5
4
4.5
5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Grid Real Power in Watts
4
4.5
5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Grid Reactive Power in vARs
4
4.5
5
1
1.5
4
4.5
5
1000
0
-1000
5
0
-5
2
0
-2
0.5
2
2.5
3
Time in secs
Fig. 16. Grid-side Electrical outputs, normal operation
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3.5
104
Wind Power
The negative sign in torque denotes it as generating torque. The real power is delivered to
grid with some loss of power in the transformer, cable and transmission line.
Fig.14. shows inverter output settles after one sec, before that there are some spikes
occurring at regular intervals. This can be avoided by providing dv/dt filters in the output.
The dc regulator maintains the dc voltage at its constant level as seen from fig.14.
The PWM pulse output shown in fig.15. for both machine and network bridges. The
modulation is unsynchronised sine pwm and it’s based on the closed loop bridge control.
4.2 Three-phase to ground grid fault
To analyse the model under three-phase to ground grid fault condition, follow the steps in
the below snapshot of the matlab command window. After the simulation, command
window will prompt for user input to display the results and to save the figures. To start
with run the main.m file in command window and follow the steps below:
4.2.1 Comments on the result
At rated torque and speed, the FFIG delivers the rated power to grid under normal
operation. At time t=2.5s, three-phase to ground fault is created at the grid side transmission
line hence the grid current abruptly increased. The generator voltage, current will not
become zero as like in fixed speed wind turbine and speed will increase above rated speed.
Also the actual dc voltage becomes zero with that of reference.
Fig. 17. Matlab command window as user interface, 3phase grid fault
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Wind Generator Voltage in Volts
5000
0
-5000
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
4
2
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
Wind Generator Current in Amps
x 10
0
-2
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
7
5
2.4
2.5
2.6
Wind Generator Real Power in Watts
x 10
0
-5
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
7
5
2.4
2.5
2.6
Wind Generator Reactive Power in vARs
x 10
0
-5
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Time in secs
Fig. 18. Generator-side electrical outputs, 3phase grid fault
4
5
Wind Generator Electro Mag Torque in N-m
x 10
0
-5
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
4
5
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
Mech Torque in N-m
x 10
0
-5
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
Wind Generator Speed in RPM
2200
2000
1800
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
Pitch in °/sec
1
0
-1
2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
Time in secs
Fig. 19. Generator-side mechanical outputs, 3phase grid fault
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Wind Power
It is evident from the fig.19. that there is a mechanical torque reversal during the grid fault
and there are some oscillations in all the waveforms after the fault has been cleared. But the
shaft between generator and wind turbine will ring at its natural frequency.
At time t=3s fault is cleared and all the quantities will slowly come to its previous condition
of normal operation. Since electromagnetic torque becomes discontinuous during grid fault
and initial conditions are changed after fault removal, it will take more time to settle in
steady state. Implementation of GFRT will rectify this issue and stabilize the electrical
parameters during fault and after fault removal.
Inverter Voltage in Volts
5000
0
-5000
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
4
5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
Inverter Current in Amps
x 10
0
-5
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
DC Link Voltage Ref, Actual in volts
4000
Ref
Actual
2000
0
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Time in secs
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
Fig. 20. Inverter Electrical outputs, 3phase grid fault
Machine Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
2.5
2.5005
2.501
2.5015
2.502
2.5025
2.503
2.5035
2.504
2.5045
2.505
2.5035
2.504
2.5045
2.505
Network Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
2.5
2.5005
2.501
2.5015
2.502
2.5025
Time in secs
Fig. 21. PWM pulse outputs, 3phase grid fault
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2.503
107
Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
5
1
Grid Voltage in Volts
x 10
0
-1
2
2.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
Grid Current in Amps
500
0
-500
2
2.5
7
5
Grid Real Power in Watts
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
7
5
Grid Reactive Power in vARs
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
Time in secs
Fig. 22. Grid-side Electrical outputs, 3phase grid fault
Fig. 23. Matlab command window as user interface, 2phase grid fault
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Wind Power
Wind Generator Voltage in Volts
5000
0
-5000
2
2.5
4
2
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
Wind Generator Current in Amps
x 10
0
-2
2
2.5
7
5
Wind Generator Real Power in Watts
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
7
5
Wind Generator Reactive Power in vARs
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
Time in secs
Fig. 24. Generator-side electrical outputs, 2phase grid fault
5
1
Wind Generator Electro Mag Torque in N-m
x 10
0
-1
2
2.5
3
4
-1
3.5
4
4.5
5
4
4.5
5
4
4.5
5
4
4.5
5
4
4.5
5
Mech Torque in N-m
x 10
-1.5
-2
2
2.5
3
3.5
Wind Generator Speed in RPM
1200
1100
1000
2
2.5
3
3.5
Wind Speed in m/s
12
10
8
2
2.5
3
3.5
Pitch in °/sec
1
0
-1
2
2.5
3
3.5
Time in secs
Fig. 25. Generator-side mechanical outputs, 2phase grid fault
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
Inverter Voltage in Volts
2000
0
-2000
2
2.5
4
5
3
3.5
Inverter Current in Amps
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
3
3.5
DC Link Voltage Ref, Actual in volts
Ref
Actual
4000
2000
0
-2000
2
2.5
3
3.5
Time in secs
Fig. 26. Inverter Electrical outputs, 2phase grid fault
Machine Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
2.5
2.501
2.502
2.503
2.504
2.505
2.506
2.507
2.508
2.509
2.51
2.507
2.508
2.509
2.51
Network Bridge pulses
2
1
0
-1
2.5
2.501
2.502
2.503
2.504
2.505
Time in secs
Fig. 27. PWM pulse outputs, 2phase grid fault
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110
Wind Power
5
2
Grid Voltage in Volts
x 10
0
-2
2
2.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
3
3.5
Grid Current in Amps
500
0
-500
2
2.5
7
5
Grid Real Power in Watts
x 10
0
-5
2
2.5
8
1
Grid Reactive Power in vARs
x 10
0
-1
2
2.5
Time in secs
Fig. 28. Grid-side Electrical outputs, 2phase grid fault
4.3 Two-phase line to line grid fault
To analyse the model under two-phase line to line grid fault condition, follow the steps in
the below snapshot of the matlab command window. After the simulation, command
window will prompt for user input to display the results and to save the figures. To start
with run the main.m file in command window and follow the steps below:
4.3.1 Comments on the result
At rated torque and speed, the FFIG delivers the rated power to grid under normal
operation. At time t=2.5s, two-phase line to line fault is created at the grid side transmission
line hence the grid current abruptly increased. The generator speed will increase above
rated speed. Also the actual dc voltage maintained as that of reference.
It is evident from the fig.25. that there is a no mechanical torque reversal during the grid
fault but the torque tends to reduce and the oscillations in all the waveforms during grid
fault are not severe. Also the shaft between generator and wind turbine will ring at its
natural frequency.
At time t=3s fault is cleared and all the quantities will slowly come to its previous condition
of normal operation. Implementation of GFRT will rectify this issue and stabilize the
electrical parameters during fault and after fault removal.
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Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction Machine
111
5. Conclusion and future work
The matlab model created for fully-fed induction generator based wind farm provides good
performance under normal and transient (fault) operating conditions. It provides good
results for different pwm techniques and fault conditions except the single-phase line to
ground fault, which should be verified with help of practical hardware scaled down model
or real time data from wind farms.
The present system also consist of machine and network bridge controllers in which the
former maintains dc link energy by controlling torque, speed and the later provides
controlled real, reactive power to grid.
The performance is achieved by considering assumptions mentioned in section (3), hence
this matlab model should be implemented for Grid Fault ride-through and the performance
should be evaluated by comparing the results. The system also requires a condition
monitoring algorithm to check for faults & to protect the equipments from malfunctioning
or damage and filters to arrest the spikes.
Also this model should be tested at different speeds above & below rated speed and
performance of pitch controller should be verified as an extension to this work.
6. References
T. Ackermann (Editor), “Wind Power in Power Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, copyright
2005
V. Akhmatov, H. Knudsen, M. Bruntt, A.H. Nielsen, J.K. Pedersen, N.K. Poulsen, “A
dynamic Stability Limit of Grid-Connected Induction Generators”, IASTED,
Mabella, Spain, September, 2000
M.B. Bana Sharifian, Y. Mohamadrezapour, M. Hosseinpour and S. Torabzade, “Maximum
Power Control of Grid Connected Variable Speed Wind System through Back to
Back Converters”, Journal of Applied Sciences, Vol.8(23), 4416-4421, 2008
Divya, KC and Rao, Nagendra PS,”Study of Dynamic Behavior of Grid Connected Induction
Generators”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Denver, Colorado,
USA, Vol.2, 2200 -2205, 6-10 June, 2004
P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, EPRI, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Copyright
1994
Kim Johnsen, Bo Eliasson, “SIMULINK® Implementation of Wind Farm Model for use in
Power System Studies”, Nordic Wind Power Conference NWPC’04, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 1-2 March 2004
Øyvind Rogne, Trond Gärtner,” Stability for wind farm equipped with induction
generators”, Nordic PhD course on Wind Power, Smøla, Norway, June 5 - 11, 2005
Paulo Fischer de Toledo, Hailian Xie KTH, Kungl Tekniska Högskolan, ”Wind Farm in
Weak Grids compensated with STATCOM”, Nordic PhD course on Wind Power,
Smøla, Norway, June 5 - 11, 2005
J. Soens, J. Driesen, R. Belmans, “Generic Dynamic Wind Farm Model for Power System
Simulations,” Nordic Wind Power Conference NWPC’04, Chalmers University of
Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 1-2 March 2004
www.intechopen.com
112
Wind Power
D. P. Kothari I. J. Nagrath, “Elecrtical Machines”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, NewDelhi,
2004
D. P. Kothari I. J. Nagrath, “Modern Power System Analysis”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGrawHill, NewDelhi, 2003
www.intechopen.com
Wind Power
Edited by S M Muyeen
ISBN 978-953-7619-81-7
Hard cover, 558 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, June, 2010
Published in print edition June, 2010
This book is the result of inspirations and contributions from many researchers of different fields. A wide verity
of research results are merged together to make this book useful for students and researchers who will take
contribution for further development of the existing technology. I hope you will enjoy the book, so that my effort
to bringing it together for you will be successful. In my capacity, as the Editor of this book, I would like to thanks
and appreciate the chapter authors, who ensured the quality of the material as well as submitting their best
works. Most of the results presented in to the book have already been published on international journals and
appreciated in many international conferences.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Umashankar S., Kothari D. P. and Mangayarkarasi P. (2010). Wind Turbine Modelling of a Fully-Fed Induction
Machine, Wind Power, S M Muyeen (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-81-7, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/wind-power/wind-turbine-modelling-of-a-fully-fed-induction-machine
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