iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da
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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti q e T e v a n b e r i Z e kiTxvis unaris gaumjobeseba 6 wlian bavSvebTan (1klasi) specialuri savarjiSoebis saSualebiT fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia naSromi Sesrulebulia: saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis d. uznaZis saxelobis fsiqologiis kvleviT institutSi xelmZRvaneli: fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori profesori: iaTamze kotetiSvili Tbilisi 2009 1 Sinaarsi Sesavali ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Tavi I. kiTxvis swavlebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi ........................................ 8 1.1. kiTxvis dauflebis procesi da swavlebisaTvis saWiro sabaziso unarebi ................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. kiTxvis Cvevis Camoyalibebis safexurebi ........................................................................ 12 1.3. kiTxvis darRvevebi.................................................................................................................................... 20 1.4. kiTxvis Teoriuli modelebi da meTodebi .................................................................... 38 1.5. ucxoel da qarTvel fsiqologTa eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi kiTxvis swavlebaSi .......................................................................................................................................... 49 1.6. 1 klasis moswavleebTan kiTxvis Secdomebi da ZiriTadi meToduri moTxovnebi qarTuli enis programis mixedviT ..................................... 55 Tavi II. kvleviTi nawili ......................................................................................................... 58 2.1. sakiTxis dasma ............................................................................................................................................. 58 2.2. meTodebi, statistikuri aparati, cdis pirTa monacemebi ............................. 61 2.3. savarjiSoebi kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis ................................................ 63 Tavi III. empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi .................................................................................... 66 3.1. dawyebiTi klasis moswavleTa inteleqtis done da maTi akademiuri moswrebis Sedegebi ........................................................................................................... 66 3.2. inteleqtis kvlevis Sedegebi kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan .................................................................................................................................................. 69 3.3. kiTxvadobis testis (daxarjuli dros, daSvebuli Secdomebis da teqstis gagebis mixedviT) Sedegebi ............................................................................................... 79 2 3.4. kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis Sedegebi ................................. 96 3.5. kiTxvis unarTan normisa da dabali inteleqtis donis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebi......................................................................................................................................... 123 daskvna ................................................................................................................................................................... 140 gamoyenebuli literatura .......................................................................................................... 142 danarTi ............................................................................................................................................................... 147 3 S e s a v a l i Temis kiTxvas aqtualoba. Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan mas am unaris yoveldRiurad gamoyeneba uxdeba. swored amitomaa, rom kiTxvis swavlebam didi xania miipyro fsiqologTa yuradReba. saqarTveloSi wera-kiTxvis swavlebas didi istoria aqvs, miuxedavad amisa _ kiTxvis swavleba dRemde rCeba swavlebis erT-erT urTules problemad, romelsac bavSvi skolaSi misvlisTanave awydeba. jer kidev goeTe xatovnad ambobda: ”adamianebi ver xvdebian, Tu raoden didi dro da Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, imas, rom aswavlo adamians kiTxva. me amaze 80 wlis ganmavlobaSi vSromobdi da jer kidev ar SemiZlia vTqva, rom mivaRwie.” sxva mravali unarisagan gansxvavebiT kiTxvis unari TavisiT ki ar viTardeba, aramed mizanmimarTuli swavlebis Sedegad yalibdeba. kiTxvis dauflebis procesi bevri bavSvisTvis sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi procesia. am unaris droul da Seuferxebel ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli pirovnebis warmateba sazogadoebaSi da misi damoukidebloba. kiTxvis swavla bavSvobis asakis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi miRwevaa. xolo Cven am urTules amocanas, rom Tavi gavarTvaT saWiroa damwyeb mkiTxvels Tavidanve mivceT kiTxvis swori unar-Cvevebi, raTa mas ar gauWirdes kiTxvis praqtikulad floba. ganviTarebul qveynebSic _ dawyebiTi skolis moswavleTa saSualod 20%-s mniSvnelovani problemebi aqvs kiTxvis aTvisebaSi. kiTxvis swavleba yovelTvis aqtualuri da problemuri sakiTxi iyo, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT jer kidev 1950 wlamde arsebobda 3 000-ze meti samecniero kvleva. xolo ukanasknel wlebSi msgavsi publikaciebis ricxvi mkveTrad gaizarda. kiTxvis droulad swavleba da kiTxvaSi gawafva ara mxolod pirovnebis, aramed sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. amitom mraval qveyanaSi didi yuradReba eTmoba kiTxvis swavlebis sakiTxs. magaliTad, aSS-Si me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi seriozuli 4 politikuri debatebi daiwyo skolaSi kiTxvis swavlebis efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi cdiloben xeli Seuwyon kvlevebs kiTxvis swavlisa da swavlebis Taobaze. hipoTeza, mizani moswavleTa 95%-s swavlebis efeqtur mosazrebidan da amocanebi. SeiZleba kiTxva gamoyenebazea gamomdinare samecniero kvlevebis vaswavloT. amitom, damokidebuli miznad Cven skolaSi bavSvebis davisaxeT mixedviT, kiTxvis momavali. gamogvevlina am is pirvelklaseli moswavleebi, romelTac gauWirdaT kiTxvis aTviseba. xolo Semdeg ki specialuri savarjiSoebis saSualebiT vcadeT gagveumjobesebina maTTvis kiTxvis unari. vvaraudobT, rom Cvens mier SerCeuli savarjiSoebi daexmareba maT kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebaSi. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cveni kvlevis sagans Seadgenda imis dadgena: Tu ra ganapirobebs kiTxvaSi arsebul problemebs, ram SeiZleba SeuSalos da Seuwyos xeli kiTxvis advilad da umtkivneulod dauflebas. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes kiTxvis swavlebisa da swavlis gaumjobesebisTvis? am sakiTxebSi gasarkvevad, jer unda ganvixiloT kiTxvis swavlebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi da vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs is kiTxvis swori unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebaze. Cvens winaSe mdgari problemis gadasawyvetad saWiroa ganvixiloT Semdegi sakiTxebi: fsiqologTa eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi kiTxvis swavlebaSi; kiTxvis darRvevebis daxasiaTeba normaluri inteleqtis da gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone bavSvebTan; kiTxvis Teoriuli modelebi da swavlebis meTodebi; kiTxvis sirTuleebi misi dauflebis sawyis etapze. vfiqrobT, am sakiTxebSi garkveva dagvexmareba CvenTvis saintereso problemis gadawyvetaSi. arsebuli miznidan gamomdinare, daisaxa kvlevis Semdegi amocanebi: 1. inteleqtis donis da kiTxvis unaris urTierTkavSiris dadgena kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan; 5 2. dawyebiTi klasis moswavleTa inteleqtis donesa da akademiur moswrebas Soris urTierTkavSiris dadgena; 3. xanmokle smeniTi mexsierebis, logikuri da abstraqtuli perceptul-motoruli, fsiqo-motoruli, analizisa azrovnebis, da sinTezis unarebis urTierTkavSiris dadgena kiTxvis aTvisebasTan; 4. sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebis dadgena kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan; 5. kiTxvadobis testis saSualebiT teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois, daSvebuli Secdomebis da teqstis gagebis dadgena; 6. kiTxvadobis testis saSualebiT Secdomebis Tvisobrivi analizi kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan; 7. kiTxvis unaris gaumjobeseba specialuri savarjiSoebis saSualebiT kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan; mecnieruli siaxle. empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze dadgenil iqna: o savarjiSoebis Catareba iwvevs Secdomebis raodenobis statistikurad sando maCveneblebiT Semcirebas. o eqsperimentuli Careva iwvevs wakiTxulis saSualo drois mniSvnelovan statistikurad sando maCveneblebiT Semcirebas. o xmovnis da Tanxmovnis Secdomebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas. o xanmokle smeniTi mniSvnelovan mexsiereba kavSirSia: gadaadgilebasTan, da yuradRebis asoebis gamotovebasTan, srul aseve koncentracia SecvlasTan, sityvebis gameorebasTan, daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobasTan, kiTxvis dros SeyovnebasTan, teqstis gagebasTan da kiTxvaze daxarjul drosTan. 6 o perceptul-motoruli da fsiqo-motoruli siswrafis unari mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros asoebis srul SecvlasTan da wakiTxuli teqstis gagebasTan. o analizisa da sinTezis unari mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros: SeyovnebasTan da wakiTxulis gaazrebasTan. o inteleqtis done (IQ) mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros daSvebul SecdomebTan da wakiTxuli teqstis gaazrebasTan. o kiTxvis darRvevebis mqone bavSvTa procentulad maRali maCvenebeli SeiniSneba biWebSi, vidre gogonebSi. o inteleqtis donis (IQ) mixedviT kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvTa 46,5% aqvs _ saSualo da saSualoze dabali inteleqti, xolo 53,5% aqvs _ msubuqi gonebrivi CamorCena da mosazRvre arasrulyofileba. o kavSiri dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebis inteleqtis donesa da akademiur moswrebas Soris. Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba. sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi gauadvilos kiTxvis bavSvebs, unaris gaumjobesebaze gansakuTrebiT kiTxvis saSualebas problemis mqone iZleva bavSvebs kiTxvis ukeT aTviseba da gamarTva, amasTanave am savarjiSoebiT swavleba ufro saxalisoa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom codnis SeZena TamaSis ganwyobis fonze mimdinareobs. cxadia, rom kiTxvis siZnele, ZiriTadad asoebis sinTezis siZnelea, bavSvebs swored asoebis siinTezis siZnele aferxebs. Cvens mier warmodgenili meToduri xerxi daexmareba maT asoebis sityvadqmnis procesis siZnelis daZlevaSi. publikaciebi da aprobacia. sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi da Sedegebi gamoqveynebulia 4 statiaSi. naSromis aprobacia Sedga dimitri uznaZis sax. fsiqologiis institutis samecniero sabWos gafarToebul sxdomaze. 7 naSromis struqtura da moculoba. sadisertacio naSromi Seicavs kompiuterze akrefil…154 gverds da Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavis, daskvnebisa da 75 dasaxelebis gamoyenebuli literaturis siisagan; naSromis teqstSi CarTulia 21 cxrili da 32 naxazi. 1. kiTxvis swavlebis fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi. 1.1.kiTxvis dauflebis procesi da swavlebisaTvis saWiro sabaziso unarebi. M mravali mcdelobis miuxedavad cotam Tu SeZlo SemoeTavazebina kiTxvis rTuli procesis srulyofili ganmarteba. kiTxvis gansazRvreba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor gaigeba kiTxvis procesi. ,,kiTxva gamosaxuli interpretaciaa”.Aan gamosaxuli ”kiTxva simboloebis simboloebis mravalmxrivi dekodirebas mniSvnelobis, unaria, azris romelic gagebis azris gulisxmobs mizniT”. ”kiTxvis swavla aucileblad gulisxmobs konkretuli enis dekodirebis wesebis swavlas, anu enis grafikuli erTeulebis (asos, simbolos, piqtogramis) fonemur erTeulebTan (bgerasTan, bgeraTa erTobliobasTan) Sesatyvisobis gagebas. am Sesatyvisobis dadgenis Seswavlas da Semdeg avtomatizebas dekodirebis procesi ewodeba.” (7:2) zogadi kanonzomierebis miuxedavad dekodirebis wesebi damokidebulia konkretuli enis damwerlobis sistemaze: qarTul enas anbanuri damwerloba aqvs, sadac yovel sametyvelo bgeras _ fonemas Seesabameba grafikuli gamosaxuleba, grafema – aso. kiTxva sxvadasxva asakobriv safexurze gansxvavebuli unarebis erTobliobas moiTxovs. swavlebis meTodis miuxedavad, damwyebi mkiTxveli umetesad dakavebulia gamosaxuli simboloebiTa da maT mier gadmocemuli Setyobinebis interpretaciiT. kiTxva, rogorc procesi da rogorc fsiqolingvisturi funqcia icvlis xasiaTs mkiTxvelis unarebis momwifebis 8 Sesabamisad. asakisa da gamocdilebis matebasTan erTad igi izolirebul Cvevas ki aRar erTobliobas, warmoadgens, romelic aramed drosTan da urTierTdakavSirebuli gamocdilebis unarebis zrdasTan erTad ganmtkicdeba. kiTxva _ monawileoben: esaa rTuli mxedvelobiTi, fsiqo-fiziologiuri sametyvelo-moZraobiTi, procesi. masSi sametyvelo-smeniTi analizatorebi.Aananievis azriT, kiTxvis procesis safuZvelSi Zevs ori sasignalo sistemis analizatorebisa da droebiTi kavSirebis urTierTmoqmedebis rTuli meqanizmebi. mkvlevrebi kiTxvis Tvlian, Cvevis rom kiTxvis Camosayalibeblad Seuferxeblad aucilebelia: asaTviseblad fonemuri codna da anu sityvebis bgeriTi, fonemuri Semadgenlobis gacnobiereba, codna enis asobgerebis Sesaxeb, moqniloba, leqsikuri maragi da wakiTxulis gaazreba. mravali kvleva miuTiTebs, mizanmimarTuli kiTxvas xelSewyoba advilad euflebian rom kiTxvis sWirdeba is am unarebis adreuli bavSvebi, ganviTarebas bavSvobidan. visac kargad momavalSi ganviTarebuli fonemuri codna, anu fonologiuri unarebi aqvs. ukanaskneli 20 wlis kvlevebi da swavlebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom skolamdel asakSi fonemuri codnis, fonologiuri unarebis ganviTarebasa da leqsikaze mizanmimarTuli zrunva, kiTxvaSi riskis mqone bavSvebis prevenciis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. garda amisa, kiTxvis swavlisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi unarebic, romlebic pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli kiTxvasTan. kerZod, mravali kvlevis mixedviT Tvalis swrafi moZraoba, uSualo verbaluri mexsierebis moculoba, muSa mexsiereba mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis moqnilobasa da wakiTxulis gaazrebasTan. asoebis gasarCevad, aseve aucilebelia mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi analizis unaris momwifeba da smeniT sametyvelo bgerebis garCevis unari, anu fonematuri smena. amitom, mravali qveynis praqtika da mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli gamocdileba miuTiTebs, rom kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebisa da CamoyalibebisaTvis gadamwyveti roli 9 eniWeba adreuli asakSi bavSvis im unarebis ganviTarebaze zrunvasa da xelSewyobas, rac skolisaTvis da Sesabamisad, kiTxvisaTvis mzaobas ganapirobebs. kiTxva, rogorc weriTi metyvelebis erT-erTi saxe, warmoadgens ufro gviandel da ufro rTul warmonaqmns, vidre zepiri metyveleba. weriTi metyveleba yalibdeba zepiri metyvelebis bazaze da warmoadgens metyvelebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis rTuli ufro maRal etaps. pirobiTrefleqsuri weriTi kavSirebi metyvelebis uerTdeba meore sasignalo sistemis (zepiri metyvelebis) ukve Camoyalibebul kavSirebs da aviTareben mas. weriTi metyvelebis procesSi yalibdeba axali kavSirebi gagonil, warmoTqmul sityvasa da danaxul sityvas Soris. Tu zepiri metyveleba ZiriTadad xorcieldeba analizatorebis “warmoadgens ara sametyvelo-moZraobiTi moqmedebiT, weriTi smeniT-motorul, da metyveleba aramed sametyvelo-smeniTi ananievis azriT: mxedvelobiT-smeniTmotorul warmonaqmns.” (23:17). weriTi metyveleba _ esaa zepiri metyvelebis arsebobis mxedvelobiTi forma. weriT metyvelebaSi xdeba zepiri metyvelebis sityvebis bgeriTi struqturis modelireba_aRniSvna garkveuli grafikuli niSnebiT, bgerebis droiTi Tanmimdevroba gadadis (gadaiyvaneba) grafikuli gamosaxulebebis sivrciT TanmimdevrobaSi anu asoebSi. amrigad, Tavisi fsiqo-fiziologiuri meqanizmebis mixedviT, kiTxva ufro rTuli procesia, vidre zepiri metyveleba, amasTanave, ar SeiZleba misi ganxilva weriTi da zepiri metyvelebis erTianobis, maTi kavSiris gareSe. kiTxva iwyeba asoebis mxedvelobiTi aRqmis, garCevis da cnobisgan. amis safuZvelze xdeba xorcieldeba sityvis asoebis Sesabamisoba Sesatyvis bgerebTan da bgeriTi xatis aRdgena, misi wakiTxva. Dda bolos, sityvis bgeriTi formis mis mniSvnelobasTan SesabamisobiT xorcieldeba wakiTxulis gageba. 10 amrigad, kiTxvis procesSi pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mxare: teqnikuri (dawerili warmoTqmasTan) da sityvis mxedvelobiTi azrobrivi, romelic xatis Sesabamisoba warmoadgens kiTxvis mis procesis ZiriTad mizans. kiTxvis procesis am mxareebs Soris arsebobs mWidro kavSiri. wakiTxulis gagebis procesi ganisazRvreba aRqmis xasiaTiT. amave dros, mxedvelobiTi aRqmis procesi ganicdis adre wakiTxulis azrobrivi Sinaarsis gavlenas. zrdasruli adamianis kiTxvis procesSi cnobierdeba mxolod wasakiTxis azri, xolo is fsiqofiziologiuri operaciebi, romlebic win uswrebs mas, xorcieldeba TiTqosda TavisiT, avtomaturad. kiTxvis mkiTxvelis procesis Tvalebis teqnikuri moZraobis mxaris sirTule analizisas. naTlad gamocdili vlindeba mkiTxvelis Tvalebis moZraoba xdeba swrafi naxtomebiT, fiqsaciis erTi wertilidan meoresaken. aramed kiTxvis ukanac. procesSi adre moZraoba aRqmulisken xdeba dabrunebas, aramarto ukan win (marjvniv), moZraobas ewodeba regresia. wasakiTxi sityvebis aRqma anu TviT kiTxvis procesi, xdeba fiqsaciis momentSi, striqonze Tvalis gaCerebisas. Tvalebis uSualod moZraobis procesSi wasakiTxis aRqma ar xdeba. striqonze Tvalebis gaCerebis raodenoba SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva, igi araa damokidebuli striqonSi sityvebis an asoebis raodenobaze, radganac Tvalebis fiqsacia SeiZleba moxdes rogorc sityvebs Soris, ise sityvis SuaSic. gaCerebebis raodenoba icvleba garkveuli pirobebis Sesabamisad: sityvis struqturis mixedviT, imis mixedviT, ramdenad nacnobia sityva, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba Tu gadataniTi da a.S. regresia, anu ukan dabruneba adre aRqmuli sityvis dazustebis mizniT, gamocdil mkiTxvelebTan SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. regresiis raodenoba da xangrZlivoba icvleba wasakiTxi teqstis sirTulis, misi mniSvnelobis mkiTxvelis ganwyobis mixedviT. magaliTad, rTuli samecniero 11 teqstis kiTxvisas regresiis raodenoba iqneba mniSvnelovnad ufro meti, vidre advilad gasagebi mxatvruli teqstis kiTxvisas. kiTxvis procesSi gamocdili mkiTxveli aRiqvams erTdroulad ara bgeras, aramed sityvas an sityvaTa jgufs. Mmagram es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi ignorirebas ukeTebs sityvis Semadgenel asoebs. kiTxvis siswrafe da sityvis mxedvelobiTi aRqmis sizuste bevradaa damokidebuli mis sigrZeze, asoebis grafikul moxazulobaze, asos Semadgeneli elementebis xasiaTze. gamocdili mTlianad mkiTxveli cnobs dominirebuli, ar kiTxulobs mas. sityvis ufro sityvis cnobis TiToeul procesSi damaxasiaTebeli asoebi, asos, aramed orientirs warmoadgens aseve asoebi, romelTa elementebi striqons zeviTaa an imyofebian mis qveS. garda amisa, sityvebis cnobisas mkiTxveli eyrdnoba teqstis manamade wakiTxuli nawilis azrs. amrigad, azrobrivi mixvedra aadvilebs teqstis mxedvelobiT aRqmas.A aseve ganisazRvreba rogorc winadadebaSi teqstis leqsikisa da kiTxvisas azrobrivi sityvis adgiliT, gramatikuli struqturis mixvedris aseve roli wasakiTxi TaviseburebebiT. maSasadame, kiTxvis Cvevis warmatebiT dauflebis ZiriTad pirobebs warmoadgens zepiri metyvelebis, metyvelebis fonetiko-fonematuri (warmoTqmebi, fonemebis diferenciacia, fonematuri analizi da sinTezuri) da leqsiko-gramatikuli warmodgenebis, mxareebis mxedvelobiTi analizisa Camoyalibebuloba; da sinTezis, sivrciTi mxedvelobiTi mnezisis sakmao ganviTareba. 1.2.kiTxvis Cvevis Camoyalibebis safexurebi. mozrdili adamianis mier kiTxva _ esaa Camoyalibebuli moqmedeba, Cveva. rogorc yvela Cveva, Tavisi Camoyalibebis procesSi kiTxvac gaivlis etapTa rigs, Tvisobrivad Tavisebur safexurebs. Aam etapebidan TiToeuli 12 mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli wina da momdevno etapTan, TandaTanobiT gadadis erTi Tvisebidan meoreSi. Т.Г. Егоров (39:7) gamoyofs kiTxvis Cvevis Camoyalibebis oTx safexurs: 1. bgeriT-asoiTi aRniSvnebis dauflebis safexuri. bgeriT-asoiTi aRniSvnebis daufleba xorcieldeba mTeli winasaanbano da saanbano periodis ganmavlobaSi. amasTanave, am procesis fsiqologiuri struqtura winasaanbano da saanbano periodis dasawyisSi iqneba sxagvari, vidre mis bolos. Aam etapze winadadebas bavSvebi hyofen axdenen marcvlebad metyvelebiTi da bgerebad. nakadis gaanalizebas, BbavSvi metyvelebidan gamohyofs bgeras da Seusabamisebs mas garkveul grafikul gamosaxulebas, asos. Semdeg, kiTxvis procesSi igi axdens asoebis sinTezs marcvlebad da sityvebad, kiTxvis wakiTxul procesSi sityvas pirvel Seusabamisebs rigSi zepiri metyvelebis mxedvelobiT aRiqmeba sityvas. grafikuli gamosaxuleba, xdeba asoebis garCeva da cnoba da xdeba maTi Sesabamisoba maT bgeriT mniSvnelobebTan. oRond bgera ki araa asos dasaxeleba, aramed piriqiT _ aso warmoadgens niSans, simbolos, romelic aRniSnavs bgeras. amitom bgeriT-asoiTi aRniSvnebis rTuli procesi iwyeba metyvelebis bgeriTi SecnobiT, bgerebis garCeviTa da gamoyofiT. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom asoebis sworad da warmatebiT aTviseba moxdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: 1. roca bavSvi axdens bgerebis diferencirebas, e.i. roca mas aqvs bgeris naTeli xati da roca ar xdeba bgeris areva sxvebTan arc smeniT, arc artikularulad. im SemTxvevaSi, roca ar aris naTeli bgeriTi xati, bgeris asosTan Sesabamisoba Zneldeba. sxvadasxva asoebi SeiZleba aRiniSnebodes erTi da igive bgeriT. am SemTxvevaSi asoebis aTviseba mimdinareobs Senelebulad, asosTan ar yalibdeba gansazRvruli JReradoba. 2. roca bavSvs gaaCnia warmodgena ganzogadebul bgeraze, fonemaze. cnobilia, rom bgera metyvelebis nakadSi da izolirebulad warmoTqmuli bgera araa erTi da igive. metyvelebis bgeras mocemuli enisaTvis rogorc 13 mniSvnelovani, ise umniSvnelo gansazRvruli fizikuri Tvisebebi da gansazRvruli niSnebi gaaCnia. 3. mniSvnelovans romlebic warmoadgens emsaxureba bgeris sityvebis azriT mniSvnelobis gansxvavebuli gadacemas anu niSnebi, romelTa Secvlisas icvleba sityvis azric (mag. yru da mJReri; magari da rbili;). garda amisa, bgeris warmoTqmis yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi masSi arsebobs individualuri Tvisebebi: simaRle, tembri, intonacia. mis xasiaTze gavlenas axdenen mezobeli bgerebic, gansakuTrebiT, momdevnoebi. erTi da igive bgera metyvelebis nakadSi gansxvavebulad JRers sityvaSi mdebareobisa da mezobeli bgerebis xasiaTis mixedviT. magaliTad bgera “b” gansxvavebulad JRers sityvebSi: bu, bade, burTi, bude. magram yvela am SemTxvevaSi bgeris ZiriTadi niSnebi SenarCunebulia. metyvelebidan bgeris gamoyofisas bavSvma misi JReradobis mTel am mravalferovnebaSi unda daiWiros bgeris raRac ZiriTadi mudmivi Tviseba, miuxedavad misi aramdgradi Tvisebebisa. amrigad, bavSvma bgeris meorexarisxovan Tvisebebs ar unda miaqcios yuradReba da gamoyos fonema. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba warmodgena grafemaze, asos fonemasTan Sesatyvisobaze. im SemTxvevaSi, roca asos dauflebis procesi iwyeba misi mxedvelobiTi xatis aRqmiT, misi aTviseba da bgerasTan Sesatyvisoba atarebs meqanikur xasiaTs. 4. kiTxvis swavlis dasawyisSi bavSvisaTvis aso ar warmoadgens umartives grafikul elements. is Tavisi grafikuli SemadgenlobiT rTulia, Sedgeba ramdenime elementisagan, romlebic sivrceSi gansxvavebuladaa ganlagebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. Sesaswavli asos yvela aucilebelia pirvel analizi Semadgenel mis mdgomareobs erTi da rigSi sxva ganxorcieldes elementebad. igive danarCenisgan asoiTi TiToeuli radganac elementebis bevri gansxvavebisTvis, asos asos mxolod optikuri gansxvaveba gansxvavebul sivrciT ganlagebaSi, amitom asos optikuri xatis aTviseba SesaZlebelia mxolod bavSvis sivrciTi warmodgenebis sakmarisi ganviTarebis pirobebSi. 14 asos optikuri daxsomebisa da xatis aTvisebis mexsierebaSi procesi mxedvelobiTi xorcieldeba xatebis aRdgenis aseve unaris safuZvelze. asos rogorc cnobis yvela procesi, xdeba uSualod aRqmuli mxedvelobiTi xatisa da mis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesatyvisobisas. amrigad, asoebis warmatebiT da swrafad aTviseba SesaZlebelia mxolod Semdegi funqciebis sakmaod Camoyalibebis SemTxvevaSi: a) fonematuri aRqmis (diferencacia, fonemebis garCeva); b) fonematuri analizis (metyvelebidan bgeris gamoyofis SesaZlebloba); c) mxedvelobiTi analizis da sinTezis (asoebis msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis gansazRvris unari); d) sivrciTi warmodgenebis; e) mxedvelobiTi mnezisis (asos mxedvelobiTi xatis daxsomebis unari). asos aTvisebis Semdeg bavSvi masTan erTad kiTxulobs marcvlebs da sityvebs. magram marcvlis kiTxvis procesSi mxedvelobiTi aRqmis erTeuls am etapze warmoadgens aso. bavSvi dasawyisSi aRiqvams marcvlis pirvel asos, Seusabamisebs mas bgeras, Semdeg – meore asos, Semdeg axdens maT sinTezirebas erTian marcvalSi. amrigad, am periodSi mkiTxveli mxedvelobiT aRiqvams maSinve ara mTlian sityvas an marcvals, aramed mxolod calkeul asos. kiTxvis swavlebis es meTodika iTvaliswinebs dasawyisidanve wasakiTxis damarcvliT aRdgenas. marcvlis asoebis mxedvelobiT cnobis Semdeg bavSvi kiTxulobs am marcvals Serwymulad da mTlianad. aqedan, am safexuris ZiriTad sirTules warmoadgens bgerebis Serwyma marcvalSi. marcvlis kiTxvisas bgerebis Serwymis procesSi bavSvi izolirebuli ganzogadebuli JReradobisagan unda gadavides im JReradobisken, romelsac bgera iZens metyvelebis nakadSi, anu marcvali unda warmoiTqvas ise, rogorc is JRers zepir metyvelebaSi. marcvlis Serwymulad wasakiTxavad aucilebelia zepiri metyvelebis im marcvlis warmodgena, romelic Sedgeba imave bgerebisagan, amasTanave, es bgerebi erTmaneTs mihyveba igive 15 TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc mocemulia asoebi marcvalSi. es imas niSnavs, rom bavSvs unda SeeZlos marcvlis bgeriTi Semadgenlobis, sityvis analizi. amrigad, marcvalSi begerebis Serwymis siZneleebis gadasalaxavad, aucilebelia bavSvebs CamovuyaliboT aramarto bgerebis gamoyofisa da garCevis unari, aramed Semadgenlobaze, zepiri mkafio warmodgenac metyvelebis marcvlis sityvebze, anu bgeriT aucilebelia fonematuri ganviTarebis sakmarisi done. ver daveTanxmebiT egorovis mosazrebas Cven vfiqrobT, imisaTvis rom bavSvma SeZlos marcvlis bgeriTi Semadgenlobis, sityvis analizi jer warmoTqmuli sityva unda gavuanalizoT da davanaxoT masSi arsebuli bgerebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba. bavSvs ufro eadvileba bgerebis sityvad SeerTeba, vidre gamocdileba absoluturad asoebis gaerTianeba. metyvelebis axali dauflebis ram. vinaidan imitom, saxiT, rom xolo bavSvisTvis am sferoSi aqvs aso misTvis aris sityva gaunawevrebeli mTliania, mWidrod Sekruli erTeulia. sityvebi, romelic mas gaaCnia da romelsac is iyenebs metyvelebis dros, aRiniSneba garkveuli simboloebiT, xolo asos Sesatyvisi bgerebi misTvis ar arsebobs, is maT ver gamoyofs sityvaSi, ver acnobierebs. xolo imisaTvis, rom marcvali warmoiTqvas ise, rogorc is JRers zepir metyvelebaSi saWiroa jer varjiSi bgerebis sityvad SeerTebaze, vidre asoebis gaerTianebaze. kiTxvis tempi am safexurze Zalian nelia, igi upirveles yovlisa ganisazRvreba marcvlebis xasiaTiT. martivi marcvlebi (da, Ta) ikiTxeba ufro swrafad, vidre is marcvlebi, sadac TanxmovanTa Tanxvedraa (ska, bza). wasakiTxis gageba droSi daSorebulia sityvis mxedvelobiT aRqmisagan. sityvis gacnobiereba xorcieldeba mxolod mas Semdeg, roca xdeba wasakiTxi sityvis gacnobiereba yovelTvis Sesabamisoba zepiri warmoTqma. ar xdeba, metyvelebis magram anu nacnob wakiTxuli maSinve ar sityvasTan. sityvis maSinve xdeba wakiTxulis amitom wakiTxuli sityva rom icnos, bavSvi xSirad imeorebs mas. 16 winadadebis wakiTxvisas yoveli sityvis wakiTxva xdeba izolirebulad, amitom winadadebis gageba, calkeuli sityvebis dakavSireba xdeba rTulad. kiTxvisas mixvedras TiTqmis adgili ganisazRvreba ara ar gamoiyeneba aqvs mxolod adre wakiTxuliT, azrobrivi sityvis mixvedra. daboloebis aramed am etapze wakiTxvisas mxolod da misi winmswrebi Serwyma marcvalSi nawiliT. 2. damarcvliT kiTxvis safexuri. am safexurze asoebis cnoba da bgerebis xorcieldeba sirTuleebis gareSe. kiTxvis procesSi sakmaod swrafad xdeba marcvlebis Sesabamisoba Sesatyvis bgeriT kompleqsebTan. amrigad, kiTxvis erTeuls warmoadgens marcvali. am safexurze kiTxvis tempi sakmaod nelia _ 3,5-jer ufro neli, vidre momdevno safexurebze, me-2 klasSi. es aixsneba imiT, rom kiTxvis xerxi jer kidev analituria, ar aris sinTezuri kiTxva, mTlianobiTi aRqma. bavSvi sityvas kiTxulobs misi Semadgeneli nawilebis anu marcvlebis mixedviT, Semdeg marcvlebs aerTianebs sityvaSi da mxolod mere axdens wakiTxulis gaazrebas. am sityvis safexurze daboloebis ukve gvxvdeba kiTxvisas. azrobrivi mixvedra, damaxasiaTebelia gansakuTrebiT wakiTxuli sityvis gameoreba. xSirad imeoreben grZel da rTul sityvebs. es aixsneba imiT, rom damarcvliT wakiTxuli sityva warmoadgens nawilebad xelovnurad dayofils da ar hgavs zepiri metyvelebis Sesabamis sityvas. amitom maSinve ar xdeba misi cnoba, gaazreba. gameorebis gziT bavSvi cdilobs wakiTxuli sityvis cnobas, gansazRvruli mis misadagebas sityvisTvis. misTvis amasTanave, nacnob zepiri gameorebiT metyvelebis bavSvi cdilobs CamorCeba wasakiTxis aRadginos dakarguli azrobrivi kavSiri. teqstis gagebis procesi droSi jer kidev mxedvelobiTi aRqmis process, is ki ar erwymis aRqmis process, aramed mosdevs mas. 17 amrigad, am safexurze jer kidev rCeba sinTezis, marcvlebis sityvaSi gaerTianebis sirTule, gansakuTrebiT grZeli da struqturiT rTuli sityvebis kiTxvisas, aseve sirTulea sityvebs Soris gramatikuli kavSirebis dadgenaSi. 3. aRqmis mTlianobiTi xerxebis Camoyalibebis safexuri. igi warmoadgens kiTxvis analizuridan sinTezur xerxebze gardamavals. am safexurze martivi da nacnobi sityvebi ikiTxeba mTlianad, xolo naklebad nacnobi da Tavisi bgera-marcvliTi struqturis mixedviT rTuli sityvebi _ isev marcvlebis mixedviT. am safexurze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs azrobrivi mixvedra. eyrdnoba ra adre wakiTxulis azrs da ver axerxebs ra mis swrafad da zustad kontrolirebas mxedvelobiTi aRqmis saSualebiT, bavSvi xSirad cvlis sityvebs, sityvis daboloebas, anu masSi SeimCneva mixvedriT kiTxva. gamocnobis Sedegad xdeba mkveTri gansvla wakiTxulsa da dabeWdils Soris, Cndeba bevri Secdoma. araswor (SecdomiT) kiTxvas mivyavarT xSir regresiamde, adre wakiTxulTan dabrunebamde gasworebis, dazustebis an kontrolis mizniT. mixvedras adgili aqvs mxolod winadadebis farglebSi da ara teqstis zogad SinaarsSi. ufro momwifebuli am safexurze aris winadadebaSi sityvebis sinTezi. xolo, kiTxvis tempi izrdeba. 4. sinTezuri kiTxvis safexuri. es safexuri xasiaTdeba kiTxvis mTlianobiTi xerxebiT: sityvebiT, sityvaTa jgufebiT. kiTxvis teqnikuri mxare ukve ar abrkolebs mkiTxvels. mTavari amocanaa prevalireben aramarto wasakiTxis aRqmis gaazreba. procesebze. winadadebaSi am sityvebis Sinaarsis safexurze sinTezs, gaazrebis mkiTxveli aramed procesebi axorcielebs frazebis sinTezsac erTian konteqstSi. azrobrivi mixvedra ganisazRvreba rogorc wakiTxuli winadadebis SinaarsiT, ise mTeli teqstis azriTa da logikiT. kiTxvisas iSviaTia Secdomebi, radgan mixvedra kontrolirdeba sakmarisad ganviTarebuli mTlianobiTi aRqmiT. 18 kiTxvis tempi sakmaod swrafia. kiTxvis procesis Semdgomi srulyofa xorcieldeba swrafi kiTxvisa da gamomxatvelobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT. kiTxvis Cvevis Camoyalibebis bolo safexurebzec wakiTxulis gageba xorcieldeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bavSvma icis yoveli sityvis mniSvneloba, Tu misTvis gasagebia sityvebs Soris is kavSirebi, romlebic aris winadadebaSi. amrigad, wakiTxulis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod metyvelebis leqsiko-gramatikuli mxaris sakmao doneze ganviTarebisas. cxadia, rom kiTxvis aTviseba spontanurad ar xdeba da saWiroa misi mizanmimarTuli swavleba. maSasadame, kiTxvis dauflebis procesSi bavSvi ramdenime etaps gadis: logografiuli: bavSvi cnobs sityvebs da asoebs, rogorc xatebs, rogorc gamosaxulebas. es xSirad gamoyenebuli sityvebi mibmulia im obieqtis xatTan, rasac sityva aRniSnavs. fonologiuri: bavSvs SeuZlia bgerebis sityvad drouli erT sityvebSi bgerebis gamorCeva, gaerTianeba, ganviTareba gariTmva. mniSvnelovan aRmoCnda, kavSirSia rom kiTxvis calkeuli am unaris swavlaSi warmatebasTan. grafo-fonemuri: bavSvs SeuZlia misi enis damwerlobisTvis Sesabamisi niSnebis – asoebis Tu asoTa SeTanxmebis Sesabamis bgerasTan an bgeraTa kompleqsTan dakavSireba, dawerili sityvebis cnoba da maTSi calkeuli fonemebis gamorCeva. Tumca ibadeba erTi saintereso kiTxva: ra xdeba maSin roca saqme gvaqvs kiTxvis darRvevasTan? am SemTxvevaSi rogor unda moaxerxos bavSvma kiTxvis am etapebis gavla? 19 1.3.kiTxvis darRvevebi. pirvelad kiTxvis darRvevebze, rogorc sametyvelo moqmedebis damoukidebel paTologiaze miuTiTa А. Куссмауль 1877 wels (39:14), rasac Semdgom mohyva sxva naSromebi. am periodSi kiTxvisa da weris paTologia ganixileboda, rogorc weriTi metyvelebis erTiani darRveva. me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba, rom kiTxvis darRveva warmoadgens zogadi Wkuasustobis simptoms da SeimCneva mxolod gonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvebSi. aseTi dakvirvebebi Catarebuli iyo f.baxmanisa da b.engleris mier. Tumca 1896 wels В. Морган–მა aRwera kiTxvis darRvevis SemTxveva 14 wlis biWTan, romelsac hqonda normaluri inteleqti. biWi 7 wlidan swavlobda normalur skolaSi, kargad swavlobda maTematikas, wakiTxva. magram morganma SeeZlo es mxolod darRveva ramdenime gansazRvra, erTmarcvliani rogorc sityvis orTografiulad sworad werisa da uSecdomod gamarTulad kiTxvis uunaroba. morganis Semdeg sxva avtorebmac daiwyes kiTxvis darRvevis, rogorc sametyvelo moqmedebis damoukidebeli paTologiis ganxilva, romelic araa dakavSirebuli gonebriv CamorCenilobasTan. (39:15) ingliselma eqim-okulistebma Керр-იმ da Морган-მა gamoaqveynes Sromebi, romlebic eZRvneboda bavSvebTan werisa da kiTxvis darRvevas. arsebiTad isini gvevlinebian kiTxvis darRvevis Teoriebis fuZemdeblebad. (39:15) 1900 da 1907 wlebSi Д. Гиншельвуд-მა, glazgoelma okulistma aRwera normaluri inteleqtis bavSvebTan kiTxvis darRvevis kidev ramdenime SemTxveva; daamtkica, rom es darRvevebi yovelTvis ar axlavs gonebriv CamorCenas. kiTxvis aTvisebaSi sirTules man pirvelma uwoda termini “aleqsia”, riTac igi aRniSnavda kiTxvis darRvevis rogorc mZime, ise msubuq xarisxs. (39:15) amrigad, me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi arsebobda ori urTierTsapirispiro Tvalsazrisi. erTis mixedviT, kiTxvis darRveva – esaa gonebrivi CamorCenis simptomi; meoris momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom kiTxvis 20 paTologia _ esaa izolirebuli darRveva, romelic araa dakavSirebuli gonebriv CamorCenasTan. gvxvdeba rogorc inteleqtis aRwerili gonebrivad mqone SemTxvevebi CamorCenil bavSvebTanac. aCvenebs, bavSvebSi, ukanaskneli rom darRvevebi ise normaluri mosazreba iyo ufro progresuli, ramdenadac iZleoda kiTxvis darRvevis meqanizmebis kvlevis saSualebas, inteleqtis zogadi difuzuri ukmarisobisgan damoukideblad. avtorebi damoukidebeli bunebas. romlebic paTologia, umravlesoba mxedvelobiTi warmoadgens darRveva. Tvlidnen, rom arasrulfasovneba. sityvebisa amasTan gansxvavebulad fiqrobda, aRqmis rom da calkeuli dakavSirebiT kiTxvis ganixilavdnen am am paTologiis aqedan, asoebis kiTxvisa darRveva da _ darRvevis safuZvelia disleqsiis meqanizms mxedvelobiTi weris esaa defeqtebs xatebis uwodes “Tandayolili sityvieri sibrmave”. am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen f.varburgi da p.ranSburgi. varburgma aRwera niWieri biWi, romelsac hqonda “sityvieri sibrmave”. П. Раншбург-მა pirvelma ganasxvava kiTxvis darRvevis mZime da msubuqi xarisxi. kiTxvis darRvevis msubuqi formebi man aRniSna terminiT “legasTenia”, gansxvavebiT kiTxvis paTologiis mZime formisgan, romelsac uwoda aleqsia. disleqsia. mogvianebiT SemdgomSi moxda kiTxvis darRvevis disleqsiis da msubuq xarisxs disgrafiis, uwodes aleqsiisa da agrafiis terminTa diferenciacia. (39:16) TandaTanobiT kiTxvis darRvevis bunebaze Sexeduleba Seicvala, mas ukve aRar gansazRvravdnen, rogorc erTgvarovan optikur darRvevas. magaliTad Е. Еллинг-ი gamoyofs procesTa rigs, romlebic irRveva kiTxvis paTologiisas: 1)asos optikuri erTianobisa da bgeris akustikuri erTianobis daufleba; 2)bgeris asosTan Sesabamisoba; 3)sityvaSi asoebis sinTezi; 4)sityvis optikur da akustikur elementebad danawevrebis unari; 5)aqcentis, sityvis melodiis, sityvis cvalebadi Tanxmovnebis gansazRvra; 6)wakiTxulis gageba. misi azriT, aleqsiis dros mTavaria asociaciisa da 21 disociaciis gaZneleba, sityvisa da frazis mTlianobis daWeris SeuZlebloba. (39:16) О. Ортон-ი 1737 წელს Tavis gamokvlevaSi, exeboda bavSvebSi kiTxvis, werisa da metyvelebis darRvevebs. igi aRniSnavda, rom ar unda avurioT bavSvebTan kiTxvis swavlis siZneleebi da ufrosebTan kiTxvis darRvevebi, romlebic gamowveulia sxvadasxva dazianebiT. bavSvebTan kiTxvis darRvevas safuZvlad udevs asoebisgan sityvis Sedgenis uunaroba. am sirTules man uwoda “ganviTarebis aleqsia”. ortonma daaskvna, rom ganviTarebis aleqsia bavSvebSi gamowveulia aramarto xasiaTis darRvevebiTac. sensoruli darRvevebi yvelaze xSirad motoruli ortonis SeiniSnebeboda sirTuleebiT, aramed dakvirvebiT, kiTxvis motoruli naklis mqone bavSvebTan, memarcxeneebTan (caciebTan) da im bavSvebTan, romlebSic gvian moxda wamyvani xelis gamoyofa, agreTve smenisa da mxedvelobis darRvevebis mqone bavSvebTan. (39:17) rusma nevropaTologma Р.А. Ткачев-ma daaskvna, rom aleqsiis safuZvlad Zevs mnestikuri marcvlebs, ar darRvevebi. SeuZlia aleqsiani asoebis bavSvi Sesabamisoba cudad ixsomebs gansazRvrul asoebs, bgerebTan. gansakuTrebiT darRveulia sityvis dasawyisis aRdgena. Tu bavSvi axerxebs sityvis bolo marcvlebis SenarCunebas mexsierebaSi, pirveli marcvlebi aviwydeba, amaxinjebs, cvlis. tkaCevi aleqsias xsnis asoebis mxedvelobiT xatebsa da Sesabamisi bgerebis smeniT xatebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis sisustiT. amasTan, inteleqti SenarCunebulia. tkaCevis azriT, es darRveva gamowveulia memkvidruli faqtorebis gavleniT. (39:17) imaves aRniSnavs mnuxini, is gveubneba, rom aleqsiis da agrafiis umravles SemTxvevaSi SeimCneva sxvadasxva alkoholizmi, xarisxiT mSoblebTa gamoxatuli fsiqopaTia da memkvidruli epilefsia, mZime datvirTva, mSobiaroba, mSobiarobis travmebi. avtori miuTiTebs im darRvevebze, romlebic SeiniSneba aleqsiis dros kiTxvis procesSi: 22 sityvaSi asoebis raodenobis daTvlis uunaroba; mocemuli sityvis asoebisgan am sityvis Sedgenis uunaroba, roca asoebi mocemulia areulad; mokle da kargad nacnobi sityvis wakiTxvis SeuZlebloba, roca gamotovebulia an gadaadgilebulia asoebi. С.С. Мнухин-ma daaskvna, rom TanSobili aleqsiis dros aRiniSneba sxva darRvevebic, romlebic araa SemTxveviTi, aramed aRmocendeba kiTxvisa da weris darRvevis zogad fsiqopaTologiur safuZvelze. (39:18) Tanamedrove specialur literaturaSi kiTxvis darRvevebis aRsaniSnavad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba terminebi: aleqsia _ wakiTxvis sruli SeuZlebloba; disleqsia, disleqsia kiTxvis _ ganviTarebis dauflebis disleqsia procesis anu evoluciuri nawilobrivi darRvevis aRsaniSnavad, gansxvavebiT afaziisgan, romelic tvinis qerqis dazianebis Sedegia. nevrologiis msoflio federaciis mkvlevarTa specialuri jgufi, romlebic warmoadgens ganviTarebis disleqsiis saerTaSoriso kvlevebs nevrologiaSi, pediatriaSi, fsiqologiaSi da pedagogikaSi, iZleva disleqsiis Semdeg ganmartebas: “specifikuri ganviTarebis disleqsia _ esaa darRveva, romelic warmoadgens kiTxvis dauflebis siZneles, miuxedavad normaluri swavlebisa, normaluri inteleqtisa da kargi socialur- kulturuli pirobebisa”. (23:19) mocemuli gansazRvrebebi ar iZleva disleqsiis kiTxvis sxva darRvevebisgan gamijvnis saSualebas: disleqsiis ganmartebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos is sirTuleebic, romlebic ganapirobeben disleqsiur darRvevebs. disleqsia normalur bavSvebTan xSirad warmoadgens sxvadasxva sirTuleebis Sedegs. TiToeulis calke kompensireba SesaZlebelia, magram roca es sirTuleebi klebulobs. magaliTad, fonematuri darRvevebi gaerTianebulia, normalur bavSvebs (fonematuri kompensaciis SeiZleba analizis SesaZlebloba hqondeT msubuqi darRvevebi). aSkara 23 disleqsiis gareSe. fonematuri sistemis Camouyaliblelobis miuxedavad, es bavSvebi kiTxvis swavlis siZneleebis kompensaciasac axerxeben kargi inteleqtisa da sakmarisad ganviTarebuli sivrciTi warmodgenebis mixedviT. disleqsiuri Secdomebis Taviseburebas warmoadgens maTi tipiuroba, ganmeorebadi xasiaTi. kiTxvis sirTuleebi vlindeba ganmeorebad asoebis SecvlaSi, gadanacvlebaSi, gamotovebaSi da a. S. kiTxvaSi Secdomebi SeiZleba mouvides karg mkiTxvelsac gadaRlis, yuradRebis gafantvis gamo, magram es Secdomebi iqneba ara tipiuri, ganmeorebadi, aramed SemTxveviTi xasiaTis. disleqsiisas kiTxvis Secdomebis meore Taviseburebas warmoadgens maTi mdgradi (mtkice, gamZle) xasiaTi. kiTxvis swavlis dasawyisSi bevri normaluri bavSvi uSvebs Secdomebs, magram es Secdomebi sakmaod male qreba. disleqsiis mqone bavSvebTan ki es Secdomebi didxansaa SenarCunebuli, Tveebi da wlebic ki. mizanSewonilia disleqsiis aseTi gansazRvra: “disleqsia - esaa kiTxvis dauflebis procesis nawilobrivi darRveva, romelic vlindeba mdgradi xasiaTis ganpirobebulia mravalricxovan kiTxvis ganmeorebad dauflebis SecdomebSi, romelic monawile fsiqikuri procesSi funqciebis CamouyaliblebobiT”. (23:20.) normaluri inteleqtis bavSvebSi disleqsiis SemTxvevebi sakmaod xSiria. evropul qveynebSi bavSvebis daaxloebiT 10%-s aqvs disleqsia. k.makitas mixedviT, iaponel bavSvebSi disleqsiis ricxvi Zalian dabalia _0,98%. iaponiaSi gamoiyeneba damwerlobis sxvadasxva saxe: ieroglifuri da fonetikuri fonetikuri marcvlebiT marcvlebiT wera. weras, im bavSvebSi, disleqsiani romlebic bavSvebis euflebian raodenoba metia, vidre imaTSi, romlebic euflebian ieroglifebiT weras. avtori askvnis, rom enisa da damwerlobis specifika warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors disleqsiis gavrcelebulobis, simptomatikisa da defeqtis struqturisTvis. amrigad, disleqsia warmoadgens aramarto neirofsiqologiur, aramed enobriv problemasac. 24 Рейнхолд-mac ikvlevda miuTiTa werisa da memkvidruli kiTxvis faqtoris darRvevis mqone mniSvnelobaze. normaluri is inteleqtis bavSvebs, romlebsac ar hqondaT darRveuli smena da mxedveloba da ar hqondaT dazianebuli darRvevebs am awuxebdaT maT centraluri bavSvebSi hqonda naTesavebs. nervuli ojaxuri kvlevis sistema. xasiaTi, Sedegebis avtoris anu es TqmiT, darRvevebi analiziT igi mivida daskvnamde, rom arsebobs disleqsiis gansakuTrebuli, Tandayolili forma. aseT SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT Rebuloben tvinis Tvisobriv moumwifeblobas struqturebis es mis calkeul moumwifebloba zonebSi. vlindeba Tavis garkveuli tvinis funqciebis ganviTarebis specifikur SeferxebebSi. (39:23) …Д.Ж. Фрайса Ш. Смит-is da kvlevebiT (kolorados universitetis genetikis instituti)gamovlinda gansakuTrebuli geni me-15 qromosomaSi im ojaxis wevrebSi, romlebsac aReniSnebodaT disleqsia. am genis aRmoCenas SeeZlo aexsna disleqsiis genetikuri ganpirobebulobis meqanizmi, magram sxva avtorTa mier ar iqna dadasturebuli es Sedegebi. (39:23) zogi avtori ki imas aRniSnavs, rom disleqsias aqvs organuli safuZveli. magaliTad, Галабурд-am sikvdilis Semdeg Seiswavla 5 mamakacis tvini, romlebsac hqondaT disleqsia. maT aRmoaCndaT ori tipis tvinis anatomiuri anomalia. (39:23) pirveli anatomiuri anomalia vlindeboda imaSi, rom naxevarsferoebis im zonebSi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs metyvelebis dauflebas, ar hqonda adgili asimetrias. normaSi memarjveneTa umravlesobaSi SeiniSneba asimetria (marcxena naxevarsferos sasargeblod) safeTqlis ubnis qerqis zeda fenebSi, romlebic monawileobas Rebuloben metyvelebis aRqmasa da gagebaSi. galaburdas mixedviT, normaSi es asimetria warmoadgens marjvena naxevarsferos neironebis dakargvis Sedegs embrionuli ganviTarebis procesSi, anu normaluri ganviTarebis procesSi xdeba neironebisa da maTi kavSirebis eliminireba. amrigad, asimetriis ararseboba ganpirobebulia marjvena naxevarsferos zonebis Warbi ganviTarebiT. 25 meore anatomiuri gadaxra vlindeba tvinis ujredebis ganlagebis anomaliebSi, anu neironebis mikroarqiteqturisa da ganlagebis darRvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT marcxena naxevarsferoSi. aRniSnuli anomaliebi aRmocendeba nayofis ganviTarebis darRvevebis gamo orsulobis me-16 da 24-e kvireebs Soris periodSi. es anomaliebi warmodgenilia an ujredis fenebs SigniT neironebis gadanacvlebiT (aranormaluri ganlageba), an displaziiT _ sxvadasxva fenebSi neironebis normaluri ganlagebis dakargviT. aRniSnuli anomaliebi umetesad SeiniSneba marcxena naxevarsferos Sublis ukana Txemkefis zonebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia metyvelebasTan. nervuli ujredebis ganlagebis es anomaliebi, romlebic lokalizebulia metyvelebis ganviTarebis sakvanZo zonebSi, ganapirobebs or naxevarsferos Soris neironuli kavSiris darRvevas da tvinis asimetriis Semcirebas. am kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, Н. Гешвинд-ma daamuSava hipoTeza, romlis Tanaxmadac marjvena da marcxena naxevarsferos asimetriis ararseboba an Semcireba disleqsiiT daavadebulebTan, didadaa ganpirobebuli organizmis imunuri funqciebis darRvevebTan. misi azriT, asimetriis ararsebobas an Semcirebas xels uwyobs hormonaluri gavlena, gansakuTrebiT testosteronis zedmeti zemoqmedeba, romelic arRvevs sametyvelo zonebis ganviTarebas. amas adasturebs isic, rom disleqsia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba biWebSi, vidre gogonebSi (Sesabamisad, 4:1 da 10:1). (39:24) Хайер-is mier 1978 wels Catarebul or gamokvlevaSi, adarebdnen disleqsiis mqone da swavlaSi globaluri darRvevebis mqone pacientebis tvinis zonebis ganiv Wrilebs. Sedegebma uCvena, rom SemTxvevaTa 42%-dan 30Si adgili hqonda tvinis Txem-kefis zonis asimetriis inversias, anu marjvena naxevarsferos siWarbes. (39:25) bevri avtori, Tumca ar uaryofs SesaZlo organuli faqtorebis arsebobas, yuradRebas amaxvilebs tvinis im qerquli zonebis moqmedebis funqcionalur darRvevebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen metyvelebis dauflebas. 26 disleqsiis da mqone perinataluri aRmocenebaSi faqtorebi, bevri bavSvis anamnezSi aRiniSneba antenataluri periodebis yvelaze ufro romlebic mavne gavlena. uaryofiT moqmedeben rols nayofis amasTan, TamaSoben disleqsiis paTologiuri ganviTarebis ufro gvian periodebSi da posnatalur periodSi. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom mogvianebiT moqmedi paTologiuri faqtorebi gavlenas axdenen qerqis im struqturebis formirebaze, romlebic mwifdebian gvian, kerZod, mesameul zonebze, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rTuli simboluri funqciebis funqcionirebas (zepiri metyveleba, kiTxva, wera). samedicini literaturaSi gamoyofen etiologiur faqtorebis Semdeg tipebs: 1. hipoqsiuri tipi, romlis meqanizmi dakavSirebulia ukmarisobasTan, tvinis ujredebis Jangbadis Jangbadis cvlis darRvevebiT, rasac iwvevs magaliTad: placentis darRvevebi, Wiplaris ganviTarebis anomalia, gagrZelebuli mSobiaroba, asfiqsia da a.S. 2. toqsikuri tipi, romelic dakavSirebulia medikamentozuri preparatebis zemoqmedebasTan, dedis avadmyofobebTan (nevropaTia, diabeti, hipoTeriozi da sxva), dedis alkoholizmTan, dedisa da nayofis sisxlis SeuTavseblobasTan da a.S. 3. infeqciuri tipi _ Canasaxze da nayofze (4-kviridan infeqciebis zemoqmedeba, rogoricaa wiTura, 4-Tvemde) iseTi herpesi, yvavili, epidemiologiuri parotiti, gripi, poliomieliti, infeqciuri hepatiti da sxva. zemoqmedebis am tips ekuTvnis virusuli da baqteriuli neiroinfeqciebi, romlebic moqmedeben postnatalur periodSi. 4. meqanikuri tipi _ dakavSirebulia tvinis fizikuri xasiaTis dazianebebTan, tvinze dawolasTan da a.S. am tips ekuTvnis: orsulobis arakeTilsasurveli mimdinareoba, menjis simsivneebi, viwro menji, dedis orrqiani saSvilosno, gagrZelebuli mSobiaroba, mSobiarobis meqanikuri damxmare saSualebebis gamoyeneba, qala-tvinis travmebi posnatalur periodSi. 27 disleqsia vlindeba kiTxvis dauflebis procesis SenelebaSi, aseve kiTxvis tempis, kiTxvis siswrafis SenelebaSi (bradileqsia). disleqsiisas bavSvebSi SeimCneva kiTxvisas bevr kiTxvis bavSvTan procesSi Tvalebis Tvalebis moZraoba moZraobis darRvevebi. qaoturia, uwesrigo, araTanabarzomieri, naxtomiseburi. aRiniSneba regresiis didi raodenoba, fiqsaciis zedmeti xangrZlivoba. disleqsiis gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan gamovlinebas warmoadgens kiTxvis mdradi da specifikuri Secdomebi. disleqsiisas gvxvdeba SecdomaTa Semdegi jgufebi: 1. kiTxvisas bgerebis Secvla da gadanacvleba: fonetikurad bgerebis Secvla da gadanacvleba, aseve grafikulad axlobeli msgavsi asoebis Secvla. 2. asoebiT kiTxva _ bgerebis marcvlebSi da sityvebSi Serwymis darRveva. asoebiT kiTxvisas asoebis dasaxeleba xdeba morigeobiT. 3. sityvis bgeriT-marcvlovani struqturis damaxinjeba, romelic vlindeba sxvadasxvagvar SecdomebSi: a)Tanxmovnebis gamotoveba maTi Tanxvedrisas; b)Tanxmovnebisa g)bgerebis da xmovnebis damateba; gamotoveba d)bgerebis Tanxvedris gadanacvleba; ararsebobisas; e)sityvebis gamotoveba, gadanacvleba da sxva. 4. wakiTxulis gagebis darRvevebi vlindeba calkeuli sityvis, aseve winadadebisa da teqstis doneze. kiTxvis darRvevebis es jgufi gamoiyofa im SemTxvevebSi, roca ar SeiniSneba kiTxvis procesis teqnikuri mxaris darRvevebi. 5. agramatizmebi kiTxvisas. Secdomebis dauflebis analitiko-sinTezur darRvevebi brunvis da daboloebebSi, es jgufi sinTezur arsebiTi vlindeba safexurebze. da zedsarTavi kiTxvis aRiniSneba saxelebis SeTanxmebaSi, zmnebis daboloebebis cvlilebebSi da sxva. kiTxvis xSirad dauflebis vlindeba darRvevebSi, analizur bgerebis sityvis etapze kiTxvis SecvlaSi, bgerebis bgeriT-marcvlovani darRvevebi marcvalSi struqturis yvelaze Serwymis damaxinjebaSi, wakiTxulis gagebis darRvevaSi. am etapze yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 28 fonematuri disleqsia, ganpirobebuli fonematuri sistemis funqciis arasakmarisi ganviTarebiT (fonematuri aRqmisa da fonematuri analizis). kiTxvis sinTezur xerxebze gadasvlis etapze disleqsiis simptomatika yvelaze xSirad gamoixateba rTuli sityvebis struqturis damaxinjebaSi, sityvebis SecvlaSi, agramatizmebSi, wakiTxuli winadadebis, teqstis gagebis darRvevebSi. sinTezuri agramatizmebi, kiTxvis wakiTxuli safexurze teqstis SeiniSneba gagebis sityvebis darRvevebi. Secvla, yvelaze xSirad SeimCneva agramatikuli disleqsia, romelic ganpirobebulia metyvelebis leqsiko-gramatikuli mxaris arasakmarisi ganviTarebiT. kiTxvis darRvevebma SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos bavSvis pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze. kiTxvis dauflebis warumateblobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios da ganamtkicos xasiaTis iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba, gaubedaoba, eWvianoba an piriqiT, gaboroteba, agresiuloba, negatiuri reaqciebisaken midrekileba. yvela am SemTxvevaSi afeqturi reaqciebi aris disleqsiis Sedegi. disleqsian sivrciTi bavSvebSi mimarTulebiT, gansazRvraSi. aRineSneba vizualuri_sivrciTi SeimCneva marjvenas formis, deficitis orientaciis da marcxenas, sididis sirTuleebi zeviT gansazRvraSi SemTxvevaSi maT da yvela qveviT uzustobebi. uWirT _ “msgavsi moxazulobis simboloebis (asoebis, magaliTad: d-l; o-r; s-x; g-v;-k;) garCeva. da aseve erTmaneTis msgavsi simboloebis garCeva (Z-x; m-n; S-w; 6-9)”. (6:58). disleqsianebSi sivrciTi warmodgenebis Camouyalibleboba garda kiTxvisa, vlindeba xatvaSi, konstruirebisas nawilebisgan mTelis agebaSi, mocemuli formis sxeulis marjvena lateralizacia an aRdgenis da uunarobaSi. marcxena lateralizaciis aseve, nawilis darRveva gamovlenilia Seferxeba diferenciaciaSi, (memarcxeneoba, gviani Sereuli dominanti). 29 cnobilia, rom normaluri lateralizaciisas (marjvena da marcxena nawilis moqmedebis asimetriisas) wamyvani, ufro Zlieria sxeulis marjvena nawili: marjvena xeli, marjvena fexi, marjvena Tvali, marjvena yuri. lateralizaciis dominirebulia darRvevisas marcxena SeiZleba xeli, SeiniSnebodes marcxena fexi da cacioba, a.S., an roca Sereuli lateralizaciis mqone bavSvebSi xSiria disleqsia. magaliTad Р. Заззо-m naxa, rom aseT bavSvebSi 3-jer meti iyo disleqsiis SemTxvevebi. igi Tvlis, rom Sereuli dominanta warmoadgens dabrkolebas kargi senso-motoruli koordinaciisTvis, avtomatizmebis SeZenisTvis. (39:33) Ж. Ажуриагера da Н. Гранжон-ი adarebdnen lateralizaciis mdgomareobas disleqsianebTan da normalur bavSvebTan. isini mividnen daskvnamde, rom cacioba gvxvdeba rogorc normalur, ise disleqsian bavSvebTan. orive jgufTan daaxloebiT asakobriv periodSi 10 wlisTvis icvleba xdeba garkveuli Tanafardoba cvlilebebi. marjvenas da am marcxenas upiratesobaSi. kerZod, 10 wlamde normalur bavSvebSi caciebis raodenoba 30%, xolo 10-is Semdeg gacilebiT naklebi, 21%. disleqsiian bavSvebSi 10 wlamde caciebis raodenobaa 46%, xolo 10-is Semdeg_31%. (39:33) unda CaiTvalos SemTxvevaSi garda Tu SeuZlebelia amisa, xSirad ara cacioba avxsnaT gvxvdebian disleqsiis disleqsiis caciebi, meqanizmad? meqanizmi romlebsac aseT memarjveneebTan. ara aqvT kiTxvis darRvevebi. e.i. TavisTavad cacioba ar ganapirobebs disleqsiis aRmocenebas. sivrciTi warmodgenebis sakmarisi Camoyalibeba aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis, rom bavSvma aiTvisos da ganasxvaos asoebi. caciebs, romlebsac ara aqvT kiTxvis darRvevebi, rogorc Cans, evoluciis procesSi umuSavdebaT meqanizmebi, romlebic axdenen lateraluri diskoordinaciis kompensirebas, xolo cacia _ disleqsianebSi kompensaciis es sistemebi yalibdeba ufro nela, ufro gvian. miuxedavad imisa, rom gadaCveuli caciebis raodenoba mcirdeba, ar mcirdeba bavSvebis raodenoba, romlebsac aqvT kiTxvis darRvevebi. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs, rom disleqsiis mizezi cacioba araa. kiTxvis darRvevebs iwvevs ara cacioba, aramed sivrciTi 30 warmodgenebis Camouyalibleboba, romelic aRiniSneba gadaCveul caciebTan da Sereuli dominantobisas. Р.Е. Левина Tvlis, rom kiTxvisa da zepiri metyvelebis darRvevebis safuZvlad Zevs fonematuri sistemis Camouyalibleboba. (39:35) kiTxvis dauflebis sawyis etapebze metyvelebis fonetiko-fonemuri mxaris arasakmarisi ganviTarebisas, bavSvebSi SeiniSneba sametyvelo warmodgenebisa da ganzogadebebis uzustoba da aramdgradoba. es arTulebs sityvis bgeriTi analizis dauflebas. asoebis monaxazebis SerCeviTi auTvisebloba SenarCunebis sisustiT, CamouyaliblebobiT. r.e.levina am gamowveulia aramed sakiTxTan ara bgerebis grafikuli ganzogadebis dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs mosazrebas, rom: “kiTxvisa da weris erTeuls warmoadgens ara aso, rogorc naxati, romelic atarebs Sesatyvisi bgeris dasaxelebas, aramed grafemafonemis grafikuli aRniSvna“. Tu aso ar Seesabamiseba ganzogadebul bgeras (fonemas), maSin misi aTviseba iqneba meqanikuri xasiaTis. maSasadame, am mosazrebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom _ Tu bavSvebSi gaZnelebulia fonematuri warmodgenebis Camoyalibeba, maSin maT nela uyalibdebaT grafemaze warmodgenac. Zalian gaZnelebulia aseT bavSvebTan bgerebis marcvalSi Serwymis procesic. marcvlebis Serwymuli kiTxvis dauflebisTvis bavSvma aso unda Seusabamisos mxolod garkveul bgeras, mocemuli bgeris sxvebisgan gamodiferencirebiT. garda amisa, mas warmodgena unda hqondes mocemuli bgeris ganzogadebul JReradobaze. marcvlebis Serwymul warmoTqmas exmareba azrobrivi mixvedra. marcvalSi bgerebis Serwyma _ es pirvel rigSi niSnavs maT ise warmoTqmas, rogorc isini JRers zepir metyvelebaSi. Tu bavSvs ara aqvs sityvis bgera-asoiT Semadgenlobaze mkafio warmodgena, bgeriT-marcvliTi ganzogadebuli xatebis Camoyalibeba gaZnelebulia. kiTxvis darRvevebi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos leqsiko- gramatikuli ganviTarebis ukmarisobasTan. magaliTad, kiTxvisas sityvebis 31 Secvla SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos aramarto maTi fonetikuri msgavsebiT, araswori warmoTqmiT an calkeuli bgerebis ver gansxvavebiT, aramed winadadebis sintaqsuri kavSirebis dadgenis sirTuleebiTac. magaliTad, frazis wakiTxvisas: “deda wmends CarCos” _ normaluri bavSvi, emyareba ra “wmends” da “CarCos” Soris arsebul kavSirs, ukve sityva “wmends” wakiTxvisas mixvdeba, Tu rogori daboloeba eqneba sityvas “CarCo”, vinaidan es ori sityva SeiZleba iyos mxolod am SeTanxmebaSi _ ”wmends CarCos”. kiTxvis procsSi normaluri bavSvi momdevno sityvebis azrs da gramatikul formas xvdeba ukve wina sityvis aRqmisas. azrobrivi mixvedra am SemTxvevaSi eyrdnoba bavSvis mier enis kanonzomierebebis codnas, “enis grZnobas”. metyvelebis arasakmarisad ganviTarebuli leqsiko-gramatikuli wyobis mqone bavSvma es winadadeba SeiZleba waikiTxos ase: “deda wmends CarCo”, radganac misi ganzogadebebs, azrobrivi sityvebis mixvedra cvlilebis da ar eyrdnoba winadadebaSi zust maTi enobriv SeTanxmebis kanonzomierebebis zust warmodgenebs. azrobriv mixvedras aseT SemTxvevaSi an ara aqvs adgili, an TamaSobs uaryofiT rols, ramdenadac warmoadgens didi raodenobis specifikuri Secdomebis mizezs. wasakiTxi sityvebis damaxinjeba xSirad ganisazRvreba imiTac, rom sityvis morfologiuri struqtura arasakmaod cnobierdeba da kiTxvis procesSi ar bavSvebSi SeimCneva kavSirebis aRmocendeba swori azrobrivi agramatizmebi, romlebic darRveviT, faqizi mixvedra. kiTxvisas ganpirobebulia gramatikuli mniSvnelobebis aseT sityvaTa aRqmis sirTuleebiT. fsiqikuri ganviTarebis Seferxebis mqone bavSvebSi Cveulebriv. SeiniSneba disleqsia. Ингрем-ma daadgina korelacia kiTxvis darRvevebsa da ganviTarebis Seferxebas Soris. (39:39) avtori aRniSnavs, rom normalur bavSvebTan SedarebiT, CamorCebian aranakleb disleqsiani ori wliT. bavSvebi metyvelebis disleqsianebTan ganviTarebaSi aRiniSneba bgerebis mogvianebiT gamoCena, eqspresiuli metyvelebis ganviTarebis Senelebuli 32 tempi. kiTxvis procesSi bavSvebi gaWirvebiT axerxeben bgerebis Sesabamisobas weriT simboloebTan (asoebTan), ureven grafikulad msgavs asoebs, marcvlebisa da sityvebis kiTxvisas axdenen bgerebis gadanacvlebas. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, ganviTarebis Seferxebis mqone bavSvebTan kiTxvis sxvadasxvagvari metyvelebis darRveva darRvevebiT, ganpirobebulia ramdenadac rigi araimdenad fsiqikuri zepiri funqciebis ukmarisobiT: yuradReba, mxedvelobiTi gnozisi, suqcesiuri da simultanuri procesebi. gamovlinebis mixedviT gamoyofen disleqsiis ori formas: lateralurs, romelic vlindeba asoebis aTvisebis siZneleSi an uunarobaSi da verbalurs, romelic vlindeba sityvebis wakiTxvis sirTuleSi. es dayofa pirobiTia, radgan erTidaigive bavSvTan SeiZleba Segvxvdes orive forma. С. Борель-Мезонни (39:42) gansazRvravs disleqsiis Semdeg jgufebs: 1. disleqsiebi, dakavSirebuli zepiri metyvelebis darRvevebTan. 2. disleqsiebi, dakavSirebuli cud sivrciT warmodgenebTan. 3. Sereuli SemTxvevebi. 4. mcdari disleqsiis SemTxvevebi. pirveli jgufis bavSvebSi aRiniSneba arasakmarisi smeniTi mexsiereba, smeniTi aRqmis darRvevebi. bavSvebi gaWirvebiT amyareben kavSirs smeniT da mxedvelobiT aRqmas Soris, bgerasa da asos Soris. zepir metyvelebaSi aseT bavSvebSi SeiniSneba sxvadasxva darRvevebi. meore ganlagebis jgufis aRqmis gansazRvraSi; mZime bavSvebSi darRvevebi, SeimCneva qveda, SemTxvevebSi zeda, formis, sididis, marjvena, kinesTetikuri sivrceSi marcxena mexsierebis mxaris darRvevebi, sivrceSi xelisa da fexis araCveuli mdebareobis warmodgenebis uunaroba, sxeulis sqemis darRvevebi. zogjer aRiniSneba motoruli diskoordinaciis movlenebic, dispraqsiebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia weraSi. 33 mesame jgufi yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania. bavSvebs aqvT rogorc mxedvelobiTi, ise smeniTi aRqmis darRvevebi, aseve motoruli CamorCena. am formis mqone bavSvebi arasworad warmoTqvamen bevr bgeras, sityvas, cudad asnxvaveben figurebs formisa da zomis mixedviT. maTi moZraobebi xSirad mouqnelia, SeiniSneba sinkineziebi, modunebuli reaqciebi. meoTxe jgufSi metyvelebiTi aerTianeben darRvevebi, bavSvebs, arc sivrciTi romlebsac ara warmodgenebis aqvT arc arasakmarisi ganviTareba. amis miuxedavad, am bavSvebma ver iswavles kiTxva sxvadasxva mizeziT (swavlebis araswori meTodikis, garemos araxelsayreli pirobebis, pedagogiuri xelmiSvebulobisa da sxva mizezTa gamo). sirTuleebi vlindeba patara bavSvebis kiTxvis swavlisas. 6 wlis bavSvebi advilad swavloben kiTxvas, xolo 3-4 wlianebi jer kidev ar arian mzad amisaTvis. amitom patara bavSvebisTvis kiTxvis swavlebis Secdomas axlavs kanonzomieri siZneleebi da kiTxvis Secdomebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, araa rekomendebuli kiTxvis swavlebis dawyeba Zalian adre an Zalian gvian, aseve rekomendebuli araa saxlSi da skolaSi kiTxvis swavlebis gansxvavebuli meTodikebis gamoyeneba. М.Е. Хватцев-ი darRveuli meqanizmebis mixedviT gamoyofs fonematur, optikur, optiko-sivrciT, semantikur da mnestikur disleqsiebs. igi Tvlis, rom bavSvebSi SeiniSneba mxolod fonematuri da optikuri disleqsiebi, xolo sxva formebi gvxvdeba Tavis tvinis organuli dazianebisas, afaziebisas. (39:44) fonematuri swavloben asoebs, disleqsiisas sworad magram ar kiTxvas. bavSvebi isini SeuZliaT maTi didi 2-4 wlis gaWirvebiT marcvlebSi, ganmavlobaSi iTviseben sityvebSi ver calkeul gaerTianeba. zogierTi asoebs swavlobs sirTuleebis gareSe, magram marcvlebisa da sityvebis kiTxvis procesSi uSveben bevr Secdomas. bgerasa da asos Soris cudi kavSiri ganpirobebulia cudi fonematuri smeniT. 34 М.Е. Хватцев-is mixedviT, optikuri disleqsia mdgomareobs “asoebis, rogorc Sesatyvisi fonemebis ganzogadebuli grafikuli niSnebis ver cnobaSi, anu asoebi araa gacnobierebuli, rogorc grafemebi”. (39:44) optikur disleqsiis bavSvebSi mxedvelobiTi aRqmis darRvevebi SeiniSneba metyvelebis gareSec. zogs uWirs nacnobi saxeebis da nacnobi sagnebis garCeva. marjvena naxevarsferos dazianebisas SeiniSneba sirTuleebi sityvis marcxena nawilis wakiTxvisas, sarkiseburi kiTxva, sityvas kiTxuloben marjvnidan marcxniv, aRiniSneba kiTxvisa da sityvebis gadanacvleba. gamovlenis mixedviT М.Е. Хватцев–ი ganasxvavebs literalur (ver cnoben calkeul asoebs) da verbalur (calkeul asoebs swavloben, magram sityvas ver cnoben) disleqsiebs. asoebis cudi aTvisebis mTavari mizezia maTi aRqmis aramkafiooba, asoze warmodgenis aramdgradoba. Cveulebriv, asos mxedvelobiT xatSi upirveles yovlisa SenarCunebulia misi saerTo (zogadi) agebuleba, gamovardnilia garkveuli detalebi. asoebi xdeba urTierTmimsgavsebuli. rac metad hgavs grafikulad asoebi erTmaneTs, miT ufro xSirad xdeba maTi Secvla, gansakuTrebiT, Tu sityvaSi es asoebi erTmaneTTan axlosaa. amis gamo, avtoris azriT, neldeba sityvebis cnoba. (39:45) disleqsiis mqoneebTan Tvalebis moZraoba kiTxvis procesSi xasiaTdeba garkveuli darRvevebiT. aRiniSneba wyvetiloba naxtomiseburi moZraobebi, moZraobis xSiri regresiebi, moZraoba ukan aRqmulis dazustebis mizniT, mimarTulebis cvlilebebi da a.S. es darRvevebi SeiniSneba disleqsiis mqone yvela bavSvTan da igi warmoadgens araimdenad kiTxvis darRvevis mizezs, ramdenadac sxva sirTuleebis Sedegs: optikuris, fonematuris, gramatikulis da a.S. didxans iTvleboda, rom disleqsia Tumca es mosazreba ar dadasturda, Wkuasustobis zogma erT-erTi mkvlevarma niSania. aRmoaCina, rom kiTxvis darRvevebis mqone bavSvebs aReniSnebodaT fsiqikuri da motoruli 35 moqmedebis bevri maRaldiferencirebuli mxaris arasakmarisi ganviTareba: mxedvelobiTi aRqmis arasrulfasovneba, sirTuleebi asoebisa da sityvebis optikuri xatis aTvisebaSi, motoruli ukmarisoba, sivrciTi warmodgenebisa da sivrciTi orientirebis darRvevebi, smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis naklovanebebi, metyvelebis ganviTarebis Seferxeba da zepiri metyvelebis darRvevebi, aRmoCenilia gonebrivad fsiqikuri afeqturi moumwifebloba. aseTi darRvevebi CamorCenil bavSvebSic. ganviTarebis Taviseburebas aseT bavSvebTan SemecnebiTi moqmedebis umaRlesi formebis Camouyalibleboba sinTezis, ganzogadebis, abstraqciis), azrovnebis ekuTvnis (analizis, konkretuloba da zedapirebuloba, metyvelebis Senelebuli ganviTareba, emociur-nebelobiTi sferos moumwifebloba. am bavSvebis saazrovno procesebi xasiaTdeba inertulobiT. ar xdeba erTi logikuri kavSiridan meoreze advilad gadasvla, didxans xdeba erT xatze SeCereba. movlenebs Soris iseTi kavSirebis danaxva, romlebic efuZneba TvalsaCino gamocdilebas, gonebrivad CamorCenilebs SeuZliaT ganyenebuli uSualod damokidebulebebis aRqmaze, aseve gageba, movlenaTa romelic araa Tanmimdevrobis dafuZnebuli gageba maTTvis warmoadgens did sirTules. amrigad, gonebrivad CamorCenilebTan yvelaze metad defeqturi aris _ azrovnebis maRali formebi, abstraqtuli, ganyenebuli azrovneba. yvelaze naklebad defeqturia da SemecnebiT aqtSi wamyvans warmoadgens _ moqmedebis formebi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs konkretuli kavSirebis damyareba. gonebrivad CamorCenilis yuradReba aramdgradia, gafantulia. aRqma xasiaTdeba siviwroviT, aradiferencirebulobiT, aRqmuli STabeWdilebebis analizisa da ganzogadebis sisustiT. aRiniSneba SemecnebiTi saorientacio moqmedebis sisuste da arasakmao aqtioba. 36 С.Я. Рубинштейн-is azriT, gonebrivad CamorCenili bavSvebis metyvelebis arasakmarisi mizezia analizatorebSi axali madiferencirebeli kavSirebis neli Camoyalibeba. sametyvelo-smeniTi analizatoris ubanSi am kavSirebis neli ganviTarebis gamo gonebrivad CamorCenili bavSvi didxans ver arCevs bgerebs, ver axdens sxvebis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebis diferencirebas, ris gamoc sxvis naTqvams aRiqvams arasakmaod zustad da mkafiod. (39:73) gonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvebs arasakmarisad aqvT ganviTarebuli metyvelebis leqsiko-gramatikuli wyoba. maTi leqsikuri maragi gacilebiT Raribia, vidre normaluri bavSvebis. umcrosi asakis bavSvebis leqsikoni ZiriTadad Sedgeba arsebiTi saxelebisa da yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi xmarebuli zmnebisgan; zedsarTavi, zmnizeda, kavSirebi gvxvdeba iSviaTad. isini iyeneben mxolod mcire raodenobas im sityvebisa, romlebic aRniSnaven sagnebis niSnebs, fers (wiTeli, lurji, mwvane), sagnebis sidides (didipatara), gemos (tkbili-mware). Zalian iSviaTad gamoiyeneben sapirispiro sityvebs _”grZeli-mokle”, dakavSirebulia sagnebis “msxvili-wvrili”. Tvisebebisa da es niSnebis pirvel Sesaxeb rigSi TviT warmodgenebis diferencaciis sirTulesTan. Г.Я. Трошина ambobs, rom: „kiTxvis dauflebis procesSi gonebrivad CamorCenili bavSvi gaivlis igive safexurebs, rasac normaluri, oRond maT kiTxvis swavlisTvis sWirdebaT 3-jer meti dro, vidre normalurebs“. (39:82) am bavSvebisTvis did sirTules warmoadgens asoebis swavla fonematuri aRqmis arasakmarisi ganviTarebis gamo, opoziciuri bgerebis garCevis uunarobis gamo, sivrciTi warmodgenebis, mxedvelobiTi analizisa da sinTezis Camouyaliblebobis gamo. gansakuTrebul sirTules warmoadgens bgerebis marcvalSi Serwyma. bgerebis marcvalSi Serwyma xorcieldeba upirveles yovlisa marcvlis bgeriT struqturaze mkafio warmodgenis safuZvelze. kvlevebi uCvenebs, rom fonematuri analizis funqcia gonebrivad CamorCenil moswavleebSi yalibdeba didi gaWirvebiT. maTTvis rTulia marcvalze ganzogadebuli 37 warmodgenis Camoyalibebac. sityvis kiTxvis procesSi, aRqmis aradiferencirebulobis gamo, am bavSvebs TiTqmis ara aqvT dominirebuli asoebi. sworad kiTxva da wakiTxuli sityvis gageba xorcieldeba marcvlebis sityvaSi gaerTianebis safuZvelze. am bavSvebTan ki bgeriTmarcvliTi sinTezis unari daqveiTebulia, rac ganapirobebs wakiTxuli sityvis Senelebul cnobas da gagebas. kidev ufro Znelia maTTvis winadadebebisa da teqstis wakiTxva da gageba. ismis kiTxva ra SeiZleba gagekTdes imisaTvis, rom bavSvma daZlios am problemebs da SeZlos gamarTulad kiTxva? vfiqrobT, rom am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad dagvexmareba kiTxvis Teoriuli modelebisa da meTodebis ganxilva. 1.4. kiTxvis Teoriuli modelebi da meTodebi kiTxvis modelebi cdiloben axsnan is, Tu ra procesebi udevs safuZvlad kiTxvas da rogoria am procesebis urTierTqmedebis meqanizmi. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevrebs Soris dapirispireba dRemde grZeldeba. wera-kiTxvis swavlebaSi sxvadasxva dros gamoyenebuli meTodebi SeiZleba 3 jgufSi gavaerTianoT: a) sinTezuri, b) analizuri, g) analizursinTezuri. ”asosa da sityvis cnobis gareSe SeuZlebelia kiTxva”. es debuleba udevs safuZvlad kiTxvis e.w. “aRmaval modelebs” (warmomadgenlebi: L. Bloomfield .1961; P. Gough 1985; Le Berge, Samuels 1985; M. Adams 1990). aRmavali modelis mixedviT kiTxva “wrfivi” procesia, romelic iwyeba asoebis (grafemis) garCeviT da Semdeg, maTi bgeriT (fonemur) SesatyvisobasTan dakavSirebiT. 38 pirveli etapia grafemuli informaciis gadamuSaveba vizualur sistemaSi da asos maxasiaTeblidan bgerad gardaqmna, anu xdeba grafemuli reprezentaciis (warmodgenis) gadaqceva fonemur reprezentaciad. meore etapze fonemuri reprezentacia gardaiqmneba sityvad, mesame etapze mniSvenelobis mqone erTeulebi anu sityvebi erTiandebian winadadebebSi, sadac xdeba maTi mniSvnelobaTa amocnoba da gagebuli azri asimilirdeba codnis saerTo sistemaSi. amrigad, informaciis transformacia mimdinareobs qvemodan zemoT, nawilidan (fonemidan) mTelisken (sityvisken). 1. dawerili teqsti ierarqiulad aris organizebuli (grafo-fonuri, fonemuri, morfemuli, leqsikuri, frazuli doneebi) da mkiTxveli pirvel rigSi gadaamuSavebs umcires lingvistur erTeulebs (grafemebs); 2. kiTxva seriuli procesia, romelic nabij-nabij xorcieldeba: iwyeba aso-aso vizualuri garCeviT da asoebis fonemuri dekodirebis safuZvelze sityvis cnobiT mTavrdeba. 3. dekodirebis Sedegia gageba da azris gamotana. 4. maRali donis gadamuSavebis arc erTi etapi ar axdens gavlenas dabali donis gadamuSavebaze. ”aRmavali” modelebis arsebiT xarvezs warmoadgens is, rom gadamuSaveba danaxulia, rogorc mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT mimdinare procesi. mniSvnelobis informaciis wvdoma gadamuSavebas, arasodes kerZod ar cvlis dekodirebis dabali process. am donis dros, cnobilia, rom semantikuri codna, anu sityvis mniSvneloba gavlenas axdens mis aRqmaze. aseve, dadgenilia, rom mniSvnelobis gageba damokidebulia wakiTxulis konteqstze – leqsikur da sintaqsur codnaze.” (7:6). ”aRmavali” gadamuSavebis modelis mixedviT kiTxva informaciis sxvadasxva doneze seriuli Tanmimdevrobaa _ asodan bgerebamde, Semdeg sityvebamde, da bolos mniSvnelobebamde. Sesabamisad, mkiTxveli iwyebs jer 39 asoebis Seswavlas. rodesac igi daeufleba calkeuli asoebis kiTxvas, es erTeulebi erTiandeba da mkiTxveli aRmoaCens rom maTi sxvadasxva kombinaciebi nacnob sityvebs qmnian. rodesac sityva identificirdeba, igi gadaiTargmneba anu zepir metyvelebiT erTeulebSi dakodirdeba, rac mkiTxvels aZlevs saSualebas swvdes mis mniSvnelobas iseve, rogorc aqamde iRebda zepirmetyvelebiT informacias. wakiTxulis gageba aris sityvaTa amocnobis procesis avtomatizacia da misi kombinireba pirovnebis sametyvelo kompetenciasa da warsul gamocdilebasTan. am modelis mixedviT kiTxvis swavleba asoebsa da maT bgeriT Sesatyvisebs Soris kavSiris damyarebis Cvevis gamomuSavebaa. am models efuZneba aso-bgerTi SeTanxmebis swavlebis, anu fonetikuri meTodi: bavSvma unda iswavlos misi enis anbani da aso-bgeraTa SeTanxmebis wesebi, Semdeg gavarjiSdes asoebis bgerebad dekodirebaSi imisaTvis, rom dawerili sityva advilad icnos. es meTodi sasargebloa iseTi enebisTvis, romelTac damwerlobis anbanuri sistema aqvT. am meTodiT swavlebis principebia: 1) asoebis vizualuri garCeva da cnoba; 2) asos Sesabamis bgerasTan dakavSireba; 3) aso-bgerebis kombinirebisa da maTi damarcvlis wesebis swavla; 4) sityvaSi Semavali asoebis damarcvla da sityvis marTlwera; 5) sityvis cnoba da wakiTxva; 6) winadadebis da mcire zomis teqstis kiTxvaze muSaoba. rogorc vxedavT, es meTodi analituri meTodia, romlis mizanicaa asoebis bgerebad dekodirebis Cvevis Camoyalibebaze varjiSi, dawerili sityvis dekodirebis wakiTxulis avtomatizacia gaazrebasa da da Semdeg gagebaze. yuradRebis amitom, kiTxvis gamaxvileba am meTodis savarjiSoebi mimarTulia sityvis bgeriTi Semadgenlobis analizze, mis marTlweraze, dekodirebis siswrafesa da wakiTxvis sizusteze. moswavlis xmamaRali kiTxva swavlebis aucilebeli komponentia. “kiTxva debuleba gamosaxuli udevs simboloebidan safuZvlad e.w. azris gamotanis ”daRmaval procesia.” es modelebs”. (socio40 fsiqolingvisturi modeli, transaqciuli modeli. warmomadgenlebi: K. Stanovich 1980; K.Goodman 1985; T. McCormick 1988; F. Smith 1994; Rosenblatt 1994). kiTxva ar aris sityvaSi arsebuli yvela elementis zusti identifikacia da ar gulisxmobs sityvaSi Semavali yoveli aso-bgeris gadamuSavebas. kiTxva, pirvel rigSi, daweril teqstSi azris gagebaa. kiTxvis mizania daweril testze sapasuxod mniSvnelobis, azris Seqmna. amitom, kiTxva ara wrfivi, aramed cikluri procesia. am Teoriis mixedviT, mkiTxveli ar Semoifargleba informaciis mxolod erTi wyaroTi, grafemuli niSnebiT; mas aqvs informaciis ori sxva mniSvnelovani wyaro, romelTa wvdomac erTdrouladaa SesaZlebeli: esenia semantikuri mimaniSneblebi (mniSvnelobebi) da sintaqsuri mimaniSneblebi (gramatikuli, anu winadadebis arsi). Sesabamisad, mimdinare Temis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis adreuli codna da misi gramatikuli codna, exmareba mas iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu romeli sityvis gamoCenaa mosalodneli teqstSi. amitom, kiTxvis procesi gamocnoba – mixvedriT TamaSs hgavs, mkiTxveli SeimuSavebs hipoTezas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra sityvaa gamomdinare mosalodneli am hipoTezas, iseve, SeiZleba iyos teqstSi rogorc mosaubris da Semdeg sadac azridan uaryofs an adasturebs msmenelma SeiZleba iwinaswarmetyvelos, Semdegi ra sityva. Sesabamisad, daRmavali modelis mixedviT, kiTxva aris: 1. mniSvnelobaze, azrze dafuZnebuli procesia; 2. dekodirebis Cvevis SemuSaveba efuZneba mniSvnelobis gagebas; 3. sityvis identifikaciis procesi pirvel rigSi mniSvnelobazea damokidebuli; 4. sityvis da asos identifikacia, teqstSi gadmocemuli azris safuZvelze SemuSavebuli hipoTezebis Sesamowmeblad xdeba. amrigad, daRmavali modelebis mixedviT, maRali donis kognituri procesebi, informaciis anu mniSvnelobis transformacia gageba marTavs mimdinareobs dekodirebis zemodan qvemoT, process. mTelidan (azridan) nawilisken (sityva, fonema). 41 daRmaval models miekuTvneba, aseve, kiTxvis transaqciuli Teoria, romlis mixedviTac azri dawerili teqstidan pirdapir ar gamomdinareobs. azris gageba teqstis da mkiTxvelis interaqciis Sedegia. is arc teqstis avtoris azris zusti asaxvaa da arc mkiTxvelis azria, romelsac is am teqstis gareSe gaiCenda. Sesabamisad, erTidaigive teqstis wakiTxvisas, gagebis aqti imdenjer xdeba, ramdenjerac am teqstis wakiTxva. ”daRmavali” modelebis xarvezi ki is aris, rom sityvis dekodirebis procesi ugulebelyofilia da fonologiur informacias eqceva. ki gawafuli fonemaTa rigis mkiTxvelis SemTxvevaSic Tanmimdevruli avtomatizebulia da dekodireba mkiTxveli mxolod yuradReba aRmoCnda, xdeba. ar rom sityvaSi es procesi Tumca, mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. sakmarisia, rom ucnobi mniSvnelobis sityva Segxvdes teqstSi, sityvaSi grafemebis dekodirebis procesi cnobierdeba. (7:7). “daRmavali” modelis mixedviT kiTxva ar gansxvavdeba metyvelebis procesisgan. calkeuli aso-bgera azrs moklebulia da misi cnoba sityvaSi ufro advilia. sityvas mniSvneloba aqvs calkeuli aso-bgerebisgan gansxvavebiT, amitom mTavaria mniSvnelobis gageba, romlis safuZvelzec moxdeba sityvis da masSi Semavali bgeriTi SeTanxmebebis cnoba. Sesabamisad, mkiTxveli ecnoba misTvis sainetereso Sinaarsebs da am konteqstSi swavlobs asoebis garCevasa da maTi bgeriTi Sesatyvisobis gagebas. am romlis models mizanicaa efuZneba bavSvis kiTxvis enobrivi swavlebis mTliani gamocdilebis enis midgoma, gamoyeneba, kiTxvis procesSi bavSvis CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa misTvis saintereso teqstis miwodebiT, bavSvisaTvis kiTxvis strategiebis swavleba, enobrivi semantikuri da sintaqsuri mimaniSneblebis gamoyeneba azris gasagebad. am modelis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom dekodirebis wesebze varjiSi bavSvisaTvis mosawyeni da uazroa da kiTxvisadmi uaryofiT damikidebulebas iwvevs. Sesabamisad, swavlebis meTodi araTu ar iTvaliswinebs anbanis asoebis da maTi bgeriTi Sesatyvisebis Seswavlaze varjiSs, aramed principulad ikrZaleba rogorc zianis momtani. 42 bavSvis enobriv gamocdilebaze da misTvis saintereso Sinaarsebze dayrdnobiT, aso-bgeriTi SeTanxmebis wesebis swavla bunebrivi gziT xdeba, ise, rogorc metyvelebis aTviseba. am meTodiT swavlebis principebia: sityvebis gamocnobis strategiis swavleba konteqstSi; bavSvis enobrivi gamocdilebis gamoyeneba; bavSvis enobrivi gamocdilebis gamdidreba da misi daintereseba kiTxvis procesiT; yuradRebis gamaxvileba winadadebasa da teqstis Sinaarsze da ara sityvis Semadgenel aso-bgerebze; teqstidan azris gagebis strategiebis swavleba; specialurad ar iswavleba aso-bgeriTi Sesatyvisoba. mTliani enobrivi midgomis farglebSi ramdenime meTodi gamoiyeneba, romlebic kiTxvis “reagirebiT reagireba gulisxmobs bavSvis swavlebis” kategoriaSi gamocdilebis, misi erTiandebian. interesebisa da metyvelebis aTvisebis bunebrivi, uneblie gziT aTvisebis gaTvaliswinebas. bavSvi swavlobs sakuTar Secdomebze maswavleblis mxridan mkafio ukukavSiris safuZvelze da ase igebs sityvis fonetikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi meTodia “Sexede da Tqvi”, romlis safuZvelzec bavSvebs aswavlian sityvebis da winadadebebis cnobas Semdegi wesiT: gamoiyeneba suraTebi, romelsac qvemoT aqvs Sesabamisi warwera; gamoiyeneba rogorc calkeuli obieqtebis suraTebi (erTi sityva), aseve martivi siuJeturi suraTi (mokle winadadeba); maswavlebeli xmamaRla ambobs sityvas an winadadebas; bavSvi imeorebs sityvas an winadadebas; baraTebze dawerili martivi mokle sityvebidan pirdapir iyenebs bavSvi awyobs sxvadasxva winadadebas; “enobrivi gamocdilebis meTodi” bavSvis enobriv gamocdilebas kiTxvis swavlebis mizniT. kerZod, maswavlebeli: bavSvs 43 Txovs daxatos raime da mere aRweros rac daxata. naxats miawers sityvas an winadadebas; agrovebs bavSvis naxatebs, bavSvis Tvalwin awers sityvas an martiv winadadebas, romelsac bavSvTan erTad kiTxulobs; aZlevs bavSvs misi sakuTari naxatebiT Sedgenil saswavlo masalas, romelsac bavSvi kiTxulobs; bavSvi TviTon awers sityvas Tavis naxats. ”konteqstualuri motivaciis meTodi” gazrdis eyrdnoba mizniT. bavSvi kerZod, interess maswavlebeli: misi kiTxvisadmi adgens bavSvebis interesebs, ra moswonT, ra Tema izidavT; arCevs maTi interesis Sesabamis sabavSvo naxatebian wigns martivi sityvebiT; gamoiyenebs am meTodikiT Sedgenil Tematur wigns, romelic didi formatisaa da dasuraTebulia. erT gverdze naxatis Sesabamisi winadadebaa, naxatis qvemoT ki ramdenime martivi sityva, romelic suraTze gamosaxul obieqtebs Seesabamiseba; kiTxulobs suraTis Sesabamis winadadebas, bavSvebi ki suraTis Sesabamis martiv 2-3 sityvas; esaubreba bavSvebs imis Sesaxeb rac daaTvalieres da waikiTxes leqsikuri maragis gazrdis mizniT. aRniSnuli wamyvania azri meTodebi da holistur mniSvneloba, (mTlianis) elementebi ar princips aris emyareba, mniSvnelobis matarebeli da amitom fonetikuri varjiSi azrs moklebulia. dRes, mravali mixedviTac mkvlevari iziarebs kiTxvis procesi mesame informaciis Tvalsazriss, romlis gadamuSavebis orive mimarTulebas Tanabrad moicavs – aRmavalsac da daRmavalsac. am tipis Teoria interaqciuli modelis an balansis Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili (Rumelhart D.,1985). erTdroulad dabeWdili mraval teqstis stimuls, interpretacia rogoricaa vizualuri efuZneba niSnebi, orTografiuli struqtura, leqsikuri maragi, sintaqsi da semantika. (7:7). kiTxvis interaqciuli rogorc informaciis procesi, aramed rogorc yvela winaswar modelis gadamuSavebis mixedviT, ubralod kiTxva ganixileba aRmavali an ara daRmavali maxasiaTeblebis sinTezi, romelic moiTxovs identificirebuli codnis wyaros integracias da gamoyenebas. am Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs orTografiuli codna anu 44 asoebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli bgerebis codna, leqsikuri codna, anu codna imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor iqmneba sityvebi, sintaqsuri codna, anu codna sityvebis frazaSi gaerTianebis gramatikuli wesebis Sesaxeb da semantikuri codna, anu sityvis mniSvneloba. isini simultanurad erTad iyris Tavs, raTa gamartivdes sityvis cnoba. amrigad, kiTxva aucileblad moicavs dekodirebis process, sityvis mniSvnelobis teqstis dazusteba konteqstis konteqstiT gagebas, xdeba da radganac mkiTxvelis gamocdilebas. kiTxvis inteaqciuli modelis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom kiTxvis yvela safexuri erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebs da mkiTxveli informacias yvela doneze gadaamuSavebs. am orbilikiani kognitur midgomas exmaureba dawerili sityvis cnobis fsiqologiuri modeli. (Coltheart, 1978). am modelis mixedviT sityvis cnoba SesaZlebelia rogorc vizualuri maxasiaTeblebiT (nacnobi sityvebi, pirdapiri gza), ise sityvis fonologiuri analiziT, grafemul-fonemuri Sesatyvisobis safuZvelze (arapirdapiri gza). mniSvnelobas moklebuli bgeraTa kompleqsis wakiTxva xdeba leqsikonis gavlis gareSe, pirdapir fonologiuri kodirebis safuZvelze. mravali qveynis saskolo praqtikaSi sul ufro metad mkvidrdeba axali, e.w. ”kiTxvis balansirebuli swavlebis” meTodi, romelic kiTxvis interaqciul models efuZneba. am meTodis mimdevrebi aRiareben, rom kiTxvis mizani wakiTxulis gaazrebaa, xolo saSualeba ki – gamosaxuli simboloebis Sesatyvis bgerebSi transformacia, dekodireba. am meTodiT swavlebis ZiriTadi principebia: 1. pirvel etapze bavSvis interesis da misi enobrivi gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da kiTxvis procesiT misi daintereseba; 2. dekodirebis savarjiSoebis CarTva bavSvisaTvis saintereso, Sinaarsian masalaSi; 3. mravalferovani TvalsaCinoebis gamoyeneba anbanisa da Sesatyvisi fonemebis swavlebisas; 45 4. paraleluri muSaoba dekodirebis Cvevis gavarjiSebaze da wakiTxulis gaazrebis gagebaze; 5. wakiTxulis gaazrebis strategiebis swavleba. aseve mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia ganvixiloT _ kiTxvis dros sityvebis cnobis, gagebis da saxeldebis funqcionaluri modeli. (60: 191). kiTxvis funqcionalur modelSi sami mniSvnelovani komponenti gamoiyofa: vizualuri analizis sistema, vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikoni da grafemul-fonemuri gardaqmna. dawerili sityvebi aris TeTr fonze tipiuri Savi xazebis kompleqsuri paterni, Sinaarsi da bgerebi ki cocxldeba mkiTxvelis mier. kiTxvis pirveli komponentis, vizualuri analizis sistemis, funqcia aris sityvis Semadgeneli asoebis identificireba da sityvaSi maTi poziciis SemCneva. am SemTxvevaSi identifikacia aris vizualuri procesi da ar moicavs asoebis dasaxelebas. Cven vvaraudobT, mkiTxvelisTvis, is rom inaxeba roca dawerili vizualuri sityvebi Sesavlis nacnobi leqsikonSi. xdeba (60:192). amgvarad, gawvrTnil mkiTxvels, romelsac naswavli aqvs aTasobiT sityvis cnoba “mxedvelobiT”, aqvs TiToeuli am sityvis reprezentacia vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikonSi, romelTa aqtivireba xdeba am sityvebis werilobiTi formis naxvisas. vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikoni Rebulobs asoebis cnobis Sesaxeb informacias vizualuri analizis sistemidan da aaqtivirebs am Senaxuli reprezentaciebis mniSvnelobebs semantikur sistemaSi. gawvTnili mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi dawerili sityis gageba aris Cvulebrivi rutina. rogorc ki sityva aqtivirebuli xdeba semantikur sistemaSi, aqtivirdeba sityvis warmosaTqmeli formac metyvlebis gamosavlis leqsikonidan, sadac inaxeba sityvis metyvelebis wakiTxva. gamoTqmis producirebisas) rutina Sesaxeb da “dawerilidan” informacia SesaZlebeli (rogorc xdeba ‘metyvelebamde”, normaluri sityvis xmamaRla vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikonis, semantikuri sistemis da metyvelebis gamosavlis leqsikonis gavliT, aris teqstis xmamaRali kiTxvis Cveulebrivi gza gamocdili mkiTxvelisTvis. (60:193). 46 Tumca, romelsac arsebobs viyenebT kidev ucnobi erTi sityvis gza “dawerilidan” wakiTxvisas da “warmoTqmamde”, romelsac iyeneben bavSvebi, esaa: wakiTxva da warmoTqma. es samuSao, am SemTxvevaSi, sruldeba mxolod vizualuri analizis sistemis meSveobiT (asoebis identificirebiT) da grafemuli donis fonemur doneSi gadayvaniT (asoebis bgerebSi gadayvaniT). am modelSi grafemul-fonemuri gardaqmna aris ucnobi sityvis, anu asoebis ucnobi mwkrivis “gadaTargmna” fonemur mwkrivebad. grafemulfonemuri gardaqmnis Sesavlis doneze arsebuli informacia aris asoebi, romlebic vizualuri analizis sistemis mier aris identificirebuli, maSin roca, gamosavali aaqtivirebs fonemebs fonemur doneze, saidanac xdeba maTi artikulireba. bavSvebs, romlebmac kiTxva ar ician, xvdebaT bevri sityva, romlebic ucnobia dabeWdili formiT, da romlebic, swored grafemul-fonemuri donis meSveobiT ikiTxeba. mas Semdg rac sityva, romelic vizualurad nacnobi xdeba mkiTxvelisTvis, misi xelaxali kiTxvisas inaxeba vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikonSi mkiTxveli gadis rutinas “dawerilidan” ‘metyvelebamde”, vizualuri Sesavlis leqsikonis, semantikuri sistemis da metyvelebis gamosavlis leqsikonis gavliT. me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi inglissa da aSS-Si daiwyes kiTxvis sirTuleebis dadgenisaTvis specialuri meTodebis SemuSaveba. isini eqsperimentuli kvlevebis saSualebiT cdilobdnen epovaT am sirTuleebis gamomwvevi mizezebi. longitudur kvlevebSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa klasis marTva, kiTxvis swavlebisaTvis daTmobili dro, maswavlebeli-moswavlis urTierToba, swavlebis meTodebi. aRmoCnda, rom didi mniSvneloba aqvs maswavleblis momzadebas, mis mier kiTxvis swavlebis sxvadasxva meTodologiuri midgomebis codnas (Brophy, Good, 1984). kvlevebis mixedviT, moswavleTaTvis kiTxvisadmi maswavlebels centraluri roli ukavia dadebiTi damokidebulebis SemuSavebaSi. am kvlevebma ganapiroba maswavleblebis mosamzadebeli programebis Secvla, sadac meti yuradReba eTmoboda bavSvis kognituri unarebis ganviTarebis, 47 metyvelebis fsiqologiis, wera-kiTxvis fsiqologiis, kiTxvis swavlebis meTodebis Seswavlas. aseve daiwyo kiTxvis swavlebis specilistebis momzadeba. dRes, aSS-Si miRebulia kiTxvis specialistis standarti (2003), romelsac iyeneben maswavlebelTa mosamzadebeli programebi. 80-ian, 90-ian konkretuli wlebSi maswavleblis ki momravlda mier kiTxvis SemTxvevebis swavlebis Seswavla analizi, – aseve gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone mcire jgufebis mier kiTxvis aTvisebis SemTxvevebis analizi. gamocdileba ZiriTadad meTodologias aRmoCnda, iTvleboda, rom meTodologiis iyo iyenebdnen, im anu im kiTxvis klasebSi, vinc axdendnen, swavlebis sadac literaturaze maswavleblebs integrirebas rom mTliani orientirebul kiTxvis bevrad saukeTeso klasebSi. swavlebisas ufro kargi enis orive Sedegebi hqondaT, vidre maT, vinc mxolod erT romelime midgomas iyenebda (Morrow, 1992; Dahl et al., 1999). swored amitomaca, rom TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi ukve tradiciadaa qceuli bavSvebisaTvis kiTxvis swavleba analizur-sinTezuri meTodiT. amrigad, am kvlevebis mixedviT kiTxvis balansirebuli swavlebis meTodis gamoyeneba bevrad ufro Sedegiania, vidre mxolod erTi midgomis gamoyeneba. inglisurenovan balansirebuli swavlebis qveynebSi meTodiT ukve mTliani Canacvlebis enis gamoxatuli meTodis tendencia SeiniSneba (Pressley, 1998). (7:15). ”miCneulia, rom rac ufro kargad icis bavSvma asoebi, miT ufro kargad moaxdens sinTezs, magram rogorc praqtikam uCvena kiTxvaSi erTerTi siZnele swored es sinTezia. magaliTad weria ”bu” bavSvi xedavs aso ”b”-s, romelsac Seusatyvisebs bgeras. ”u”-s aseve xedavs, magram is, rom sityva am ori bgeris sinTezis Sedegia ver igebs. ”bu” aris mesame bgera, romelic arsad ar weria. es aris kiTxvis ZiriTadi siZnele”. (2:13) dekodirebaze da mTlian sityvaze orientirebuli swavlebis meTodebis Sedarebisas aRmoCnda, rom wlis bolos mniSvnelovnad maRali miRwevebi hqondaT kiTxvasa da wakiTxuli teqstis gaazrebaSi im klasebis moswavleebs, visac dekodirebaze orientirebuli meTodebiT aswavlidnen 48 (Evans, Carr, 1985). pitsburgis longituduri kvlevis Sedegebic analogiuria (Lesgold, Resnick, 1982). maSasadame, kvlevebma daadastura rom swavlebis sawyis etapze dekodirebaze fokusirebuli kiTxvis swavlebis meTodebs, mTliani enis meTodebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba aqvT moswavleTa kiTxvis SedegebSi. magaliTad, me-20 saukunis 60-aini wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde kiTxvis swavlebis meTodebis kvlevebis mixedviT, fonetikuri meTodis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia, gansakuTrebiT kiTxvis sirTuleSi riskis mqone bavSvebTan. (7:14) am sakiTxTTan dakavSirebuli kvlevebi dResac grZeldeba. mraval qveyanaSi specialuri kiTxvis erovnuli kvlevis sabWo, kiTxvis eqspertTa sabWo da sxva msgavsi organizaciebia, romelTa mizani kiTxvis meqnizmebis, kiTxvis swavlebis meTodebis efeqturobis Seswavlaa. 1.5.ucxoel da qarTvel fsiqologTa eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebi kiTxvis swavlebaSi. eqsperimentulma fsiqologiam kiTxvis process jer kidev me-19-is dasasruls miaqcia yuradReba. kiTxvis Sesaxeb fiziologiasa fiziologiis problemas, da pirvel ofTalmologiaSi. saxelmZRvaneloSi imas Tu eqsperimentul rogor magaliTad, pirvelad kiTxulobs monacemebi Seexo adamiani, g.valentoni kiTxvis aso-aso gvxvdeba Tavis fsiqologiur Tu mTliani sityvebiT. (16:82) ketelma da m.kinma 1885-86 wlebSi eqsperimentulad daadgines, rom taqitoskopurad miwodebuli asoebis uazro Tanmimdevrobis amokiTxva cdis pirebs gacilebiT uWirT, vidre azris mqone sityvisa. (16:82) 49 b.erdmanma (1898w.) pirvelma daadgina, rom Tvalis moZraoba kiTxvis procesSi gabmuli ar aris. moZraobas enacvleba pauzebi. swored fiqsaciis dros xdeba naweri niSnis aRqma_fiqsacia. erdmani Tvlis, rom mTliani sityvis amokiTxvisas cdis piri kiTxulobs ara sityvaSi Semaval asos calk-calke, aramed mTlian sityvas da rac ufro nacnobia sityvis mTliani forma, miT ufro advilia misi cnoba. (16:83) caitleri, goldSaideri da miuleri sapirispiro mosazrebas gvTavazoben maTi azriT Tvali orientacias iRebs im asoebze, romlebic sityvis mTlianobidan dominirebuli gamoiyofian asoebi aRiqmeba, gansakuTrebuli xolo danarCeni TvisebebiT. sityva es asimilaciis meSveobiT reproducirdeba. (16:83) mesmeris SexedulebiT ki sityvis aRqmisas moqmedebs orive faqtori, optikuri mTliani xati da calkeuli madeterminirebeli asoebic. (16:84) a.luria aRniSnavs, rom bavSvi sityvebiT moqmedebas da sagnebs aRniSnavs, magram mas ar SeuZlia sityva da sityvaTa damokidebulebebi Tavisi cnobierebis sagnad aqcios. (16:37) unda aRiniSnos, Camoyalibda mTeli rom me-20 saukunis mimdinareoba bavSvis mimarTulebiT, mas saTaveSi edga d.elkonini. 50-60-ian wlebSi kiTxvisaTvis ruseTSi momzadebis igi werda, rom: ”dawyebiT klasebSi maswavleblobis dros man aRmoaCina siRrmiseuli winaaRmdegoba erTis mxriv kiTxvis swavlebis meTodikasa da fsiqologiisa, xolo meores mxriv enaTmecnierebis mecnierul monacemebs Soris”. (16:6) 1961 wels man gamosca eqsperimentuli saanbano wigni da masze dayrdnobiT daiwyo kiTxvis swavleba moskovsa da ruseTis sxva qalaqebSi. d.elkonini aRniSnavs, rom kiTxvis swavlebis dros adgili aqvs metyvelebis bgeriTi mxaris ugulvebelyofas im zomamde, rom bgerebis arseboba saerTod aviwydebaT. swavlebis meTodikaSi xdeba aRreva bgerebisa da asoebis. d.elkoninis mixedviT kiTxva aris sityvis bgeriTi formis aRdgena misi grafikuli (asoebis) modelis mixedviT. kiTxvis dros mTavaria bgera, xolo aso misi grafikuli gamosaxvaa. orientacia sityvis bgeriT analizze sworia, am 50 debulebaSi eWvis Setana ar SeiZleba. magram rTulia daveTanxmoT im meTodikas, romelic d.elkoninma Seqmna bgerebisaTvis maTi kuTvnili adgilis dasamkvidreblad. is bavSvebs aZlevda sagnis suraTs, Sesabamisi sityvis sqemas, xolo Semdeg am sqemaSi Tavsdeboda fonemis aRmniSvneli saniSni, xmovnebisaTvis _ wiTeli, xolo TanxmovnebisaTvis _ Savi. dasawyisSi bavSvebi ecnobian mxolod xmovnebs, xolo Semdeg Tanxmovnebs. TandaTan es saniSnebi icvleba asoebiT. bavSvebma unda amoikiTxon marcvali da aRadginon sityva, Semdgom ukve bavSvebi TviTon axdenen sityvis bgeriTi agebulebis aseT modelirebas. Cven vfiqrobT, rom bgerebis saniSnebiT aRniSvna sruliad zedmetia da fsiqologiurad mcdaria. fonemis aRniSvna saniSniT, xolo Semdeg asoTi arTulebs saqmis viTarebas. bavSvs uWirs am ormagi simbolizaciis daufleba, xolo fonemis aseTi gamoyofa da fiqsacia ki xels uSlis mTliani sityvebiT kiTxvis process. rac Seexeba qarTveli fsiqologebis mier Catarebul gamokvlevebs kiTxvisa da weris swavlebis fsiqologiur sakiTxze pirvelad Seexo al.mosiava (1948weli). al.mosiava da z.xojava erTad ikvlevdnen aRniSnul sakiTxs da mniSvnelovania cdilobdnen werisa aexsnaT da kiTxvis is rTuli dauflebis meqanizmebi, procesSi. romelic al.mosiava gveubneba, rom: ”wera-kiTxvis swavlebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda hqondes imas, rom bavSvi metyvelebis process ganicdides masSi nagulisxmev saganTa viTarebisagan gansxvavebul sinamdviled.” (12:23). igi aRniSnavs, rom 6-7 wlis asakSi bavSvi axdens saganTa obieqtivacias da es eqsperimentulad dadasturebulia. d.uznaZec swavlis aucilebel pirobad obieqtivaciis siZneles unaris warmoadgens momwifebas sityvis Tvlis. bavSvisTvis obieqtivacia, radgan gansakuTrebul es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs TviTon bavSvSi mimdinare procesis obieqtivacias. mas uWirs am amocanisadmi Tavis garTmeva da es arcaa gasakviri Tu gaviTvaliswinebT S.CxartiSvilis dakvirvebas. is gveubneba _ ”rom metyvelebis obieqtivaciis 51 amgvari amocana zrdasruli adamianisaTvisac ki Znelia, is specialuri mimarTulebis gareSe Tavis metyvelebiT aqtiobas ver acnobierebs”. (22:171) wera-kiTxvis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze saubrobs d.ramiSvili, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom: ”kiTxvis daufleba axal Strixebs SesZens bavSvis mier enis flobas, aiyvans mas ufro maRal safexurze: kiTxvis meqanizmis dauflebis gavleniT bavSvi metyvelebas ufro danawevrebulad aRiqvams, igi acnobierebs calkeuli sityvis mniSvnelobas mTliani azrisaTvis.”(15:36). xolo, bavSvisTvis ”wera-kiTxvis momentebis mcodne mniSvneloba mTlianisaTvis, gacnobierebuli romelTa xdeba mimarTac im bavSvi gaucnobierebel, magram did mgrZnobelobas iCenda manamde. wera-kiTxvis mcodne bavSvi ukve cnobierad adarebs erTmaneTs or gamonaTqvams, or variants.” (16:41) mosiava Tvlis rom pirveli amocana, romelic wera-kiTxvis swavlebis dasawyisSi dgeba, es aris bavSvis miyvana sityvis gansxvavebamde masSi nagulisxmevi sagnisagan. amis Semdeg mosiava gadadis bavSvis sametyvelo organoebis funqciobis obieqtivaciis unaris ganviTarebaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom es ar aris advili amocana da is cdilobs, gaagebinos bavSvebs, rom piriT adamianebi laparakoben. wera-kiTxvis fonematuri swavlebisaTvis aRnagobis daufleba. momzadebis avtori Semdegi aRniSnavs, etapia rom sityvis bavSvi did mgrZnobiarobas iCens sityvis cvlilebisadmi. Tumca ar ganicdis sityvas, rogorc diferencirebul mTlians. imisaTvis, rom sityvis diferencirebas miaRwios, avtori mimarTavs sityvaSi bgeris daklebis meTodikas. mas miaCnia, rom fonemis obieqtivaciis ganxorcielebis gareSe wera-kiTxvaze gadasvla SeuZlebelia. xolo roca moxdeba fonemis obieqtivacia, mxolod mas Semdeg iZens mniSvnelobas asos gacnoba. mosiava askvnis, rom: ”asos gacnoba fonemis qmnadobis procesis sabolood dagvirgvinebas warmoadgens. aseT SemTxvevaSi aso aris grafikuli niSani, romelic bavSvis metyvelebaSi ukve 52 momzadebul mniSvnelobas saboloo gaformebas aZlevs. igi fonemis obieqtivaciis process sabolood asrulebs”. mniSvnelovan kvlvebsa da mosazrebebs, wera-kiTxvis swavlebis sakiTxebze gvTavazobs i. kotetiSvili. misi azriT, bavSvis kiTxvaSi Seyvana sxva rames gulisxmobs, jer erTi, bavSvma unda ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan simboluri gamosaxvis sxvadasxva forma, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, naxati da naweri; gavacnoT striqoni, sasveni niSnebi da, rac mTavaria, is rom nawerSi raRac saintereso ambavia moTxrobili da am ambavSi Sesasvlelad, mis gasacnobad anbanis dauflebaa saWiro. anbanis Seswavlas maswavlebeli iwyebs dafaze gakrul, didi asoebiT daweril teqstze. jer ambis wakiTxva, Semdeg_nacnobi asoebis monaxva sxvadasxva striqonSi, saCvenebeli joxiT kiTxvis mimarTulebis dafiqsireba da erTi striqonis bolodan meore striqonze Seucdomeli gadasvla. ”aq _ ZiriTadi gza analizuria, magram arc sinTezia bavSvebisaTvis ucxo. aq weris funqcias asrulebs moZravi asoebiT sityvebis Sedgena. wera aucileblad anelebs am process. asoebis skrupulozuri danawevreba, rasac weris dros aqvs adgili, xels uSlis maT mTlianobiT aRqmas, xolo es ki Tavis mxriv aferxebs kiTxvis process, romelic asoebis da zogjer mTeli sityvebis mTlian konfiguracias eyrdnoba.” (10:166). kiTxvis process arTulebs isic, rom kiTxva da wera erTdroulad Seiswavleba; es xom ori _ urTierTsapirispiro procesia! kiTxva _ mocemuli asoebis, kodis gaSifvraa, xolo wera _ am kodis Seqmna, azris dafiqsireba simboloebiT. fsiqologiurad kiTxva ufro advili procesia, vidre wera, maS ratom vaZlevT or, sxvadasxva siZnelis proceduras erTdroulad? iqneb bavSvs jer kiTxva vaswavloT da saanbano periodis dasrulebis Semdeg gadavideT weraze? winaswari fsiqologiuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom kiTxva gamoTavisufldeba weris mZime xundebisagan (bavSvi xom Zalian mZimed da nela wers!) da SesaZlebeli iqneba avaCqaroT kiTxvis procesi. 53 wera-kiTxvis swavlebis sakiTxebze saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli m.mirianaSvils. avtoris azriT werisa da kiTxvis erTdroulad swavleba bavSvs safuZvelze erdrouli damatebiT daadgines, swavleba sirTuleebs rom: uqmnis. ”mosamzadebel iwvevs kiTxvis esperimentuli klasSi procesSi werisa da reversiebis, kvlevis kiTxvis inversiebis, asoTa gadaadgilebis specifiur Secdomebs, romelTa ricxvi dawyebiTi skolis momdevno klasebSic maRalia da yvela sxva SecdomaTa ricxvs sWarbobs. reversiebi da inversiebi gamowveulia imiT, rom weris procesSi xdeba asos detalizacia, rac misi mTlianobiTi aRqmis SesaZleblobas amcirebs da uaryofiTad Seswavlis sawyis sinamvilea da moqmedebs etapze.” misi amoxsna, (14:33). misi asos cnobaze sityvaSi bavSvisTvis werilobiTi dakavSireba cocxal ena kiTxvis axali metyvelebasTan bavSvisaTvis axal saazrovno amocanas warmoadgens, axal gonebriv Zalebs moiTxovs misgan. es amocana, mxolod kiTxvaSi varjiSis Sedegad gadawydeba. m. mirianaSvilis mier Catarebul kiTxvisa da weris calk-calke swavlebis eqsperiments dadebiTi Sedegi mohyva: bavSvebi ukeT daeuflnen kiTxvas da gacilebiT gauadvildaT weris Seswavla, vidre mosamzadebeli klasebis im mowafeebs, romlebic moqmedi programiT swavlobdnen. kiTxvisa da weris swavlebis droSi daSorebam gaaumjobesa bavSvebis mier maTi aTvisebis xarisxi. adreuli kiTxvis meTodur-fsiqologiuri safuZvlebis(4-5 weli) Sesaxeb kvleva Caatara m.aslaniSvilma Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi, is sabavSvo baRis bavSvebs amzadebda kiTxvisaTvis mTeli sityvebis kiTxvis meTodiT, eqsperimentulma gamokvlevam daadgina meTodis efeqtianoba da aseve is, rom ”aRniSnuli meTodiT swavlebis dros advildeba teqstis Sinaarsis wvdoma, isini advilad gadmoscemen teqstis Sinaars”. (2:18). aseve saintereso kvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli T.beriSvils teqstis gagebis fsiqologiur sakiTxebze mosamzadebel da pirvel klasSi. skolaSi, gansakuTrebiT dawyebiT klasebSi, dgas teqstis gagebis problema. T. beriSvilis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevebma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom: 54 ”bavSvs aqvs garkveuli gamocdileba, romelsac igi iZens praqtikuli moqmedebis dros. Tu saswavlo masala gacdeba am gamocdilebis farglebs, gagebas ver mivaRwevT. raRac xerxebiT unda gavuziaroT gamocdileba da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba am masalis swavleba. arsebobs informaciis gadacemis sxvadasxva formebi, romelnic gamocdilebis farglebSi gaaumjobeseben gagebas”. (4:47 1.6. pirveli klasis moswavleebTan kiTxvis Secdomebi da ZiriTadi meToduri moTxovnebi qarTuli enis programis mixedviT. asoebis aTvisebisas SeiZleba iyos Semdegi darRvevebi: 1. asoebis sruli ver cnoba; 2. asoebis dasaxeleba bgerebis Seusatyvisi SexamebiT (aso a-s uwodeben i-s da sxva), sityvebiT, romlebic iwyeba Sesabamisi bgerebiT (magaliTad, aso T-s uwodeben Toxi, S-s SeSas). 3. bevri asos arcodna. gamonaklisia asoebi, romlebic aRniSnaven xmovnebs da zogierT Tanxmovan bgerebs. 4. moxazulobiT msgavsi asoebis Secvla (k-v, c-t, C-z da a.S.); asoebis Secvla, romlebic aRniSnaven mJRer da yru Tanxmovan bgerebs. 5. asoebis aradiferencirebuli Secvla, (magaliTad: x-k, d-g). izolirebuli marcvlebis kiTxvisas SeiZleba iyos Semdegi Secdomebi: 1. marcvlebis asoebiT kiTxva Semdgomi Serwymis gareSe (marcvali ba ikiTxeba, rogorc “b,a”); bgerebis Semdgomi SerwymiT (sa ikiTxeba “s, a_sa”, nu _ ”n,u_nu”). 2. marcvlebis Secvla sxva marcvlebiT, romlebic gansxvavdeba mxolod xmovani bgerebiT, amasTanave, marcvlebi ikiTxeba Serwymulad (ra ikiTxeba rogorc “ru”, no_”nu”, mu_”ma”); marcvlebis Secvla iseTi marcvliT, romelSic aris xmovani a, amasTanave, marcvlis Tanxmovani bgeris aRdgena sworad (me ikiTxeba rogorc “ma”, ro_”ra”, nu_”na”). 3. marcvalSi sworad, Tanxmovani marcvlebs bgeris kiTxuloben Secvla. asoebiT, xmovani bgeris Semdgomi aRdgena SerwymiT. xdeba wasakiTxi 55 marcvlis yvela asoebi saxeldeba sworad. oRond misi Serwymulad aRdgenisas marcvlis Tanxmovani icvleba. magaliTad marcvali ru ikiTxeba rogorc “r,u_nu”, do_”d,u_bo”, xa_”x,a_na”. bgerebis Secvla atarebs aradiferencirebul xasiaTs. wasakiTxi marcvlebis analogiuri damaxinjeba gvxvdeba im bavSvebTanac, romlebic marcvlebs Tavidanve Serwymulad kiTxuloben. aqac marcvlis wakiTxvisas xdeba Tanxmovanebis aradiferencirebuli Secvla. magaliTad to ikiTxeba rogorc “go”; pa_”ba” da a.S. sityvebis kiTxvisas SeiniSneba Semdegi darRvevebi: 1. sityvaSi marcvlis asoebiT wakiTxva aRdgenisas maTi SerwymiT. magaliTad r,u_ru, k,a_ka. aseTi xerxiT wakiTxuli sityva gaiazreba. 2. sityvis asoebiT wakiTxva maTi Semdgomi SerwymiT, oRond maTi gaazrebis gareSe. am SemTxvevebSi mniSvnelobasTan. bavSvi ar xdeba maSinve wakiTxuli ver sityvis axerxebs Sesabamisoba wakiTxuli mis sityvis Sesabamisobas zepiri metyvelebis sityvasTan da amitom ver axdens mis gaazrebas. 3. mxolod fonetikurad martivi sityvebis marcvlebiT kiTxva da gageba, anu iseTi sityvebisa, romlebic Sedgeba ori Ria marcvlisagan an erTi daxuruli marcvlisgan. 4. sityva ikiTxeba sworad, magram ganmeorebiTi aRdgena xdeba, rogorc erTi uazro marcvlisa, romelSic CarTulia mocemuli sityvis ramdenime bgera (fafa_”fa-fa, Semdeg ganmeorebiT aRdgena xdeba rogorc “fa” giga_”gi-ga, aRdgena “ga”). 5. sityvis wakiTxvisas pirveli marcvali ikiTxeba sworad, meore ki icvleba marcvliT, romelic ar Seesatyviseba dabeWdils. erTmarcvlian sityvebSi maxinjdeba dasasruli. 6. ar ikiTxeba sityvis bolo Tanxmovani, bolo xmovani (bude _ rogorc ”bud”, Toxi_”Tox”). 7. sityvis bolos Tanxmovnis mere emateba xmovani bgera. 56 8. TanxmovanTa Tanxvedrisas xdeba maTi gamotoveba (burTi ikiTxeba “buTi”). an sityva icvleba sxva, ufro martiviT. 9. TanxmovanTa Tanxvedrisas maT Soris emateba xmovani bgerebi: wiwilebi ikiTxeba rogorc “wiwilaebi”. 10. bgerebis gadanacvleba pirvel marcvalSi: ixvi ikiTxeba rogorc “xivi”. 11. sityvis aramdgradi damaxinjebuli wakiTxva, roca xdeba wakiTxuli sityvis arasworad aRdgena da icvleba sxva sityviT an bgeraTSexamebiT, romelic msgavsia bgera-asoiTi SemadgenlobiT. 12. Senelebuli kiTxva, roca xdeba bgerebis daviwyeba da sityvis aRdgena xdeba damaxinjebulad. 13. sityvis marcvlebis asoebiT kiTxva Semdgomi DSerwymis gareSe: asaxeleben asoebs, magram TviTon sityvis gaazreba ar xdeba. 14. asoebiT mamali kiTxva, roca aRadgenen xdeba rogorc wakiTxulis “m,a,m,a,l,i”, kargad magram gageba. sworad magaliTad, xdeba sityvis Sesabamisi suraTis moZebna. 15. sityvis asoebiT wakiTxva Semdgomi Serwymuli aRdgeniT, magram igi aris ara wakiTxulis adekvaturi, aramed Seicavs wakiTxul sityvaSi Semaval mxolod zogierT bgeras. magaliTad bude-s asoebiT wakiTxvis Semdeg aRadgenen rogorc “bade”. 16. asoebiT wakiTxuli sityvis aRdgenisas marcvlebis gadanacvleba (Tixa_:T,i,x,a_Taxi”). 17. sirTuleebi sworad wakiTxuli sityvis gaazrebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi sityvis cnoba xdeba mxolod misi mravaljer gameorebisas. winadadebisa da teqstis kiTxvisas aRiniSneba Semdegi Secdomebi: 1. wasakiTxis Senelebuli da damaxinjebuli aRdgena, ris Sedegadac irRveva wakiTxuli winadadebis gageba. 2. asoebiT kiTxva wakiTxuli teqstis kargi gagebiT. 3. teqstis gagebis gaZneleba damarcvliT, aseve teqnikurad swori kiTxvisas. 57 4. damarcvliT kiTxvisas wakiTxuli winadadebebis araswori aRdgena. winadadebis ganmeorebisas bavSvebi aRadgenen mxolod mis bolo sityvas. pirveli klasis moswavles, meToduri miTiTebis mixedviT, unda SeeZlos kiTxva asoTa da marcvalTa gamoutoveblad, gadaadgilebis an gameorebis gareSe, erTi asos an marcvlis sxva asoTi an marcvliT Secvlis gareSe. patara Segnebuli, moculobis swori, mkafio, martivi Sinaarsis mwyobri, xmamaRali moTxrobebis, kiTxva. leqsebisa pirveli klasis dasasruls moswavles moeTxoveba SerwymiT, gabmuli, xmamaRali, swori, Segnebuli da normaluri tempiT kiTxva. igi unda kiTxulobdes wuTSi 25-40 sityvas. winadadebis Sualedis da kiTxvis dros winadadebis mas bolos unda SeeZlos pauzis dacva; gamometyvelebiTi kiTxvis elementaruli Cvevebi, sityvaTa unda Soris hqondes maswavleblis mosmenis unar-Cveva. wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Txroba kiTxvaze gacemis gziT; ucnobi, martivi teqstis gabmuli, xmamaRali kiTxvis unar-Cveva. 2. kvleviTi nawili 2.1. sakiTxis dasma dawyebiTi ZiriTadi swavleba rgolia. fundamenti swavlisadmi da zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawyebiTi moswavlis sazogadod. swavlebis pozicia bavSvi skolis monakveTze, Sesaswavli praqtikulad erT-erTi iqmneba codnis disciplinebisadmi eufleba did da sistemebs, romelTa gacnobiereba Semdgom xdeba, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom bavSvi uazrod moqmedebs da mxolod Semdgom gaacnobierebs am uazro moqmedebaTa arss. bavSvs yovelTvis kargad esmis mis winaSe mdgari konkretuli amocana, xolo is mTliani sistema, romlis erT-erTi rgoli es amocanaa, moqmedebis doneze, ganwyobiseul planSi aisaxeba da misi obieqtivacia cota 58 mogvianebiT xdeba. teqstis gagebac ki moqmedebis planSi xdeba. moqmedebis ena wamyvania gansakuTrebiT eqvsi wlis bavSvisaTvis. mravali kvleva mizanmimarTuli miuTiTebs, xelSewyoba rom sWirdeba kiTxvis adreuli unarebis ganviTarebas bavSvobidan. momavalSi kiTxvas advilad euflebian is bavSvebi, visac aqvs kargad ganviTarebuli fonemuri codna, anu fonologiuri unarebi aqvs. ukanaskneli 20 wlis kvlevebi da swavlebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom skolamdel asakSi fonemuri codnis, fonologiuri unarebis ganviTarebasa da leqsikaze mizanmimarTuli zrunva, kiTxvaSi riskis mqone bavSvebis prevenciis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. garda amisa, eqsperimentuli kvlevebi miuTiTeben, rom kiTxvis swavlisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi unarebic, romlebic pirdapir ar aris dakavSirebuli swrafi kiTxvasTan. moZraoba, uSualo kerZod, mravali verbaluri kvlevis mexsierebis mixedviT Tvalis moculoba, muSa mexsiereba mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis moqnilobasa da wakiTxulis gaazrebasTan. asoebis gasarCevad, aseve aucilebelia mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi analizis unaris momwifeba da smeniT sametyvelo bgerebis garCevis unari, anu fonematuri smena. amitom, mravali qveynis praqtika da mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli gamocdileba miuTiTebs, rom kiTxvis unaris ganviTarebisa da CamoyalibebisaTvis gadamwyveti roli eniWeba adreuli asakSi bavSvis im unarebis ganviTarebaze zrunvasa da xelSewyobas, rac skolisaTvis da Sesabamisad, kiTxvisaTvis mzaobas ganapirobebs. skolamdel asakSi bavSvis metyvelebis, fonologiuri unarebis, mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi unarebis, msxvili da natifi motorikis ganviTarebaze zrunva momavali warmatebuli mkiTxvelis ucilobeli garantiaa. ”adreul asakSi kiTxvisaTvis saWiro unarebis ganviTarebaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam ukanasknel periodSi dasabami misca mTels mimarTulebas, romelic ”wignierebis aRmocenebis” saxeliT aris cnobili (emergent literacy, Clay, 1991).”(7:4). am mimarTulebis 59 centraluri idea isaa, rom wigniereba wera-kiTxvis aTvisebamde mravalmxrivi formiT viTardeba bavSvis gansxvavebul aqtivobebSi CarTviT. Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, gawafuli mkiTxveli sityvebs rogorc mTlians ki ar gadaamuSavebs, aramed sityvaSi Semaval yovel asos, romelsac Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT aRiqvams da afiqsirebs. kognituri fsiqologiis monacemebis mixedviT, marTalia teqstis konteqsti gavlenas axdens mniSvnelobis interpretaciaze, kargi mkiTxveli sityvebs cnobs ara konteqstis, aramed misi fonologiuri (bgeriTi) maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze. maSin, roca naklebad gawafuli mkiTxveli sityvis cnobisas ZiriTadad konteqsts eyrdnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom kargi mkiTxveli Zalian mcire xniT afiqsirebs sityvaSi Semaval asoebs, xelmeored aRar ubrundeba maT da asos fiqsaciisTanave aaqtiurebs mis fonologiur kods (fonemas). gawafuli mkiTxveli ara mxolod swrafad aaqtiurebs asos Sesabamis fonemas, aramed efeqturad inaxavs teqstis Sinaarss kiTxvis procesSi. teqstis Sesabamisi mimdinare informacia mis e.w. ”muSa mexsierebaSi” inaxeba, aqve xdeba teqstis Sesatyvisi individis gamocdilebis aqtivireba. aRmoCnda, rom wakiTxulis gasaazreblad aucilebelia muSa mexsiereba. amrigad, kiTxvaSi daostateba pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs avtomatur dekodirebas, romelic efuZneba swraf vizualur analizs da misi Sesatyvisi fonologiuri erTeulis aqtivacias. es ki aaqtiurebs aRqmuli sityvis konteqstis Sesabamis mniSvnelobas. gawafuli mkiTxveli sityvebs avtomaturad cnobs, maT Soris, ucnob sityvebsac. Cven saSualo gvinda SevexoT kiTxvis skolis pirvel klasSi swavlebis (6-7wlianebi). faqtiur kiTxvis mdgomareobas Tanamedrove mdgomareoba sakmaod mZime suraTs iZleva. realoba ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki ar aris saxarbielo _ dawyebiTi skolis moswavleTa saSualod 20%-s mniSvnelovani problemebi aqvs kiTxvis aTvisebaSi. aSS. monacemebiT, mozrdili mosaxleobis 25%-s ar gaaCnia tipiuri samuSaosaTvis saWiro wera-kiTxvis elementaruli Cvevebi. Cveni qveynis ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis 60 aseve metad aqtualuria, imis dadgena Tu ra SeiZleba gakeTdes kiTxvis swavlebisa da swavlis gaumjobesebisTvis? bevr CvenTagans daaviwyda is Zalixmeva, romelsac moiTxovs kiTxvis daufleba, gansakuTrebiT _ dasawyisSi. gasakviri araa, rom bavSvebi dasawyisSi Znelad an Zalian nela kiTxuloben. (TiTqos ebrZvian xmovnebs da rTulad SeTavsebad asoebs). es fsiqikuri procesi moiTxovs mTeli nervuli ujredebis erTobliv muSaobas, romlebic akavSireben mxedvelobis, metyvelebis da mexsierebis centrebs. nebismieri am sferos umniSvnelo darRvevac ki SeiZleba gaxdes kiTxvis swavlebis problemebis mizezi. am sirTuleebis mizezebis dadgena sakmaod Znelia da am amocanis dadebiTad gadawyvetisaTvis, rogorc wesi, mxolod pedagogis gamocdileba sakmarisi ar aris. am mizezebis dasadgenad saWiro xdeba fsiqologiuri codnis momarjveba, garkveuli gamokvlevebis da eqsperimentebis Catareba. swored am siZnelis dasaZlevad gadavwyviteT Cagvetarebina kvlevebi dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebTan da Cagvetarebina eqsperimentebi im pirveli klasis moswavleebTan, romelTac gauWirdaT kiTxvis swavla, raTa specialuri savarjiSoebis saSualebiT gagveumjobesebina maTi kiTxvis unari. 2. 2. meTodi, masala, cdis pirTa monacemebi kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT WISC-R (veqsleris inteleqtis sakvlevi testi), romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: verbaluri da araverbaluri. verbaluri blokidan gamoviyeneT Semdegi subtestebi: codna, msgavsebani, ariTmetika, mixvedriloba, CamoTvla. xolo araverbaluri blokidan Semdegi subtestebi: naxatis dasruleba, siuJeturi suraTebi, kubebis awyoba, sagnis awyoba, kodireba. 61 statistikuri analizis kompiuteruli programiT SPSS-iT davamuSaveT subtestebi _ msgavseba, CamoTvla, kubebis awyoba, sagnis awyoba, aseve verbaluri bloki, araverbaluri bloki da testis sruli (jamuri) IQ qula. moswavlis kiTxvis donis dasadgenad gamoviyeneT kiTxvadobis sakvlevi aprobirebuli testi, romelic gamoyenebuli hqonda m.mirianaSvils Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi. SerCeul monakveTSi aRwerilia patara, dasrulebuli ambavi, romlis dedaazri faruli ar aris. igi uSualod aris teqstSi mocemuli: zarmacis araswor saqciels krux-wiwililis daRupva mohyva. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg cdis pirs vaZlevdiT kiTxvebs, romelTa meSveobiT vadgendiT bavSvis mier wakiTxulis gagebis dones. kiTxvis tempis dasadgenad viniSnavdiT dros, xolo Secdomebis raodenobas viwerdiT oqmSi. vinaidan romlebsac Cveni interesis gauWirdaT kiTxvis sagans warmoadgenda swavla. Sesabamisad is moswavleebi, muSaoba daviwyeT anbanisSemdgomi periodis damTavrebis Semdeg, romelic iwyeba 1 martidan, saeqsperimento muSaoba mimdinareobda 2009 wlis 22 martidan _ 21 maisamde. kvleva CavatareT gadiodnen pirveli klasis n.maRlakeliZis deda swavlobdnen moswavleebTan, enis analizur-sinTezuri romlebic saxelmZRvaneloTi. meTodiT. sakontrolo swavlebas kiTxvas jgufSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen 30 pirvelklaseli, romelTa asaki iyo 6-7 weli. eqsperimentul jgufSi gaerTianebuli iyvnen aseve 30 pirvelklaseli, romelTa asaki iyo, aseve 6-7 weli. kvleva tardeboda baTumis 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 20 sajaro skolebSi da kerZo skola “nergebSi”. aseve damatebiT gamovikvlieT dawyebiTi klasis 7-dan 12 wlamde asakis moswavleebi, TiToeul klasSi Semowmda 40 moswavle, sul Semowmda 120 cdis piri, raTa Segvedarebina inteleqtisa da akademiuri moswrebis maCveneblebi. kvleva Catarda baTumis 1, 8, 9 sajaro skolebSi. 62 Sedegebi damuSavda monacemTa statistikuri analizis kompiuteruli SPSS-iT. programiT meTodebi, T-Test da saSualebiTac saSualo gamoyenebulia aRweriTi da daskvniTi statistikis ANOVA (One Factor Independent Measure ANOVA), romlis erTmaneTs maCveneblebi sandooba. gamoviyeneT kriteriumi da SevadareT da Cvens davadgineT sixSireTa mier gamoyofili saSualoTa Soris ganawilebis jgufebis gansxvavebebis cxrilebi, pirsonis C kriteriumi (Crosstabs), romelmac kontingenciis mogvca jgufebs Soris SedarebiTi analizis gakeTebis saSualeba 2.3.savarjiSoebi kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis eqsperimentul jgufSi gamoviyeneT kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis specialuri savarjiSoebi. kotetiSvilis es savarjiSoebi xelmZRvanelobiT m. aprobirebuli aslaniSvilis mier iyo i. sadisertacio naSromSi: “adreuli kiTxvis meTodur-fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi (4-5 weli)“. savarjiSoebis naSromidan, nawili xolo Cvens gamoviyeneT mier m.aslaniSvilis damatebul erTmarcvliani sityvebis savarjiSo, iqna sadisertacio bgeraTa analizis da romelic pirvelad gamoviyene da Cvens mier aris aprobirebuli. 1. pirvel etapze bavSvs eZleva orasoiani sityvebi suraTis TanxlebiT: aq bavSvi ecnoba imas, rom naweri garkveuli azris Semcvelia, rom dawerili sityva mniSvnelobis matarebelia. marTalia dasawyisSi mniSvneloba (suraTi) da simbolo (“dawerili sityva”) mas calk-calke eZleva, magram asociaciuri “azrdeba” sityvis kavSiri, da vizualur TandaTanobiT sityvis vizualuri xatsa da suraTs garkveuli xati Soris varjiSis konkretuli myardeba Semdeg xdeba mniSvnelobis matareblad iqceva, es ori procesi Seerwymeba da gamTliandeba. garda amisa, bavSvi xvdeba, rom Tumca sityva nawilebisagan Sedgeba, misi amocnoba nawil-nawil ki ar xdeba, aramed erTxelobrivi aqtia. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva qveynebSi, sadac bavSvebs kiTxvas mTliani sityvebiT aswavlian, suraTebs ar iyeneben. am SemTxvevaSi sityvis mniSvneloba warmodgenis sferoSi 63 gadainacvlebs. kiTxvis problemebis mqone bavSvs ki susti warmodgenebi aqvs da maTze dayrdnoba arafris momcemia. zemoaRniSnuli etapiT swavleba ufro saxalisoa. zemoT moyvanili procedurebis meSveobiT bavSvi sul mudam eZebs da poulobs: sityvis Sesabamis suraTs, suraTis Sesabamis sityvas, nacnob sityvebs, ucnobi sityvebis simravleSi. es TiTqmis “damalobanas TamaSia”. SesaZloa am dros bavSvs TamaSis ganwyobac eqmnebodes da codnis SeZena am ganwyobis fonze mimdinareobdes, magram bavSvis cnobieri damokidebuleba am dros aris ara TamaSisadmi, aramed codnis SeZenisadmi. 2. warmoTqmuli sityvis Tanmimdevrobis Cveneba. gaanalizeba, masSi arsebuli bgerebis da maTi sityvis gaanalizebas bavSvi mosmeniT unda daeuflos. bavSvisTvis erTeulia. sityva sityvebi, metyvelebis dros, gaunawevrebeli romelic aRiniSneba mas mTliania, gaaCnia garkveuli da mWidrod romelsac simboloebiT, is Sekruli xmarobs xolo asos Sesatyvisi bgerebi misTvis ar arsebobs, is maT ver gamoyofs sityvaSi, ver acnobierebs. amitomac, vidre dawerili sityvis asoebad gancalkevebaze gadavidodeT, bavSvs jer warmoTqmuli sityva unda gavuanalizoT da davanaxoT masSi arsebuli bgerebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba. bavSvs ufro eadvileba bgerebis sityvad SeerTeba, vidre asoebis gaerTianeba. Cveni azriT amas ganapirobebs is, rom bavSvi Tavidanve “gaSinaurebulia” bgeraTa samyarosTan, vidre nawerTan. metyvelebas igi zepirad, mosmeniT swavlobs. marTalia, igi Tavidanve orientirebulia mTel sityvebze da ara calkeul bgerebze, magram es mainc aris garkveuli gamocdileba bgerebis samyaroSi misi “moZraobisaTvis”. am etapze xorcieldeba bgerebis sinTezireba. Tu yuri Tvals ar miexmara, asoebis gaerTianeba gadaulaxav siZneled iqceva bavSvisaTvis. 3. bavSvebs vaZlevT firfitebze daweril asoebs. bavSvebi TviTon asaxeleben asoebs, aerTeben da mTlianad kiTxuloben. mecadineobebi tardeba yvela nacnob orasoian da samasoian sityvebze. am 64 etapze Semodis motoruli momenti da bavSvis damoukidebeli aqtivoba. es imdenad mniSvnelovani momenti aRmoCnda, rom rodesac bavSvs sxva sityvebs vaZlevdi da ar vTxovdi danawevrebas TviTon daaSorebda xelebs erTmaneTs da Semdeg aerTebda. naweri sityvebis asoebad gancalkeveba da Semdeg isev SeerTeba bavSvebs exmareba asoebis sinTezSi, maT erT mTlian sityvad amokiTxvaSi. xolo rogorc zemoT avRniSneT bavSvisaTvis sirTules warmoadgens swored asoebis erTad amokiTxva, maTi sityvadqmnis procesi. 4. vaZlevT bavSvi sityvebs, ecnoba ormarcvliani romlis sityvis ucnobi pirveli marcvali nacnobia. ufro sityvebi did saTanado erTeuls, marcvals. Semodis suraTis TanxlebiT. sityvis pirveli marcvali bavSvisaTvis ucnobi sityvaa: magaliTad, xe _ xeli, bu _ bude. Semdeg varTulebT da Semogvaqvs samasoiani marcvali magaliTad, ska _ skami, bza _ bzari da a.S. pirveli marcvali yavarjnis rols asrulebs da bavSvi Tavisuflad warmoTqvams axal sityvas suraTis TanxlebiT. 5. erTnairi iwyeben erTnairi marcvlebisgan ormarcvliani sityvebis marcvlebisgan. vinaidan Semdgari sityvebi: wakiTxvas. cdis sadac pirebma am etapze sityva ician bavSvebi Sedgenilia yvela aso da gavarjiSebuli arian asoebis erTad amokiTxvaSi, sinTezirebaSi varjiSis Sedegad axerxeben grZeli sityvis amokiTxvas. es procesi umtkivneulod mimdinareobs, radgan sityvis wakiTxvas aadvilebs erTnairi marcvlebi, amave dros bavSvi varjiSdeba asoebis sinTezirebaSi. gansakuTrebiT ki irTveba bavSvis emociebi, mas uxaria, rom SeZlo sityvebis amokiTxva. Semdeg Semodis erTnairi marcvlebisgan Semdgari rTuli sityvebi: am etaze bavSvebi iwyeben ufro rTuli da grZeli sityvebis wakiTxvas, romelic Sedgenilia dasawyisSi erTnairi marcvlebisagan, xolo bolo marcvali gansxvavebulia. es etapi amzadebs bavSvs momdevno etapze gadasasvlelad. CemTvis cnobilia identurTa Seferxebis kanoni Cvevis Camoyalibebis procesSi, magram mainc vcade misi gamoyeneba. marTalia dasawyisSi am 65 kanonma Seaferxa efeqti, Tumca varjiSis Sendeg kanonis uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba daZleul iqna. me vfiqrob, rom am savarjiSom asoebis sinTezs Seuwyo xeli. 6. bavSvs wasakiTxad vaZlevT oTxasoian sityvebs da jer orasoian, mere samasoian, Semdeg martiv winadadebebs. muSaobis procesSi gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa is, rom kiTxvis mTavari siZnele, ZiriTadad asoebis sinTezis siZnelea. asoebis cnoba da maTi erTmaneTisgan garCeva bavSvisTvis araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens. maT mxolod asoebis sinTezis siZnele aferxebs. am siZnelis dasaZlevad gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula savarjiSoebis meore da mesame seriam. roca 1. xdeboda: bgerebis da sambgerianis maTi warmoTqmuli sityvis Tanmimdevrobis gaanalizeba, Cveneba. (jer masSi arsebuli orbgerianis, Semdeg romelsac Slida bgerebad, magaliTad: bu, b-u, gza_g-z-a). 2. naweri sityvebis asoebad gancalkeveba da Semdeg isev SeerTeba sakuTari damoukidebeli qceviT bavSvebs exmareba asoebis sinTezSi, maT erT mTlian sityvad amokiTxvaSi. bavSvebs vaZlevT magaliTad, erTmaneTis gverdiT devs ori erTmaneTs unda daaSoros, nawilebs asoebi qvia, vekiTxebiT: firfitebze firfita gaacalkevos es Wa xelebiT. ra asoa? daweril _ bavSvma veubnebiT, – “W”. bavSvebi TviTon asaxeleben asoebs. Semdeg isev aerTeben es? asoebs. asoebi rom: am – “a”. da mTlianad kiTxuloben. varjiSebis Semdeg bavSvebi am sinTezs wvdebodnen da amis Semdeg kiTxvis procesi swrafi tempiT iwevda win. am ori etapis Semdeg bavSvi eufleba ZiriTad nakls axerxebs sinTezs, xolo Semdeg etapebze xdeba miRweulis fiqsacia, gavarjiSeba. 3. empiriuli kvlevis Sedegebi 66 3.1. dawyebiTi klasis moswavleTa inteleqtis done da maTi akademiuri moswrebis Sedegebi Cveni kvlevis obieqtebs warmoadgendnen 1, 2, 3 klaseli moswavleebi (6-dan 11 wlamde asaki). kvleva CavatareT baTumis 1, 8 da 9 skolis dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebze, TiToeul klasSi Semowmda 40 bavSvi. sul Semowmda 120 moswavle. cdis pirebi eqsperimentSi advilad Semodiodnen, iCendnen interess da cnobismoyvareobas. CautardaT Wechsler-is inteleqtis sakvlevi testi da aseve Semowmda TiToeuli moswavlis akademiuri moswreba. monacemebi statistikurad damuSavda kompiuteruli programiT spss. Cvens mier miRebuli zogadi monacemebis procentuli maCvenebeli samive klasSi Semdegnairad ganawilda: saSualoze maRali inteleqti _ 1%, saSualoze cota maRali inteleqti _ 7%, saSualo inteleqti _33%, dabali _31%, mosazRvre (arasrulyofileba) _ 18%, gonebrivi CamorCena _ 11%. (ix. cxrili 1). Sedareba movaxdineT klasebis mixedviT, Tumca maT Soris sando gansxvaveba ver miviReT. monacemebi damuSavda agreTve sqesis faqtoris mixedviT, (ix. cxrili 2 da 3). IQ-s ganawilebis mixedviT Sedarebisas gogonebis da biWebis gansxvaveba statistikurad sando aris (X2=3.394. p=0,05). cxrili 1. Wechsler-is inteleqtis qulaTa ganawilebis zogadi monacemebi. IQ-s mixedviT ganawileba 1, 2, 3 klasi erTad abs. sixSire fard. sixSire X2 sandooba 120-129 1 1% 62.200 P=0,0001 110-119 8 7% 90-109 40 33% 80-89 37 31% 70-79 21 18% 69-naklebi 13 11% maCvenebeli cxrili 2. Wechsler-is inteleqtis qulaTa ganawileba sqesis (biWebi) mixedviT. 67 IQ-s mixedviT ganawileba biWebi abs. sixSire fard. sixSire X2 sandooba 120-129 1 2% 28.308 P=0,0001 110-119 3 6% 90-109 15 29% 80-89 18 35% 70-79 11 21% 69-naklebi 4 8% maCvenebeli cxrili 3. Wechsler-is inteleqtis qulaTa ganawileba sqesis (gogonebi) mixedviT. IQ-s mixedviT ganawileba gogo abs. sixSire fard. sixSire X2 sandooba 120-129 0 0% 37.176 p=0,0001 110-119 5 7% 90-109 25 37% 80-89 19 28% 70-79 10 15% 69-naklebi 9 13% maCvenebeli rac Seexeba korelacias inteleqtsa da akademiur moswrebas Soris maCveneblebi amgvarad ganawilda: gogonebTan saSualo maCvenebeli _ 87,3, xolo akademiuri moswreba _ 4.0. biWebTan saSualo maCvenebeli _ 87,5, xolo akademiuri moswreba _ 3,6. samive klasSi korelacia inteleqtsa da akademiur moswrebas Soris dadasturda. korelacia statistikurad sandoa yvela SemTxvevaSi. rogorc vxedavT Cvens mier Catarebulma kvlevam kidev erTxel daamtkica akademiuri inteleqtis damcvelTa Sexeduleba, rom inteleqti yvelaze metad aucilebelia gonebriv muSaobaSi. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvTa procentuli maCveneblis naxevarze meti raodenobis cdis piri moTavsebulia msubuqi gonebrivi CamorCenilobis 68 da mosazRvre arasrulyofilebis diapazonSi, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs akademiuri inteleqtis damcvelTa mosazrebas. miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebTan akademiur gamovlinda korelacia inteleqtis donesa da moswrebas Soris. 3.2.inteleqtis kvlevis Sedegebi kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvebTan. kvlevis mocemul etapze SerCeuli cdis pirebis da 31,7% gogonebs. moTavsebulia 70% gamokvleuli biWi da pirebidan 68,3% Seadgens biWebs sakontrolo jgufSi 30% gogona, xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi 66,7% biWi da 33,3% gogona. maTi asakobrivi diapazoni moicavs 6_8 wlebs. (M=7, SD=0.5). 6,00_7,00-mde asakobriv diapazonSi moTavsebulia cdis pirTa _ 48,5%, xolo 7-8 wlamde asakobriv diapazonSi moTavsebulia cdis pirTa _ 51,5%. moswavleebi SeirCa pirveli klasidan. cdis pirebis jgufis warmomadgenelia, xolo 50% sakontrolo 50% eqsperimentuli jgufis. statistikurad cdis pirTa monacemebi asakis mixedviT erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeboda, ganawileba ixileT naxazSi 1. cdis pirTa procentuli ganawileba da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufSi monawileTa raodenobisa da sqesis mixedviT mocemulia cxrilSi 4. cxrili 4.procentuli maCveneblebi raodenobisa da sqesis mixedviT. jgufi sqesi cdis pirTa raodenoba gogona biWi sakontrolo jgufi 47,4% 51,2% 50% eqsperimentuli jgufi 52,6% 48,8% 50% 69 ASAKI ASAKI KONT_EXP: 1 sakontrolo KONT_EXP: 8 2 experimentuli 6 5 6 4 4 3 Frequency Frequency 2 2 Std. Dev = ,43 Mean = 7,01 N = 30,00 0 6,00 6,25 6,50 6,75 7,00 7,25 7,50 7,75 Std. Dev = ,59 1 Mean = 7,00 N = 30,00 0 6,00 6,25 6,50 6,75 7,00 7,25 7,50 7,75 8,00 ASAKI ASAKI naxazi 1. ganawileba asakisa da sqesis mixedviT. statistikurad monacemebi erTmaneTisgan raodenobis mixedviT, sandod xolo rac gansxvavdeba Seexeba sqess cdis _ pirTa jgufebi 70 statistikurad erTmaneTisagan sandod ar gansxvavdebian. kvlevaSi CarTulia ufro meti biWi, vidre gogona. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom kiTxvis darRvevebis maCvenebeli SeiniSneba mqone biWebSi, vidre bavSvTa procentulad gogonebSi. mecnieruli maRali kvlevebic gvidastureben, rom kiTxvis darRvevebi ufro metad gamoxatulia biWebSi. disleqsia ufro xSirad gvxvdeba biWebSi, vidre gogonebSi (Sesabamisad, 4:1 da 10:1). (ix. Tavi1.3. gv. 26) miuxedavad amisa sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi sqesis mixedviT ganawileba statistikurad sandod gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. (ix. naxazi 1) kvlevaSi ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis TiToeuli subtestisaTvis da jamuri maCveneblisaTvis _ kvlevaSi monawile sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebisTvis. (ix. cxrili 5). cxrili 5. Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis subtestebis saSualo maCveneblebi. IQ subt. 1 msgav. MM M (σ) subt. 2 CamoT. subt. 3 kubebi subt. 4 sag.awy. verbal.B bloki araver. bloki M (σ) sakontrolo jgufi 6.07 (3.2) 7.40 (2.4) 6.77 (2.1) 4.23 (2.5) 86.63 (15.37) 72.33 (14.34) 77.77 (12.86) eqsperimentuli jgufi 5.83 (3.0) 5.87 (3.0) 6.10 (2.5) 3.83 (2.7) 79.67 (12.97) 70.23 (12.59) 74.4 (12.25) “msgavsebani” _ Cvens M (σ) mier M (σ) M (σ) Catarebuli M (σ) testirebidan M (σ) irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi subtestis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 5-7 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCveneblebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: _ cdis pirTa 83,4% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 16,6% Sefasda 9-13 quliT. eqsperimentul jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCveneblebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: cdis pirTa 86,8% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 13,2% Sefasda 9-13 quliT. 71 Sedegebis Sesabamisad cdis pirebs uWirT logikuri da abstraqtuli azrovneba, or movlenas Soris arsebuli kavSirebis danaxva. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davadasturoT is, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania swori kiTxvisaTvis es unarebi. (ix. Tavi 3.4). “CamoTvla” _ Cvens mier Catarebuli testirebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi subtestis saSualo maCvenebeli 5-7 qulaTa diapazonSi. procentuli maCveneblebi sakontrolo Semdegnairad jgufSi moTavsebulia subtestis ganawilda: cdis qulebis pirTa 66,6% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 33,4% Sefasda 9-13 quliT. eqsperimentul jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 76,7% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 9-13 quliT. Sedegebis xanmokle Sesabamisad smeniTi impulsuroba. davadasturoT, bavSvebs mexsiereba. korelaciuri rom uWirT yuradRebis axasiaTebT analizis swrafi safuZvelze aRniSnuli unari aris Cvens Catarebuli koncentracia, ganlevadoba SegviZlia erT-erTi da Tamamad wamyvani kiTxvis procesSi. (ix.Tavi 3.4). “kubebis awyoba” _ mier testirebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi subtestis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 6-7 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCvenebeli Semdegnairad ganawilda: cdis pirTa 80% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 20% Sefasda 9-11 quliT. eqsperimentul jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCvenebeli ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 83,3% Sefasda 1-8 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 16,7% Sefasda 9-11 quliT. Sedegebis Sesabamisad bavSvebs uWirT analizis da sinTezis unari, aseve problemis swrafi gadawyveta. isini CamorCebian perceptul-motoruli 72 da fsiqo-motoruli siswrafis ganviTarebis unariT. uWirT nimuSiT xelmZRvaneloba. “sagnis awyobaSi” _ Cvens mier Catarebuli testirebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi subtestis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 3-5 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 70% Sefasda 1-5 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 30% Sefasda 5-10 quliT. eqsperimentul jgufSi subtestis qulebis procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 76,7% Sefasda 1-5 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 5-10 quliT. Sedegebis Sesabamisad bavSvebs uWirT analizi da sinTezi, ar SeuZliaT gamoiCinon fsiqo-motoruli sisxarte. testis Catarebis procesSi cdis pirebis umravlesobas advilad euflebodaT marcxis grZnoba da aRar surdaT momdevno davalebis Sesruleba, Tumca ainteresebdaT da mTxovdnen, rom amewyo nawilebisgan figura da maTTvis meCvenebina. “verbalur blokSi” _ Cvens mier Catarebuli testirebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi verbaluri blokis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 79-86 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulis procentuli maCveneblebi ase aris ganawilebuli: cdis pirTa 13,3% Sefasda 57-69 quliT, cdis pirTa 16,7% Sefasda 70-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, cdis pirTa 33,2% Sefasda 90-99 quliT, cdis pirTa 13,2% Sefasda 100-118 quliT. xolo jgufSi procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: eqsperimentul cdis pirTa 20% Sefasda 52-69 quliT, cdis pirTa 30% Sefasda 70-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 26,7% Sefasda 90-103 qula. 73 “araverbalur blokSi” sakontrolo da _ Cvens mier Catarebuli testirebidan irkveva, rom eqsperimentul jgufebSi verbaluri blokis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 70-72 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulis procentuli maCveneblebi ase aris ganawilebuli: cdis pirTa 36,7% Sefasda 45- 65 quliT, cdis pirTa 30% Sefasda 66-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 20% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, cdis pirTa 13,3% Sefasda 90-93 quliT. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 50% Sefasda 45-69 quliT. cdis pirTa 26,7% Sefasda 70-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 16,6% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 6,6% Sefasda 90-96 quliT. “sruli qula (IQ)”-Si _ Cvens mier Catarebuli testirebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi verbaluri blokis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 74-77 qulaTa diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi subtestis qulis procentuli maCveneblebi ase aris ganawilebuli: cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 47-69 quliT, cdis pirTa 20% Sefasda 70-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 36,7% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, cdis pirTa 19,9% Sefasda 90-95 quliT. xolo ganawilda: eqsperimentul jgufSi procentuli maCveneblebi ase cdis pirTa 40% Sefasda 55-69 quliT, cdis pirTa 23,3% Sefasda 70-79 quliT, cdis pirTa 23,4% Sefasda 80-89 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 13,3% Sefasda 90-94 quliT. (ix.naxazi 2). Cvens mier miRebuli inteleqtis donis zogadi monacemebis procentuli maCvenebeli Semdegnairad ganawilda: saSualo inteleqti (90 _ 109 qula) _ 16,5%. saSualoze dabali (80 _ 89 qula) _ 30%. mosazRvre (arasrulyofileba) (70-79) _ 21,8%. gonebrivi CamorCena (69 qulaze dabali) _ 31,7%. 74 IQ IQ KONT_EXP: KONT_EXP: 1 sakontrolo 2 experimentuli 6 7 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 Std. Dev = 12,86 1 Mean = 77,8 0 N = 30,00 45,0 55,0 50,0 65,0 60,0 75,0 70,0 85,0 80,0 Frequency Frequency 2 2 Std. Dev = 12,25 1 Mean = 74,4 N = 30,00 0 55,0 95,0 90,0 60,0 65,0 70,0 75,0 80,0 85,0 90,0 95,0 IQ IQ naxazi 2. (IQ)-s saSualo maCveneblebi sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi. sakontrolo jgufisa da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebis mier verbaluri blokis SesrulebaSi gamovlenili gansxvavebis sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda: t(58)=1.897, p=063. sakontrolo jgufisa da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebis mier CamoTvlis subtestis SesrulebaSi statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda t(58)=2,164, p=035. (ix. naxazi 3.) eqsperimentul subtest jgufSi CamoTvlaSi, sakontrolosTan xolo verbalur SedarebiT blokis dabali saerTo qulebia SesrulebaSi zRvruli gansxvavebaa. 75 120 12 110 10 100 8 90 6 70 CamoTvla verbaluri 80 60 50 sakontrolo 4 2 eqsperimentuli sakontrolo experimentuli naxazi 3. jgufebs Soris subtestebis Sesrulebis gansxvaveba. kvlevaSi ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis TiToeuli subtestisaTvis da jamuri maCveneblisaTvis _ saerTo ganawilebiT kvlevaSi monawile cdis pirebisTvis da aseve sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufisaTvis calk-calke. (ix. cxrili 6 da 7). cxrili 6. Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis subtestebis saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT. sqesi IQ msgavseba MM M (σ) CamoTvla MM M (σ) kubebi MM M (σ) sagnis awyoba MM M (σ) verbaluri bloki MM araverbaluri bloki MM M (σ) biWi 6.20 (3.1) 7.4 (2.7) 6.93 (2.2) 4.49 (2.7) 85.51 (13.9) 74.12 (12.37) 78.83 (11.26) gogo 5.42 (3) 5.32 (2.6) 5.37 (2.1) 3 (2.1) 78.05 (14.91) 65.16 (13.84) 70.16 (13.47) M (σ) M (σ) 76 cxrili 7. Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis subtestebis saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi. jgufi sakontrol sqesi biWi gogo biWi eqsperiment gogo msgavseba CamoTvla M (σ) M (σ) kubeb sagnis verbal. araverbal. M (σ) awyoba bloki bloki M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) IQ M (σ) Q 6.1 7.71 7.05 4.52 87.62 74.67 79.48 (3.44) (2.6) (2) (2.5) (6.07) (11.61) (10.75) 6 6.67 6.11 3.56 84.33 66.89 73.78 (2.8) (1.8) (2.2) (2.6) (14.21) (18.99) (16.85) 6.3 6.75 6.8 4.45 83.30 73.55 78.15 (2.8) (2.8) (2.6) (2.9) (11.18) (13.41) (12.01) 2.81 4.1 4.7 2.6 72.4 63.6 66.9 (3.3) (2.7) (1.8) (1.7) (13.8) (7.57) (9.24) sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufSi sqesis mixedviT, cdis pirebis mier verbaluri blokis SesrulebaSi gamovlenili gansxvavebis sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda: t(58)=1.841, p=075. xolo statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda CamoTvlis subtestSi t(58)=2,599, p=013. kubebis awyobis subtestSi t(58)=2,564, p=014. sagnis awyobis subtestSi t(58)=2,179. p=035. “araverbalur blokSi” t(58)=2,41, p=022. da aseve “srul qulasTan (IQ)” t(58)=2,438, p=021. (ix. naxazi 4). 77 naxazi 4. jgufebs Soris subtestebis Sesrulebis gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT. 78 biWebs gogonebTan SedarebiT maRali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis skalis TiToeuli subtestis, araverbaluri blokis da sruli qulis Sesrulebis maCvenebelSi, maT Soris zRvruli gansxvaveba gamovlinda mxolod verbaluri blokis SesrulebaSi. Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis TiToeuli subtestis monacemebi sqesis mixedviT damuSavda mravalfaqtoruli dispersiuli analiziT (Univariate Analisys of Variance). ris safuZvelzec dispersiulma analizma statistikurad sando gansxvaveba arc erT cvladTan ar gamoavlina. 3.3. kiTxvadobis testis (daxarjuli drois, daSvebuli Secdomebis da teqstis gagebis mixedviT) Sedegebi. kvlevaSi ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi kiTxvis donis dasadgen teqstze daxarjuli drois, daSvebuli Secdomebis da teqstis gagebis jamuri maCveneblisTvis kvlevaSi monawile sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebisaTvis, eqsperimentis Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg. (ix. cxrili 8). kvlevaSi aseve ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT saerTo ganawilebiT da TiToeuli (sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) jgufisaTvis calk-calke. (ix. cxrili 9 da 10). cxrili 8. kiTxvis testis daSvebuli Secdomebis, wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois da teqstis gagebis saSualo maCveneblebi. teqstis dro (mde) M (σ) teqstis dro (Semd.) Secdomebi (mde) Secdomebi (Semd.) teqstis gageba(mde) teqstis gageba(Sem) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) sakontrolo 5.39 (3.61) 4.40 (2.76) 9.47 (4.0) 5.6 (2.1) 1.87 (.73) 2.20 (.76) eqsperimentuli 8.73 (5.81) 5.09 (3.27) 14.20 (5.1) 3.47 (1.0) 1.47 (.57) 2.47 (.86) 79 cxrili 9. kiTxvis testis daSvebuli Secdomebis, wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois da teqstis gagebis saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT. teqstis dro (mde) teqstis dro (Semd.) Secdome bi (mde) Secdom. (Semd.) M teqstis gageba(mde) teqstis gageba(Semd.) biWi 7.21 (5.6) 5.02 (3.3) 11.76 (5.1) 4.59 (2.) 1.76 (.66) 2.39 (.7) gogo 6.74 (3.8) 4.15 (2.2) 12. (5.3) 4.42 (2.) 1.47 (14.91) 2.21 (1.03) sqesi M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) (σ) M (σ) M (σ) cxrili 10. kiTxvis testis daSvebuli Secdomebis, wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois da teqstis gagebis saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi. sqesi biWi sakontr. gogo biWi eqsperim. gogo teqstis teqstis Secdomebi Secdomebi dro(mde) dro(Sem) (mde) (Semd.) teqstis teqstis gageba(mde) gageba(Semd.) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) 5.39 4.38 9.71 5.48 1.9 2.33 (4.01) (3.03) (4.4) (2.3) (.7) (.73) 5.38 4.42 8.89 5.89 1.78 1.89 (2.6) (2.1) (2.9) (1.9) (.83) (.78) 9.11 5.69 13.9 3.65 1.6 2.45 (6.4) (3.5) (4.9) (1.08) (.59) (.68) 7.98 3.9 14.8 3.1 1.2 2.5 (4.4) (2.2) (5.6) (.99) (.42) (1.12) 80 “teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dro eqsperimentis dawyebamde da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg” teqsti romlis safuZvelzec vamowmebdiT moswavlis kiTxvis dones Sedgeboda 36 sityvisagan. rogorc CvenTvis cnobilia moswavle meToduri miTiTebebis mixedviT pirveli klasis dasasruls unda kiTxulobdes wuTSi 25-40 sityvas. aqedan gamomdinare, moswavles teqstis wakiTxvaze unda daexarja 1 wuTi, xolo Cveni Catarebuli monacemebis mixedviT cdis pirebi eqsperimentis wuTidan _ dawyebamde 8:7 teqstis wuTamde. wakiTxvaze sakontrolo xarjavdnen jgufSi saSualod teqstis 5:4 wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois procentuli maCveneblebi ase ganawilda: cdis pirebis 41,3% teqstis wakiTxvas andomebs 1:29_3:25 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa 22,4% andomebs 3:34_6:00 wuTamde dros, 63,3% andomebs 6:40_9:54 wuTamde dros, 13,3% andomebs 11:09_13:70 wuTande dros. eqsperimentul jgufSi teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois procentuli maCvenebeli ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa _ 33,3% teqstis wakiTxvas andomebs 2:20_4:60 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa _ 30% andomebs 5:17_9:37 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa _ 23,4% andomebs 10:17_14:52 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa _ 13,3% andomebs 19:12_21:12 wuTs. procentuli maCveneblebidan naTlad Cans rom, saprogramo moTxovnasTan SedarebiT cdis pirebs CamorCena aqvT da ver asruleben minimalur saprogramo moTxovnas. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg cdis pirebi teqstis wakiTxvaze xarjavdnen saSualod 4:4 wuTidan _ 5:1 wuTamde. sakontrolo jgufSi teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois procentuli maCvenebeli ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 53,3% teqstis wakiTxvas andomebs 1:24_3:46 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa 26,7% andomebs 7:11_10:15 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa 20% andomebs 4:12_6:31 wuTamde dros. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dros procentuli maCvenebeli ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 46,7% teqstis wakiTxvas andomebs 1:29_3:54 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa 26,6% andomebs 4:31_6:48 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa _ 13,4% andomebs 7:23_10:00 81 wuTamde dros, cdis pirTa 13,3% andomebs 10:52_13:16 wuTamde dros. (ix. naxazi 5). TX_T_MDE TX_T_MDE KONT_EXP: KONT_EXP: 1 sakontrolo 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 2 Std. Dev = 3,61 1 Mean = 5,4 N = 30,00 0 1,0 3,0 2,0 5,0 4,0 7,0 6,0 9,0 8,0 11,0 10,0 Frequency 3 Frequency 2 experimentuli 2 Std. Dev = 5,81 1 N = 30,00 2,0 13,0 12,0 Mean = 8,7 0 6,0 4,0 14,0 10,0 8,0 14,0 12,0 18,0 16,0 22,0 20,0 TX_T_MDE TX_T_MDE TX_T_SHE KONT_EXP: TX_T_SHE 1 sakontrolo KONT_EXP: 12 2 experimentuli 10 10 8 8 6 6 Frequency Std. Dev = 2,76 2 Mean = 4,4 N = 30,00 0 1,0 2,0 3,0 TX_T_SHE 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0 8,0 9,0 10,0 Frequency 4 4 Std. Dev = 3,27 2 Mean = 5,1 N = 30,00 0 1,0 3,0 2,0 5,0 4,0 7,0 6,0 9,0 8,0 11,0 10,0 13,0 12,0 TX_T_SHE naxazi 5. teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dros saSualo maCvenebeli sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde da damTavrebis Semdeg. 82 rac Seexeba korelaciur analizs irkveva, rom teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dro uaryofiT korelaciaSia inteleqtis srul qulasTan (IQ) (sakontrolo jgufSi) r=0.345, p=0,062. CamoTvlis subtestTan (sakontrolo jgufSi) eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,463, p=0,010 da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdegac r=0,456, p=0,011. xolo eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg dadebiT korelaciaSia CamoTvlis subtestTan r=0,877, p=0,0001 eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis. mecnieruli gamokvlevebic igives adastureben, rom kiTxvis unarisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da SeiZleba iTqvas zogierT situaciaSi gadamwyveti aris swored yuradRebis koncentracia da muSa mexsiereba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjul dros. cdis pirebi xSirad yovndebodnen, ubrundebodnen wakiTxul sityvas, rac bunebrivia zrdida teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjul dros. 16 wakiTxvis dro eqsperimentamde 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 6. jgufebs Soris teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois gansxvaveba eqsperimentamde. 83 sakontrolo jgufisa da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebis mier eqsperimentis Carevamde statistikurad sakontrolo sando jgufTan teqstis gansxvaveba SedarebiT wakiTxvaze gamovlinda eqsperimentuli daxarjul droSi t(48,513)=2,68, p=0001. jgufis cdis pirebi teqstis wakiTxvas met dros andomeben. (ix. naxazi 6) 9 8 Estimated Marginal Means 7 6 5 dro mde 4 sakontrolo dro Semdeg eqsperimentuli 9 8 Estimated Marginal Means 7 6 5 sakontrolo 4 dro mde eqsperimentuli dro Semdeg naxazi 7. teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 84 teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois maCvenebeli eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X 2 (mdgomareoba _ Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) ANOVA-multifaqtoruli dispersiuli analizis saSualebiT. ANOVA-m aCvena mdgomareobis F(1,58)=53,232, MSE=3,034, p=0,0001. agreTve p=0,0001 da jgufis statistikurad sando efeqti f(1,58)=17,304, interaqciis f(1,58)=4,166, MSE=29,515, p=0,046. MSE=3,304, statistikurad sando efeqtebi. kerZod, gamovlinda, rom eqsperimentuli Careva iwvevs wakiTxulis saSualo drois mniSvnelovan statistikurad sando maCveneblebiT Semcirebas. rogorc viciT kargi mkiTxveli swrafad kiTxulobs, amitom migvaCnia, rom warmatebad wakiTxvaze unda daxarjuli CaiTvalos. drois maSasadame, Semcireba mniSvnelovan pirebis mdgomareoba cdis gaaumjobesa Cvens mier Catarebulma savarjiSoebma. (ix. naxazi 7). “teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi eqsperimentis dawyebamde” da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg” teqstis wakiTxvisas daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobis saSualo maCvenebeli eqsperimentis dawyebamde moTavsebulia 20-dan_23 Secdomamde diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi daSvebuli Secdomis procentuli maCvenebeli ase ganawilda: cdis pirTa 70% uSvebs 4-10 Secdomas, cdis pirTa 30% uSvebs 11-20 Secdomas. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi daSvebuli Secdomis procentuli maCvenebeli amgvarad ganawilda: cdis pirTa 40% uSvebs 7-12 Secdomas, cdis pirTa 33,3% uSvebs 14-17 Secdomas, cdis pirTa 26,7% uSvebs 18-23 Secdoma. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg teqstis wakiTxvisas daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 3-12 Secdomamde diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi daSvebuli Secdomis procentuli 85 maCvenebeli amgvarad ganawilda: cdis pirTa 83,3% teqstis kiTxvisas uSvebs 3-7 Secdomas, cdis pirTa 16,7% uSvebs 8-12 Secdomas. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi daSvebuli Secdomis procentuli maCvenebeli amgvarad ganawilda: cdis pirTa 83,3% teqstis kiTxvisas uSvebs 2-4 Secdomas, cdis pirTa 16,7% uSvebs 5-6 Secdomas. Secdomebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT sakontrolosTan SedarebiT eqsperimentuli jgufi statistikurad sandod gansxvavebuli damTavrebis aRmoCnda Semdeg X2=19,888, sakontrolo df=9, p=0,019. jgufSi kerZod, eqsperimentis eqsperimentulTan SedarebiT 12 120 % % aRiniSneba bevri Secdomebi.(ix. naxazi 7). 120 Secd_S 13 100 14 100 2 15 80 16 3 80 4 17 60 18 5 60 6 19 40 7 40 20 21 20 8 9 20 22 0 23 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 10 0 12 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 7. Secdomebis procentuli maCveneblebi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 86 gansakuTrebiT savarjiSoebis aRsaniSnavia Catarebis is Semdeg faqti, rom eqsperimentul mniSvnelovnad iklo jgufSi Secdomebis raodenobam. Tu dasawyisSi gvqonda 23 Secdoma eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg raodenoba 6 Secdomamde Semcirda. 18 12 Secdomebi eqsperimentis Semdeg 16 Secdomebi eqsperimentamde 14 12 10 8 6 4 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 10 8 6 4 2 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 8. daSvebuli Secdomebis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. sakontrolo jgufisa da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebis mier statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda eqsperimentul Carevamde teqstis wakiTxvisas daSvebul SecdomebSi t(54,89)=3,977, p=0001. da aseve teqstis wakiTxvisas daSvebuli Secdomebi statistikurad sando aRmoCnda eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg t(42,353)=4,817, p=0001. (ix. naxazi 8). kerZod, eqsperimentis dawyebamde sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebma teqstis wakiTxvis dros dauSves meti Secdomebi, xolo eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg piriqiT moxda eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebma sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad Seamcires daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenoba. 87 korelaciuri dawyebamde analizis sakontrolo safuZvelze jgufSi irkveva, daSvebuli rom eqsperimentis Secdomebis raodenoba uaryofiT korelaciaSia inteleqtis sruli qulasTan (IQ) r=0,435, p=0,016. da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg araverbalur blokTan r=0,405, p=0,027. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi ki eqsperimentis dawyebamde teqstis kiTxvisas daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenoba uaryofiT korelaciaSia araverbalur blokTan r=0,393, p=0,032. maSasadame, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom kiTxvis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas ganapirobebs inteleqtis done da araverbaluri blokis monacemebi, rac ufro maRalia inteleqtis sruli qulis da araverbaluri blokis monacemebi miT ufro nakleb Secdomebis uSveben cdis pirebi teqstis kiTxvisas. teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis maCveneblebi eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X 2 (mdgomareoba _ dispersiuli Carevamde analizis statistikurad sando da Carevis saSualebiT. efeqti Semdeg) ANOVA_multifaqtoruli ANOVA-m F(1,58)=192,508, interaqciis statistikurad sando efeqti aCvena MSE=8,305, F(1,58)=42,583, mdgomareobis p=0,0001; agreTve MSE=8,305, p=0,0001; xolo jgufis efeqtis sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda F(1,58)=3,192, MSE=15,884, p=0,079. kerZod, gamovlinda rom eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg Semcirda Secdomebis raodenoba saeqsperimento jgufSi. savarjiSoebi cdis pirebs daexmara kiTxvis problemis daZlevaSi, Cvens mier Sedgenili meToduri xerxi efeqturi aRmoCnda. (ix. naxazi 9). teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis maCveneblebi eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X2 (mdgomareoba Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X2 (sqesi) ANOVA 88 multifaqtoruli dispersiuli analizis saSualebiT, sqesis faqtoris mixedviT maT Soris statistikurad sando gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 sakontrolo mde Semdeg eqsperimentuli 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 sakontrolo 2 mde eqsperimentuli Semdeg naxazi 9. daSvebuli Secdomebis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 89 “wakiTxuli teqstis gaazreba (gageba) eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg” eqsperimentis dawyebamde” da rogorc ukve avRniSneT, cdis pirebis mier teqstis gagebas vafasebdiT kiTxvebze pasuxis mixedviT, 5 quliani sistemiT. teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg cdis pirebs vaZlevdiT kiTxvebs. imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor vaniWebdiT qulebs, moviyvanT amonawerebs oqmidan. 5 quliani Sefaseba _ Zalian kargad gaigo, yvela detalis wvdomiT. Cveni cdis pirebis pasuxebSi arc erTi cdis piris pasuxi ar Sefasebula 5 quliT. 4 quliani Sefaseba _ kargad gaigo, deda azri cxadia. 1. rogor mouara glexma wiwilebs? Kcudad mouara. 2. ratom fiqrob ase? imitom, rom erTmaneTs gadaaba da qorma yvela erTad gaitaca. 3. ra daemarTaT wiwilebs? qorma waiRo. 4. ras daarqmevdi am ambavs? “zarmaci” 5. ratom? imitom, rom yvelaferi ezareboda, ezareboda wiwilebis calk-calke momwyemsva. 3 quliani Sefaseba _ gaigo, deda azrs swvda, magram detali ver aRadgina, an detalebi aRadgina, deda azrs ver swvda. 1. rogor mouara glexma wiwilebs? cudad mouara. 2. ratom fiqrob ase? imitom, rom cudi iyo glexi. 90 3. ra daemarTaT wiwilebs? qorma waiRo. 4. ras daarqmevdi am ambavs? qurdobas. 5. ratom? imitom, rom qorma waiRo wiwilebi. 2 quliani Sefaseba _ gaigo calkeul nawyvetebad, mTlianoba daekarga, deda azrs ver swvda. 1. rogor mouara glexma wiwilebs? kargad mouara. 2. ratom fiqrob ase? imitom rom keTili iyo. 3. ra daemarTaT wiwilebs? ..….. ..….. 4. ras daarqmevdi am ambavs? kruxi da qori 5. ratom? imitom rom kruxi moitaca qorma da imitom davarqvi ase. 1 quliani Sefaseba _ ver gaigo. 1. rogor mouara glexma wiwilebs? Klamazad. 2. ratom fiqrob ase? Wkviani iyo. 3. ra daemarTaT wiwilebs? Yyvirili daiwyes. 4. ras daarqmevdi am ambavs? 91 katas. 5. ratom? wakiTxuli teqstis saSualo maCvenebeli eqsperimentis dawyebamde moTavsebulia 1-4 qulamde diapazonSi. sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa _ 48% Sefasda 2 quliT, es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac bavSvma teqsti gaigo calkeul nawyvetebad, mTlianoba daekarga, deda azrs ver swvda. cdis pirTa _ 32% Sefasda erTi quliT, cdis pirTa _20% Sefasda 3 quliT. rac Seexeba eqsperimentul jgufs yvelaze didi procentuli maCvenebeli 1 qulianma Sefasebam moagrova _ 57%. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac bavSvma teqsti saerTod ver gaigo. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg wakiTxuli teqstis saSualo maCvenebeli moTavsebulia 1-4 qulamde diapazonSi. eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg cdis pirebTan orive jgufSi yvelaze didi procentuli maCvenebeli 40% _ 3 qulianma Sefasebam moagrova. es is SemTxvevebia, rodesac bavSvma teqstidan konkretuli informacia ki gamoitana, magram damatebiTi kiTxvebis gareSe ver swvda mizez-Sedegobriv damokidebulebas. statistikurad sando gansxvavebaa eqsperimentis Carevis dawyebamde wakiTxuli teqstis t(58)=2,363, gagebaSi p=022. kerZod, eqsperimentul jgufTan SedarebiT sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebi maRali qulebiT Sefasdnen. (ix. naxazi 10). miuxedavad amisa, eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebs warmateba aqvT teqstis gagebaSi, maSin roca sakontrolo arsebul jgufis mdgomareobasTan cdis pirebis SedarebiT ar monacemebi Secvlila. eqsperimentamde eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg teqstis gagebaSi procentuli maCveneblebis mixedviT statistikurad zRvruli damokidebuleba gamovlinda jgufebs (sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) Soris Sedarebisas (X2=5,540, df=32 p=0,063). (ix. naxazi 11). statistikuri analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg eqsperimentul jgufSi gaizarda cdis 92 pirTa qulebi da Sefaseba aiwia 4 qulamde, maSin roca eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa ZiriTad nawils 1 quliani Sefaseba hqondaT. 3.5 teqstis gageba eqsperimentamde 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli % naxazi 10. jgufebs Soris teqstis gagebis gansxvaveba eqsperimentamde. 120 100 80 60 tq_gag_S 40 1 2 20 3 0 4 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 11. teqstis gagebis procentuli maCveneblebi jgufebSi. 93 sqesis mixedviT teqstis gageba eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg ufro ganawilebuli aRmoCnda gogonebTan (X2=7,345, df=2, p=0,057). (sqesis mixedviT gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans dispersiul analizSi). korelaciuri eqsperimentis srul damTavrebis qulasTan sakontrolo (IQ) jgufSi korelaciaSia CamoTvlis analizis safuZvelze Semdeg uaryofiT (eqsperimentuli eqsperimentis inteleqtis srul dawyebamde p=0,023. rom teqstis korelaciaSia r=0,400, jgufSi) qulasTan r=0,415, subtestTan irkveva, teqstis kubebis inteleqtis p=0,029, gageba r=0,492, (IQ) gageba xolo dadebiT p=0,006. awyobis aseve subtestTan eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,401, p=0,028 da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,413, p=0,023. sagnis awyobis subtestTan eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,461, p=0,010 da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,507, p=0,004. monacemebidan gamomdinare cxadia, rom bavSvebs uWirT yuradRebis koncentracia, xanmokle smeniTi mexsiereba. axasiaTebT swrafi ganlevadoba da impulsuroba. aseve uWirT movlenaTa analizi da sinTezi rac Sesabamisad ganapirobebs teqstis gagebis sirTules. wakiTxuli teqstis gagebis maCveneblebi eqsperimentuli efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg Carevis damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X2 (mdgomareoba Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X2 (sqesi) ANOVA multifaqtoruli dispersiuli analizis saSualebiT. ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,56)=42,769, MSE=0,274, F(1,56)=3,482, F(1,56)=0,098, MSE=0,274, MSE=0,811, p=0,0001. xolo interaqcia zRvruli aRmoCnda p=0,067. aseve zRvruli aRmoCnda jgufis maCveneblebi p=0,756. (ix. naxazi 12). 94 sakontrolo 2.4 2.3 Estimated Marginal Means 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 mde 1.7 Semd biWi gogo eqsperimentuli 2.6 2.4 2.2 Estimated Marginal Means 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 mde 1.2 1.0 Semd biWi gogo naxazi 12. daSvebuli Secdomebis gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. eqsperimentul Carevamde biWebisa da gogonebis monacemebi dabalia, Tumca eqsperimentulma Carevam erTnairad Secvala mdgomareoba sqesTan. sakontrolo jgufSi ki gogonebTan SedarebiT orive biWebs ufro 95 maRali qulebi aqvT. xolo TviT jgufebs (sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) Soris Sedarebisas mdgomareoba zRvrulia. azrobrivi mixvedra ganisazRvreba rogorc wakiTxuli winadadebis SinaarsiT, ise mTeli teqstis azriTa da logikiT. wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarsis gageba, rom SeZlo kargi mkiTxveli unda iyo, mogexsenebaT, rom Cvens cdis pirebs migvaCnia miRebuli problemebi aqvT kiTxvis aTvisebaSi, amitom bunebrivad kvlevis Sedegebi. wakiTxulis gageba xorcieldeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bavSvma icis yoveli sityvis mniSvneloba, Tu misTvis gasagebia sityvebs Soris is kavSirebi, romlebic aris winadadebaSi. amrigad, wakiTxulis gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod metyvelebis leqsikogramatikuli mxaris sakmao doneze ganviTarebisas. amitomacaa, rom kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebam arsebuli mdgomareoba Secvla. teqstis gageba, gaazreba eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg gaumjobesda im cdis pirebTan, romlebic eqsperimentul jgufSi iyvnen gaerTianebuli da savarjiSoebis Catarebam wakiTxuli teqstis gagebis mxriv efeqturi gaxada mdgomareoba. Tumca teqstis gagebaSi jgufebs Soris Sedarebisas zRvruli gansxvaveba gamovlinda. vfiqrobT, rom es dakavSirebulia asakTan, vinaidan korelaciurma analizma aCvena, rom jgufebSi teqstis gageba korelaciaSia sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde asakTan r=0,432, p=0,017. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi korelaciaSia eqsperimentis Catarebis Semdeg r=0,441, p=0,015. pirvelklasel bavSvebs jer kidev uWirT wakiTxuli teqstis kargad gageba, yvela detalis wvdoma da srulad gaazreba. 3.4. kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis Sedegebi kvlevaSi daSvebuli ganisazRvra Secdomebis eqsperimentuli Carevis saSualo Tvisobriv Semdeg maCveneblebi analizSi kvlevaSi teqstis eqsperimentis monawile wakiTxvisas Carevamde sakontrolo da da 96 eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebisaTvis. (ix. cxrili 11 da 13). kvlevaSi aseve ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT. (ix. cxrili 12, 14). cxrili 11. eqsperimentamde kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli. eqsperimentamde xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi gadaadgileba damateba gamotoveba sruli Secvla sityvebis gameoreba sityvebis damateba sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba sakontrolo jgufi Eeqsperimentuli jgufi M (σ) M (σ) 1.73 1.93 (.83) (.87) 1.9 2. (.89) (.94) 1. 1.53 (001) (.64) 2.11 3.21 (1.12) (1.92) 2.13 2.56 (.85) (1.16) 1.9 2.46 (.97) (1.61) 3. 2. (1.15) (.5) 1. .. …. .. 1.5 1. (.71) (..) 1.4 2.21 (.5) (1.84) 97 cxrili 12. eqsperimentamde kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli sqesis mixedviT. eqsperimentamde sqesi xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi gadaadgileba damateba gamotoveba sruli Secvla sityvebis gameoreba sityvebis damateba sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba sakontrolo jgufi Eeqsperimentuli jgufi M (σ) M (σ) biWi gogo 1.81 1.88 (.82) (.92) 2. 1.93 (.98) (.73) 1.28 1.6 (.57) (.55) 2.81 2.42 (1.8) (1.12) 2.26 2.53 (.99) (1.12) 2.31 2. (1.5) (.92) 2.4 2. (.96) (.0001) 1. .. …. .. 1.33 .. (.57) .. 1.67 2.16 (1.) (1.9) 98 cxrili 13. eqsperimentis Semdeg kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli. Eeqsperimentis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufi Eeqsperimentuli jgufi M (σ) M (σ) 1.21 1.13 (.42) (.34) 1.39 1.22 (.61) (.43) 1. 1. (.001) (.001) 1.48 1.10 damateba (.65) (.45) G 1.55 1.26 gamotoveba (.67) (.45) 1.14 1. (.36) (.001) 2. 2. (.001) (.001) 1. .. (..) .. 1. .. (..) .. 1.18 1. (.39) (.001) xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi G gadaadgileba sruli Secvla sityvebis gameoreba sityvebis damateba sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba 99 cxrili 14. eqsperimentis Semdeg kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli sqesis mixedviT. eqsperimentis Semdeg sqesi xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi gadaadgileba damateba gamotoveba sruli Secvla sityvebis gameoreba sityvebis damateba sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba sakontrolo jgufi Eeqsperimentuli jgufi M (σ) M (σ) biWi gogo 1.21 1.09 (.41) (.3) 1.25 1.5 (.51) (.53) 1. 1. (.001) (.0001) 1.35 1.21 (.66) (.42) 1.42 1.4 (.57) (1.63) 1.09 1.17 (.3) (.4) 2. 2. (.0001) (.0001) 1. .. (..)… .. 1. .. (..) .. 1.07 1.29 (.26) (.48) 100 sakontrolo jgufisa da eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebis teqstis kiTxvisas “SeyovnebaSi” eqsperimentis Catarebamde statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda t(32,625)=2,204, p=0,035. xolo eqsperimentis Semdeg SeyovnebaSi gamovlenili gansxvavebis sandooba aRmoCnda zRvruli t(16)=18,52, p=0,083. 3.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 2.5 damateba eqsperimentamde gadaadgileba eqsperimentamde 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 3.5 damateba eqsperimetis Semdeg 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5 naxazi 13. jgufebs Soris teqstSi asoebis gadaadgilebis da damatebis gansxvaveba eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 101 kerZod, eqsperimentis Catarebamde saeqsperimento jgufis cdis pirebi sakontrolosTan SedarebiT xSirad yovndebodnen, uWirdaT sityvebis amokiTxva, Tumca eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da mniSvnelovnad Semcirda Seyovneba sityvebis amokiTxvis dros, maSin roca sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebTan arsebiTi cvlileba ar momxdara. sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis bavSvebis mier “asoebis gadaadgilebaSi” statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda: (eqsperimentis Catarebamde) eqsperimentis t(14)=3,228, p=0,006. Catarebamde aseve “asoebis statistikurad damatebaSi” sando t(45,72)=2,634, gansxvavebaa p=0,011. da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdegac t(42,105)=2,31, p=0,026. (ix. naxazi 13). kerZod, eqsperimentis dawyebamde sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebi ricxobrivad asoebis met gadaadgilebas axdenen. aseTive mdgomareobaa asoebis damatebis mxriv, Tumca eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg sakontrolosTan SedarebiT eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebma teqstis kiTxvisas mniSvnelovnad Seamcires asoebis damateba. xmovnis Secvla _ rodesac bavSvi sityvaSi cvlis xmovans an difTongs. magaliTad: xeli-xili, saxli- sixli. Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 50% cvlis erT xmovans, 27% _ cvlis or xmovans, 23% _ cvlis sam xmovans. eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 38% or xmovans, 21% xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi cvlis erT xmovans, 38% _ cvlis cvlis sam xmovans da 3% _ cvlis oTx xmovans. (ix. naxazi 14). eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 80% cvlis erT xmovans da 20% cvlis or xmovans. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg saeqsperimento jgufSi cdis pirTa 85% cvlis erT xmovans, xolo 15% _ cvlis or xmovans. 102 % % 120 70 60 100 50 80 40 60 xmovn_m 30 40 1 20 xmovn_S 2 20 3 0 4 sakontrolo 10 1 0 2 eqsperimentuli sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 14.xmovnis Secvlis procentuli maCvenebeli eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde statistikurad zRvruli damokidebuleba gamovlinda sqessa da xmovnis Secvlas Soris (X2=4,735, df=2, p=0,094). (ix. naxazi 15). biWebisa da gogonebis monacemebi xmovnis Secvlis mxriv statistikurad Tanabar damokidebulebaSi aRmoCnda. cdis pirebi ZiriTadad a-s cvlidnen i-Ti, e-Ti, o-Ti, u-Ti. e-s “u”-Ti, “i”-Ti. sailustraciod moviyvanT ramodenime magaliTs. sityva “TokiT”_ kiTxulobdnen: TukiT. “devneba” _ davneba. “glexi” _ glaxi. “erTbaSad” _ erTbaSid. “ukruxod” _ukrexod. “krux” _ krex. “gorgali” _ gargali, gorgoli. “arCia” _ arCea. “wiwilebi” _ wiwalebi. “Sin” _Sen, San, Son. “wiwilod” _ wiwalod, deriCena. “gauSva”_ gouSva. wewelad. “aitaca”_ aitica. “darCena” _darCeni, “zarmacma”_zurmacma. “kaloze”_ kaloze. 103 % sakontrolo 120 100 80 60 xmov_mde 40 1 20 2 0 3 biWi gogo naxazi 15. eqsperimentamde sakontrolo jgufis xmovnis Secvlis procentuli maCvenebeli sqesis mixedviT. korelaciuri korelacia analizis daSvebuli safuZvelze Secdomebis gamoirkva raodenobasTan xmovnebis Secvlis (orive jgufTan) sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,614, p=0,002. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,446, p=0,038. eqsperimentul jgufTan eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,623, p=0,001. da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,655, p=0,006. srul SecvlasTan (eqsperimentul jgufSi) eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,623, p=0,001. teqstis gagebasTan (eqsperimentul jgufSi) eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,444, p=0,050. maSasadame, xmovnis Secvla ZiriTadad ganapirobebs wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas, aseve sityvis srul Secvlas rac Sesabamisad xels uwyobs teqstis gagebis sirTules. 104 2,4 2,2 2,0 Estimated Marginal Means 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 mde 1,0 Semdeg eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 2,4 2,2 2,0 Estimated Marginal Means 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 sakontrolo 1,0 eqsperimentuli mde Semdeg naxazi 16. xmovnis Secvlis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. xmovnis sando efeqti SecvlasTan F(1,33)=38,151, ANOVA_m aCvena MSE=0,31, P=0,0001. mdgomareobis statistikurad aseve statistikurad sando aRmoCnda interaqcia F(1,33)=5,015, MSE=0,31, P=0,032. xolo statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda jgufis maCveneblebi F(1,33)=1,354, MSE=0,586, P=0,253. (ix. naxazi 16). eqsperimentis dawyebamde jgufebs Soris sando mdgomareobaa, Tumca eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda mdgomareoba 105 eqsperimentul jgufSi. cdis pirebi nakleb xmovnebs cvlian. savarjiSoebi daexmara maT, am rTuli problemis daZlevaSi. Tanxmovnis Secvla _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 35% _ cvlis erT Tanxmovans, 40% _ cvlis or Tanxmovans, 20% _ cvlis sam Tanxmovnis, 5% _ cvlis oTx Tanxmovans. eqsperimentul jgufSi cdis pirTa 32% cvlis erT Tanxmovans, 39% _ cvlis or Tanxmovans, 20% _ cvlis sam Tanxmovans, 8% _ 70 % % cvlis oTx Tanxmovans. (ix. naxazi 17). 60 120 100 50 80 40 60 30 Tanxm_m 20 40 Tanxm_S 1 2 10 1 20 2 3 0 4 sakontrolo 0 eqsperimentuli 3 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 17. Tanxmovnis Secdomebis procentuli maCvenebeli. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 67% _ cvlis erT Tanxmovans da 30% _ cvlis or Tanxmovans, 3% _ cvlis sam Tanxmovans. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi 80% cvlis erT Tanxmovans, xolo 20% _ cvlis or Tanxmovans. 106 Tanxmovnis Secdomebisas adgili hqonda Semdegi Tanxmovnebis Secvlas: f-s nacvlad b-s wakiTxva, s-s nacvlad S-s, k-s. d-s nacvlad l-s, b-s. S-s w-s. da a. S. magaliTad: “swrafad”_ swrabad. “qori”_ qoli. nacvlad “dafrinda”_ daflinda. ”ucbad”_ “saidanRac”_ kaidanRac. “uwiwilod”_ uwiwilol. iwe.” arsat. Carmaci, warmaci. “ise”_ ucfad. arsaT”_ “wasuliyo”_ waSuliyo. “zarmaci”_ “erTbaSad”_ zarmaZi, erTbawad. “arCia”_ arSia. “ukrux”_ uvrux. ”waiyvana”_ Saiyvana. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze dawyebamde Tanxmovnis Secvla daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobasTan irkveva, korelaciaSia r=0,593, rom eqsperimentis eqsperimentul p=0,001 da jgufSi eqsperimentis Semdegac r=0,468, p=0,021. aseve sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,543, p=0,002. eqsperimentis korelaciaSia aseve asoebis eqsperimentis dawyebamde damTavrebis srul r=0,598, SecvlasTan p=0,031, r=0,719, Semdeg p=0,0001. sakontrolo r=0,386, p=0,020. jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde asoebis gadaadgilebasTan eqsperimentul jgufSi r=0,810, p=0,003. asoebis damatebasTan sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde r=0,624. p=0,001 da aseve SegviZlia eqsperimentul davaskvnaT, cvlilebebs teqstSi: rom jgufTanac Tanxmovnis asoebis r=0,621. Secvla gadaadgilebas, p=0,0001. ganapirobebs damatebas, maSasadame, mTel sityvis rig srul Secvlas rac Sesabamisad zrdis teqstis kiTxvisas daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas. Tanxmovnis SecvlasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,34)=27,597, MSE=0,315, P=0,0001. aseve statistikurad sando aRmoCnda interaqcia F(1,34)=3,577, MSE=0,315, P=0,067. xolo statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda jgufis maCveneblebi F(1,34)=0,153, MSE=0,815, P=0,698. (ix. naxazi 18). eqsperimentis dawyebamde jgufebs Soris statistikurad sando mdgomareobaa, xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg eqsperimentul jgufSi gacilebiT ukeTesi viTarebaa, cdis pirebma Seamcires Tanxmovnis Secvla. korelaciurma analizma gviCvena Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs 107 kiTxvis dros daSvebuli Tanxmovnis Secvlis raodenobas, amitom am mxriv mdgomareobis Secvla kiTxvis gaumjobesebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs Cvens mier gamoyenebuli savarjiSoebis efeqturobas. 2,4 2,2 2,0 Estimated Marginal Means 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 mde 1,0 sakontrolo Semdeg eqsperimentuli 2,4 2,2 2,0 Estimated Marginal Means 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 sakontrolo 1,0 mde eqsperimentuli Semdeg naxazi 18. Tanxmovnis Secdomebis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 108 sqesis mixedviT sakontrolo jgufSi biWebTan safuZvelze sando gansxvavebaa F(1,16)=4,741, MSE=0,508, dispersiuli analizis P=0,045. eqsperimentamde arsebuli mdgomareoba Seicvala da isini teqstis kiTxvis dros naklebad cvlian Tanxmovnebs. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi sqesis mixedviT sando gansxvaveba ar gamovlinda F(1,16)=1,262, MSE=0,761, P=0,278. biWebsac da gogonebsac erTnairi warmateba aqvT Tanxmovnis Secdomebis raodenobis SemcirebaSi. (ix.naxazi 19). sakontrolo 2.0 1.9 1.8 Estimated Marginal Means 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 mde 1.3 Semd biWi gogo eqsperimentuli 2.6 2.4 2.2 Estimated Marginal Means 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 mde 1.2 1.0 biWi Semd gogo naxazi 19. Tanxmovnis Secdomebis gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 109 damateba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 37% amatebs erT asos, 30% _ amatebs or asos, 21% _ amatebs sam asos, 7% _ amatebs oTx asos, 5% _ amatebs xuT asos. saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 18% _ amatebs erT asos, 24% _ amatebs or asos, 18% amatebs sam asos, 24% _ amatebs oTx asos, 10% _ amatebs xuT asos, 3% _ amatebs eqvs asos da 120 % % 3% _ amatebs aT asos. (ix. naxazi 20). 100 120 100 80 damat_mde 80 1 60 2 60 3 40 40 damat_S 4 5 20 1 20 6 0 10 sakontrolo 2 0 eqsperimentuli 3 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 20. asoebis damatebis procentuli maCvenebeli eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 60% amatebs erT asos da 32% _ amatebs or asos, 8% _ amatebs sam asos. eqsperimentul jgufSi cdis pirTa 98% or asos. asos damatebis amatebs erT asos, xolo 2% amatebs TvalsazrisiT eqsperimentul jgufSi 110 sakontrolo jgufTan SedarebiT asos naklebi damatebebia. eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis pirebi Tu eqsperimentis dawyebamde amatebdnen aT asos, eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg asos damatebis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli 3 damatebamde daiwia. maSasadame, savarjiSoebi efeqturi aRmoCnda, ramac gaaumjobesa cdis pirTa kiTxvis unari. cdis pirebTan adgili hqonda asoebis Semdeg damatebebs: “Sen”_ Seni. ”ukrux”_ ukruxo. wiwilebis. “wiwilebi”_ “wiwilebisTvis” uwiluwilebod. “ezoSi”_ wiwilebma, _ wiwilaebi. wiwilebiTivis. ezeoSi. “gaCnda”_ “wiwilebs”_ “uwiwilebod”_ gaCendna. “yvela”_ yvelia. “erTbaSad”_ erTbaSaeda. “Toki”_ TokiTi. “devneba”_ devinebia. korelaciuri dawyebamde analizis sakontrolo safuZvelze jgufSi asos irkveva, damateba rom eqsperimentis korelaciaSia teqstis gagebasTan r=0,582, p=0,007. da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Sendegac r=0,444, p=0,050. cxadia, rom asoebis damateba arRvevs azrobriv kavSirebs da Sesabamisad cdis pirebs uWirT wakiTxuli teqstis Sinaarsis gageba. asoebis damatebasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,43)=59,749, MSE=0,905, P=0,0001. aseve statistikurad sando aRmoCnda interaqcia F(1,43)=17,324, MSE=0,905, P=0,0001. xolo statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda eqsperimentul da jgufis maCveneblebi sakontrolo F(1,43)=1,354, jgufSi MSE=0,049, eqsperimentis P=0,137. dawyebamde mdgomareobis mxriv iyo sando gansxvaveba. jgufebs Soris Sedarebisas sakontrolo jgufSi asos damatebis mxriv moxda cvlileba, Tumca es cvlileba eqsperimentamde arsebul SedegebTan SedarebiT ar aris mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg Catarebulma mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. Cvens mier savarjiSoebma moaxdina efeqti da eqsperimentul jgufSi arsebuli mdgomareoba Secvala. teqstis kiTxvisas cdis pirebma Seamcires asoebis damateba. (ix. naxazi 21.) 111 4,0 3,5 3,0 Estimated Marginal Means 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 mde ,5 sakontrolo Semdeg eqsperimentuli 4,0 3,5 3,0 Estimated Marginal Means 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 sakontrolo ,5 mde eqsperimentuli Semdeg naxazi 21. asos damatebis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 112 gamotoveba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 25% _ tovebs erT asos, 42% _ tovebs or asos, 29% _ tovebs sam asos, 4% _ tovebs oTx asos. saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 20% _ tovebs erT asos, 28% _ tovebs or asos, 38% _ tovebs sam asos, 7% _ tovebs oTx asos, 7% _ tovebs xuT asos. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 55% _ tovebs erT asos da 36% _ tovebs or asos, 9% _ tovebs sam asos. xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg cdis pirTa 75% tovebs erT asos, xolo 25% cdis “erTi”_erT. pirebTan adgili tovebs or asos. hqonda Semdegi “wiwilebisTvis”_wiwilebiTvis. asoebis gamotovebebs: “saidanRac” _sadRac. “ukrux”_krux. “arCia”_ airCia. “daafrinda”_ dafrinda. “gadaaba” _ gadaba. “datrialda”_ datrida. “saidanRac”_ sidanRac. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze eqsperimentul jgufSi asos gamotoveba korelaciaSia msgavsebis subtestTan r=0,605, p=0,006. cdis pirebs uWirT asoebis sinTezireba, maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis danaxva da teqstis kiTxvisas toveben asoebs, Cven vfiqrobT, rom swored logikuri azrovnebis sisuste ganapirobebs amgvar Secdomebs. xolo sakontrolo jgufSi uaryofiT korelaciaSia CamoTvlis subtestTan r=0,529, p=0,008. rac ufro maRali qulebi aqvT cdis pirebs subtestSi miT ufro naklebad toveben teqstis kiTxvis dros asoebs. rogorc viciT asos optikuri xatis aTvisebis procesi xorcieldeba daxsomebisa da mexsierebaSi mxedvelobiTi xatebis aRdgenis unaris safuZvelze. asos rogorc cnobis yvela procesi, xdeba uSualod aRqmuli mxedvelobiTi xatisa da mis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesatyvisobisas. aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom korelacia xanmokle mexsierebis maCvenebelTan ganapirobebs imas, rom bavSvebs aviwydebaT wakiTxuli aso da kiTxvis dros toveben mas. 113 2,8 2,6 2,4 Estimated Marginal Means 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 mde 1,2 Semdeg eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 2,8 2,6 2,4 Estimated Marginal Means 2,2 2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 sakontrolo 1,2 eqsperimentuli mde Semdeg naxazi 22. asoebis gamotovebis gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. gamotovebasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,37)=59,749, MSE=0,581, P=0,047. interaqciis maCveneblis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,37)=4,240, MSE=0,581, P=0,047. da aseve jgufis maCveneblis 114 statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,37)=0,249, MSE=0,882, P=0,621. (ix. naxazi 22). rogorc dispersiulma analizma gviCvena sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebSi iyo statistikurad sando mdgomareoba eqsperimentis dawyebamde, eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala, eqsperimentul jgufSi gaumjobesda viTareba, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs Cvens mier Catarebuli savarjiSoebis efeqts. gadaadgileba _ am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi sityvaSi erT an ramodenime asos adgils ucvlis. Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde teqstis kiTxvisas cdis pirTa 100% axdens erTi asos gadaadgilebas. xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 55% _ axdens erTi asos gadaadgilebas, 40% _ axdens ori asos gadaadgilebas, 5% _ axdens sami asos gadaadgilebas. (ix. naxazi 120 % % 23). 70 60 100 50 80 40 60 30 40 gada_m 20 1 20 2 0 3 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 10 0 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 23. asoebis gadaadgilebis procentuli maCvenebeli eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 115 eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi suraTi igive rCeba cdis pirTa 100% _ axdens erTi asos gadaadgilebas. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi ki mdgomareoba icvleba cdis pirTa 100% _ axdens erTi asos gadaadgilebas. maSin roca eqsperimentis dawyebamde adgili hqonda asos or da sam gadaadgilebas. rogorc vxedavT savarjiSoebis Catareba aisaxa gvidasturebs moswavleebis asoebis kiTxvis gadaadgilebis unarze, rasac procentuli kidev maCveneblebi. erTxel asoebis gadaadgilebis TvalsazrisiT eqsperimentul jgufSi TandaTan gaumjobesda mdgomareoba da kiTxvis dros Semcirda asoebis gadaadgileba. cdis pirebTan adgili hqonda asoTa Semdeg gadaadgilebebs: “ise”_ ies, ise. ”kruxi”_ kurxi. “aitaca”_ iataca. gorgali”_ gargoli“. “aiRo”_ iaRo. “saidanRac”_ saidRanac. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze irkveva, rom eqsperimentul jgufSi asos gadaadgileba uaryofiT korelaciaSia CamoTvlis subtestTan r=0,527, p=0,043. rogorc jgufebs Soris gansxvavebam gviCvena eqsperimentuli jgufis cdis ”CamoTvlaSi”, pirebs sakontrolosTan miuxedavad amisa Cvens SedarebiT mier dabali Catarebulma qulebi aqvT savarjiSoebma gauvarjiSa maT xanmokle smeniTi mexsiereba da eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg teqstis sakontrolo blokTan kiTxvisas jgufSi asoebis Semcirda asoebis gadaadgileba gadaadgileba. korelaciaSia xolo araverbalur r=0,529, p=0,008. sruli Secvla _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 40% cvlis erT sityvas, 40% cvlis or sityvas, 10% _ cvlis sam sityvas, 10% _ cvlis oTx sityvas. xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 26% _ cvlis erT sityvas, 47% _ cvlis or sityvas, 9% _ cvlis sam sityvas, 12% _ cvlis oTx sityvas, 3% _ cvlis xuT sityvas da 3% _ cvlis rva sityvas. (ix. naxazi 24). eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 89% _ cvlis erT sityvas da 11% _ cvlis or sityvas. xolo eqsperimentis 116 damTavrebis Semdeg saeqsperimento jgufSi cdis pirTa 100% _ cvlis erT sityvas. cdis pirebi teqstis wakiTxvis dros mTlianad cvlidnen sityvebs, magaliTad: sityva “zarmaci” Secvales sityva zari-T. “ezoSi” _ erTs, ors. “ucbad”_ mcibada. “mwyemsavda”_ mwvane. ”daafrinda” _ daabrunda. “erbaSad”_ erTkaSad. “krux”_ kurdR. “ucbad”_ Mcibada. “daafrinda”_ Ddaabrunda. U “uwiwilebod”_ wiluwilebod. “daezara”_ Ddaesxa. “glexi”_ gogona‘. “wiwilebs”_ wigns. “saidanRac”_ saidanac. “gaCnda”_ gaCina. “aitaca”_ kaci. “daezara”_ daezafra. “wiwila”_ arwila. “gauSva”_ dauSava. 12 14 12 10 10 8 sSecv_m 6 8 1 6 2 4 3 sSecv_S 4 5 0 8 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli 2 Count 2 Count 4 1 0 2 sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 24. asoebis sruli Secvlis procentuli maCvenebeli. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde asoebis sruli Secvla uaryofiT korelaciaSia kubebis awyobis subtestTan r=0,693, p=0,006. xolo eqsperimentul jgufSi ki CamoTvlis subtestTan r=0,525, p=0,017. uSualo, xanmokle mexsiereba, aseve 117 fsiqo-motoruli siswrafe da perceptul-motoruli unarebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben asos sworad da konteqstis Sesabamisad amokiTxvaSi. amitomaa, rom cdis pirebs uWirT msgavsi moxazulobis asoebis, magaliTad: d-l; o-r; s-x; g-v;-k; garCeva. da aseve erTmaneTis msgavsi simboloebis garCeva Z-x; m-n; S-w. maSasadame, aRniSnul subtestebSi dabali qulebi ganapirobebs asoebis srul Secvlas da zrdis teqstis kiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas. asos srul SecvlasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,15)=9,761, MSE=0,717, P=0,007. statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda interaqcia F(1,15)=1,562, MSE=0,717, P=0,231. aseve statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda eqsperimentul sandoa, jgufis da sakontrolo miuxedavad F(1,15)=1,537, maCveneblebi imisa, jgufebSi rom MSE=1,022, mdgomareoba eqsperimentis P=0,475. statistikurad damTavrebis Semdeg eqsperimentul jgufSi Semcirda asos sruli Secvlis raodenoba jgufebs Soris statistikurad sando gansxvaveba ar aris. sityvebis gameoreba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 50% _ imeorebs or, 50% _ imeorebs oTx sityvas. xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg cdis pirTa 100% _ imeorebs or sityvas. xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 11% _ imeorebs erT sityvas, 80% _ imeorebs or sityvas, 9% _ imeorebs sam sityvas. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg 100% _ imeorebs or sityvas. cdis sityvebs, pirebi teqstis magaliTad: daafrinda. zarmacma. wakiTxvis sityvas dros zarmaci. xSirad wiwilebs. imeorebdnen Semdeg gorgali. Aaitaca. kalo.K krux-wiwila. Cveni eqsperimentis SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebi yvelaze ufro xSirad imeorebdnen sityvebs: kalo, gorgali da krux-wiwila. es aixsneba imiT, rom es sityvebi maTTvis iyo ucxo, grZeli da rTuli. amasTanave isini cudi 118 mkiTxvelebi arian aso-aso an damarcvliT kiTxuloben, xolo amgvarad wakiTxuli sityva warmoadgens nawilebad xelovnurad dayofils da ar hgavs zepiri metyvelebis Sesabamis sityvas. amitom maSinve ar xdeba misi cnoba, gaazreba. gameorebis gziT bavSvi cdilobs wakiTxuli sityvis cnobas, mis misadagebas misTvis nacnob zepiri metyvelebis gansazRvruli sityvisTvis. amasTanave, gameorebiT bavSvi cdilobs aRadginos dakarguli azrobrivi kavSiri. korelaciuri dawyebamde analizis sityvebis safuZvelze gameoreba irkveva, uaryofiT rom eqsperimentis korelaciaSia CamoTvlis subtestTan (sakontrolo jgufSi) r=0,529, p=0,008. eqsperimentuli jgufSi dadebiT korelaciaSia msgavsebis subtestTan r=0,733, p=0,025. aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom kiTxvis procesSi muSa mexsierebis sisuste ganapirobebs sityvebis xSir gameorebas. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom cdis pirebs sxva SecdomebTan SedarebiT naklebad axasiaTebT sityvebis gameoreba. sityvebis damateba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 100% amatebs erT sityvas, eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdegac maCvenebeli igive gvaqvs 100% erTi sityvis damateba. xolo saeqsperimento jgufSi arc eqsperimentis dawyebamde da arc eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg cdis pirebi kiTxvis procesSi ar amateben arc erT sityvas. sityvebis damatebas adgili hqonda mxolod sakontrolo jgufis cdis pirebTan, Tumca procentuli maCvenebeli am jgufSic dabali iyo. cdis pirebma daamates Semdegi sityvebi: magram, cudad. sityvebis gamotoveba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 50% _ tovebs 119 erT sityvas, 50% _ tovebs or sityvas. saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 100% _ tovebs erT sityvas. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 100% tovebs erT sityvas. xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg saeqsperimento jgufSi cdis pirebi arc erT gamotovebas ar akeTeben. cdis pirebi teqstis wakiTxvis dros xSirad tovebdnen Semdeg sityvebs, magaliTad: erTmaneTs, arsad, gorgali, kaloze. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sityvebis gamotovebas cdis pirebTan naklebi procentuli maCvenebeli qonda. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saeqsperimento jgufSi savarjiSoebis Catarebis Semdeg cdis pirebTan sityvis gamotovebis erTi SemTxvevac ki ar dafiqsirebula. Seyovneba _ Cveni eqsperimentis Sedegebidan irkveva, rom sakontrolo jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 60% _ erTjer yovndeba, 40% _ orjer yovndeba. saeqsperimento jgufSi eqsperimentis dawyebamde cdis pirTa 45% _ erTjer yovndeba, 35% _ orjer yovndeba, 3% _ samjer yovndeba, 8% _ oTxjer yovndeba, 3% _ xuTjer yovndeba, 3% _ eqvsjer da 3% _ cxrajer yovndeba. (ix. naxazi 25). eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirTa 80% erTjer yovndeba, 20% _ orjer yovndeba. saeqsperimento jgufSi ki cdis pirTa 100% _ erTjer yovndeba. rogorc procentul maCvenebelSia mocemuli cdis pirTa umravlesoba teqstis wakiTxvis dros yovndeboda, uWirdaT rTuli da gansakuTrebiT maTTvis ucnobi sityvebis amokiTxva, iseTi sityvebis rogoricaa magaliTad: ukrux-wiwilod, gorgali, kaloze. am sityvebis Sesaxeb m.mirianaSvilic aRniSnavs, rom cdis pirebs gauWirdaT am sityvebis amokiTxva. rac mniSvnelovnad zrdida teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjul dros. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze irkveva, rom Seyovneba eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg uaryofiT korelaciaSia sagnis awyobis subtestTan sakontrolo jgufisTvis r=0,576, p=0,016. xolo eqsperimentis 120 dawyebamde dadebiT korelaciaSia CamoTvlis subtestTan eqsperimentul jgufisTvis r=0,494, p=0,006. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom analizis da sinTezis unari, agreTve xanmokle mexsiereba ganapirobebs kiTxvis dros Seyovnebebs. rac Sesabamisad zrdis teqstis wakiTxvaze 120 % % daxarjul dros. 100 120 100 Seyov_m 80 80 1 60 2 60 3 40 40 4 5 20 Seyov_S 20 6 0 9 sakontrolo 1 0 2 eqsperimentuli sakontrolo eqsperimentuli naxazi 25. Seyovnebis procentuli maCvenebeli eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. SeyovnebasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,19)=6,021, MSE=1,344, P=0,024 gansxvavebis statistikuri sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda interaqciaSi F(1,19)=3,752, MSE=1,344, P=0,068. xolo statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda jgufis maCveneblebi F(1,19)=2,11, teqstis wakiTxvis dros Seyovnebebis MSE=1,529, maCveneblebi P=0,163. eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X2 (mdgomareoba Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X2 (sqesi) ANOVA multifaqtoruli 121 dispersiuli statistikurad analizis sando saSualebiT. efeqti ANOVA_m F(1,17)=252,416, aCvena MSE=0,089, statistikurad sando aRmoCnda interaqcia F(1,17)=232,870, P=0,0001. agreTve MSE=0,089, P=0,0001. F(1,17)=64,918, xolo zRvruli aRmoCnda jgufis maCveneblebi mdgomareobis MSE=0,281, P=0,0001. (ix. naxazi 26). sakontrolo 1.6 1.5 Estimated Marginal Means 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 mde 1.0 Semd biWi gogo eqsperimentuli 10 8 Estimated Marginal Means 6 4 2 mde 0 biWi Semd gogo naxazi 26. asoebis gamotovebis gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT jgufebs Soris da Sig jgufebSi eqsperimentamde da eqsperimentis Semdeg. 122 maSasadame, rogorc eqsperimentul masalaTa analizma cxadhyo, saeqsperimento jgufis cdis pirebi ukeT daeuflnen kiTxvas, misi samive niSnis: kiTxvis tempis, teqstis gagebis da Secdomebis raodenobisa da xasiaTis mixedviT. kiTxvis tempis raodenobrivi maCveneblebis statistikuri sandooba maRalia; Secdomebis raodenoba saeqsperimento jgufSi naklebia, Tvisobrivad gacilebiT naklebia: xmovnis, Tanxmovnis, asos damatebis, gamotovebis da gadaadgilebis ricxvi. eqsperimentul Carevamde arsebul mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT gaaumjobesda wakiTxuli teqstis gageba. 3.5. kiTxvis unarTan normisa da dabali inteleqtis donis SedarebiTi analizis Sedegebi. sakontrolo jgufSi cdis pirebis 43,3% moTavsebulia dabali inteleqtis (mosazRvre (arasrulyofileba) da msubuqi gonebrivi CamorCena) donis diapazonSi, xolo cdis pirTa 56,7% moTavsebulia normis (saSualo da saSualoze dabali) diapazonSi. eqsperimentul jgufSi 63,3% moTavsebulia dabali inteleqtis (mosazRvre (arasrulyofileba) da msubuqi gonebrivi CamorCena) moTavsebulia donis normis (saSualo gamokvleuli pirebidan moTavsebulia 43,9% diapazonSi, da xolo saSualoze cdis dabali) pirTa 36,7% diapazonSi. dabali inteleqtis mqone cdis pirTa jgufSi biWi da 73,7% gogona, xolo normaluri inteleqtis mqone cdis pirTa jgufSi 56,1% biWi da 26,3% gogona. (ix. cxrili 15 da 16). cxrili 15. procentuli maCveneblebi raodenobis mixedviT. jgufi Dinteleqtis sakontrolo eqsperimentuli jgufi jgufi 43,3% 63,3% 56,7% 36,7% dabali done Einteleqtis normaluri done 123 cxrili 16. procentuli maCveneblebi sqesis mixedviT. jgufi sqesi Dinteleqtis gogona biWi 73,7% 43,9% 26,3% 56,1% dabali done Einteleqtis normaluri done statistikurad erTmaneTisgan sandod ar gansxvavdeba cdis pirTa ganawileba inteleqtis donis mixedviT, xolo inteleqtis donis Sesabamisad gamoyofil jgufebSi sqesis mixedviT cdis pirebis ganawileba erTmaneTisgan statistikurad sandod gansxvavdeba X2=4,627, df=1, p=0,031. % (ix.naxazi 27). 100 80 60 40 20 dabali 0 norma biWi gogo naxazi 27. procentuli maCvenebeli sqesis mixedviT. sakontrolo jgufSi statistikurad zRvruli damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da sagnis awyobis subtests Soris (X2=14,050, 124 df=8, p=0,080). sakontrolo jgufSi statistikurad sando damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da kiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas Soris warmomdgenlebTan (X2=15,010, inteleqtis df=8, donis p=0,059). mixedviT sakontrolo gamoyofil jgufis jgufebSi IQ maCveneblebis %-uli ganawilebebi erTmaneTisgan statistikurad zRvrulad aRmoCnda gansxvavebuli. (X2=30,000, df=21, p=0,092) (ix.naxazi 28). sakontrolo sakontrolo % % 120 120 sagn_awy 100 1 2 80 Secd_S 100 3 4 80 3 4 60 5 6 60 5 40 6 7 40 8 7 20 9 20 8 0 10 dabali naxazi 28. 10 0 12 norma dabali norma procentuli maCveneblebi sakontrolo jgufSi. eqsperimentul jgufSi statistikurad sando damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da subtest msgavsebans Soris (X2=17,799, df=10, p=0,058). statistikurad zRvruli damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da sagnis awyobis subtests Soris. eqsperimentuli jgufis warmomdgenlebTan inteleqtis donis mixedviT gamoyofil jgufebSi erTmaneTisgan statistikurad zRvrulad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. (X2=14,211, df=8, p=0,076). (X2=30,000, df=20, IQ maCveneblebis %-uli ganawilebebi p=0,070). (ix.naxazi 29). 125 120 % % MSGAVSEB eqsperimentuli eqsperimentuli 2 120 sagn_awy 100 1 2 80 3 100 4 5 80 6 3 4 60 7 60 8 5 40 6 7 20 40 9 11 20 12 8 0 10 dabali 0 13 dabali norma norma naxazi 29. procentuli maCveneblebi eqsperimentuli jgufSi. kvlevaSi ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi Wechsler-is inteleqtis skalis TiToeuli subtestisaTvis da jamuri maCveneblisaTvis _ kvlevaSi monawile sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis dabali da normaluri inteleqtis mqone cdis pirebisTvis. (ixileT cxrili 17). cxrili 17. inteleqtis dabali donis mqone jgufisaTvis Wechsler-is subtestebis saSualo maCveneblebi. IQ subt. 1 msgav. MM M (σ) subt. 2 CamoT. subt. 3 kubebi subt. 4 sag.awy. verbal.B bloki araver. bloki M (σ) sakontrolo jgufi 4.62 (2.7) 5.85 (1.9) 5.92 (2.3) 2.92 (2.3) 73..92 (11.01) 61.15 (12.46) 66. (10.14) eqsperimentuli jgufi 4.53 (2.2) 4.79 (2.7) 5.05 (2.3) 3.05 (2.6) 73.16 (9.19) 63.37 (9.03) 66.68 (7.6) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) cxrili 17. inteleqtis normaluri donis mqone jgufisaTvis Wechsler-is subtestebis saSualo maCveneblebi. 126 IQ subt. 1 msgav. MM M (σ) subt. 2 CamoT. subt. 3 kubebi subt. 4 sag.awy. verbal.B bloki araver. bloki M (σ) sakontrolo jgufi 7.18 (3.2) 8.59 (2.1) 7.41 (1.8) 5.24 (2.3) 96..35 (10.28) 80.88 (8.78) 86.76 (4.89) eqsperimentuli jgufi 8.09 (2.9) 7.73 (2.6) 7.91 (1.8) 5.18 (2.5) 90.91 (10.79) 82.09 (8.29) 87.73 (4.8) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) dabali da normaluri donis inteleqtis cdis pirebis SesrulebaSi statistikurad sando gansxvaveba gamovlinda yvela subtestSi: “msgavseba” t(28)=3,800, p=0001. “CamoTvla” t(28)=2,892, p=007. “kubebi” t(28)=3,501, p=002. “sagnis awyoba” t(28)=2,189, p=037. “verbaluri bloki” t(28)=4,578, p=0001. “araverbaluri bloki” t(28)=5,635, p=001. “sruli qula” IQ t(27,693)=9,287, p=0001. (ix. naxazi 30) rogorc ukve avRniSneT xanmokle smeniTi mexsiereba, fsiqo-motoruli aqtivoba, abstraqtuli azrovneba, sivrceSi orientacia xels uwyobs bavSvis warmatebas kiTxvaSi, xolo aqedan gamomdinare dabali inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebTan bunebrivia is problemebi, romlebic maT kiTxvis procesSi eqmnebaT, Tumca Cvens mier SerCeuli savarjiSoebi erTnairad efeqturi aRmoCnda dabali inteleqtis donis mqone da normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebisaTvis. eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 msgavsebani msgavsebani 6 4 2 0 N= 4 2 0 N= 13 17 dabali norma 19 11 dabali norma 127 eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 12 14 10 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 9 2 N= 13 17 dabali norma CamoTvla CamoTvla 16 12 2 0 N= 19 11 dabali norma eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 12 12 10 10 5 8 8 6 6 4 4 24 2 kubebi kubebi 14 3 10 0 N= 13 17 dabali norma 2 0 N= 12 10 10 8 8 6 6 sagnis awyoba sagnis awyoba 11 norma eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 12 4 2 0 N= 19 dabali 13 17 dabali norma 50 4 2 0 N= 19 11 dabali norma 128 eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 110 130 120 100 2 24 25 110 90 100 80 90 70 60 verbaluri verbaluri 80 70 60 50 N= 13 17 dabali norma 60 50 40 N= 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 araverbaluri araverbaluri 11 norma eqsperimentuli sakontrolo 100 60 50 40 N= 19 dabali 13 17 dabali norma 60 50 57 40 N= sakontrolo 19 11 dabali norma eqsperimentuli 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 IQ IQ 50 40 N= 13 17 dabali norma 50 N= 19 11 dabali norma naxazi 30. dabali da normaluri inteleqtis jgufebs Soris subtestebis Sesrulebis gansxvaveba. 129 kvlevaSi ganisazRvra saSualo maCveneblebi kiTxvis donis dasadgen teqstze daxarjuli drois, daSvebuli Secdomebis da teqstis gagebis jamuri maCveneblisTvis kvlevaSi monawile sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli jgufis dabali da normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebisaTvis, eqsperimentis Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg. (ix. cxrili 18 da 19). cxrili 18. dabali inteleqtis cdis pirTa kiTxvis testSi daSvebuli Secdomebis, wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois da teqstis gagebis saSualo maCveneblebi. teqstis dro (mde) M (σ) teqstis dro (Semd.) Secdomebi (mde) Secdomebi (Semd.) teqstis gageba(mde) teqstis gageba(Sem) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) sakontrolo 7.67 (4.1) 12 (4.3) 6.07 (3.17) 6.85 (2.4) 1.62 (.65) 2.08 (.64) eqsperimentuli 8.22 (5.3) 14.59 (4.8) 4.94 (3.1) 3.47 (1.2) 1.32 (.48) 2.37 (.9) cxrili 19. normaluri inteleqtis cdis pirTa kiTxvis testSi daSvebuli Secdomebis, wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois da teqstis gagebis saSualo maCveneblebi. teqstis dro (mde) M (σ) teqstis dro (Semd.) Secdomebi (mde) Secdomebi (Semd.) teqstis gageba(mde) teqstis gageba(Sem) 7.53 (2.4) 13.64 (5.8) 3.11 (1.5) 5.36 (3.5) 4.65 (1.4) 3.45 (.93) 2.06 (.75) 1.73 (.65) 2.29 (.85) 2.64 (.81) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) M (σ) sakontrolo 3.64 (1.7) 9.62 (6.7) eqsperimentuli kvlevaSi daSvebuli ganisazRvra Secdomebis eqsperimentuli Carevis saSualo Tvisobriv Semdeg maCveneblebi analizSi kvlevaSi teqstis eqsperimentis monawile wakiTxvisas Carevamde sakontrolo da da eqsperimentuli jgufis dabali da normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebisaTvis. (ix. cxrili 20 da 21). cxrili 20. eqsperimentamde inteleqtis donis mixedviT cdis pirTa kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli. eqsperimentamde inteleqtisDdabali done inteleqtis normaluri done M (σ) M (σ) 130 sakontrolo xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi gadaadgileba damateba gamotoveba sruli Secvla E eqsperimentuli S sakontrolo eqsperimntuli 2.10 2.12 1.42 1.6 (.88) (.93) (.67) (.70) 2.2 2. 1.7 2. (.92) (.87) (.82) (1.12) 1. 1.64 1. 1.25 (.) (.67) (.) (.5) 2.38 3.11 1.86 3.36 (1.39) (1.18) (.77) (2.8) 2.31 2.31 1.91 3. (.85) (.87) (.83) (1.5) 2.15 2.53 1.43 2.33 (1.07) (1.92) (.53) (1.) 1.86 3. 2.5 (38) (1.2) (.71) sityvebis gameoreba 1. sityvebis damateba sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba … .. 1. 2. 1. (.) (..) .. 1.54 2.32 1.31 2. (.52) (1.95) (.48) (1.7) cxrili 21. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg inteleqtis donis mixedviT cdis pirTa kiTxvadobis testis Tvisobrivi analizis saSualo maCvenebeli. eqsperimentis damTavrebis inteleqtisDdabali done inteleqtis normaluri done M (σ) M (σ) Semdeg sakontrolo xmovnebi Tanxmovnebi eqeqsperimentuli sakontrolo eeqsperimentuli 1.29 1.18 1.17 1. (.49) (40) (.39) .. 1.56 1.30 1.22 1.13 (.73) (.48) (.44) (.35) 131 1. 1. 1. 1. .. .. .. .. 1.5 1. 1.46 1.29 (.80) .. (.52) (.76) 1.46 1.20 1.67 1.33 (.66) (.42) (.71) (.5) 1.22 1. 1. 1. (.44) .. .. .. 2. 2. 2. .. .. .. gadaadgileba damateba gamotoveba sruli Secvla sityvebis gameoreba 1. .. sityvebis damateba 1. .. sityvebis gamotoveba Seyovneba 1.3 1. 1. 1. (.48) .. .. .. eqsperimentis dawyebamde dabali inteleqtis donis jgufSi teqstis kiTxvisas cdis pirTa 63,1% cvlis 1-2 xmovans, xolo cdis pirTa 37% cvlis 3-4 xmovans. normaluri inteleqtis donis jgufSi cdis pirTa 90,9% cvlis 1-2 xmovans, xolo cdis pirTa 9,1% cvlis 3 xmovans. statistikurad sando damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da xmovnis Secvlas Soris (X2=6,452, df=3, p=0,092). inteleqtis dabali donis mqone cdis pirTa xmovnis Secvla, gacilebiT metia normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirTa mier daSvebuli xmovnis Secvlis raodenobaze. amasTanave xmovnis oTxi Secvla axasiaTebT mxolod dabali inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebs. (ix. naxazi 31). 132 % 120 100 80 60 xmovn_m 40 1 2 20 3 0 4 dabali norma naxazi 31. eqsperimentamde xmovnis Secdomebis procentuli maCvenebeli dabali da normaluri inteleqtis donis jgufebSi. eqsperimentis dawyebamde teqstis gagebaSi dabali inteleqtis donis cdis pirTa 59,4% _ Sefasda 1 quliT, cdis pirTa 37,5% Sefasda 2 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 3,1% _ Sefasda 3 quliT. normaluri inteleqtis mqone cdis pirebis 28,6% Sefasda 1 quliT, xolo cdis pirTa 50% Sefasda 2 quliT. cdis pirTa 21,4% Sefasda 3 quliT. statistikurad sando damokidebuleba gamovlinda inteleqtis donesa da teqstis gagebas Soris (X2=7,976, df=2, p=0,019). teqstis gagebaSi normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebs dabali inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebTan SedarebiT maRali qulebi aqvT. (ix.naxazi 32). 133 % 100 80 60 40 tq_gag_m 20 1 2 0 3 dabali norma naxazi 32. eqsperimentamde teqstis gagebis procentuli maCvenebeli dabali da normaluri inteleqtis donis jgufebSi. xolo, dabali inteleqtis donis jgufisa da normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone jgufis cdis pirebis SesrulebaSi gamovlenili gansxvavebis mixedviT sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda: “teqstis gagebisaTvis” t(28)=1,996, p=056. Cven vfiqrobT, rom teqstis gaazreba ufro Rrma kvlevas saWiroebs, xolo rac Seexeba Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebs is korelaciaSia asakTan da cxadia pirvelklasel moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT ki imaT visac problemebi aqvT kiTxvaSi uWirT teqstis Sinaarsis gageba. teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois maCvenebeli eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (mdgomareoba _ Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X 2 jgufis (sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X 2 (jgufi _ inteleqtis dabali da normaluri donis) ANOVA multifaqtoruli saSualebiT. ANOVA-m aCvena mdgomareobis dispersiuli F(1,56)=55,812, analizis MSE=3,008, p=0,0001 da 134 f(1,56)=5,115, MSE=27,151, p=0,028 statistikurad sando efeqtebi, xolo jgufis interaqciebi ar gamovlinda. kerZod, gamovlinda, gaaumjobesa rom inteleqtis saeqsperimento jgufSi statistikurad sando eqsperimentulma dabali da donis teqstis maCveneblebiT Carevam cdis pirebis wakiTxvaze Seamcira. mkiTxveli swrafad unda kiTxulobdes, amitom gansakuTrebiT mdgomareoba daxarjuli rogorc dro viciT kargi migvaCnia, rom wakiTxvaze daxarjuli drois Semcireba mniSvnelovan warmatebad unda CaiTvalos. Secdomebis gansasazRvravad maCveneblebi eqsperimentul eqsperimentuli Carevamde da mis Carevis Semdeg efeqtis damuSavda 2 (jgufi_ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X 2 (mdgomareoba _ Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X 2 (jgufi_ inteleqtis dabali da normaluri done) ANOVA multifaqtoruli dispersiuli analizis saSualebiT. ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando efeqti F(1,55)=186,722, MSE=8,215, p=0,0001; statistikurad sando efeqti ar gamovlinda interaqciebSi; xolo jgufis efeqtis sandooba zRvruli aRmoCnda F(1,56)=4,409, rogorc dispersiuli eqsperimentul damTavrebis efeqturi jgufSi Semdeg, aRmoCnda analizis Sedegebidan mniSvnelovnad maSasadame rogorc Cvens dabali MSE=13,474, p=0,040. irkveva gaumjobesda mier eqsperimentis Catarebuli inteleqtis mdgomareoba savarjiSoebi donis mqone cdis pirebisTvis aseve normaluri inteleqtis donis mqoneTaTvis. xmovnis sando efeqti SecvlasTan F(1,31)=39,474, ANOVA_m aCvena MSE=0,288, mdgomareobis P=0,0001. statistikurad statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda interaqciebi da jgufis maCveneblebi. eqsperimentis dawyebamde jgufebs Semdeg Soris sando mniSvnelovnad mdgomareobis mdgomareobaa, gaumjobesda gaumjobeseba moxda Tumca eqsperimentis mdgomareoba orTave damTavrebis eqsperimentul jgufSi: dabali jgufSi. inteleqtis donis da normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebTan. moswavleebi 135 kiTxvisas nakleb xmovnebs cvlian. maSasadame, savarjiSoebi daexmara maT, am rTuli problemis daZlevaSi. Tanxmovnis SecvlasTan ANOVA_m aCvena mdgomareobis statistikurad sando F(1,32)=26,074, efeqti MSE=0,334, P=0,0001. statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda interaqciebi da jgufis maCveneblebi. eqsperimentis dawyebamde jgufebs Soris statistikurad sando mdgomareobaa, xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg mdgomareoba Seicvala, cdis pirebma Seamcires Tanxmovnis Secvla, rac adasturebs Cvens mier gamoyenebuli savarjiSoebis efeqturobas. zogadi monacemebis procentuli maCveneblebis safuZvelze teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebidan procentulad yvelaze meti Secdoma gamovlinda xmovnisa da Tanxmovnis Secvlaze, xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg aRniSnuli mdgomareoba gamosworda, rac kidev erTxel efeqturobas adasturebs rogorc Cvens dabali mier gamoyenebuli inteleqtis aseve meToduri normaluri xerxis inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebTan. teqstis gageba wakiTxuli teqstis gagebis maCveneblebi eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqtis gansasazRvravad eqsperimentul Carevamde da mis Semdeg damuSavda 2 (jgufi _ sakontrolo da eqsperimentuli) X2 (mdgomareoba Carevamde da Carevis Semdeg) X2 (dabali da normaluri inteleqtis donis jgufi) ANOVA ANOVA_m aCvena MSE=0,287, multifaqtoruli mdgomareobis p=0,0001. xolo dispersiuli statistikurad interaqciebi analizis sando da efeqti jgufis saSualebiT. F(1,56)=44,086, maCveneblebi satatistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda. Cvens mier Catarebuli savarjiSoebis inteleqtis donis mqone, pirebTan gaumjobesda teqstis gagebis aseve teqstis mxriv dabali gageba, Semdeg inteleqtis gaazreba. savarjiSoebis rogorc normaluri donis maSasadame, Catarebam mqone cdis wakiTxuli efeqturi gaxada mdgomareoba. 136 korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze dawyebamde dabali inteleqtis irkveva, rom eqsperimentis mqone cdis pirebis asaki korelaciaSia asoebis srul SecvlasTan r=0,443, p=0,018. xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg uaryofiT korelaciaSia teqstis gagebasTan r=0,476, p=0,006. eqsperimentis dawyebamde subtesti “sagnis awyoba” korelaciaSia asoebis damatebasTan r=0,363, p=0,045. eqsperimentis bloki uaryofiT damTavrebis Semdeg korelaciaSia inteleqtis daSvebuli testis Secdomebis verbaluri raodenobasTan r=0,355, p=0,046. eqsperimentis dawyebamde daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenoba korelaciaSia teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjul drosTan r=0,57, p=0,001, xmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,619, p=0,001, Tanxmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,687, p=0,0001, asoebis damatebasTan r=0,656, korelaciaSia p=0,0001. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg dadebiT xmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,477, p=0,045, Tanxmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,601, p=0,006, asoebis damatebasTan r=0,706, p=0,0001, asoebis gamotovebasTan r=0,548, p=0,007. eqsperimentis dawyebamde teqstis gageba korelaciaSia xmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,541, p=0,004, xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg asoebis damatebasTan r=0,491, p=0,013. eqsperimentis dawyebamde Tanxmovnis Secdomebi korelaciaSia asoebis damatebasTan r=0,393, p=0,047 da asoebis gamotovebasTan r=0,459, p=0,021. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze irkveva, rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde normaluri inteleqtis mqone cdis pirebis asaki uaryofiT korelaciaSia SeyovnebasTan r=0,436, p=0,037. eqsperimentis korelaciaSia dawyebamde asoebis subtesti gamotovebasTan “sagnis r=0,555, awyoba” p=0,011 da uaryofiT SeyovnebasTan r=0,459, p=0,028. uaryofiT korelaciaSia aseve teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjul 137 drosTan r=0,434, p=0,021 eqsperimentamde da aseve eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg r=0,416, p=0,028. eqsperimentis dawyebamde CamoTvla uaryofiT korelaciaSia asoebis gadaadgilebasTan r=0,713, p=0,031. xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg asoebis damatebasTan r=0,585, p=0,007 da teqstis gagebasTan r=0,380, p=0,046. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg subtesti msgavsebani uaryofiT korelaciaSia xmovnis SecvlasTan r=0,536, p=0,027. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Sedeg subtesti kubebi korelaciaSia teqstis gagebasTan r=0,409, p=0,031. eqsperimentis dawyebamde inteleqtis testis verbaluri bloki korelaciaSia teqstis gagebasTan r=0,475, p=0,011. teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dro asoebis korelaciaSia gamotovebasTan r=0,568, p=0,009, Secdomebis raodenobasTan r=0,454, p=0,015 da SeyovnebasTan r=0,710, p=0,0001. eqsperimentis dawyebamde xmovnis Secvla korelaciaSia daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobasTan r=0,485 p=0,022. eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg asoebis gamotovebasTan r=0,747, p=0,033 da asoebis damatebasTan r=0,548, p=0,043. korelaciuri analizis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dabali inteleqtis donis da normaluri inteleqtis mqone jgufebSi inteleqtis testis verbaluri bloki ganapirobebs teqstis wakiTxvis dros daSvebuli Secdomebis mniSvnelovan teqstis raodenobas kavSirSia gagebasTan da da teqstis asoebis kiTxvis gagebas. damatebasTan, dros subtesti asoebis daxarjul sagnis awyoba gamotovebasTan, drosTan. xmovnis da Tanxmovnis Secvla ganapirobebs daSvebuli Secdomebis raodenobas da aseve zegavlenas axdens kiTxvis dros daSvebul sxva Secdomebze. miuxedavad amisa cdis pirebTan varjiSis Semdeg Semcirda Secdomebis raodenoba da aseve teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dro. rac kidev erTxel adasturebs eqsperimentuli Carevis efeqturobas. 138 maSasadame, rogorc eqsperimentul masalaTa analizma cxadhyo, saeqsperimento jgufSi inteleqtis dabali da normaluri donis cdis pirebma erTnairad gaaumjobeses kiTxva, misi samive niSnis: kiTxvis tempis, teqstis gagebis da Secdomebis raodenobisa da xasiaTis mixedviT. 139 d a s k v n e b i 1. Cvens mier SerCeuli raodenobis savarjiSoebis statistikurad eqsperimentis Secdomebis sando dawyebamde eqsperimentuli Carevis wakiTxvis saSualo Semdeg iwvevs maCveneblebiT teqstis raodenobis Catareba Semcirebas. dros maCvenebeli daSvebuli Secdomebis Tu daSvebuli iyo 14.20 Secdomebis (5.1) raodenobis saSualo maCvenebeli aris 3.47 (1.0). maSasadame, Cvens mier SerCeuli meToduri xerxi daexmara moswavleebs kiTxvis problemis daZlevaSi. 2. eqsperimentulma Carevam gamoiwvia cdis pirebTan wakiTxuli teqstis saSualo dros mniSvnelovani statistikurad sando maCveneblebiT Semcireba. Tu eqsperimentis dawyebamde teqstis wakiTxvaze daxarjuli dros saSualo maCvenebeli iyo 8:73 (5.81) xolo eqsperimentis damTavrebis Semdeg saSualo maCvenebeli aris 5.09 (3.27). rogorc viciT kargi mkiTxveli swrafad unda kiTxulobdes, amitom migvaCnia, rom wakiTxvaze unda daxarjuli CaiTvalos. drois maSasadame, Semcireba mniSvnelovan Catarebulma warmatebad savarjiSoebma am mxriv mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa. 3. eqsperimentuli Carevis Semdeg Secdomebis Tvisobrivma analizma gamoavlina, rom statistikurad sandod Semcirda: xmovnis, Tanxmovnis, asoebis damatebis, asoebis gamotovebis, asoebis gadaadgilebis, asoebis sruli Secvlis da teqstis kiTxvisas Seyovnebis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. Catarebuli savarjiSoebis Semdeg iklo Secdomebis raodenobam da mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. maSasadame, Cvens mier SerCeuli meToduri xerxi efeqturi aRmoCnda. 4. cnobilia, rom inteleqti pirdapir kavSirSia momaval miRwevebTan. Tumca inteleqtis koeficientis codna ar iZleva momavali warmatebis zusti prognozis saSualebas, am SemTxvevaSi maswavleblisagan meti Zalixmevaa saWiro da swavlebis iseTi xerxebis SerCeva, rac efeqturs gaxdis iZleva kiTxvis dauflebas. Cvens mier SerCeuli meToduri amis saSualebas, radgan erTnairad iwvevs xerxi kiTxvis 140 gaumjobesebas rogorc dabali inteleqtis aseve normaluri inteleqtis donis mqone cdis pirebTan. 5. Cvens mier mexsierebis kiTxvis Catarebulma da gamokvlevam yuradRebis dros: asoebis gamoavlina koncentraciis srul xanmokle smeniTi mniSvnelovani kavSiri SecvlasTan, gadaadgilebasTan, gamotovebasTan, sityvebis gameorebasTan, SecdomebTan, SeyovnebasTan, teqstis gagebasTan da kiTxvaze 6. Cvens mier Catarebulma perceptul_motoruli da daxarjul drosTan. gamokvlevam gamoavlina rom, siswrafis unari fsiqo_motoruli mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros asoebis srul SecvlasTan da wakiTxuli teqstis gagebasTan. 7. analizisa da sinTezis unari mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros: SeyovnebasTan da wakiTxulis gaazrebasTan. 8. inteleqtis done (IQ) mniSvnelovan kavSirSia kiTxvis dros daSvebul SecdomebTan da wakiTxuli teqstis gaazrebasTan. 9. kiTxvis darRvevebis mqone bavSvTa procentulad maRali maCvenebeli SeiniSneba biWebSi, vidre gogonebSi. 10. Cvens mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam gamoavlina, rom inteleqtis donis (IQ) mixedviT kiTxvis problemis mqone bavSvTa 46,5% aqvs _ saSualo da saSualoze dabali inteleqti, xolo 53,5% aqvs _ msubuqi gonebrivi CamorCena da mosazRvre arasrulyofileba. miuxedavad amisa meTodma erTnairad efeqturad imuSava, rogorc dabali inteleqtis aseve normaluri inteleqtis mqone cdis pirebTan. 11. statistikurad sando korelacia gamovlinda dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebis inteleqtsa da akademiur moswrebas Soris. sabolood SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Cveni hipoTeza gamarTlda: Cvens mier SerCeuli unaris savarjiSoebi gaumjobesebaSi daexmara da pirvelklasel erTnairad efeqturi moswavleebs kiTxvis aRmoCnda, rogorc normaluri inteleqtis aseve dabali inteleqtis mqone cdis pirebisaTvis. 141 gamoyenebuli literatura 1. aslaniSvili m. vaswavloT patara bavSvebs swrafi kiTxva qarTulad. Tbilisi, 2001 2. aslaniSvili m. adreuli kiTxvis meTodur-fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi (4-5 weli) avtoreferati. 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Reform of the Mental HealtH act 1983. an effective tribunal system British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 14-22. 146 danarTi inteleqtis (WISC-R-is) sakvlevis testi kvlevaSi gamoviyeneT WISC-R (veqsleris inteleqtis sakvlevi testi), romelic Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: verbaluri da araverbaluri. verbaluri blokidan gamoviyeneT Semdegi subtestebi: codna, msgavsebani, ariTmetika, mixvedriloba, CamoTvla. xolo araverbaluri blokidan Semdegi subtestebi: naxatis dasruleba, siuJeturi suraTebi, kubebis awyoba, sagnis awyoba, kodireba. verbaluri bloki. “codna”_ testis es nawili avlens bavSvis zogad codnas, nawilobriv afasebs ganswavlulobas da mexsierebas. subtestis qulebiT fasdeba bavSvis interesebi, zogadi ganaTleba, socialuri garemo, kiTxvis Cveva. “msgavsebani”_ bavSvs eZleva am davaleba, subtestSi daadginos erTmaneTs, ra aqvT saerTo. am abstraqtuli azrovnebis warmodgenilia da ganmartos, subtestiT unars, ikvleven sityvebis riT wyvilebi. gvanan isini bavSvis logikuri da anu unars, gaanalizos or cnebas Soris arsebuli kavSirebi. “ariTmetika”_ am subtestSi warmodgenilia ariTmetikuli amocanebi, romlebic zepirad ixsneba patarebisaTvis, masSi CarTulia Cveulebrivi daTvlis amocanebi. bolo sami amocana gamosacdelebs furcelze dawerili eZlevaT. bavSvebs SeuZliaT TviTon gaecnon maT. es subtesti ikvlevs angariSis codnas, yeradRebas, amocanaze koncentraciis unars, xanmokle smeniT mexsierebas. “mixvedriloba”_ zogadad es kiTxvebi socialur mixvedrilobas exeba. aq vlindeba Tu ramdenad Seswevs bavSvs unari gamoiyenos da organizeba gaukeTos yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi miRebul Tavis codnas, anu ramdenad adaptirebulia igi socialur garemoSi da ramdenad Seswevs unari Tavisi codna gadaitanos praqtikaSi. 147 “CamoTvla” _ bavSvs eZleva verbaluri ricxvebis rigi, romelic man igive TanmimdevrobiT unda gaimeoros es subtesti avlens bavSvis yuradRebis koncentraciis unars da xanmokle smeniT mexsierebas. Sedegebze aseve gavlenas axdens bavSvis impulsuroba, SfoTva da ganlevadoba. araverbaluri performuli bloki. “naxatis dasruleba”_ es subtesti bavSvs avalebs moaxdinos imis identifikacia, Tu ra aklia mocemul naxats. igi sazRvravs bavSvis aRqmis unars, yuradRebas, mexsierebas, detalebze yuradRebis mipyrobis koncefcias, aseve iZleva informacias bavSvis SesaZleblobebze, gaarCios arsebiTi detali meorexarisxovanisagan. “suraTebis suraTebi. areulad Tanmimdevroba”_ subtesti dawyobili bavSvisgan suraTebi es aris moiTxovs ise, rom komiqsis JanrSi daxatuli Tanmimdevrulad daalagos gamovides azris mqone ambavi, moTxroba. imisaTvis, rom davaleba sworad Sesruldes, bavSvma jer unda aRiqvas da Semdeg gaiazros mTeli situacia. es subtesti zomavs mis unars, mTlianobaSi Cawvdes situaciis arss. Sedegebze gavlenas axdens bavSvis yuradRebis koncentraciis unari, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis da movlenis droSi ganviTarebis danaxvis SesaZlebloba. “kubebis awyoba”_ am subtestSi feradi kubebiT bavSvma unda aagos nimuSis Sesabamisi figura. es subtesti ikvlevs nimuSiT xelmZRvanelobiT unars, perceptul-motorul unars, fsiqo-motoruli siswrafis, analizisa da sinTezis unars, amasTan, mis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens feris garCevis unari, frustraciis mimarT tolerantoba. subtesti mgrZnobiarea pirovnebis rigidulobis an problemis sxarti da moqnili gadawyvetis unaris mimarT. “sagnis awyoba” _ am subtestSi bavSvs eZleva nacnobi sagani da rac SeiZleba swrafad unda aawyos is nawilebisgan. es subtesti avlens bavSvis mier nawilebis gamocnobis analizisa da sinTezis unarebs. fsiqo-motorul sisxartes. gansakuTrebiT kargad vlindeba bavSvis midgoma davalebis Sesrulebis mimarT (advilad xom ar eufleba marcxis grZnoba). 148 “kodireba”_ am subtestSi Cadebulia morzes anbanis principi. bavSvma gansazRvrul droSi gamosaxulebis qveS. bavSvebisaTvis da unda aq miaweros aris meore 8 ori wlis garkveuli tipis zeviT. niSnebi davaleba; gavlenas sxvadasxva erTi 8 axdens wlamde Sesrulebis siswrafe. es subtesti ikvlevs daswavlisa da aRdgenis unars, fsiqomotorul sisxartes, yuradRebis koncentraciis unars. yoveli subtestis Catareba da miRebuli pasuxebis Sefaseba zustad aris reglamentirebuli. dawvrilebiT aris tests aRwerili aqvs subtestis saxelmZRvanelo, Catarebis romelSic wesebi, miRebuli pasuxebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi; aqvea mocemuli standartuli cxrilebi yoveli asakobrivi jgufisaTvis. TiToeuli subtestis Sefasebisas miRebuli qulebi Seesabamiseba cxrilSi mocemul skalur qulebs. verbaluri da araverbaluri subtestebis skaluri qulebi jamdeba calk-calke. maT Seesabamiseba calke verbaluri da calke araverbaluri blokebi. sruli, jamuri qulis dadgena xdeba specialuri cxriliT, verbaluri da araverbaluri skaluri qulebis SejamebiT. statistikuri analizis kompiuteruli programiT SPSS-iT davamuSaveT subtestebi _ msgavseba, CamoTvla, kubebis awyoba, sagnis awyoba, aseve verbaluri bloki, araverbaluri bloki da testis sruli (jamuri) IQ qula. kiTxvadobis sakvlevi testi. moswavlis kiTxvis donis dasadgenad gamoviyeneT kiTxvadobis sakvlevi aprobirebuli testi, romelic gamoyenebuli hqonda m.mirianaSvils Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi. ”zarmacma Sin darCena teqsti aseTi iyo: arCia. Kkrux-wiwila rom arsad wasuliyo, zarmacma aiRo gorgali, gadaaba erTmaneTs wiwilebi da kruxi da ise gauSva kaloze. Uucbad saidanRac gaCnda qori, daafrinda krux-wiwilas da erTbaSad aitaca yvela. darCa ukrux-wiwilod zarmaci.” 149 SerCeul monakveTSi aRwerilia patara, dasrulebuli ambavi, romlis dedaazri faruli ar aris. igi uSualod aris teqstSi mocemuli: zarmacis araswor saqciels krux-wiwililis daRupva mohyva. cdas vatarebdiT individualurad. cdis piri ijda, merxze mis win ido qaRaldi am teqstiT. bavSvTan piradi kontaqtis damyarebis Semdeg vaZlevdiT instruqcias: “am furcelze patara ambavi weria, Sen es ambavi dakvirvebiT unda wamikiTxo xmamaRla, aba daiwye.” vinaidan kiTxvis dones qmnis sami komponenti: kiTxvis tempi, Secdomebis raodenoba da xasiaTi, wakiTxulis gageba. bavSvis mier kiTxvis procesSi daSvebul Secdomebs viniSnavdiT daxarjul oqmSi dros. da xolo kiTxvis Semdeg damTavrebisTanave viwerdiT kiTxvaze bavSvs kiTxvebs, romelTa vaZlevdiT meSveobiT unda dagvedgina bavSvis mier wakiTxulis gagebis done. 1. rogor mouara glexma wiwilebs? 2. ratom fiqrob ase? 3. ra daemarTaT wiwilebs? 4. ras daarqmevdi am ambavs? 5. ratom? cxadia, rom meoTxe da mexuTe kiTxvebze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gadavdiodiT, Tu bavSvi pirvel sam kiTxvaze sworad gvipasuxebda. kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis Sefasebas vawarmoebdiT 5 quliani sistemiT: 5 qula _ Zalian kargad gaigo, yvela detalis wvdomiT; 4 qula _ kargad gaigo, dedaazri cxadia; 3 qula _ normalurad gaigo, deda azrs swvda, magram detalebi veRar aRadgina. an piriqiT, detalebi mTlianad aRadgina, magram deda azrs ver swvda; 2 qula _ gaigo calkeul nawyvetebad, mTlianoba daekarga, dedaazrs ver swvda; 150 1 qula _ ver gaigo; kiTxvis dros Sefasebis meore kriteriumad CaTvlilia kiTxvis tempi. igulisxmeba, rom karg mkiTxvels swrafi kiTxvis tempi unda hqondes, xolo kiTxvis neli tempi cud mkiTxvels gulisxmobs. Secdomebis Tvisobriv analizs vawarmoebdiT monros Secdomebis klasifikaciis mixedviT. xmovnis Secdoma _ rodesac bavSvi sityvaSi cvlis xmovans an difTongs. magaliTad: xeli-xili, saxli- sixli. Tanxmovnis Secdoma _ rodesac bavSvi sityaSi erT an ramodenime Tanxmovans cvlis. magaliTad: mwife _ mnife. gadaadgileba _ rodesac bavSvi sityvaSi erT an ramodenime asos adgils ucvlis. amas miekuTvneba sarkiseburad msgavs asoTa aRrevac. magaliTad: xe _ Ze. damateba _ rodesac bavSvi sityvas erT an ramodenime asos daumatebs. magaliTad: erT-erTi an erTs. gamotoveba _ rodesac bavSvi sityvas erT an ramodenime asos daaklebs. magaliTad: saaTi _ saTi. sruli Secvla _ rodesac bavSvi sityvas ise cvlis, rom mas arc erTi aso aRar aqvs saerTo wasakiTx sityvasTan, magaliTad: uTo _ SeSa. sityvebis gameoreba _ rodesac bavSvi amokiTxul sityvas imeorebs. sityvis Sesworeba gameorebad ar iTvleba. sityvebis damateba _ rodesac bavSvis mier naTqvami sityva teqstSi saerTod ar aris. sityvebis gamotoveba _ rodesac bavSvi wasakiTx sityvas sruliad gamotovebs. magaliTad: zarmaci glexi uwiwilebod darCa - . . . glexi uwiwilebod darCa. sityvebis gadanacvleba _ rodesac bavSvi teqstSi sityvebis Tanmimdevrobas 151 cvlis. magaliTad: ucbad saidanRac gaCnda qori _ ucbad saidanRac qori gaCnda. Seyovneba, sityvis amokiTxvis SeuZlebloba _ rodesac bavSvi didxans Cerdeba erTi sityvis amokiTxvaze, ise rom saWiro xdeba karnaxi. savarjiSoebi kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis eqsperimentul jgufSi gamoviyeneT kiTxvis unaris gaumjobesebisaTvis specialuri savarjiSoebi. kotetiSvilis es savarjiSoebi xelmZRvanelobiT m. aprobirebuli aslaniSvilis mier iyo i. sadisertacio naSromSi: “adreuli kiTxvis meTodur-fsiqologiuri safuZvlebi (4-5 weli)“. savarjiSoebis naSromidan, nawili xolo gamoviyeneT Cvens mier m. aslaniSvilis damatebul erTmarcvliani sityvebis savarjiSo, iqna bgeraTa sadisertacio analizis da romelic pirvelad gamoviyene da Cvens mier aris aprobirebuli. 1. pirvel etapze bavSvs eZleva orasoiani sityvebi suraTis TanxlebiT: “xe”, “bu”. asoebi ar saxeldeba. yovel Semdeg mecadineobaze TiTo sityva emateba: “ku”, “Wa”, ”ru”, “ia”, “da”, “do”, “Zu”, “Ze”, agreTve suraTebis TanxlebiT. vavarjiSeb maCvene naxati da naweri. vaZlevT or sityvas da or naxats. sityva unda daudos Sesabamis naxats. 2. warmoTqmuli sityvis gaanalizeba, masSi arsebuli bgerebis da maTi Tanmimdevrobis Cveneba. warmovTqvam mokle sityvebs (jer orbgerians, Semdeg sambgerians) da Semdeg davSli mas bgerebad, magaliTad: bu, b-u, gza _ g-z-a da a. S. samasoiani sityvebis CamonaTvali: mze, Zma, qva, ska, bza, dRe, tye, xma, rva, fxa, tba, mTa, Zna, Txa, dro, xbo, rto, rko, yru, cru, rZe, bze, Tve, Tma, rqa, yba, yda. amas mosmeniT unda daeuflos. 3. bavSvebs procedura (Wa) _ vaZlevT firfitebze aseTia: bavSvebo xelebiT, ai am ra merxze sityva nawilebs daweril erTi-meoris weria? asoebi aba qvia, asoebs. gverdiT erTmaneTs es ra vdebT or daaSore, asoa? – “W”. firfitas gaacalkeve es? – “a”. 152 bavSvebi TviTon asaxeleben asoebs. isev SeaerTe da mTlianad waikiTxe ra gamovida _ Wa. igive procedura tardeba yvela nacnob orasoian da samasoian sityvebze. 4. vaZlevT sityvebs, romlis pirveli marcvali nacnobia. B bude, buRa, buzi. D doli, doqi, doza, doRi, dana, dari, dafa, dali. xeli, xevi, xedi. kudi, kuWi, kuzi. WaRi, Wala, Wadi. ruli, ruka, rusi, ruxi. Zera, Zeli, Zua, ZuZu. Zma, Zmari. qva, qvabi, qvabuli. ska, skami xma, xmali, xmauri. B bza, bzari fxa, fxali rva, rvali rko, rkoni dRe, dReoba tye, tyemali. 5. iwyeben erTnairi marcvlebisgan ormarcvliani sityvebis Semdgari sityvebi: wakiTxvas. sadac am etapze sityva bavSvebi Sedgenilia erTnairi marcvlebisgan. xaxa, soso, sese, xexe, keke, WaWa, fefe, papa, dodo, jojo. Semdeg Semodis erTnairi marcvlebisgan Semdgari rTuli sityvebi: 153 am etaze bavSvebi iwyeben ufro rTuli da grZeli sityvebis wakiTxvas, romelic Sedgenilia dasawyisSi erTnairi marcvlebisagan, xolo bolo marcvali gansxvavebulia. es etapi amzadebs bavSvs momdevno etapze gadasasvlelad. zuzuni, oboba, pepela, bulbuli, jojoxeTi, JivJivi, 7. bavSvs wiwila, yayaCo, JuJuna, fafari, cimcimi, bibilo, CoCori, mamali, civcivi, ofofi, beberi, guguli, qinaqina, xoxobi, kaWkaWi, pilpili, kaWkaWi, kakani. wasakiTxad vaZlevT oTxasoian sityvebs da jer orasoian, mere samasoian, Semdeg martiv winadadebebs. 154
