4 vn @k`ts
aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
o|s~@t|YlQy`v @l`~k@y~ p#rNQwm xSmQykQ.
@my @l`~k@y~ hyv#nQyt vQX`lwm rty.
38
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
@mm rt @mwrm| vQ@X~; vn~@n~ kOmk~ nQs`q yn~n @mm pQtE kQhQpy kQyvW@mn~ obt i@gn gw h#k. ap@g~ sAs~k^wQy, nvw`vyn~ sh ap@g~ j`wQk
ann&w`vy sm|bn~{ v#dQpEr kr#NE obt q#ngw h#kQvnE a#w. o|s~@tY|lQy`v, aq @l`~k@y~ q$v#n~w v&`p`rQk sh @vL[ hvEl~k`r@yk~ vn awr
@l`~k@y~ gr#sr# lbn pErv#sQ@ykQ. ap r@thQ nQrn~wr vr\{ny sh nvWkrNy sm|bn~{@yn~ nv sAkYmNQkyn~@g~ q`ykw~vy apQ agy krmE.
xSmQy
o|s~@tY|lQy`v @b`@h`~ awQn~ asmsm@v|. @l`~k@y~ mh`q~vWp h@wn~, ekm j`wQyk~ mEU mh`q~vWpy pEr`m a#wQ ekm mh`q~vWpy @my@v|. @l`~k@y~ adEm jn
gNw~vy, enm| vr\g kQ@l`~mWtrykt @q@q@nk~ pmNk~ sQtQn rt apQ @vmE.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v @l`~k@y~ p#rNQm bQm|vlQn~ ekkQ. @my @l`~k@y~ hyv#nQyt vQX`lwm rt@v|. mQnQsEn~ sQtQn vQyLQm mh`q~vWpyw~ @my vn awr, @m| @h~wOv
nQs` o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| smhr pY@q~Xvlt jly iw`m agn` sm|pwkQ.
psQn~ v#dQ pYm`Nyk~ nQsr#@v|. k^;Qkr\m`n~wyt sEqEsE vn~@n~ sQyyt 6 k~ pmNQ. rt wOl a#wQ qEr b#h#r pY@q~X ‘the outback’ @lsQn~ h[En~vyQ.
@mm qE;~kr sh kr\k; prQsrvl jWvw~vn sh v#d krn ay ht vQX`l @g_rvyk~ hQmQ@v|. @m`vEn~@gn~ v#dQ @q@nk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE gm|bq jnw`v
(Australian folklore) bvt pw~v a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v vQX`l rtk~ vWm @h~wO@vn~, mh`q~vWp@y~ vQvQ{ pY@q~Xvl vQvQ{ k`lgONyn~ a#w. uwOr# o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| nQvr\wn kl`p a#wQ awr rt m#qt
vn~n k`n~w`r a#w.
wv qkONt vn~n, hQm qEr\g shQw sWwl XWw G^wO@v| ptn~ gWY;~m G^wO@v| a#wQ rX~mQ pYv`h qk~v` @q~XgONy @vns~ vQy h#k.
pY`n~w hy sh sn~wk pY@q~X @qkt amwrv a$;~@m`~r\ sh k`tQyr\ qEpw~ sh kQs
Y m
~ s~ qRpw, @k`@k`s~ (kWln
Q )~ qRpw~, j`vQs~ @b| sn~wk pY@q~Xy, @k`rl~
sW qEpw~ sh o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE a#n~t`k~tk
Q ~ sn~wk pY@q~X sh @n`~@f`~k~ qRpw~hQ @hrl~d| qRpw sh m#k~@d`nl~d| qRpw~q o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE rjy mgQn~ p`lny kryQ.
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
39
@l`~k ur#m aVvQ (World Heritage sites)
ap@g~ mhq~vWpQk pY@q~X@yn~ sQyyt 11 kt v#dQ pYm`Nyk~m an~wr\j`wQk sm|mwyn~t anEv sAr]Ny kQrWm s[h` p`lny krn, a`r]Qw a`qQv`sW
bQm|, r]Qw (reserve) @h`~ j`wQk v@n`~q&`n@v|. ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ a{&`pnQk, vQq&`w~mk sh sAs~k^wQk sAvQ{`n@y~ (UNESCO) @l`~k ur#m aVvQ
l#yQs~wO@v| o|s~@tY|lQy`nE aVvQ qhhwk~ a#wOlw~ kr a#w.
40
qkONE o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sh kOvWn~s~ln~d| hQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE @p`sQl
m#ml aVvQ (Australian Fossil Mammal Sites)
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ sh k~vWn~s~ln~d| hQ @g`n~d|v`n` v#sQ
vn`n~wr (Gondwana Rainforests)
@n`qr\n~ @trQtrQ hQ kkdR j`wQk v@n`~q&`ny
(Kakadu National Park)
qkONE k~vWn~s~ln~d| @vrLt ob|@bn~ a#wQ @fY~sr\ qRpw~
(Fraser Island)
k~vWn~s~ln~d| hQ @gY~t| b#rQyr\ rQf~ (Great Barrier Reef)
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ @vrLt ob|@bn~ a#wQ @l`~r\d| @h`~ qRpw
(Lord Howe Island)
sQd|nQ nEvrt bthQrQn~ a#wQ @gY~tr\ b|lR mvEn~tn~s~
(Greater Blue Mountains)
o|s~@tY|lQyn~ a#n~t`r\k~tQk~ @trQtrQ (Australian
Antarctic Territory) hQ a#wQ hr\d| qRpw (Heard
Island) sh m#k~@d`nl~d| qRpw~ (McDonald Islands)
ws~@m|nQy`vt qkONQn~ a#wQ m#k~v`rQ qRpw
(Macquarie Island)
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
@vs~tr\n~ o|s~@tY|lQy` hQ pEr\nEUU j`wQk v@n`~q&`ny
(Purnululu National Park)
sQd|nQ o@pr` hvEs~
k~vWn~s~ln~d| hQ @ww nQvr\wn pY@q~X (Wet Tropics)
@ml~br\n~hQ j`wQk pYqr\Xn @g`dn#gQl~l
(Royal Exhibition Building) sh k`r\l~tn~ uq&`ny
(Carlton Gardens)
ws~@m|nQy`@v| mQnQs~ v`syk~ n#wQ pY@q~X
(Tasmanian Wilderness)
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ vQln~qY` vQl~ (Willandra Lakes)
@mm s~}`n sh @vnw~ pYmEK s~}`n nrB`
o|s~@tY|lQy`v sm|bn~{@yn~ obt a#wQ q#nWm
v#dQqQyENE krgn~n` @ls apQ o@bn~ il~l`
sQtQmE. ob ht vn`n~wr @mn~m mEhEqE
@vrLw~, gQrQ qEr\g @mn~m v#sQ vn`n~wrw~
wrNy kl h#k. ob vQsQn~ krnE lbn
s$m @qyk~m @mkW pEUl~, uq~qWp~w bQm h`
wvqErtw~ smWp vWmt wbn iqQrQ pQyvrkQ.
@vs~tr\n~ o|s~@tY|lQy` hQ ;`r\k~ @b| (Shark Bay)
@n`qr\n~ @trQtrQ hQ uUr#-k`t` t|jEt` j`wQk v@n`~q&`ny
(Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park)
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
41
q$v#n~w rtk~
gOvn~ p`s#l (School of the Air)
o|s@~ tYl
| yQ `@v| vQX`lw~vy nv&w`vy sh nv @s`y`g#nWmv
| lt @h~wv
O W wQ@b|.
1950 vn @wk~, hE@qkl` pY@q~Xvl jWvw~vn sQsEn~ @n~v`sQk
p`s#l~vl i@gnWm @h`~ sQy p`dm| w#p#l~ mgQn~ i@gnWm sQqE krn lqW.
awWw@y~qW, qErb#h#r pY@q~Xvl sQtQn ay ht LMm sQtQn @@vq&vry`
hmEvWmt y`mt qQn gNnk~ gmn~ kQrWmt sQqEvQy. k#L$ a`XQYw pY@q~Xvl
jWvw~ vn LmEn~ ht p`s#l~ y`mt iw` qEr y`mt sQqEvQy.
qErb#h#r pY@q~Xvl jWvw~vn pvEl~ ht hE@qkl`v jWvw~vWm vQ[g#nWm
qE;~kr vQy. gv g`l~ vQX`lw~v@yn~ vr\g kQ@l`~ mWtr qhs~ gNn~ vQy.
@m|v`@y~ jWvw~vn k`n~w`vn~ sh LmEn~ @vnw~ kQsQ@vk~ m`s gNnkt
qkQn~@n~ @n`m#w. qErk}n phsEkm| @n`wQbENE awr ovEn~t awQXy
hE@qkl` bv sh anwOr#vlt bqEn~ vQy h#kQ bv q#nENQ.
@X~Y;~T o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sQy q]km sh nv&w`vy mgQn~ @mm
g#tUvlt vQs[Em| @s`y` gn~n` lqW.
p`q@yn~ bly qEn~ gOvn~vQqElQy (pedal radio)
pQy`sr @@vq& gOvn~ vQqElQ @s~v`v (Flying Doctor radio service)
mgQn~ nQv@s~ sQtQn LmEn~ ht sQy gOr#vr#n~ smM k}` kQrWmtq upk`r
lb` gw h#kQ bv qkONE o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq& @s~v`@v|
up sx`pwQ, a#dQ@l~d| mQw~k~ ht av@b`~{ vQy. @mm p`dm| a#lQs~ s~pYQAg~
(Alice Springs) @s~v`v mgQn~ gOvnQn~ vQsEr#v` h#rWm a`rm|x k@l~
1948 qWy. gOvn~ p`s#l nQl vX@yn~ a`rm|x k@l~ mWt vsr kQhQpykt
psEvy. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| gOvn~ p`s#l @h~wO@vn~ @vnw~ rtvlw~ @m| h`
sm`n v#d sthn~ a#rBWmt pQtQvhlk~ vQy.
p#rNQ @pdl~ @r\dQ@y`~v @vnEvt a{QwrAgm`l` gOvn~ vQqElQ yn~wY
wQbENq, r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq& @s~v`v sh gOvn~ p`s#l aqtw~
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qE;~kr pY@q~Xvl sQtQn pYj`vn~t @s~vy krmQn~ ovEn~ ht
pYwQl`x lb`@q~.
a#dQ@l~d| hQ a#l~fYd| @tYgr\ (Alfred Traegar) 1929 qW pY}m vrt
p`q@yn~ bly qEn~ gOvn~vQqElQy s#lsEm| k@l~y. sQy p`qy mgQn~ @
pdl p$gWm mgQn~ @qa`k`ryt gmn~ krn gOvn~ vQqElQyk~ (two-way
radio) wb` g#nWmt @my p`vQc|cQ krn ay ht h#kQvQy. @mm nv
@s`y` g#nWm mgQn~ qEr b#h#r pY@q~Xvl nQ@vs~vl sQtQn ay, qErs~}
mQ;n`rQ s~}`n sh a`qQv`sW pYj`vn~ yn s#m@qnm Pl l#bRh. hE@qkl`
k`n~w`vn~ ht gOvn~ wrAg os~@s~ mQwOrn~ @s`y`gw h#kQvQy.
@pdl~ @r\dQ@y`~v mgQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @X~Y;~T a`ywn @qkk~ vn r`jkWy
pQy`sr @@vq& @s~vy (Royal Flying Doctor Service) sh gOvn~
p`s#l (School of the Air) s~}`pny kQrWmt pQtQvhl~ vQy.
r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq& @s~vy
pRj& @j`~n~ f~ln
Q ~ (Reverend John Flynn) jWvw~v@R y~ sh r`jk`rQ
k@l~ qE;k
~ r pY@q~Xvl sQtn
Q mQns
Q n
E ~ smMy. ohE@g~ aqhs vR@y~
qErb#h#r sQtn
Q ay sm|bn~{@yn~ h#kQ vQgs gOvn~ mgQn~ @@vq&vry`v
@r`~gy
Q ` @vw @gn e~my. ohEt rj@yn~, k~@v`n~t`s~ (Qantas) gOvn~
sm`g@mn~ sh pEn&`{`r mgQn~ upk`r l#bEN.Q r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq&
@s~vy 1928 qW a`rm|x kl nmEqE @m| vn vQtw~ @mm @s~v`vt
qErk}n@yn~ k}` kl @n`h#kQ @b`@h`~ ay sQty
Q h. @pdl~ @r`~d@Q y`~v
hqEnv
~ `qWm mgQn~ vd` hE@qkl` s~}`nvl sQtn
Q ay htw~ h#kQ vQgs
@@vq&vr@ykOt qErk}n@yn~ k}`kl h#kQ bvt whvEr# vQy.
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~hQ LmEn~ gOvn~ p`s#l mgQn~ i@gnWm
42
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| ann&w`vy
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| ann&w`vy h#dg#sW a#w~@w~ ap@g~ aq~vWwWy ur#my, ap@g~ sAs~k^wQy sh ap@g~ mQnQsEn~@g~ k`r\&XWlQ bv nQs`y.
kWYd` sh vQ@n`~q kQYy`
@b`@h`~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ kWYd` pQYykrn awr j`w&n~wr mt|t@m|qW
sQw~gn~n` sEU pYwQPl lb`@gn a#w.
yhpw~ kWYd` sm|bn~{ j`wQyk~ vX@yn~ ap@g~ kWr\wQy sm|bn~{@yn~ apQ
a`dm|br @vmE. x`rqRr ktyEwO, s`{`rNv ktyEwO kWQrWm sh kN~d`ym|
vX@yn~ v#d kQrWm yn vtQn`km| sm|bn~{ qRwyn~ vX@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
kWYdk kWYdQk`vn~v pYXAs` mEK@yn~ agy kryQ.
ap@g~ iwQh`sy pEr` kWYd`v mgQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~v hqEn`@gn sh
ek~sw~ kr a#w. awWw jn`v`s sQtm ap@g~ amQhQrQ awWw@y~
y}`r\w@yn~ mQqWmt kWYd`v upk`rvW a#w. yEq~{ sm@y~qW pv`,
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`r]k blk`@y~ s`m`jQkyn~ yE{ pQtQ@y~ a#wQ @v@hs
nQv` g#nWmt kWYd` wrM sAvQ{`ny krn lqW.
kWYd`@v| nQrwvn ay @mn~m kWd`v nrBn ay yn @qp`r\Xvytm
kWYd`vt wm` sm|bn~{ bv h#MWmt @p`qE pqnmk~ kWYd`v mgQn~ spyn
awr kWYd`v o|s~@t|YlQy`nE sm`jyt v#qgw~ aAgykQ.
@b`@h`~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ kN~d`ym| kWYd` vn kQYkt|, p#sQpn~qE, q#l~pn~qE,
@h`kW sh p`pn~qE yn kWYd`vlt shx`gQ vn awr @m|v` vd` jnpQYy
kWYd` awr@v|.
ps~ vrk~ olQm|pQk~ rn~ pqk~km| qQn`gw~ Ian Thorpe
pQhQnWm, @tnQs~, mll kWYd`, @g`l~f~ sh p`p#qQ kWYd` vd` jnpQYy
vQ@n`~q kWYd` kQYy`k`rkm|@v|. @mm kWYd`vlqW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ j`w&n~wr
wrMvlqW k#pW @p@nyQ. @vnw~ jnpQYy X`rWrQk kQYy`k`rkm| awr
vn@y~ a#vQqWm, sr\fQn~ sh s~kWn~ a#w.
p`pn~qE (@s`kr\ @lsq h[En~vyQ), rg~bQ lWg~, rg~bQ yRnQyn~ sh
o|s~@tY|lQyn~ r$l~s~ fEt|@b`~l~ yn kWYd`vl nQrw vWmt sh b#lWmt
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ q#dQ k#m#w~wk~ qk~vyQ. ‘Aussie Rules’ ynE
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt a`@v|NQkvR wrMykQ.
kQk
Y t| kWd
Y `@v| j`w&n~wr vX@yn~ lbn jygYhNyn~ sm|bn~{@yn~
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `v vQ@X~;@yn~ a`dm|br@v|. 19 vn sQyvs ag x`gy sQt
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE sh eAgln~w kQk
Y t| kN~d`ym| awr q#dQ vQr#q~{v`qW bvk~
a#w.
“j`wQy nvw~vn wOrM wrMy (‘‘’the race that stops the nation’’)
@ls h[En~vn @ml~br\n~ kp~ wrMy @l`~k@y~ a#wQ vd`w~m {nvw~ sh
vd`w~m axQ@y`~g`w~mk wOrM wrMvlQn~ ekkQ. pY}m @ml~br\n~ kp~
wrMy p#vwQ@y~ 1861 vs@r\y. 1877 ptn~ @n`v#m|br\ m`s@y~ pLmE
aMhr#v`q` qQny vQk~@t`~rQy` pY`n~wyt rj@y~ nQv`dE qQnykQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE k`n~w` j`wQk p`pn~qE kN~d`y@m| s`m`jQk`v
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
43
sr\ @d`nl~d| bY#d|mn~ (Sir Donald Bradman) (1908 – 2001)
sr\ @d`nl~ bY#d|mn~ @l`~k@y~ sQtQ @XY~;~Twm kQYkt| pQwQkr# vn awr o|s~@tY|lQy`nE kWYd`@v| pYwQmRr\wQykQ.
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ bv|rl~ (Bowral) hQ h#qENE v#dENE @d`nl~d| bY#d|mn~ pY}m vrt o|s~@tY|lQy`nE kN~d`ym
@vnE@vn~ wrM k@l~ 1928 qWy.
sQhQn~ sQr#rk~ wQbENq, ohE@g~ p`qy iw` @v|gvw~y. 1930 qW ohE@g~ pLmE eAgln~w sAc`r@y~qW, pQw~@wn~
wb` wQbR sQyUm v`r\w` p`@h~ ohE vQsQn~ bQ[ @hlWy. vys avEr#qE 21 vn vQtm ohE o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pYwQmRr\wQyk~ vW
hm`ry.
1948 qW bY#d|mn~@g~ avs`n sAc`r@y~qW, ohE@g~ kN~d`ym eAgln~wy smM kWYd` kl sQyUm wrMvlQn~ jygw~
b#vQn~ ohE@g~ kN~d`ym apr`jQwyn~ (‘The Invincibles’) @ls h#[Qn~vQy.
@q`n~ (‘The Don’) @lsQn~ h[Enn sr\ @d`nl~d| bY#d|mn~, @l`~k@y~ sQtQ @h`[m pQwQkr#v` @ls h[En~vyQ. ohE ek~
wrMykqWW lb`gw~ s`m`n& lkONE pYm`Ny 99.94 @v|.
kl`v
a`qQv`sW sAs~k^wQk sm|pYq`yn~ sh s`rvw~ sAkYmNQk sAs~k^wQvl
sAklnyn~ a#wOlw~ qQqEln kl` sm|pYq`yk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v swOv a#w.
cQwYpt, kl`, @v|qQk` n`t&, sAgWwy sh n#tEm| a#wOU sQyU a`k`rvl
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE q^X& sh rMqk~vn kl` sm|bn~{@yn~ @mrt sh
vQ@q~Xvl ihl a#gyWmk~ a#w.
s`hQw&y
a`qQv`sW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@g~ k}` kW@mn~ a#rBW, 18 vn Xwk@y~ ag
x`g@y~qW @mrtt p#mQNQ sQrkr#vn~@g~ ktQn~ kt kQyR k}` smM qQgtm
p#vwQ Xk~wQmw~ s`hQw& sm|pYq`yk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v swOv a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @pr lQyn lq @b`~@h`~ @q~ vn l#h#b sm|bn~{@yn~ sh
ev#nQ ktEk prQsryk jWvQwy sm|bn~{@ynQ. @hn~rQ @l`~sn~ (Henry
Lawson) sh myQl~s~ fY$n~k~lQn~ (Miles Franklin) v#nQ @l~Kkyn~
vn l#h#b sh o|s~@tY|lQy`nE jWvn rt`v sm|bn~{ kvQ sh k}` lQy`
a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE nvk}`kr#vkO vn p#t|rQk~ vyQt| (Patrick White) ht
1973 vs@r\ s`hQw& sm|bn~{ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy l#bENQ. a@nk~ jnpYQy
nRwn o|s~@tY|lQy`nE nvk}`kr#vn~ awr pWtr\ @k~rQ (Peter Carey),
@k`lWn~ m#k~lv| (Colleen McCullough) sh tQm| vQn~tn~ (Tim
Winton) sQtW.
44
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
jEdQw~ ryQt| (Judith Wright)
(1915 – 2000)
jEdQw~ ryQt| k#pW @p@nn kvQ
rck@yk~. sAr]Nv`qQ@yk~
sh a`qQv`sWn~@g~ ayQwQv`sQkm|
sm|bn~{v ktyEwO kl a@ykQ.
a#y o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sQtQ vd`w~m
a`qryt p`wYvR kQvQ[QykQ.
a#y a#y@g~ k`v&n~hQ o|s~@
tY|lQy`vt sh ehQ sQtQn mQnQsEn~t
a#wQ a`qry pYk`X kr a#w.
s`hQw&y s[h`vR en~syQk~@
l`pWdQy` bQYtnQk` w&`gy sh k`v& s[h`vR mh rFjQN@g~ rn~ pqk~km
a#wOU w&`g @b`@h`~myk~ a#yt hQmQvQy. a#y o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sAr]
N kmQtE@v| (Australian Conservation Committee) sh
a`qQv`sW sm|mEwQ kmQtE@v| (Aboriginal Treaty Committee)
s`m`jQk`vk~v sQtQy`y.
jEdQw~ ryQt| sQhQ krn~@n~ kQvQ[Qyk~ @ls a#y@g~ q]w`vy sh
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE s`hQw&y v#dQ qQyENE kQrWmw~, sm`j sh prQsr
pYwQsAs~krNyw~ sm|bn~{@yn~y.
n`t& kl`v sh cQwYpt
@mrt sh vQ@q~Xyn~hQ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE n`t&, cQwpY t sh cQwpY t
s`qn~nn~v pQLg
Q n~n` awr e~v`t a`qry kryQ. @k~t| b|l#n~c`t| (Cate
Blanchett) sh @jf~rQ r;~ (Geoffrey Rush) v#nQ nU nQly
Q n~ sh
pWtr\ @v| (Peter Weir) v#nQ cQwpY t s`qn~nn~ cQwpY t sm|bn~{@yn~
a#wQ vQX;
Q T
~ w~vy s[h` j`w&n~wr sm|m`n @b`@h`~myk~ qQn` a#w.
kl`v
vd` pQLg
Q w~ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE kl` nQr\m`N vn~@n~ pYwm
Q rR \wm
Q w~ a`qQv`sW sQwv
O m|
sh @t`m| @r`br\ts
| ~ (Tom Roberts), @fd|rk
Q ~ m#kbQn~ (Frederick
McCubbin) sh a`wr\ s~tr| tW n~ (Arthur Streeton) a`qW
sQww
~ r#vn~@g~ vn g#h#bvl qsEny
~ . 20 vn sQyv@s~ m#q x`g@y~q,W rsl~
d|ryQs@~ d|l~ (Russell Drysdale) sh sQdn
| Q @n`~ln~ (Sidney Nolan)
qErb#h#r @p@qs~vl kr\k;x`vy nQr$pNy kQrm
W t k#pW @p@nn vr\N
@y`q` gw~h. m$w k`lWnv, sQy aq~vw
W y
W sh vQcw
Q Y @m`~sw
~ r sm|bn~{@yn~
@bYt| vyQtl
| Q (Brett Whiteley) j`w&n~wr pQLg
Q #nWmt lk~vy
Q .
sAgWw sh n#tEm|
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sAgWw @]~wY@y~ sQyUm aAg v#l#[ @gn a#wQ awr
sAgWw @]~wY@y~ sQyUm @]~wYvl k#pW @p@nyQ. wvq, sm|x`v&, g#mQ
sh @r`k~ sAgWw @]~wYvl j`w&n~wr pQLQg#nWmt lk~vW a#w. v#dQpErm
pQLQg#nWmt lk~vW a#w~@w~ a`qQv`sWn~@g~ pEr`N v`q& x`N~dyk~ vn
didgeridoo mgQn~ nQkOw~vn nQym o|s~@tY|lQy`nE hVy.
sr\ @r`bt| @hl~p~mn~ (Sir Robert Helpmann), @mrQl~ t#n~k`r\d|
(Meryl Tankard) sh s~tWvn~ @p~j~ (Stephen Page) yn @X~Y;~T
n#tEm|k`ryn~ sh nr\wn rckyn~@g~ pYyw~nyn~ @h~wO@vn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
n#tEm| kl`v v#j@B|.
vQq&`w~mk jygYhNyn~ sh @s`y` g#nWm|
@@vq& vQq&`v, w`]Ny, k^;Qkr\m`n~wy, pwl~ kr\m`n~wy sh
nQ;~p`qnyn~ yn @]~wYvl vQq&`w~mk jygYhNyn~ sh pYgmnyn~
sm|bn~{@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ht pYbl v`r\w`vk~ a#w.
vQq&`w~mk sh @@vq& @s`y`g#nWm| s[h` o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ qs
@q@nkO ht @n`~@bl~ w&`gy hQmQvW a#w.
vQq&`w~mk jygYhNyn~ lb`gw~ ay vQsn
Q ~ vs@r\ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEv` ht
hQmQ pYq`nyn~q lb`@gn a#w. 2005 vs@r\qW pQLs
Q s
~ N
E E @r`~gn
W ~ ht
smt isQnyk~ (spray-on skin) vr\{ny kl mh`c`r\y fQ@y`~n` vEd|
(Professor Fiona Wood) ht @mm pYq`ny hQmv
Q y
Q . 2006
vs@r\qW gr\x`; gWv
Y pQLk
Q ` (cervical cancer) s[h` en~nwk~ qQyN
E E kl
mh`c`r\& iyn~ @fYs
~ r\ (Professor Ian Frazer) ht @mm pYq`ny hQmv
Q y
Q .
2007 vs@r\qW @mm pYq`ny lb` gw~@w~ pY{`n @p@l~ prQsr vQq&`ZykO
vn mh`c`r\& tQm| f#l#nrQ (Professor Tim Flannery) vQsn
Q .Q
sQm|pnQ o@ks~tY`v @m@hyvn~nkO (Conductor) sh m$wk`lWn pErv#sQl`xQykOvR
v#l#d|mQyr\ vr\bQt|s~kQ (Vladimir Verbitsky) bthQr o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sQm|pnQ o@ks~tY`v
smM
mh`c`r\& @fd| @h`@l`~s~
(Professor Fred Hollows)
(1929 – 1993)
mh`c`r\& @fYd| @h`@l`~s~
uq~@y`~gWmw~ a]Q vQ@X~;ZykO
vn awr o|s~@tY|lQy`v sh
sAvr\{ny vn rtvl mQnQsEn~ qX
l]ykt v#dQ pYm`Nyk@g~ a#s~
@pnWm y}` ww~vyt pw~kr a#w.
@fYd| @h`@l`~s~ upw l#bR@y~
nvsWln~w@y~y. 1965 qW
@m`hE o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQNQ awr
psEk`lWnv sQd|nQ @r`~hlk a]Q aAX@y~ pY{`nQy` vQy.
@m`hE sQyU mQnQsEn~ awr sm`n`w~mw`vy pQLQb[ wqQn~ vQX~v`s kl
awr pY}m a`qQv`sW @@vq& (Aboriginal Medical Service)
@s~v`v pQhQtEvQy. @mm @s~v` 60 k~ q#nt o|s~@tY|lQy`v pEr` pQhQtEv` a#w.
1980 vnvQt @fYd| @h`@l`~s~ @l`v pEr` gmn~ krmQn~, qQyENE @vmQn~
pvwQn rtvl a]Q @s_K&y v#dsthn~ pQhQtEvWmt upk`r vQy. 1989
apQY@yl~ m`s@y~qW ohE o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy lb` gn~n` lqW.
mh`c`r\& @h`@l`~ vQsQn~ krn lq @s~v`v ohE@g~ x`r\&`v vn g#bW sh
@fYd| @h`@l`~s~ pqnm (Fred Hollows Foundation) mgQn~
qQgtm pvw~v` @gn yyQ.
mh`c`r\& vEd| sh mh`c`r\& @fY~sr\ yn @q@qn`m o|s~@tY|lQy`vt
sAkYmNy vR@y~ bQYw`n&@y~ sQty. mh`c`r\& @fY~sr\ smM en~nw ekt
@s`y`gw~ ax`vpY`p~w @q`s~wr jQy`n~ @s`~ (Dr Jian Zhou) @mrtt
p#mQNQ@y~ cWn@y~ sQt vn awr @m`hEq o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy lb`
gn~n` lqW.
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
45
vs@r\ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ (Australians of the Year)
1960 vs@r\ sQt vs@r\ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pYq`ny mgQn~ pY{`n @p@l~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@g~ jygYhNyn~ sh q`ykw~vyn~ smrmQn~ sQtW. o|n$m a@ykO ht
o|n$m wr`wQrmk o|s~@tY|lQy`nRvkOv @mm pY`qny s[h` nm|kl h#k. vs@r\ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ vn~@n~ sQy @]~wYyn~hQ k#pW @p@nn sh j`wQyt @s~vy
kl ay@v|.
2009 mh`c`r\& myQkl~ @d`d|sn~ AM
(Professor Michael Dodson AM)
a`qQv`sW n`yky`
2008 lW kr\ngn~ OAM (Lee Kernaghan OAM)
g`yk, sAgWwZ sh ‘Pass the Hat Around’
c`rQk`vl nQr\m`w^
2007
2006
mh`c`r\& iyn~ @fY~sr\ (Professor Ian Frazer)
cQkQw~s` pYwQXk~wQkrN vQq&`Z
2005
mh`c`r\& fQ@y`~n` vEd| AM
(Professor Fiona Wood AM)
kl~p& Xl&@@vq& (Plastic Surgeon) sh pQLQs~sEm|
vQ@X~;Z
2004
s~tWv| @v`~ (Steve Waugh)
@ts~t| kYkt| n`yk sh m`nv hQwv`qW
2003
mh`c`r\& fQ@y`~n` s~t#n~lQ AC
(Professor Fiona Stanley AC)
Lm` vQ@X~;Z sh vsAgw @r`~g vQ@X~;Z
2002
p#t|rQk~ r`f~tr (Patrick Rafter)
ek~sw~ jnpq vQv^w @tnQs~ XSry` sh
‘Cherish the Children Foundation’ hQ nQr\m`w^
2001
lEwQnn~ @jnr`l~ pWtr\ @k`s~@gY` AC MC
(Lt General Peter Cosgrove AC MC)
2000 - 2002 o|s~@tY|lQy`nE yE{ hmEq` pY{`nQy`
2000
1999
46
mh`c`r\& tQm| f#l#nrQ (Professor Tim Flannery)
vQq&`Z, gYn~} rck sh sAr]k
XWYmw~ gOs~t`v| @n`s`l~ AC CBE FAA FRS
(Sir Gustav Nossal AC CBE FAA FRS)
jWv vQq&` pr\@y~;k
m`r\k~ @t|lr\ (Mark Taylor)
@ts~t| kQYkt| n`yk
1998
k#wW fWYmn~ (Cathy Freeman)
@l`~k sh olQm|pQk~ mLl kWYd` XSry` sh a`qQv`sW w`n`pwQ
1997
mh`c`r\& pWtr\ @d`hr\tQ (Professor Peter Doherty)
@@vq& vQq&`v s[h` @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xW
1996
@@vq& @j`~n~ yR AM (Doctor John Yu AM)
Lm` vQ@X~;Z
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
1995
a`wr\ @b`yQd AC OBE (Arthur Boyd AC OBE)
kl`@v|qW
1994
iyn~ kWnn~ OAM (Ian Kiernan OAM)
‘Clean Up Australia’ v&`p`r@y~ sAvQ{`n ktyEwO
kl ay
1992
mn~dvE yEnEpQAgO (Mandawuy Yunupingu)
a`qQv`sW n`yky`
1991
pWtr\ @h`lQAg~vr\w~ agrqgOr# AO OBE
(Archbishop Peter Hollingworth AO OBE)
sm`j yEk~wQy @vnE@vn~ k}` kl ay
1990
mh`c`r\& @fYd| @h`@l`~s~ AC
(Professor Fred Hollows AC)
a]Q vQq&`Z
1989
a#ln~ @b`~dr AO (Allan Border AO)
@ts~t| kQYkt| n`yk
1988
@k~ @k`tW AO (Kay Cottee AO)
v`r\w` bQ[ @hU$ wnQ@yn~ @y`t| p#qvR k`n~w`v
1987
@j`~n~ f`nm| (John Farnham)
g`yk sh sAgWwZ
1986
dQk~ s~mQw~ (Dick Smith)
vQkYmQk sh q`npwQ
1985
@p`~l~ @h`~gn~ AM (Paul Hogan AM)
nUv`
1984
@l`vQt|j` o|@d`ngO CBE AM
(Lowitja O’Donoghue CBE AM)
a`qQv`sW n`yky`
1983
@r`br\t| dQ k`@sl` MBE (Robert de Castella MBE)
@l`~k m#rwn~ {`vk XSry`
1982
XWYmw~ ed|vr\d| vQLQym|s~ KCMG KBE
(Sir Edward Williams KCMG KBE)
mw~qYv& sm|bn~{ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE r`jkWy @k`mQs@m| @k`ms`rQs~
1981
XWYmw~ @j`~n~ @kY`~fd| AC CBE
(Sir John Crawford AC CBE)
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| yEq~{yt psEk`lWn qQyENEv sm|bn~{ nQr\m`w^
1980
m#nQn~ k~l`r\k~ AC (Manning Clark AC)
iwQh`sZy`
ovEn@~ g~ jygYhNyn~ @h~w@O vn~ ap@g~ @X~;Y T
~ rt @vnE@vn~ wv kl h#kQ @vnw~ @q~ @m`nv`q yn~n sQw` b#lWmt apt sQqv
E W a#w. q#nt a#wQ pYq`nyn~
awr vs@r\ wr#N o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEv` (Young Australian of the Year), vs@r\ @j&;~T o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEv` (Senior Australian of the Year) sh
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE @q~Xy
W vWry` (Australia’s Local Hero) a#wOlw~y.
1979* @s@nt| sxQk @nvQl~ @b`nr\ AO
(Senator Neville Bonner AO)
pLmE a`qQv`sW @s@nt| sxQk
1969
awQgr# rQcr\d| g`dQnr\ @k~sQ uwOm`Nn~, vQk@~ t`~ry
Q ` br\vk
Q ~
hQ sh @vs~tm
| n
Q s
Q t~ r\ ngr@y~ b#rn~vry` KG GCMG CH
(The Rt Hon Richard Gardiner Casey Baron
of Berwick, Victoria and of the City of
Westminister KG GCMG CH)
1965 - 69 k`l@y~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| agY`NdEk`rvry`
1978* a#ln~ @b`n~d| (Alan Bond)
v&vs`yky`
1968
lynl~ @r`~s~ MBE (Lionel Rose MBE)
@l`~k ml~lv @p`r XSry`
1978* glr\vR yEnp~ AQ gO AM (Galarrwuy Yunupingu AM)
a`qQv`sW n`yky`
1967
q sWkr\s~ (The Seekers)
sAgWw kN~d`ym
1977* XWYmw~ m@r\ \tQrl~ KCVO CBE
(Sir Murray Tyrrell KCVO CBE)
agY`N~dEk`rvry`@g~ k`r\&`l @l~km|
1966
XWYmw~ j#k~ b|rFb|hm| OBE (Sir Jack Brabham OBE)
@l`~k @m`~tr\ {`vn XSry`
1965
XWYmw~ @r`br\t| @hl~p~mn CBE
(Sir Robert Helpmann CBE)
nUvkO, n#tEm|kr#vkO, nQ;~p`qkykO sh @k`~rQ@y`~gY#fQykO
1964
@d`~n~ @fY~sr MBE (Dawn Fraser MBE)
olQm|pQk~ pQhQnEm| XSry`
1963
XWYmw~ @j`~n~ ek~l~s~ AC (Sir John Eccles AC)
@@vq& vQq&`v s[h` @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xW
1962
a@lk~s#n~dr\ @j`k~ s~t@r`k~ MBE
(Alexander ‘Jock’ Sturrock MBE)
a#@mrQkn~ kp~ c#@ln~jr\ hQ n`yky`
1961
@d|m| @j`a`n~ sqr\ln~d| OM AC DBE
(Dame Joan Sutherland OM AC DBE)
@s`pY`@n`~
1960
XWYmw~ m#k~f`@l~n~ br\nt| OM AK KBE
(Sir MacFarlane Burnet OM AK KBE)
@@vq& vQq&`v s[h` @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xW
1979* h#rW bt|lr\ CBE (Harry Butler CBE)
sAr]k sh s~vx`v vQq&`Zy`
1977* @d|m| @r\ @r`~ DBE (Dame Raigh Roe DBE)
gm|bq k`n~w`vn~@g~ sAvQ{`n@y~ n`yQk`
1976
XWYmw~ ed|vr\d| vQyrQ dn~@l`p~ AC CMG OBE
(Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AC CMG OBE)
yE{ hmEq` Xl& @@vq&
1975* XWYmw~ @j`~n~ @k`~n~@f`~r\w~ AC CBE
(Sir John Cornforth AC CBE)
rs`ynQk vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xW
1975* @m|jr\ @jnr`l~ a#ln~ s~@tYtn~ AO CBE
(Major General Alan Stretton AO CBE)
syQk~@l`~n~ @tY|sQ avs`n vW@mn~ psE d`vQn~ shn @m@hyEm|hQ
aN@qn nQl{`rW
1974
XWm
Y w~ br\n`r\d| @hyQns
~ ~ AC (Sir Bernard Heinze AC)
sQm|pnQ o@ks~tY` @m@hyvn~n` sh sAgWw`Z
1973
p#t|rQk~ vyQt| (Patrick White)
s`hQw& sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xW
1972
@;~n~ @g`~l~d| MBE (Shane Gould MBE)
olQm|pQk~ pQhQnEm| XSry`
1971
e@v`~n~ gSl@g`n~g~ @k`~v|lQ AO MBE
(Evonne Goolagong Cawley AO MBE)
vQm|@bl~dn~ sh @tnQs~ vQv^w @tnQs~ XSry`
1970
XWYmw~ @n`~r\mn~ gQl~@r`~yQ agrqgSr# wOm`Nn~ (His
Eminence Cardinal Sir Norman Gilroy KBE)
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| upn~ pY}m agrqgOr#
*1975 sh 1979 awr k`l@y~ k#n~br` o|s~@tY|lQy` qQn kvEn~sQly
mgQn~q vs@r\ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvkO nm| krn lqW.
w&`gl`xQy`@g~ nmt psEv a#wQ akOr# w&`gy lbn qQnt nQv#rqQ@v|.
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
47
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mEql~
ap@g~ mEql~vl a#w~@w~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt v#qgw~ pEq~glyn~ sh pYwQmRr\wQ@v|. ap@g~ mEql~vlt @w`~r`@gn a#wQ jnpQYy o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ vn~@n~ sm`j
pYwQsAs~krN, vQq&`v, @q~Xp`lny, hmEq`my ktyEwO sh kl`v yn @]~wYyn~hQ mRlQkw~vy gw~ ay sh q]w` a#wQ ay@v|.
48
p#rNQ sh nv p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv
@qvn elQs@bw~ mh rFjQN (Queen Elizabeth II) (upw 1926)
$5 @n`~t|tE@v| a#w~@w~ k#n~br` hQ a#wQ p#rNQ p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv sh nv
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv@v|.
@qvn elQs@bw~ mh rFjQN o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| r`j& n`yQk`v@v|. a#y
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sh ek~sw~ r`j{`nQ@y~ mh rFjQN vn awr jWvw~ vn~@n~
eAgln~w@y~y. a#y@g~ qQgO, jnpQYy {Rr k`ly pEr`m a#y Xk~wQmw~ sh
s~}`vr @ls @pnW sQtW.
@d|m| @m|rQ gQl@~ m`~r\ (Dame Mary Gilmore) (1865 – 1962)
e~bW b#n~@j` p#tr\sn~ (AB ‘Banjo’ Paterson) (1864 – 1941)
@d|m| @m|rQ gQl~@m`~r\ ynE kw^vrQyk~, pEvw~pw~@v|qQ@yk~, kQvQ[Q@yk~ sh
sm`j pYwQ@X`~{n @vnE@vn~ ktyEwO kl a@ykQ. k`n~w`vn~, a`qQv`sW
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sh qEgW ay @vnE@vn~ k}` kQrWm g#n ovEn~ g#n lQvWm
sm|bn~{@yn~ a#yv anEs~mrNy kryQ.
a#n~d^^ b`r\tn~ p#tr\sn~ kvQ@yk~, gWw rck@yk~ sh
pEvw~pw~@v|qQ@ykQ. ohE lW@v| b#n~@j`~ p#tr\sn~ yn nmQn~ vn awr
iw`m jnpQYy ‘Waltzing Matilda’ yn g#mQ gWwy sm|bn~{@yn~
anEs~mrNy kryQ.
pRj& @j`~n~ f~ln
Q ~ (Reverend John Flynn) (1880 – 1951)
@m|rQ @ryQbQ (Mary Reibey) (1777 – 1855)
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq& @s~v`v vn @l`~k@y~ pY}m gOvnQn~
@gnyn @@vq& @s~v`v a`rm|x krn lq~@q~ pRj& @j`~n~ f~lQn~ vQsQnQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qE;~kr pY@q~Xvlt @s_K&y @s~v` @gny`m mgQn~ @b`@h`~
jWvQw @b|r` g#nWm @h~wO@vn~ @m`hEv anEs~mrNy @k@r\.
@m|rQ @ryQbQ nQvQ svEw~ @v|l~s~ ytw~ vQjQw@y~ pE@r`~g`mQ v&`p`rQk@ykQ.
wr#N vy@s~ sQrk`r pqQAcQk`rQyk~ (convict settler) @ls
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQNW@mn~ psEv gr#bEhEmn~ lw~ pYj` n`yQk`vk~ vQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
edQw~ @k`~vn~ (Edith Cowan) (1861 – 1932)
@d|vQd| yEnyQ@p`~n~ (David Unaipon) (1872 – 1967)
edQw~ @k`~vn~ sm`j @s~vQk`vk~, @q~Xp`l`Z@yk~ @mn~m k`n~w`
axQv^q~{Qy @vnE@vn~ ktyEwO kl a@ykQ. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| kOmn @h`~
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOvkt @w`~r` pw~vENE pY}m k`n~w`v@v|.
@d|vQd| yEnyQ@p`~n~ @l~Kk@yk~, pYsQq~{Q@y~ k}`krn~@nkO sh nv
@s`y`g#nWm| kl a@ykQ. ohEv sQhQkrn~@n~ ohE@gn~ vQq&`vt sh
s`hQw&yt l#bENE q`ykw~vyw~, a`qQv`sW mQnQsEn~@g~ jWvn ww~vy
ng`lWmt sQqEkrn lq @s~vyw~ sm|bn~{@ynQ.
sr\ @j`~n~ @m`n$;~ (Sir John Monash) (1865 – 1931)
@d|m| @nlW @ml~b` (Dame Nellie Melba) (1861 – 1931)
sr\ @j`~n~ @m`n$;~ iAjQ@n~r#@vk~, prQp`lk@yk~ sh o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sQtQ
agYgN& hmEq` aN@qn nQl{`rQ@ykQ. ohEv sQhQpw~ krn~@n~ ohE@g~
n`ykw~vy, bEq~{Qy sh cwOrw~vy sm|bn~{@ynQ.
@d|m| @nlW @ml~b` @l`~k pYkt @s`pY`@n`~ g`yQk`vkQ. sQAqE rFjQn
(’Queen of Song’) @ls @l`v pEr` pYsQq~{Qyt pw~ a#y, j`w&n~wr
kWr\wQy qQnR pY}m o|s~@tY|lQy`nE g`yQk`vy.
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
49
j`wQk qQn sh uw~sv
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| j`wQk nQv`dE qQn ap@g~ yE@qv| kQYs~wQy`nQ ur#my nQr$pNy krn awr yE@r`~pWyn~ pqQAcQvR avs~}`@v| sQt o|s~@tY|lQy`nE ann&w`vy
h#dg#s~sR sn~{Qs~}`n smryQ.
s~}Qr qQn
@vns~vn qQn
jnv`rQ 1 aUw~ avEr#qE qQny
km|kr# qQny @hvw~ p#y a@t| qQny
aUw~ avEr#q~q a#rBWm apQ smrmE.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ vQsQn~ @l`~k@y~ pY}m vw`vt qQnkt p#y atk~ v#d
kQrWm qQn` g#nWm s#mrWm.
jnv`rQ 26 o|s~@tY|lQy`nE qQny
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvkO ynE kOmk~q yn~n sh 1788 qW sQd|nQ @k`~v| @vw pY}m
n`vEk bla#NQy p#mQNWm apQ smrmE.
apQY@yl~ 25 a#n~s#k~ qQny
1 vn @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW g#lQ@p`lQ @vw o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sh nvsWln~w
yE{hmEq` blk`yn~ p#mQNWm apQ anEs~mrNy krmE. ar\bRqvlqW mQygQy
sQyUm o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ htq apQ @g_rv krmE.
@qs#m|br\ 25 nw~wl~ qQny
kQYs~wQy`nEvn~ smrN @j~sEs~ kQYs~wOs~vhn~@s~ upn~ qQny pqnm| krgw~
w&`g @bq`@qn qQnyk~.
@qs#m|br\ 26 @b`k~sQA qQny
nw~wl~ s#mrW@m| @k`tsk~.
2005 sQd|nQ vr`yt ihlQn~ aUw~ avEr#qE lbn vQt p#v#w~vR gQnQ@kLQ
50
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
p`s~kO
@j~sEs~ kQYs~wOs~ vhn~@s~@g~ mrNy sh n#vw n#gQtWm yn kQYs~wQy`nQ
vQX~v`sy anEs~mrNy @k@r\.
mh rFjQN@g~ upn~ qQny
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `@v| r`j& n`yQk`v vn elQsbw~ @qvn mh rFjQN@g~ upn~ qQny
s#mrWm. @vs~tr\n~ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `v h#r sQyUm pY`n~w sh sn~wk pY@q~Xvl
@mm s#mrWm jRnQ m`s@y~ @qvn sqE qQn p#v#w~@v|.
@vnw‘~ rj@y~ nQv`dE qQn
@vns~ pY`n~wvl, sn~wk pY@q~Xvl sh agngrvl @vnw~ rj@y~
nQv`dE qQnyn~ a#w. uq`hrN vX@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE k#pQtl~ @trQtrQ@y~
k#n~br` qQny, svEw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| s~@v|c|C` @s~vkyn~@g~ qQny sh
@vs~tr\n~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| pqnm| qQny a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| jnw`v
@vL[pl
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mQlQyn 22 k pmN jnghNyk~ a#wQ awr @my
@l`~k@y~ @b`@h`~ vQvQ{vR sm`jvlQn~ ekkQ. a`qQv`sWn~@g~ sAK&`v mEU
jnghN@yn~ sQyyt 2.5 k~ pmN@v|. o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v`sWn~@gn~
hw@rn~ ekkt vd` ipqW a#w~@w~ vQ@q~Xvl vn awr ovEn~
sAkYmNyvW a#w~@w~ rtvl~ 200 kt a{Qk sAK&`vkQnQ. jnghN@y~
vQvQ{w~vy @h~wO@vn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v ht {nvw~ x`;`, vQX~v`s, sm|pYq`yn~
sh sAs~k^wWn~ vQX`l pYm`Nyk~ l#bW a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| s~}`vr sh nRwn mRl& a`ywn sh q#dQ @ls bqE sh
@vL[`m p`lny kQrWm mgQn~ v&`p`r ktyEwO s[h` nQX~cQwx`vyk~
lb`qW a#w. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qL @q~XWy nQ;~p`qn@yn~ (Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)) sQyyt 70 kt a`sn~n pYm`Nyk~ smn~vQw
vn~@n~ sAc`rk v&`p`ry, a{&`pn sh mRl& @s~v` a#wOU @s~v`
kr\m`n~wvly.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v h` mh` bQYw`n&y awr wQbENE sb[w`vyn~ k`ly`@g~
a#v$@mn~ adEvW wQbENq, mh` bQYw`n&y mgQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`ywn
@vw sQqEkrn lq blp$m wvqErtw~ pvwW. ap@g~ vtQn`km| wOl sh
p#h#qQlQvm ap@g~ j`wQk x`;`v wOl @mm blp$m q#kQy h#k.
nQ@vs wOl sh pYj`v wOl vQvQ{ x`;` 200 kt a{Qk sAK&vk~
(@b`@h`~ a`qQv`sW x`;` a#wOUv) k}` krn awr, iAgWYsQ x`;`v ap@g~
j`wQk ann&w`v@y~ v#qgw~ aAgykQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`r\}Qky
o|s~@tY|lQy`v swOv s~}`vr sh wrMk`rW a`r\}Qkyk~ a#w. ap@g~
qQqEln, pEhENE XYmblk`y apQ agy krmE. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mQnQsEn~ xOk~wQ
vQ[Qn gON`w~mk jWvn rt`v @l`~k@y~ a#wQ ihlm gON`w~mk jWvn
rt`vlQn~ ekkQ.
dQk~ s~mQw~ (Dick Smith) (upw 1944)
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`r\}Qk s~}`vrx`vy, a`@y`~jkyn~ s[h` a`kr\;NWy
s~}`nyk~ spyyQ. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @k`ts~ @vL[@p`l a`sQy` p#sQpQk~
kl`p@y~ @q@vnQ vn~@n~ jp`nyt pmNQ.
@vL[`m
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| vQX`lwm @vL[ shkr#vn~ vn~@n~ jp`ny, cWny,
ek~sw~ jnpqy, qkONE @k`rQy`v, nvsWln~wy sh ek~sw~ jnpqy yn
rtvl~y. ap pY{`n vX@yn~ apnyny krn~@n~ wQrQgO, @l`m|, yps~,
KnQj qYv& sh rw~rn~y. qYvXWlW s~v`x`vQk v`yE sh gl~ aMOr#
a`k`r@y~ Xk~wQyq apQ apnyny krmE. ap@g~ a`r\}Qky vQv^w awr
@vL[`m s#mvQtm ap@g~ a`r\}Qk sm^q~{Q@y~ v#qgw~ aAgyk~ vW a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE apnyn m$w k`lWnv bQlQyn $200 ik~mv` @g`s~ a#w.
pwl~ kr\m`n~wy
gl~ aMOr#, wB, qYvXWlW s~v`x`vQk v`yE sh KnQj v#lQ v#nQ s~v`x`vQk
sm|pw~vlQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v @p`@h`sw~y. vQ@X~;@yn~ a`sQy`@v| qQyENE
@vmQn~ pvwQn a`r\}Qkvl @m|v` s[h` ihL il~lEmk~ a#w.
dQk~ s~mQw~, pYmEK @p@l~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v&`p`rQk@yk~,
vQkYmQk@yk~ sh q`npwQ@ykQ.
dQk~ s~mQw~ ohE@g~ v`sn` mhQmy
a`rm|x k@l~ sQy i@lk~@tY`nQk~
v&`p`ry smgQnQ. ohE@g~ {ny
ohE vQsQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qQyENEvt
up@y`~gW krgn~n` lqW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE nQ;~p`qn pmNk~
a#wQ a`h`r sm`gmk~ ohE a`rm|x
kl awr sm`gm|vl ayQwQy
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v|m wb` g#nWmt upk`r kQrWmt ohE vQsQn~ @d`lr\ mQlQyn
gNn~ a`@y`~jny kr a#w.
1986 qW vs@r~\ o|s@~ tYl
| yQ `nEv` vX@yn~ ohEv nm| kl awr k`r\mk
Q qQyN
E v
E
sh prQsr sAr]Ny s[h` pYq`nyk~ ohE vQsn
Q ~ qQn` gn~n` lqW. uNEsm
E |
v`yE b#lEnykQn~ o|s@~ tYl
| yQ `v sh ws~mn~ mEhqE wrNy kl pY}m
pEqg
~ ly` @m`hEy. @m`hE pYsqQ {
~ ohE@g~ vQkm
Y k
Q x`vy, v&`p`rvl s`r\}kw~vy
sh o|s@~ tYl
| yQ `v sm|bn~{@yn~ a#wQ q#dQ a`qry sm|bn~{@ynQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@vn~ v#dQpErm apnyny krn~@n~ KnQj qYv& sh in~{n@v|
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
51
@g`~lWy pErv#sQ@ykO vX@yn~
o|s~@tY|lQy`v
o|s~@tY|lQy`v yhpw~ j`w&n~wr pErv#sQ@ykO vX@yn~ itEkrn k`r\&
x`ry sm|bn~{@yn~ a`dm|br@v|. ap @my @l`vt @pn~vn~@n~ @l`v
pEr` sQtQn apt vd` adE v`sn`vn~w ay ht upk`r kQrWm mgQnQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v mgQn~ lb`@qn j`w&n~wr a`{`r sh
m`nv hQwv`qW v&`y`myn~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ j`w&n~wr a`{`r v#dsthn mgQn~ qQyENE @vmQn~
pvwQn rtvlt qEgWbv adE kr g#nWmtw~ kl~ pvwQn sAvr\{nyk~
a#wQkr g#nWmtw~ upk`r lb`@q~. mQnQsEn~ sh rjyn~ ht upk`r
lb`qWm mgQn~ apQ @mm sh`y ap@g~ kl`pytw~ mEU @l`vtw~ lb` @qmE.
ap@g~ r@thQ @h`~ vQ@q~Xyn~hQ v&`snyn~ sQqEvR vQt o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~
vQsQn~ awQmhw~ w&`gXWlWbvk~ @pn~vyQ. qQgQn~ qQgtm qEk~ vQ[Qn rtvl~
ht apQ nQwQpw` a`{`r lb`@q~. ap@g~ a`{`r kQrW@m| v#dsthnt a#wQ
k#p kQrWm mgQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a#wQ @mm l]Ny vQqh` q#k~@v|.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v 1971 qW a`r\}Qk sh@y`~gWw`v sh sAvr\{ny pQLQb[
sAvQ{`n@y~ (Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD)) pRr\N s`m`jQk@ykO vQy. OECD mgQn~ sQy s`m`jQk rtvl~
30 sh a@nk~ qQyENE @vmQn~ pvwQn rtvl a`r\}Qk, s`m`jyWy sh
rFkWr]` ww~vyn~ vr\{ny kQrWmt bl`@p`@r`w~wO@v|, @m| awrm
OECD mgQn~ @l`~k @vL[`m v&`p~w kQrWmq armENE @k@r\.
a`sQy` p#sQpQk~ kl`p@y~ smWp sh@y`~gWw`vy vr\{ny kQrWmtq
o|s~@tY|lQy`v mgQn~ sh@y`~gy lb`@q~. a`sQy` p#sQpQk~ a`r\}Qk
sh@y`~gWw`vy (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)), n#@gnhQr a`sQy` smEUv (East Asia Summit (EAS)),
a`sQy`n~ pY`@q~XWy sm|@m|lny (ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF))
sh p#sQpQk~ qRpw~ sm|@m|lny (Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)) yn
sAvQ{`nvlq o|s~@tY|lQy`v kQYy`k`rW s`m`jQk@ykQ.
@@vq& k#wrQn~ h#m|lQn~ AC
(Dr Catherine Hamlin AC)
(upw 1924)
@@vq& k#wrQn~ h#m|lQn~
n`rQvQ@X~;ZvrQyk~ vn awr
wr#N iwQ@y`~pQy`nE k`n~w`vn~
jWvQw@y~ pWd`vn~@gn~ @b|r` g#nWm
sm|bn~{@yn~ kWr\wQyk~ lb` a#w.
1959 vs@r\ sQt
iwQ@y`~pQy`@v| adQs~ ab`b`hQ
r`jk`rQ krn awr pYsv vNy
(‘’obstetric fistula’) @lsQn~
h#[Qn~@vn qr# up@w~qW a#wQvn wOv`lyk~ sm|bn~{@yn~ k`n~w`vn~
ht upk`r kryQ. @mm @r`~gW ww~vy a#wQ k`n~w`vn~ ht sQy XrWr
k^w&yn~ p`lny krgw @n`h#kQ awr @m| nQs` sm`j@yn~ b#h#rkr
wbyQ.
2004 in~qQy`nE s`gr sEn`mQyt psE in~qEnWsQy`@v| o|s~@tY|lQy`nE shn v#dktyEwO
j`w&n~wr smEUvl o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| kQYy`k`rW
shx`gQw~vy
1945 qW ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ sAvQ{`ny (United Nations (UN))
a`rm|x@y~ sQt o|s~@tY|lQy`v kQYy`k`rW s`m`jQk@ykO @lsQn~ sQtW. 1951
eksw~ j`wWn~@g~ srN`gw pYZ`p~wQy (1951 UN Refugee
Convention) yt@w~ srN`gwyn~ vX@yn~ h[En`gw~ ay ht
a`r]`v lb`qWm 1951 ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ srN`gw pYZ`p~wQy
yt@w~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v sQqE kryQ. qQyENE @vmQn~ pvwQn rtvl~ s[h`
ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ s`m hmEq` v&`y`myn~t q`ykvWm, m`nv hQwv`qW sh
a`pq` avs~}`vlt pYwQc`r q#k~vWm sh ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ a{`&`pnQk,
vQq&`w~mk sh sAs~k^wQk sAvQ{`n@y~ (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
ktyEwOvl q#dQ @ls nQrwvWmw~ sQqE@v|.
52
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
k#wrQn~ sh a#y@g~ s~v`mQ pEr#;y` vQsQn~ adQs~ ab`b` fQs~tRl` @r`~hl
pQhQtEvn lqW. @m`vEn~@g~ uw~s`hy nQs` qhs~ gNn~ k`n~w`vn~ ht sQy
nQ@vs~ @vw n#vw p#mQN sQy g@mhQ sm|pRr\N, @s_K&y sm|pn~n
jWvQw gw kl h#kQvW a#w.
1995 qW @@vq& k#wrQn~ h#m|lQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| uss~m sm|m`ny vn
o|dr\ of~ o|s~@tY|lQy` sm|m`n@yn~ pQqEm| l#bWy. a#y aqtw~ iwQ@y`~pQy`@v|
k`n~w`vn~ @vnE@vn~ @s~vy kryQ.
aq o|s~@tY|lQy`v awQ vQX`l sh vr\{ny vn rtk~ vn awr kWYd`, kl`
sh vQq& @]~wYyn~hQ jygYhNyn~ sm|bn~{@yn~ a`dm|br@yn~ sQtW.
ap@g~ mQnQsEn~@g~ jWvn ww~vy apQ agy krn nmEqE, s#mvQtm vd`
ihl mt|tmkt lM` vWm armEN@v|.
j`w&n~wr a`{`r sh sAvr\{n upk`r mgQn~, o|s~@tY|lQy`v vQsQn~ kWYd`
@]~wY@yn~ ob|btq @l`~k pYj`v @vw s`{`rNw~vy rF@gn ynE a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE @n`~@bl~ w&`gl`xWn~
vQq&`w~mk sh @@vq& pr\@y~;N sm|bn~{@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt kWr\wQyk~ a#w. @mm @]~wYyn~hQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ qs @q@nk~ @n`~@bl~ w&`g qQn` a#w.
mh`c`r\& vQLQym| bY#g~ (Professor William Bragg) (1862 - 1942) sh @l`~rn~s~ bY#g~ (Lawrence Bragg)
(1890 - 1971) @x_wQk vQq&`Z.
ek~s~ @r\ x`vQw@yn~ s~PTQk v&Ehy vQX~@l~;Ny kQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ ovEn~@g~ @s~v`v s[h` (‘for their services in the analysis of crystal
structure by means of X-rays’) 1915 vs@r\qW @x_wQk vQq&`v s[h` @n`@bl~ w&`gy hvE@l~ jygYhNy kl vQLQym| bY#g~ (pQy`) sh @l`~rn~s~
bY#g~ (pEw`).
XWYmw~ h`vr\d| @v`~l~tr\ f~@l`~rQ (Sir Howard Walter Florey) (1898 - 1968) v&`{Q@v|qQy`.
svEw~ o|s~@t|YlQy`@v| a#dQ@l~d|hQ upn~ h`vd| f~@l`~rQ ht @pnQsQlQn~ sh ehQ a#wQ vQvQ{ @b`~vn @r`~g sm|bn~{@yn~ sEv kQrW@m| gONy @s`y` g#nWm
sm|bn~{@yn~ (‘for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases’) 1945 qW k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~
@@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
XWYmw~ fY$n~k~ m#k~f`lr\n~ br\nt| (Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet) (1899 - 1985) @@vq& vQq&`Z sh jWv vQq&`Z.
vQk~@t`~rQy` hQ upn~ fY$n~k~ br\nt| ht aw~pw~kr gw~ pYwQXk~wQy qr` g#nWm @s`y` g#nWm sm|bn~{@yn~ (‘for discovery of acquired
immunological tolerance’) 1960 qW k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~ @@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
XWYmw~ @j`~n~ @k`~rQ ek~l~s~ (Sir John Carew Eccles) (1903 - 1997) k`yQk vQq&`Z.
@ml~br\n~ nEvr upn~ @j`~n~ ek~l~s~ ht pr\yn~w sh m`{&yt ayw~ s~n`yE @@sl ptkvl uw~@w~jn sh nQ@;~{n sm|bn~{ ayn kQYy`k`rQw~vy
@s`y` g#nWm sm|bn~{@yn~ (‘for discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the
peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane’) 1963 qW k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~ @@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~
w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
mh`c`r\& @j`~n~ v`r\kp~ @k`~n~@f`~w~ (Professor John Warcup Cornforth) (1917 - 2007) rs`ynZ.
sQd|nQ nEvr upn~ @j`~n~ @k`~n~@f`~w~ ht en~syQm mgQn~ uw~@w~jny vn pYwQkQYy` sm|bn~{ wQYm`n rs`yn vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ (‘for his work on
the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions’) 1975 qW rs`ynQk vQq&`v sm|bn~{ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
mh`c`r\& pWtr\ @d`hr\tQ (Professor Peter Doherty) (upw 1940) pYwQXk~wQ vQq&`Z.
kOvWn~s~ln~d| hQ upn~ pWtr\ @d`hr\tQ vQsQn~ @@slvl m#qQhw~vWm mgQn~ sQqEkrn pYwQXk~wQkrN a`r]`v sm|bn~{ vQ@X~;w` sm|bn~{ @s`y`g#nWm
sm|bn~{v (‘for discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence’) 1996 qW k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~
@@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
mh`c`r\& b#rW m`;l~ (Professor Barry Marshall)(upw 1951) a`h`r m`r\g pq~{wQy sm|bn~{ vQ@X~;Z sh
@@vq& @r`bQn~ @v`rn~ (Doctor Robin Warren) (upw 1937) v&`{Q@v|qQW.
b#rW m`;l~ sh @r`bQn~ @v`rn~ vQsQn~ g#s~tYyQtQs~ sh @pp~tQk~ al~sr\ @r`~g sm|bn~{@yn~ b#k~tWrQym| @hlQ@k`b#k~tr\ pQ@l`~rQ hQ k`r\&x`ry @s`y`g#nWm
sm|bn~{@yn~ (‘the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease’) 2005 qW k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~
@@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
m`h`c`r\& eLQs@bw~ @hln~ b|l#k~br\n~ (Professor Elizabeth Helen Blackburn) (upw 1948) jWv vQQq&`Z.
@h`~b`t|hQ upn~ eLQs@bw~ b|l#k~br\n~ vQsQn~ @t@l`~@m@r\s~ sh @t@l`~@m@r\s~ en~syQm mgQn~ @kY`~m@s`~m a`r]` krn~@n~ @k@s~q yn~n @s`y`g#nWm
sm|bn~{v (‘for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase’) 2009 qW
k`yQk vQq&`v @h`~ @@vq& vQq&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy (hvEl~v) qQn`gn~n` lqW.
s`hQw&y sm|bn~{ @n`~@bl~ w&`g l`xQ@ykOq o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sQtW.
p#t|rQk~ vyQt| (Patrick White) (1912 - 1990) nvk}`kr#vkO sh n`t& rck@ykO.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE @qm`pQyn~t q`v ln~dn~ hQ upn~ p#t|rQk~ vyQt| vQsQn~ s`hQw&yt nv mh`q~vWpyk~ ek~kl q] m@n`~mRlQk v^w~w`n~w kl`v s[h`
(‘for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature’) 1973 qW s`hQw&
sm|bn~{ @n`~@bl~ w&`gy qQn`gn~n` lqW.
4 vn @k`ts –– aq o|s~@t|YlQy`v
53
5 vn @k`ts
ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`qQv`sW sAs~k^wWn~ @l`~k@y~
aqt pvwQn p#rNQm sAs~k^wWn~@v|.
54
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @ktQ iwQh`sy kQsQqE a`k`rykQn~ sm|pRr\N iwQh`sy
@lsQn~ s#lkQy yEwO n#wQ awr e~ mgQn~ ap@g~ rt sh sAs~k^wQy
h#dg#sENE a`k`ry sm|bn~{@yn~ aqhsk~ lb`@q~. avEr#qE qhs~ gNnk~
wQs~@s~ @mm r@thQ pqQAcQv sQtQ@y~ sh @mm rt rFkbl` gw~@w~
a`qQv`sWn~ vQsQnQ. 1788 pY}m n`vEk blk`y p#mQNWm mgQn~ ovEn~@g~
@l`~ky sqhtm @vns~ vQy. psEgQy vsr 200 pEr` bhEsAs~k^wQkw~vy
sh sm`q`ny kr` yn gm@n~qW sm`n`w~mw`vy sh m`nv hQmQkm|
sm|bn~{@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v @b`@h`~ p`dm| i@gn @gn a#w. ap vQsQn~
sQqEkr a#wQ pYwQ@X`~{nyn~ mgQn~ aqhs~ vn~@n~, ob q#n~ ek~vn
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pYj`v, s$m pEq~gl@ykOvm sm`jyt a#wOlw~ kr a#wQ
sm`jyk~ bvw~ s$m pEq~gl@ykOvm sm`jy mgQn~ vtQn` @ls slkn
bvw~ hQwn sm`jykty.
a`qQv`sW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~
q#nt @l`~k@y~ pvwQn p#rNQwm sAs~k^wWn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`qQv`sW
sAs~k^wWn~@v|. o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`qQv`sW mQnQsEn~ @mhQ vsr 40,000 sQt
vsr 60,000 qk~v` k`lyk~ jWvw~v a#w.
a`qWv`sW sh @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~v`sW sAs~k^wWn~ ekQ@nkt @vns~@v|.
ovEn~ ht ovEn~t a`@v|NQkvR x`;`vn~ sh sAs~k^wWn~ a#w.
@ewQh`sQk vX@yn~. a`qQv`sWn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pY{`n xSmQ@yn~ sh
ws~@m|nQy`@vn~ p#mQNQ ay@v|. @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~v`sWn~, k~vWn~s~ln~d|
hQ mEqE@N~ sQt p#pEv` nQv| gQnQ qRpw awr a#wQ qRpw~vlQn~ p#mQNQ
ay@v|. @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~v`sWn~ vQsQn~ p#pEv` nQv| gQnQ sh @vnw~
p#sQpQk~ qRpw~vl sQtQn ay h` @b`@h`~ sm`n sAs~k^wQk l]N
@pn~vyQ.
x`;`
bQYw`n&yn~ p#mQNWmt @pr, a`qQv`sWn~ sh @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~v`sWn~
vQsQn~ x`;` sh up x`;` 700 kt a{Qk pYm`Nyk~ x`vQw` krn lqW.
x`;` 145 k~ pmN aqtw~ x`vQw@y~ a#w. lQKQw x`;`vk~ @n`wQbQN.
a`qQv`sWn~ vQsQn~ sQy mQnQsEn~ sh xSmQy sm|bn~{@yn~ kQyn k}`
@h~wO@vn~ a`qQv`sW sAs~k^wQ@y~ v`cQk iwQh`sy awQXyQn~
v#qgw~@v|. uq`hrN vX@yn~, vQk~@t`~rQy` hQ @p`~r\t| pQlQp~ @b| (Port
Phillip Bay) @vw gAvwOr g#lW@m| k}`v, vsr 10,000 kt @pr
sQqEvR sw& sQq~{Qyk~ h` b#@[~.
dWYmQn~ sh a`qQv`sW kl`v
ap iAgWs
Y @Q yn~ ‘Dreaming’ @ls h[Env
~ n @qyt vQv{
Q a`qQv`sQk
@g`~wY mgQn~ vQv{
Q nm| lb`qW a#w. Dreaming @h`~ Dreamtime ynE
a`qQv`sW jWvw
Q p`lny kl q#nWm, vQXv
~ `sys h` pEhN
E v
E a#wOlw~ kYmykQ.
@m| mgQn~ ovEn~ jWvw~ vQy yEwO a`k`ry sh ovEn~ h#sQry
Q yEwO a`k`ry
@pn~v` @qyQ. @mm rWwn
W t~ avnw @n`vn ay ht qVEvm| lb`@q~.
kkdR a`qQv`sW kl`v
dWYmQn~ hQ a#wQ k}` @qm`pQyn~ sh v#dQhQtQyn~ vQsQn~ sQy qr#vn~t
kQy`@qyQ. @mm k}` mgQn~ ovEn~@g~ xSmQy s$qENE sh eyt mQnQsEn~ p#mQNQ
a`k`ry, h#sQrQy yEwO a`k`ry sh e@s~ h#sQrWmt @h~wOv yn`qW @q~
qr#vn~t kQy`@q~. @mm k}`n~qr mgQn~ a`h`r @s`y` gn~@n~ @k@s~q
yn`qW agn` pY`@y`~gQk p`dm|q qr#vn~ ht kQy`@q~.
a`qQv`sW sAgWwy, sQAqE sh n#tEm| mgQn~ dWYmQn~ sh eqQ@nq` jWvQwy
sm|bn~{ k}` kQy`@q~. a`qQv`sWn~ g`yn` krn vQt sh ntn vQt, sQy
mEwOn~ mQw~wn~ h` q#dQ sm|bn~{w`vyk~ a#wQ bvt ovEn~ ht h#MWmk~
a#wQ@v|.
a`qQv`sW kl`@v| mEl~ a`k`r vn~@n~ gl~vl k#tym| k#pWm @h`~ cQwY kl`v
sh @p`@L`@v| krn rt`vn~y. @m|v`yQn~ smhrk~ vsr 30,000 kt
vd` p#rNQ@v|. m{&m o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mQnQsEn~ @p`@L`v @h`~ dWYmQn~ hQ k}`
nQ@y`~jny krmQn~ wQw~ sh kv upk`r@yn~ sQwOvm| aqQn lqW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| uwOr# @k`tst vn~nt sQtQn ay mQnQsEn~, swOn~ sh
xSwyn~@g~ r$p sQwOvm| krn lqW.
a`qQv`sWn~ aw@r\ aqtw~ dWYmQn~ iw` v#qgw~ s~}`nyk~ gnW.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
55
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `vt p#mQNQ pY}m yE@r`~py
W n~
sQrkr#vn~ pYv`hny
yE@r`~pWyn~@g~ mEl~ k`lWn @q~X g@v|;Ny
mEl~ yE@r`~pWyn~@gn~ @b`@h`~ @q@nk~ sQrkr#vn~ vWm @h~wO@vn~
o|s~@tY|lQy`v aq~vWwWy@v|. a#@mrQk` ek~sw~ jnpqyt nQqhs l#bW@mn~
psEv, apr`{kr#vn~ wv qErtw~ em rtt y#vWmt mh` bQYw`n&yt
@n`h#kQ vQy. bQYw`n& sQrm#qQrQ iw`m wqbq vQy. v#rqQ kl ay@g~
sAK&`v vQX`l pmNkQn~ vr\{ny vn vQt, ovEn~ s[h` nv s~}`n
@svWmt bQYw`n& rjyt sQqEvQy. 1786 qW apr`{ v#rqQkr#vn~ nQv|
svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ nv ytw~ vQjQwyt y#vWmt mh` bQYw`n&y wWrNy krn
lqW. @my rtQn~ @nrp` h#rWm ‘transportation’ @ls h[En~vyQ.
17 vn sQyv@s~q,W yE@r`~pyQ `nE g@v|;kyn~ vQsn
Q ~ ‘Terra Australis
Incognita’ ynE@vn~ h#[Qn@~ vn qkO@N~ @n`hqEnn xSmyQ @s`y` gn~n`
lqW. 1606 vs@r\qW vQ@lm| j#n~sn
R ~ (Willem Janszoon) n#m#wQ o|ln~q
j`wQky`, o|s@~ tYl
| yQ `@v| uwOr# wOd@E v| a#wQ @k~p~ @y`~k~ ar\{q~vpW @y~ (Cape
York Peninsula) bthQr @k`ts wrNy krn lqW. @mm vkv`nE@v|qm
W
s~p`z~z j`wQk lEys
Q ~ ves~ dQ @t`rs~ (Luis Vaez de Torres) vQsn
Q ~
@m@hyvR @n_k`vkQn~ mh`q~vpW @y~ uwOrt a#wQ smEqY sn~{yQ hrh` y`wY`
krn lqW.
1600 vsrvl ag x`g@y~qW, o|ln~q n`vQkyn~ vQsQn~ @vs~tr\n~
o|s~@tY|lQy` @vrL g@v|;Ny krn lqW. o|ln~q v#sQyn~ vQsQn~ @my nv
o|ln~qy ‘New Holland’ @ls h[En~vn lqW.
1642 qW, e~bl~ ws~mn~ (Abel Tasman) vQsQn~ aUw~ bQmk @vrL
@s`y`gn~n` lq awr ohE ey ‘Van ‘Van Diemen’s Land’
(q#n~ ws~@m|nQy`v) @ls nm| krn lqW. ohE o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| s#wpEm| qhs~
gNnk~ @vrLq wrNy krn lqW. ohE@g~ nv o|ln~q@y~ asm|pRr\N
sQwQym mgQn~ @p@nn~@n~ uwOrQn~ ey p#pEv` nQv| gQnQ h` y`vW a#wQ bv
ohE vQX~v`s kl bvyQ.
pY}m ytw~ vQjQwy
nQv| svEw~ @v|ls
~ ~ yn nv ytw~ vQjw
Q @y~ pY}m a`N~dk
E `rvry` vR@y~
kpQw`n~ a`wr\ pQlpQ y
~ . ohE @n_k` 11 kQn~ yEw~ pY}m n`vQk bl a#NQy
a`r]`k`rW @ls bQw
Y `n&@y~ sQt @l`~k@y~ anQk~ pst @gn en lqW
(Captain Arthur Phillip). sQrkr#vn~@g~ a`h`r p`n sh sExs`{ny
sm|bn~{@yn~ ohE vQ@X~; s#lkQll
~ k~ q#k~vR awr mEhqE E gm@n~qW iw`m sEU
sAK&`vk~ mQy yn lqW.
kpQw`n~ a`wr\ pQlQp~ 1788 jnv`rQ 26 vn qQn pY}m n`vEk bl
a#NQy sQd|nQ @k`~v| @vw @gn en lqW. ap o|s~@tY|lQy`nE qQny smrn~@n~
s$m vsrkm @mm qQn@y~qWy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE @p`@L`vt pY}m@yn~m py w#bR iAgWYsQ j`wQky` vQLQym|
d#m|pQyr\y (William Dampier). 1684 qW ohE vyB @vrLt @
g`dbsQn lqW. ehQ bQm vQyLQ sh qRvQlQ shQw vR b#vQn~ @vLq`mt @h`~
pqQAcQyt @my sEqEsE @ls ohE s#lkO@v| n#w.
kpQw`n~ @j~m|s~ kOk~ (Captain James Cook)
1770 vs@r\ ‘Endeavour’ n#m#wQ @n_k`@vn~ iAgWYsQ j`wQk @j~m|s~
kOk~ p#mQ@Nn wOr# yE@r`~pWyn~ vQsQn~ o|s~@tY|~lQy`@v| n#@gnhQr @vrL
g@v|;Ny kr @n`wQbQN. bQYw`n& rjy mgQn~ @m`hEv mEhEqE gmnk
pQtw~ kr y#vE@v| qkONE p#sQpQk~ kl`py @s`y` g#nWmty. ohE
n#@gnhQr @vrL wrNy kr, nRwn sQd|nQ nEvrt m[k~ qkONQn~ a#wQ @
b`tnQ @b| (Botany Bay) @vw @g`d bsQn lqW. @mm xSmQy nQv| svEw~
@v|l~s~ @lsQn~ @j~m|s~ kOk~ vQsQn~ h#[Qn~vR awr wOn~@vn @j`~r\j~ rjwOm`
@vnE@vn~ ayQwQv`sQkm| kQyn (King George III) lqW.
bQYw`n&@y~ sQt mEhEqQn~ p#mQNQ pY}m n`vQk bl a#NQy 1788 qW sQd|nQ @k`~v| @vw @s~n~qEvWm
mEl~ vsr kQhQpy
pqQAcQ krvW@m| mEl~ vsr kQhQpy iw` qE;~kr vQy. wm` sh sQy nQl{`rWn~
a#wOU sQyU @qn` ht ek h` sm`n a`h`rp`n lb`qW@mn~ mQnQsEn~
kQsQ@vk~ kOsgQn~@n~ @n`sQtQn bvt a`N~dEk`r pQlQp~ vQsQn~ vgbl`
gn~n` lqW. @mm ytw~ vQjQwy mEl~ vsr kQhQpy wOl s`r\}kv pvw~v`
g#nWmt ohE@g~ s`m`n& bEq~{Qy sh a{Q;~T`ny ivhl~ vQy.
mEl~ k`lWn pqQAcQ kQr@W m|qW wQbN
E E qE;k
~ r k`r\&yn~ itEkr gw~@w~
sQrkr#vn~@gn~ b@ln~ v#d g#nWm mgQn.Q ovEn~ mhn~s@Q yn~ v#d
@n`k@l~nm| @h`~ p#ngQ@y~ nm| @h`~ bWmw~ vENQ nm|, ovEnv
~ @k`~tm
E s~
krn lqW. ovEn~ vQsn
Q ~ qr#NE apr`{yk~ sQqk
E @l~ nm|, ovEnv
~ iw`
qErb#h#r a#wQ pqQAcQ kQr@W m| pY@q~Xykt yvn lq awr smhr
avs~}`vl el~l` mrN lqW. sQy qVEvm| k`ly avs`n kl psE
sQrkr#vn~ nQqhs~vR awr, v#dkr sQy qr# pvEl~ rFkbl` g#nWmt pYj`v
@vw nQqhs~ kr yvn lqW.
nv o|ln~qy sm|bn~{ e~bl~ ts~mn~@g~ (Abel Tasman) sQwQym, 1644
56
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
nv avs~}`
q#nEvw~ a`N~dEk`rvr@yk~
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| pY}m yE@r`~pWy pnghNy smn~vQw vR@y~ s~@k`t|ln~w,
@v|l~s~ sh ayr\ln~w v#sQyn~@gnQ. s~@k`t|ln~w, @v|l~s~ sh ayr\ln~w
v#sQyn~ @b`@h`~ vQt iAgWYsWn~ smM awWw@y~qW yE{ v#qEnq,
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v|qW @mm kN~d`ym| hwr smWpv v#d krmQn~ jWvw~ vQy.
a`N~dEk`r pQlQp~ smM a`N~dEk`r @l`k~ln~ m#k~v`rQ (Governor
Lachlan Macquarie) q ap@g~ mEl~ iwQh`s@y~ v#qgw~ s~}`nyk~
qryQ. ohE 1810 sQt 1821 qk~v` nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ ytw~ vQjQwy
p`lny krn lqW. ohE @mm ytw~ vQjQwy sQrkr#vn~@g~ ytw~ vQjQwyk~
vX@yn~ @n`v, nQqh@s~ pqQAcQvn s~}`nyk~ @ls qQyENE krn lqW. ohE
vQsQn~ @g`vQplvl pEhENE v#dQqQyENE kl awr nv m`r\g sh mhjn
phsEkm| @g`dngn lqW. o|s~@tY|lQy`v g@v|;Ny kQrWmt ohE unn~qE
krn lqW.
sQrkr#vn~ sh klQn~ sQrkr#vn~ ytw~ vQjQwy wOl nv avs~}`vn~
@s`y` g#nWm a`rm|x krn lqW. hmEq` nQl{`rWn~ sQy k`ly @vLq`m|
kQrWm mgQn~ mEql~ ipyWmt @y`q` gn~n` lq awr ovEn~@g~ upk`ryt
sQrkr#vn~ sh @pr sQrkr#vn~v @s~v@y~ @y`qv` gn~n` lqW. smhr
@pr apr`{ v#rqQkr#vn~ iw` ik~mNQn~ @vLqEn~ vX@yn~ sQy v&`p`r
a`rm|x krn lqW. a@nk~ @pr sQrkr#vn~ @g`vQyn~, vQvQ{ v^w~wWkyn~,
kds`p~pE ayQwQkr#vn~ sh w#b$r#m| ayQwQkr#vn~ a`qW vX@yn~ @h`[Qn~
sQy ktyEwO kr@gn gQyh. @pr apr`{ v#rqQ kl k`n~w`vn~q @h`[Qn~
v&`p`r ktyEwO kr@gn gQy awr eAgln~w@y~ k`n~w`vn~t vd`
v#dQ@yn~ @mm k`n~w`vn~ nQqhs xOk~wQ vQn~qh.
@m`hE vQsQn~ a{&`pny s[h` mEql~ @y`qvn lq awr @pr
sQrkr#vn~@g~ ayQwQv`sQkm|vlt gr# krn lqW.
ytw~ vQjQwy sm|bn~{@yn~ krn lq yhpw~ @vns~km| sm|bn~{@yn~
a`N~dEk`r m#k~v`rQ ht aq gr#kryQ. nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~hQ m#k~v`rQ vQX~v
vQq&`ly (Macquarie University) nm| kr a#w~@w~ ohE@g~ nmQnQ.
ap@g~ sQrkr#vn~@g~ ur#my
k#rlQn~ cQ@;`~m| (Caroline Chisholm)
(1808 – 1877)
k#rlQn~ cQ@;`~m| mEl~ k`lWn ytw~
vQjw
Q vl wnQ k`n~w`vn~@g~
ww~vy qQyN
E E kl mEl~ @p@l~ sm`j
pYw@Q X`~{k
Q `vkQ.
k#rlQn~ 1838 vs@r\ sQy yE{
hmEq` nQl{`rW s~v`mQ pEr#;y` sh
qr#vn~ ps~@qn` smM
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQNQyh. sQd|nQ
nEvr mAm`vw~vl jWvw~vR
sAkYmNQk k`n~w`vn~ ht a#y
upk`r kl`y. vsr kQhQpyk~ a#wOlw, ytw~ vQjQwy pEr` sAkYmNQk
k`n~w`vn~ s[h`vR @n~v`sQk`g`r 16 k~ a#wQ krn lqW.
n#v|vlQn~ ytw~ vQjQwvlt p#mQ@Nn ay@g~ jWvQwy v#dQ qQyENE kQrWmt
k#rlQn~ mhn~sQvW v#d kl`y. an`} ay anEn~@gn~ y#pWm sh
ovEn~@g~ qQLQqE bv n#wQ kQrWmt upk`r kQrWm s[h` Ny v#d sthnk~q
a#y vQsQn~ a`rm|x krn lqW.
aq o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| p`s#l~ @b`@h`~myk~ k#rlQn~ cQ@;`m| nmQn~ nm|kr
a#w. a#yv sAkYmNQkyn~@g~ mQwYy` (‘the migrant’s friend’)
@lsQn~ h#[Qn~vR awr mQnQsEn~ ht nv jWvQwyk~ a#rBWmt a#y vQsQn~
gn~n` lq apYwQhw @@{r\&y @h~wO@vn~ a#yv sQhQ kryQ.
m#k~v`rQ@g~ p`ln k`lyt psEv, a`N~dEk`rvry` swO blwl ek~
pEq~gl@ykO swOv wQbWm a{Qk bv sQwS nQs` 1823 vs@r\qW mWlM
a`N~dEk`rvry`t up@qs~ lb`qWm s[h` nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ v&vs~}`q`yk
mN~dlyk~ (Legislative Council) pQhQtEvn lqW. sQrkr#vn~ ht
nQsQ @ls qVEvm| lb`@qn bvtw~ ovEn~ avX& pmNt vd` @h`[Qn~
jWvw~vWm v#L#k~vWmtw~ h#kQ vn@s~ ytw~ vQjQwy pYwQ@X`~{ny kQrWmt
v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dly mWlMt uw~s`h gn~n` lqW. @k@s~vEvq, 19 vn
Xwvr\;@y~ mEl~ x`g@y~ a#wQkl nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ sh o|s~@tY|lQy`v pEr`
a#wQ a@nkOw~ ytw~ vQjQwvl jWvw~vn sQrkr#vn~ ht l#@bn sQyUm
avs~}` nvw` q#mWmt @my asmw~ vQy.
sm|pRr\N vX@yn~ 160,000 kt vd` sQrkr#vn~ sAK&`vk~
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt pQtEvhl~ krn lqW. mh` bQYw`n&@y~ sQt sQrkr#vn~ nQv|
svEw~ @v|l~s~ @vw evWm 1840 qWw~, ws~@m|nQy` @vw evWm 1852 qWw~,
@vs~tr\n~ o|s~@tY|lQy` @vw evWm 1868 qWw~ nvw~vn lqW.
sQrkr#vn~@g~ qr#vn~ s#m vQtm nQqhs~ ay vR b#vQn~ @pr sQrkr#vn~
sh s`m`n& pqQAcQvRvn~ awr @vns kYm@yn~ n#wQvQy. 1850 vsrvl
sQt ytw~ vQjQwvl jWvw~vR ay wm`v p`lny krgw~ awr v#qgw~
sm`j bQhQ kQrWmt avX& vQy. ytw~ vQjQwvl jWvw~vR ay sQy apr`{
iwQh`sys sm|bn~{@yn~ l#j~j`vR awr e~ g#n k}` kQrW@mn~ v#lkONQ.
Xw vr\;ykt pmN psEv @mm l#j~j`br h#MWm @vns~vQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sQy apr`{ iwQh`sy sm|bn~{@yn~ a`dm|br vENE awr
@b`@h`~ ay q#n~ apr`{ iwQh`syk~ a#wQ mEwOn~mQw~wkO @s`y` g#nWmt
swOtQn~ sQtW.
@mm pQLQg#nWm sm|bn~{ gONy @h~wO@vn~, o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~
mQnQsEn~@g~ pvEl~ psEbQm sh @pr h#sQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ w#kWm| @n`krn
pQrQsk~ bvt pw~v a#w. apt mQnQsEn~ hmEvn a`k`ryt pQLQgn~n` awr
h#m a@ykOtm s`{`rN @ls slkyQ.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
57
yE@r`~pWyn~ pqQAcQvW@mn~ psE a`qQv`sWn~
@ewQh`sQk sn~{Qs~}`n
yE@r`~pWyn~ pqQAcQy a`rm|xvENE avs~}`@v| o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`qQv`sWn~ sh
@t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~v`sWn~ 750,000 sQt mQlQyn 1.4 k~ pmN sQtQ
bvt gNn~ bl` a#w. @mm sAK&`@v| j`wWn~ 250 k~ sh x`;`
kN~d`ym| 700 kt a{Qk pYm`Nyk~ awOlw~@v|.
rtwOl g@v|;Ny
yE@r`~pWyn~ pY}m@yn~m o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| pqQAcQvR avs~}`@v|, a`qQc`sWn~ smM
bQYw`n& rjy kQsQqE gQvQsEmk~ a#wQ kr@gn @n`wQbQNQ. a`qQv`sWn~ ht
ovEn~@g~ a`r\}Qkyn~ p#vwQ awr xSmQy sm|bn~{@yn~ p#rNQ
sb[w`vyk~ p#vwQN. yE@r`~p@y~ @mv#nQ kYm @h`~ vQX~v`syn~ @n`wQbENE
b#vQn~ rjy ht @my h[En` g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vQy. a`qQv`sWn~ @b`~g vg`
@n`kl awr ek s~}`nyk sQtWmt nQ@vs~ s`q` @n`gw~h. @m| @h~wOv
nQs` @m`vEn~ ht ayQwQy sm|bn~{@yn~ h#MWmk~ @n`m#wQ bv bQYw`n&
rjy sQwWy. rjy mgQn~ idm| nQqh@s~ lb` gn~n` lqW.
m`rk g#tEm
a`qQv`sWn~ ht krqr @n`krn @lst mEl~ k`lWn a`N~dEk`rvr#n~ ht
up@qs~ lb`qW wQbENq, bQYw`n& pqQAcQkr#vn~ a`qQv`sWn~@g~ idm|vlt
p#mQN @b`@h`~ a`qQv`sWn~ mr#mEvt pw~krn lqW. @mv#nQ apr`{ kQrWm
sm|bn~{@yn~ s`m`n&@yn~ pqQAcQkr#vn~ ht qVEvm| @n`krn lqW.
smhr a`qQv`sWn~ sh yE@r`~pWy pqQAcQkr#vn~ ht sm`q`n@yn~ ekt
jWvw~vWmt h#kQvQy. smhr pqQAcQkr#vn~ b#tU sh gv @g`vQplvl
a`qQv`sWn~v @s~vyt @y`q` gw~h. agY`N~dEk`r m#k~v`rQ vQsQn~ a`qQv`sWn~
ht @g`vQw#n~ kr g#nWmt idm| lb` qEn~ awr a`qQv`sW LmEn~
@vnE@vn~ p`s#lk~ a`rm|x krn lqW. @k@s~vEvq, pqQAcQkr#vn~
jWvw~vn a`k`ryt jWvw~vWmt avX& vR@y~ iw` sEU a`qQv`sWn~
sAK&`vkt pmNQ. ovEn~@g~ sAs~k^wQk sm|pYq`yn~ ahQmQ kr g#nWmt
ovEn~ akm#wQ vQy.
idkdm| sm|bn~{ arglvlqW @k`wrm| a`qQv`sWn~ sAK&`vk~ mQygQyq
yn~n ap @n`qn~n` mEw~ a`qQv`sWn~ sQy qhs~ sAK&`vk~ mQygQy bv
apQ qnQmE. a`qQv`sWn~ mrNyt pw~kl vQX`lm kr#N vR@y~ yE@r`~pWyn~
@mrtt rF@gn a` @ld @r`~gy. a`qQv`sWn~@g~ jWvQw h`nQy mh`
v&`snykQ. 1830 vs@r\qW vQk~@t`~rQy` hQ sQtQ a`qQv`sWn~ sAK&`v
10,000 kQ. 1853 vs@r\qW @mm sAK&`v 1907 k~ pmNk~ vQy.
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~hQ mEl~ k`lWn ytw~ vQjQw pqQAcQkr#vn~ q#dQ
qE;~krw`vlt mEhEN qEnQ. o|s~@tY|lQy`@vn~ iw` kOd` pYm`Nyk~ pmNk~
s`rvw~y. @mv#nQ prQsryk jWvw~vWmt a`qQv`sWn~ pEr#qEv sQtQyq, nQyM
k`lvlqW @m`vEn~q qEk~ vQn~qh.
sQd|nQ nEvr pqQAcQkr#vn~ vQsQn~ rt wOl g@v|;Ny kQrW@m|qW mEhEN qEn~
pY}m b`{ky nm| sQd|nQ nEvrt kQ@l`~ mWtr\ 50 k~ qkONt vWmt a#wQ
b|lR mvEn~tn~ k[Ev#tQyyQ. 1813 vs@r\qW, b|l#k~s~ln~d| (Blaxland),
@vn~t|vr\w~ (Wentworth) sh @l`~sn~ (Lawson) yn wQ@qn` @mm
k[Ev#tQy wrNy krn lqW. b|lR mvEn~tn~ hrh` @y`q` a#wQ mh` m`r\g
sh qEm|rQy m`r\g @y`q` a#w~@w~ ovEn~ gmn~ kl m`r\g@y~y.
@mm k[Ev#tQyt ob|@bn~ b#tUvn~ sh gvyn~ a#wQ kQrWmt kqQm vQv^w
bQmk~ a#wQ bv g@v|;kyn~ vQsQn~ @s`y` gn~n` lqW. wvw~ rt wOlt
vWmt, vQyLQ, k`n~w`r shQw bQmk~ ovEn~t hmEvQy. vwOr @s`y` g#nWm
sh jWvw~ vWmt avX& a`h`r rF@gn y`m aphsEvQy. 1848
vs@r\qW mh`q~vWp@y~ n#@gnhQr sQt bthQrt gmn~ krmQn~ sQtQyqW
jr\mnQ@y~ upw lq lEd|vQg~ lyQk`r\d| (Ludwig Leichhardt)
g@v|;ky` awOr#qhn~ vQy.
1860 vs@r\qW, br\k~ (Burke) sh vQkl~s~ (Wills) o|s~@tY|lQy`@v|
qkO@N~ sQt uwOrt gmn~ kQrWmt @ml~br\n~ nEvrQn~ pQtw~ vQy. ovEn~
vQsQn~ vQX`l g@v|;Nyk~ (Yandruwandha) sQqE kl mEw~ em gmn
awQ qE;~kr vQy. ovEn~ ht a`qQv`sW yn~d|r#vn~q` mQnQsEn~@gn~ vQ@X~;Z
upk`r l#bENq, g@v|;kyn~ @q@qn`m a`psE en gm@n~qW mr#mEvt
pw~vQy. br\k~ sh vQl~s~@g~ g@v|;Ny sm|pRr\N kQrWmt @n`h#kQ vEvq,
ovEn~@g~ v^w~w`n~wy kl`v sh s`hQw&@y~ anEs~mrNy kryQ. @my
ap@g~ xSmQ@y~ kr\k;x`vy sm|bn~{ qEk~KQw uq`hrNykQ.
1860 br\k~ sh vQl~s~ @g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v wrNy kQrW@m| @q~X g@v|XNy
58
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
pqQAcQkr#vn~ sh pE@r`~g`mWn~
pqQAcQkr#vn~ ht @h`[ bQmk~ wQbENE avs~}`vl pv`, jWvQwy iw`
qE;~kr vQy. gAvwOr @h`~ nQyMykt psE @b`@h`~ avs~}`vl ovEn~t mEl
sQtm a#rBWmt sQqEvQy. 1838 vn vQt o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| pY`}mQk apnyny
vE@y~ @l`m|y. nQyM sm@y~qW @h`~ vQ@q~Xvl @l`m| s[h` @gvn mQL adEvR
avs~}`vl, pqQAcQkr#vn~ ht jWvw~vWmt kYmyk~ @n`m#wQ vQy.
@k@s~vEvq, n#vw n#gQt stn a#rBWy. @mv#nQ qE;~kr avs~}`vlt
mEhEN qW n#vw y}` ww~vyt pw~vn ay ‘Aussie battler’ @ls
apQ h[En~vmE. Aussie battler mgQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@g~ stn~ kQrW@m|
sh pYw&`s~}Q gONyn~~ nQ@y`~jny @k@r\. @mm qE;~kr k`lvl wm` ht
wQbR @@{r\&y sm|bn~{@yn~ pE@r`~g`mW k`n~w`vn~ sh pQrQmQn~ ht apQ
gr# krmE. pQrQmQn~ b#h#rv @h`~ mQy@g`s~ sQtQn vQt @b`@h`~ avs~}`vl
v&`p`ry @h`~ @g`vQpL rFkbl` g#nWmt k`n~w`vn~t sQqEvQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mQwYw~v gONy (spirit of mateship) a`rm|x vR@y~
@mm qE;~kr mEl~ k`l@y~y. b#tU @l`m| kpmQn~, gvyn~ qk~vmQn~ qEr
b#h#r pY@q~Xvl gmn~ kl pQrQmQn~ awr @my @h`[Qn~ a#w. qE;~kr
avs~}`vl pqQAcQkr#vn~ ekQ@nk` ht upk`r kr g#nWmq wQbQNQ. @mm
sm|pYq`y q#ntw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE jWvQw@y~ aAgykQ. s$m vsrkm qs qhs~
sAK&`vk~ l#v| gQnQ h` stn~ kQrWmt s~@v|c|C`@vn~ iqQrQpw~ vWm @myt
@h`[ nQqsEnkQ.
rw~rn~ k#NWm s[h` k#NWm| krn~nn~~ vQsQn~ g`s~wO @gv` blpwY
lb`gw~ psE rj@y~ hmEq` xt@y`~ ovEn~t iw` nrk a`k`ryt slkn
lqW. mRlQk pYj`wn~wYv`qW ayQwQv`sQkm| sm|bn~{ pYZ`p~wQyk~ sm|mw kr
g#nWmt 1854 @n`v#m|br\ 11 vn qQn b#lr`t| (Ballarat) hQ @b|krQ
hQl~ (Bakery Hill) hQ mQnQsEn~ 10,000 k~ pmN rFs~vQy. iw` vQyqm|
a{Qk blpwYyk~ s[h` @gvWmkQn~ @w`rv rw~rn~ h$rWmt h#kQy`v lb`
g#nWmt @m`vEn~t avX& vQy. vQk~@t`~rQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v| wm`v
nQ@y`~jny kQrWmt nQ@y`~jQwyn~ @w`~r` g#nWmt Cn~qy p`vQc|cQ kQrWmt
h#kQy`v lb` g#nWmtw~ ovEn~t avX& vQy.
kOd` kN~d`ymk~ vQsQn~ yE@r\k` k#NWm| sQqEkrn w#n vQX`l iNQv#tk~
s$qE awr ovEn~@g~ Southern Cross shQw vQp~lvk`rW {jy esvWy.
iNQv#t kd` q#mWmt 1854 @qs#m|br\ 3 vn qQn uq$sn rj@y~
nQl{`rWn~ vQsQn~ @s`l~q`qEvn~ @y`qvn lqW. rw~rn~ k#NWm|kr#vn~v
m#dpvw~vn lq awr 30 @q@nk~ pmN mr#mEvt pw~vQy.
rw~rn~ @s`y` g#nWm (The gold rush)
1851 mEl~ x`g@y~qW nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ rw~rn~ @s`y` g#nWm j`wQy
@vns~ kl @s`y` g#nWmk~ @ls h[En~vyQ. @myt tQk klkt psEv nv
s~v`{Wn ytw~ vQjQwyk~vR vQk~@t`~rQy` hQq rw~rn~ @s`y` gn~n` lqW.
1852 avs`ny vn vQt o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sh @l`~k@y~ sQyUm pY@q~XvlQn~
rw~rn~ @s`ymQn~ 90,000 k~ pmN @qn` vQk~@t`~rQy` @vw @g`s~ a#w.
yE@r\k` {jy
vQp~lvk`rW n`ykyn~t vQr#q~{v r`j@qY`~hWvWm sm|bn~{@yn~ ndE p#vr$
avs~}`@v| kQsQqE jRrQ sx`vk~ ovEn~v v#rqQkr#vn~ k@l~ n#w. r`jkWy
@k`mQsmk~ mgQn~ rjy v#rqQ bv @s`y`gn~n` lq awr pwl~kr#vn~
@b`@h`~myk@g~ il~lWm| l#bQNQ. ovEn~ vQsQn~ il~l` sQtQn lq @q~Xp`ln
nQ@y`~jnyq ovEn~ ht l#bENQ. vQp~lvWy n`yky` vR pWtr\ l`@l`~r\
(Peter Lalor) vsrk~ a#wOlw vQk~@t`~rQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v|
mn~wWYvr@yk~ bvt pw~vQy.
k`ly`@g~ a#v$@mn~ yE@r\k` k#rlQkr#vn~ vQ@r`~{y pl kQrW@m|
sA@k~wyk~ bvt pw~vR awr s`{`rNw~vy sm|bn~{ ap@g~ vQX~v`sy
whvEr# vQy.
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ sh vQk~@t`~rQy` ytw~ vQjQwvl rw~rn~ @s`y` gw~@w~ 1851 vs@r\qWy
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE iwQh`s@y~ @X~Y;~T pYj`wn~wYv`qW avs~}`vk~ vX@yn~
yE@r\k` k#rFl~l (Eureka rebellion) sQhQpw~ @k@r\. rj@y~ nQl{`rWn~
vQsQn~ b#lr`t| (Ballarat) rw~rn~ a`kry qr#NE a`k`ryt p`lny
kQrWmt e@rhQv 1854 qW b#lr`t| rw~rn~ a`kr@y~qW k#NWm| krn~nn~
vQsQn~ vQX`l vQ@r`~{w`vyk~ a`rm|x krn lqW.
rw~rn~ l#bWm mgQn~ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `v @b`@h`~ @s~ @vns~vy
Q . @mm
k`l@y~qW o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `@v| mEU jnghNy 1851 vs@r\qW 43,000 sQt
1870 vs@r\qW mQly
Q n 1.7 qk~v` v#dQ vQy. v#dQvn jnghNy sm|bn~{
kQrm
W t 1850 vs@r\qW pY}m qEmr| y
Q m`r\g sh vQql
E Q lQpQ y#vWm a`rm|x
vQy.
svEw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v h#r a@nkOw~ sQyUm ytw~ vQjQwvl vQX`l rw~rn~
nQ{Q hmEvQy. a`r\}Qky sm^q~{Qmw~ vENE awr ap@g~ vtQn`m apnyny
@ls @l`m|vlt wQbQ w#n rw~rn~vlt hQmQvQy. 1890 pmN vnvQt,
@l`~k@y~ uss~m jWvn ww~vy o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| wQbEN` vQy h#k.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
59
b@ln~ pqQAcQvRvn~ sh @g`vQyn~
ytw~ vQjQwvl mEl~ k`l@y~ sQtm, b@ln~ pqQAcQvRvn~ (‘squatters’)
@ls h[En~vn ay vQX`l bQm| pYm`Nyn~ @g`vQplvl~ bvt pw~krn lqW.
@mm idm| s[h` ovEn~t kQsQm @gvWmk~ kQrWmt @n`wQbENE awr, ovEn~
@m|v` ovEn~@g~ idm| @ls slkn lqW. rw~rn~ pY}m@yn~ hmEvR
k`l@yn~ psEv b@ln~ pqQAcQvRvn~@gn~ @mm idm| n#vw lb` g#nWmt
mhw~ prQXYmyk~ q#rWmt sQqEvQy.
1860 vsrvl, b@ln~ pqQAcQvR ay@g~ idm|, v#dkrn ay sh
ovEn~@g~ pvEl~vlt @g`vQplvl~ s[h` vQkQNWmt rjyt avX& vQy.
iw`m @h`[ wnwOr#vl sQtQ b@ln~ idm|vl sQtQn~nn~, wm`t bqE
ayQwQv`sQkm| a#wQ bv qk~vmQn~ h#kQ wrm| idm| wb` g#nWmt uw~s`h
krn lqW.
1860 vsrvl sQt, o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qE;~kr pY@q~Xvl otE qEm|rQy
(camel ‘trains’) kQYy`w~mk kQrWmt ir`ny, IjQp~wOv sh wOr\kQy yn
rtvlQn~ mQnQsEn~ p#mQNQyh. otEvn~ qk~kn in~qQy`nEvn~ h` @m| sQyU
@qn` @p`qE@v| a#f~gnQs~w`nEvn~ (‘Afghans’) @ls h#[Qn~vWmt mRlQk
vX@yn~ @h~wOvR@y~ ovEn~@g~ sm`n a`k`r@y~ a#[Em| sh @p`qE is~l`m|
vQX~v`syn~ nQs`y. @mm otEvn~ qk~kn ayv s#lkO@v| rt wOl
pE@r`~g`mWn~ (‘pioneers of the inland’) vX@ynQ. in~qQy`nEvn~
4000 k~ sh p#sQpQk~ qRpw~ v`sWn~ 6000 k~ pmNq kOvWn~s~ln~w@y~
uk~ gs~ sh @k@sl~ kr\m`n~wvl @s~v@y~ @yqW sQtQyh.
1880 vsrvl sQt, o|s~@tY|lQy`vt @lbnn@yn~ @s~vkyn~ p#mQNQyh.
@b`@h`~ @lbnn~ j`wQkyn~ @rqQpQLQ sh a#[Em| kr\m`n~wvl nQrw vQy.
gm|bq o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| wQbR @b`@h`~myk~ a#[Em| s`p~pEvl ayQwQy @lbnn~
pvEl~ swOvR awr aqtw~ @mm sm|pYq`y pvwW.
nv @g`vQyn~ qE;~krw`vyn~ rFskt mEhEN qEn~ awr qEm|rQy m`r\g
wnn @wk~ @vL[ @p`lvl~ s[h` pY@v|Xy qE;~kr vQy. ngrvl iw`
ihl v#tEp~ lb` g#nW@m| avs~}`vn~ wQbWm @h~wO@vn~ mh @p`@L`v smM
ktyEwO kr kOd` mEqlk~ ipyWm a`kr\;NWy @n`vWy.
svEw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @g`vQyn~ ht iw` @h`[ ww~vyk~ p#vwQNQ. vg`
kQrWm phsE krvn @g`vQpl yn~wY sRwY @s`y` gn~n` o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
sm|pYq`y pY}m@yn~m a#rBE@n~ @mhQy. @b`~g vg`v s[h` wq @p`Lv
sRq`nm| kQrWm phsE krn s~tm|p~ jm|p~ ngOl (The stump-jump
plough) (1870 vsrvl) @myt kqQm nQqsEnkQ.
1800 vsrvl sAkYmNy
1800 mEl~ x`g@y~ ytw~ vQjQwvl pY{`n vX@yn~ sQtQ@y~ iAgWYsQ,
s~@k`t|ln~w, @v|l~s~ sh ayr\ln~w pqQAcQkr#vn~y. nv j`wQy pqnm|
vR@y~ ovEn~@g~ ur#myn~ mwy. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| awWwy, sAs~k^wQk
kQYy`k`rkm| sh a`gmQk pEhENE ek~sw~ r`j{`nQ@y~ sQtQn ay h`
sm`ny. @k@s~vEvq, yE@r`~py sh a`sQy`@v| sQt p#mQNQ kOd` sAkYmN
kN~d`ym|q sQtQyh. 1800 vsrvl p#mQNQ yE@r`~pWyn~ awr gWYk,
@p`~ln~w, @m`~l~t`, r#sQy`nE @mn~m vyQn~ kr\m`n~w@y~ nQrwvR pYAX
pqQAcQkr#vn~q vQy. @m`vEn~ @b`@h`~ @q@nk~ rFkQy` @s`yn sh v`sn`v
urg` bln wr#N pQrQmQ ay @h`~ sQy n#v| awh#r q#mR n#v|vl @s~vy
kl ay@v|.
cWn sAkYmNQkyn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQNWm a#rBE@n~ 1842 vsrt
psEvy. ovEn~@g~ sAK&`v v#dQ vR@y~ rw~rn~ @s`y` g#nW@mn~ psEv vn
awr rw~rn~ a`krvl j`wQv`qW @n`sn~sEn~w`vyn~ p#vwQN. @m|v`
smhr avs~}`vl cWn j`wQkyn~t e@rhQ @k`~lh`l bvt pw~vR awr
1854 vs@r\ @bn~dQ@g`~ (Bendigo) hQqW sQqEvENE @qy @myt kqQm
nQqsEnkQ. @mm j`wQv`qW @n`sn~sEn~w`vyn~ @h~wO@vn~ vQk~@t`~rQy`@v|
1855 qWw~ nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~hQ 1861 qWw~ sAkYmN sWm` p#nvWy.
1850 vsrvl wQbENE rw~rn~ @s`y` g#nW@mn~ psE, @b`@h`~ cWn
j`wQk@y`~ n#vw sQy rtt gQyh. @mhQ iwQrQ vR@y~ jly hQM pY@q~Xvlt
wqQn~ avX&vR aUw~ eLvU sh pLwOr# s#pyR vWn j`wQk @gvwO vg`
kl ay pmNkQ.
60
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qErb#h#r pY@q~Xvl otEvn~ qk~kn a#f~gn~ v#sQyn~ (‘Afghan’ cameleers)
a`qQv`sW sAcQwyn~
a`qQv`sWn~ sh pqQAcQkr#vn~ awr mEl~ k`lWn sAgY`m avsn~ vW@mn~
psEv, a`qQv`sWn~ jWvw~vR@y~ sm`j@y~ phw~ mt|tm|vly. smhr#n~ qEr
b#h#r pY@q~Xvl b#tU sh gv g`l~vl iw` adE @v|wnyt v#d klh.
@fdrl~ rjy mgQn~ a`qQv`sWn~ ht jWvw~ vQy h#kQ sAcQw pY@q~X a#wQ
klq, @mm pY@q~Xvl a`qQv`sWn~ ht wm` k#mwQ sm|pYq`yQk jWvQw
@gvWmt avs~}`v lb` @n`qQnQ. ovEn~t avX& a`k`ryt qdym| kr
jWvw~ vWmt ovEn~ ht @n`h#kQ vQy.
1800 vsrvl avs`n@y~, ytw~ vQjw
Q rjy mgQn~ a`qQv`sW
ayQwv
Q `sQkm| ovEn@~ gn~ ivw~ kr gn~n` lqW. a`qQv`sWn~ jWvw~ vQy
yEw@~ w~ @k`@h~q yn~n rjy mgQn~ qn~vn lqW. ovEn~ vQv`h vQy yEw@~ w~ k`
smMq yn~n ovEn~ ht kQy` qEn~ awr a`qQv`sW LmEnv
~ sQy
@qm`pQyn~@gn~ ivw~ kr gn~n` lqW. @mm qr#vn~v sEqE pvEl~ @vw @h`~
rj@y~ an`}`g`r @vw yvn lqW. @mm pEr#qE wv qErtw~ @n`p#vwONq,
@mm sQqv
E m
W | a`qQv`sWn~ sh @b`@h`~ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEvn~@g~ q#dQ @q`m|nst
@h~wv
O W a#w.
Cn~q bly
@fd@r\;ny
m#wQvrNvlqW k`n~w`vn~ ht Cn~qy p`vQcc
| Q kQr@W m| ayQwy
Q
@vnE@vn~ v&`p`rvl @yqEnE ay h#[Qnv
~ m
W t @l`v pEr` x`vQw` kl
vcnykQ ‘Suffragettes’. 1880 sh 1990 vsrvl s$m ytw~
vQjw
Q ykm avm vX@yn~ Cn~q ayQwy
Q sm|bn~{@yn~ ktyEwO krn
ek~ smQwy
Q k~vw~ wQbN
Q . @m| @vnE@vn~ ktyEwO kl ay vQsn
Q ~ sQy ytw~
vQjw
Q vl p`r\l@Q m|nw
~ v
O lt @pw~sm| iqQrpQ w~ kQrm
W t aw~sn~ qhs~ gNnk~
ekwO krn lqW.
ytw~ vQjQw @vn @vnmm qQyENE vEvq, 19vn sQyvs ag x`gy vn vQt
j`wQyt ayw~y yn @p`qE h#MWm vr\{ny @vmQn~ wQbQN. @mm h#MWm
‘Advance Australia Fair’ mgQn~ kQy@vn vcnvlQn~ pYk`X@v|.
@mm gWwy Peter Dodds McCormick vQsQn~ lQyn lq awr pY}m
vrt g`yn` k@l~ 1878 sQd|nQ nEvrqWy. q#n~ @my ap@g~ j`wQk gWy@
v|.
svEw~ o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE k`n~w`vn~ 1895 qW Cn~qy x`vQw` kQrm
W tw~
p`r\l@Q m|nw
~ v
O t @w`~r` pw~vm
W tw~ ayQwy
Q qQn` gw~h. @vs~tr\n~
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE k`n~w`vn~ Cn~qy x`vQw` kQr@W m| ayQwy
Q 1899 qW qQn` gw~h.
1902 qW Cn~qy x`vQw` kQrWm sh o|s~@tY|lQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wOvt @w`~r`
pw~vWm yn ayQwWn~ @qkm k`n~w`vn~t ht lb` qEn~ pY}m rt
o|s~@tY|lQy`v@v|. a`qQv`sW k`n~w`vn~ (sh pQrQmQn~) ht 1962 vn @wk~
Cn~qy lb`qW@m| ayQwQy @n`wQbQNQ.
1923 qW @vs~tr\n~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wOvt @w`~r` pw~vR vQt edQw~
@k`~vn~ (Edith Cowan) pY}m k`n~w` p`r\lQ@m|n~wO nQ@y`~jQwvrQy
vQy. 1943 vs@r\ enQd| lQ@yn~s~ (Enid Lyons) o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOvt @w`~r` pw~ vn @wk~, kQsQqE k`n~w`vk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv nQ@y`~jny @n`krn lqW.
19 vn sQyvs agx`gy vn vQt ytw~ vQjw
Q ekt ek~ kQrm
W s[h`
uw~s`hyn~ @qkk~ @gn wQbN
Q . 1889 qW XWm
Y w~ @hn~rQ p`r\ks
~ ~
(Sir Henry Parkes) vQsn
Q ~ Xk~wm
Q w~ j`wQyk~ @g`d n#gWmt k#[vWm| kr
wQbN
Q . 1890 qW p#v#w~vR Australasian Federation Conference
hQqW o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `v @fd@r\;nyk~ kQr@W m| aqhs s`kc|C` @krQN.
wrmk pYm`qykt psEv, @fd@r\;Ny sm|bn~{@yn~ wQbN
E E unn~q@E v|
@v|gy 1893 qW v#dQvy
Q . mWlM p`r\l@Q m|nw
~ O sm|mw
E @Q y~ s`m`jQkyn~ @w`~r`
gn~n` lq~@q~ Cn~qq`ykyn~ vQsn
Q .Q Cn~qq`ykyn~ vQsn
Q ~ jnmw vQc`rN
@qkkqW a`N~dk
E m
Y v&vs~}`v pQLg
Q #nWmt Cn~qy p`vQcc
| Q krn lqW.
@fd@r\;Nyk~ vW@m| kQy
Y `vlQ@y~ pqnm mhjnw`v@g~ avX&w`vy mw
a#wQvm
W yn kr#N mw o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `@v| pYgwXWlW bv nQr$pNy@v|.
k#wrQn~ s~@pn~s~ (Catherine Spence)
(1825 – 1910)
k#wrQn~ s~@pn~s~ @l~KQk`vk~,
@q~Xk@yk~, k`n~w`vn~@g~ kr#NE
@vnE@vn~ ktyEwO kl a@yk~ sh
k`n~w` Cn~q @vnE@vn~ ktyEwO
kl a@ykQ.
k#wrQn~ s~@pn~s~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt
sAkYmNy k@l~
s~@k`t|ln~w@y~ sQty.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE jWvQwy sh p`s#l~
@p`w~ sm|bn~{@yn~ a#y w&`g qQnR nvk}` lQy` a#w.
nQ@vs~ n#wQ qr#vn~ ht upk`r kQrWmt sAvQ{`nyk~ pQhQtEvWmt a#y
upk`r lb` qEn~ awr aUw~ b`l`AX pAwQvlt sh g#h#NE LmEn~ ht
rj@y~ q~vWwWyQk p`s#l~ s[h`q a#y upk`r lb`@qn lqW.
p`r\lQ@m|n~wO m#wQvrNykt iqQrQpw~vW @b`@h`~ Cn~q lb` gw~ pY}m
k`n~w`v a#y vEvq, a#y@g~ a`sny qQn` g#nWmt a#y a@p`@h`sw~
vQy. 1891 qW Women’s Suffrage League of South
Australia hQ up sx`pwQnQy vQy.
sWm`k`rW s`{k wQ@bn k`lyk vEvq, k`n~w`vkt lb` gw h#kQ
jygYhNyn~ nQr$pNy kQrWmt k#wrQn~ s~@pn~s~ sA@k~wykQ.
1901 bQYs~@b|n~ hQ p#v#w~vR @fd@r\;N qQny
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
61
o|s~@tY|lQy`v ht sQy rt p`lny kr gw h#kQ bvt bQYw`n& rjy
ekMvR awr 1901 jnv`rQ 1 vn qQn sQd|nQ nEvr @sn~tQnQyl~
p`r\k~ hQqW vQX`l jnk`yk~ iqQrQ@y~ pY}m o|s~@t|lQy`nE rjy qQvEr#m| qEnQ.
nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ @fd@r\;Nyk~ s[h` mRlQkw~v@yn~ ktyEwO kl
ed|mn~d| b`r\tn~ (Edmund Barton) nv j`wQ@y~ agY`m`w& vQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v @m| vn vQt @vnm r`j&yk~ vEvq, wvqErtw~ bQYw`n&
a`{Qpw&y yt@w~ sQtQn lqW. 1931 vn @wk~ a`r]`v sh vQ@q~X
ktyEwO sm|bn~{ sm|pRr\N blwl @n`wQbQNQ. j`wQk h#MWm vr\{ny vW
wQbENq, bQYw`n&yn~ vWm yn h#MWm wv qErtw~ Xk~wQmw~v p#vwQN.
km|kr# p]y vr\{ny vWmw~ smMm, 1910 qW a@nkOw~ sQyUm p]
lQbrl~ p]y h` ek~vQy. @mm p]y nm| kQhQpykQn~ h#[Qn~vWy. yEq~{
k`lyn~ awrwOr ey j`wQk p]y (Nationalist Party) vR awr
psEv ey ek~sw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE p]y (United Australia Party) vQy.
1944 qW aq ap qn~n` lQbrl~ p]y pQhQtEvWy. km|kr# @n`vn p]
kQhQpyk~ ekwOv @r`bt| @mn~sQs~ (Robert Menzies) vQsQn~ pvw~vn
lq sm|mn~wYNykt psEv @my sQqEvQy. XWYmw~ @r`bt| @mn~sQs~ o|s~@
tY|lQy`@v| v#dQm k`lyk~ @s~vy kl agm#wQ bvt pw~vQy.
pLmE @l`~k yEq~{yt psEv @g`vQyn~@g~ pYX~nvlt mEl~ w#n qWmt kn~tY|
p]y (Country Party) pQhQtEvWy. q#nt n#;nl~s~ @lsQn~ h[En~vn
@mm p]y s`m`n&@yn~ lQbrl~ p]y smM sn~{`ngwv ktyEwO
kryQ.
1901 sAkYmNy sWm` kQrW@m| pnw
(The Immigration Restrictions Act 1901)
1901 @qs#m|br\ m`s@y~ 1901 sAkYmNy sWm` kQrW@m| pnw sm|mw
vW@mn~ psEv {vl o|s~@tY|lQy` (‘White Australia’) pYwQpw~wQy nWwQy
vQy. @m| mgQn~ sAkYmNQkyn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| v#d kQrWm sWm` kl awr sEqE
@n`vn (‘non-white’) ay o|s~@tY|lQy`vt sAkYmNy kQrWm sWm`
@krQNQ.
XWYmw~ ed|mn~d| b`r\tn~
@q~Xp`ln p] bQhQvWm
1880 vn vQt, o|s~@tY|lQy`nE km|kr#vn~ Xk~wQmw~ v^w~wWy smQwQ
pQhQtEv` wQbQNQ. a`r\}Qk avp`wn sh nQyA k`l v#nQ qE;~kr
avs~}`vlqW ovEn~@g~ @v|wn sh rFkQy` ww~vyn~ a`r]` kr g#nWmt
v#dvr\jn pvw~vn lqW. @s~vkyn~ psEv @q~Xp`lnyt pQvQsENQ. 1891
qW, ovEn~ km|kr# p]y pQhQtEvn lqW.
km|kr# p]@y~ mEl~m k`r\&y vR@y~ km|kr#vn~@g~ @v|wn sh @s~v`
ww~vy n#vw qQn` g#nWmw~ qQyENE kr g#nWmw~y. m{&m pAwQkyn~
km|kr#vn~t vd` @h`[ jWvQw gw kl mEw~ km|kr#vn~@g~ ww~vy ovEn~
av@b`~{ kr@gn sQtQn lqW. @v|wn wWrNy kQrWmt sh v#d vr\jn
v#L#k~vWmt nQl mN~dl pQhQtEvn lqW. 1907 qW sm`q`n sh @b|r#m|
kQrWm s[h` @k`mn~@vl~w~ a{QkrNy (Commonwealth Court of
Conciliation and Arbitration) mgQn~ km|kr#vkO, ohE@g~ bQrQ[
sh qr#vn~ wQ@q@nkO ht s#ksEr#vmQn~ jWvw~ vQy h#kQ a`k`ryt avm
@v|wnyk~ nQym krn lqW.
62
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
yE@r`~pWy @n`vn psEbQmk~ a#wQ o|n$m a@ykO yE@r`~pWy x`;`vkQn~ vcn
50 k kQyvn vQt lQQvW@m| prW]Nykt (dictation test) iqQrQpw~ vQy
yEwOy. Chinese Chamber of Commerce hQ s`m`jQk, a{QnWwWZ
vQLQym| ah~ @kt| (William Ah Ket) a#wOU mEl~ @p@l~ cWn j`wQk
v&`p`rQkyn~ mhjn vQ@r`~{w` p#v#w~vRvq, nWwQ@y~ @vns~ kQrWmk~ sQqE
@n`vQN.
cWn, in~qQy`nE, p#sQpQk~ qRpw~ v`sWn~ sh m#q @prqQg rtvlQn~ en
sAkYmNQkyn~ @vnEvt qkONE yE@r`~p@yn~ en sAkYmNQkyn~ nv
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE @fd@r\;Nyt p#mQNQyq, klQn~ kW ay@g~ sAs~k^wQk
q`y`qyn~ @m| vn vQtw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE ann&w`v@y~ @k`tsk~ vW wQbQN.
pLmE @l`~k sAgY`my, 1914 - 1918
a`qQv`sWn~ sh pqQAcQ vR ay awr a#wQvR kOd` prQm`N g#tEm| h#r#NE vQt
o|s~@tY|lQy`v apRr\v @ls s`mk`mW rtk~ vQy. sQvQl~ yEq~{ @h`~ vQp~lv
@n`wQbQN. pY}m@yn~ pqQAcQ vR ay bQYw`n& a{Qr`j&y @vw q#dQ
p]p`wW bvk~ q#k~vWy.
@k@s~ vEvq, a`sQy`vt smWp yE@r`~pWy mEr@p`Lk~ vX@yn~ jp`ny mh`
blv@wkO vW@mn~ anwOr#v o|s~@tY|lQy`vq anwOr#q`yk ww~vykt
pw~vQy. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| a`r]`v sm|bn~{@yn~ bQYw`n& a{Qr`j&y sh
ehQ n`vQk bly @k@rhQ vQX~v`sy wb` wQbENQ. bQYw`n& a{Qr`j&y
Xk~wQmw~v wb` g#nWmt sh apv a`r]` kr g#nWmt @l`~k sAgY`m
@q@khQqWm apQ stn~ v#qE@nmE.
jr\mn~ p`]Qk wOr\kQyt 1915 phr qWmw~ smMm o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
@s`l~q`qEvn~ pLmE @l`~k sAgY`myt avwWr\N vQy. g#lQ@p`lQ
ar\{q~vWp@y~ ek @k`tskt phr qWmt o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sh nvsWln~w
v`sWn~ ht x`r qW wQbQN.
ovEn~v v#rqQ s~}`n@yn~ @g`dbQmt bs~sn lq awr wOr\kQ xt
kN~d`ym| vQsQn~ @vdQ wbn awr gQrQ qEr\g n#gWmt sQqEvQy. @k@s~ @h`~
ovEn~ @mm gQrQ qEr\g n#g~gq @b`@h`~ wr#N ay mQy gQyh. o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
sh nvsWln~w @s`l~q`qEvn~@g~ (Anzacs) k#pkQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ mhw~ @ls a`dm|bryt pw~vQy.
g#lQ@p`lQ @vw @g`d b#sR qQny (apQY@yl~ 25) j`wQk nQv`dE qQnykQ.
@my a#n~s#k~ qQny (Anzac Day) vn awr eyQn~ aqhs~ vn~@n~
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps yn~nyQ.
g#lQ@p`lQ sQq{
~ y
Q t psEv o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE hmEq` pYAX@y~ bthQr @prmE@N~ stn~
krn lqW. ovEn~ ht ‘diggers’ yn n`my l#bE@n~ @mhQqy
W . @myt @h~wv
O
@mhQqW @m`vEn~ vLvl~ h`rmQn~ sh e~v` sksmQn~ s$@hn k`lyk~ gw
kQrm
W yQ. aN@qn nQl{`rW @jnr`l~ @j`~n~ @m`n$;~@g~ (General John
Monash) @m@hyvWm yt@w~, jr\mnQyt e@rhQv o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE dQgr\vr#n~
vQsn
Q ~ @X~;Y T
~ jygYhN aw~kr gn~n` lqW.
sRvs~ a#l a`r]` krg#nWm sh sQn`yQ ar\{q~vWpy ytw~ kr g#nWmt
shx`gQ vW@mn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE hmEq` xtyn~ m#q @prqQgq @s~vy kr a#w.
sQm|p~sn~ sh ohE@g~ bRr#v` - @j`~n~ sQm|p~sn~
kr\k~p#t|rQk~
(John Simpson
Kirkpatrick)
(1892 – 1915)
@j`~n~ sQm|p~sn~ kr\k~p#t|rQk~ hmEq`
xt@ykOvR awr o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
vWr@ykQ.
pYyQvt| @j`~n~ sQm|p~sn~ vX@yn~,
ohE g#lQ@p`lQhQ gQln~r} @@vq&
blk`@y~ @ldEn~ pYv`hny krn m#sQ rF@gn yn a@ykO (stretcher
bearer) @ls @s~vy krn lqW. k[E sh nQm|n os~@s~ @mm gQln~ m#sQ
rF@gn y`m qE;~kry. yEq~{ hmEq`@v| nQ@y`~gyn~t vQr#q~{v wOv`lvR
@s`l~q`qEvn~ n#vw a`r]`k`rW s~}`nvlt rF@gn y`mt dfW (Duffy)
nmQn~ h#[Qn~vR bRr#@vkO ohE vQsQn~ up@y`~gW kr gn~n` lqW.
qQv` r`wQY, p#@yn~ p#y, stn~ xSmQ sh @vrL k[vEr# awr sQy jWvQw
av{`nyt lk~ krmQn~ gmn~ klh.
pYyQvt| @j`~n~ sQm|p~sn~ 1915 apQY@yl~ 25 vn qQn g#lQ@p`lQ @vw
lM` vQy. mWt swQ hwrkt psE swOr# m#;Qn~ wOvk~kO pYh`ryn~@gn~ ohE
mr#mEvt pw~vQy. mWt psEvw~ dfW (Duffy) wOv`lvR @s`l~q`qEvkO
rF@gn sQy wr#N s~v`mQy` LM n#wQv klb@ln~ @vrL @qst
p#mQNWm, @vrL k[vE@r\ sQt @s`l~q`qE@v`~ nQhVv qEk@s~ bl` sQtQyh.
pLmE @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW g#lQ@p`lQ ar\{q~vWpy
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
63
a#n~s#k~ v^w~w`n~wy
1915 apQY@yl~ 25 vn qQn o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sh nvsWln~w yE{ hmEq` blk`y (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC))
wOr\kQ@y~ g#lQ@p`lQ ar\{q~vWpy @vw @g`d b#sR qQn@y~ a#n~s#k~ sm|pYq`y a#rBQNQ.
@my m`s atk~ p#vwQ awr 8,700 @q@nk~ ht mrNy @h`~ wOv`l @h`~ @r`~g @h~wO@vn~ mrNy aw~vWm a#wOUv 25,000 @q@nk~ ht wOv`lvWm
snQtEhn~ krn v&`p`ryk a`rm|xy vQy. g#lQ@p`lQ ar\{q~vWp@y~ @s~vy kl ay@g~ nQr\xWwkm sh @@{r\&y mgQn~ v^w`n~wyk~ a#wQvENE awr,
a#n~s#k~ yn~n o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sh nvsWln~w x`;`@v| @k`tsk~ bvt pw~vQy.
1916 qW, @g`d b#sW@m| pLmEvn sAvw~sry o|s~@tY|lQy`@v|, nvsWln~w@y~ sh eAgln~w@y~ @mn~m IjQp~wO@v| hmEq` xtyn~ vQsQn~q anEs~mrNy krn
lqW. em vs@r\ apQY@l~ 25 vn qQn ‘Anzac Day’ @ls nm| krn lqW.
1920 vn vQt a#n~s#k~ qQn s#mr#m| o|s~@tY|lQy`v pEr` p#v#w~vR awr pY`n~w mgQn~ a#n~s#k~ qQny rj@y~ pYsQq~{ nQv`dE qQnyk~ @ls pYk`Xyt pw~
krn lqW. agngrvl vQX`l yE{ s~m`rk w#nR awr o|s~@tY|lQy`v pEr` agngr sh ngrvl pQhQtEvn lq s~m`rk mgQn~ @mhQqW sh in~ psE g#tEm|vlQn~
mQygQy wr#N wr#NQyn~ sQhQpw~ @krQN.
aq a#n~s#k~ qQny yEq~{, ar\bRq sh s`m hmEq`vl @s~vy kl ay ht pYN`m q#k~vWm s[h`vR qQnykQ. @my hmEq`my s#mrWmk~ @n`@v|. @myQn~
jygYhNyn~ ht pYN`my q#k~vWmk~ @n`kryQ. g#lQ@p`lQ ynE as`r\}k v&`y`mykQ. @myQn~ pYN`my qk~vn~@n~ vQpwkqW s`m`n& hmEq` @s~vk
@s~vQk`vn~@g~ mQwYw~vy, qr` sQtW@m| h#kQy`v sh h`s&yyQ. aq a#n~s#k~ qQny o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sh @l`v vt` anEs~mrNy kryQ. @qvn @l`~k sAgY`my
sh a@nk~ g#tEm|vlQn~ n#vw p#mQNQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE hmEq` @s~vk @s~vQk`vn~ @mn~m s`m hmEq`vl @s~vy kl ay sh mQwY rtvl yE{ @sbUn~ a#n~s#k~
qQn @pLp`lQvl a`dm|br@yn~ gmn~ kryQ.
g#lQ@p`lQhQ a#n~s#k~ qQn aUym @q~v @m@hy
64
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
@XY~;~T avp`wy, 1929 - 1932 (The Great Depression, 1929 – 1932)
@XY~;~T avp`wy o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mQnQsEn~ ht awQmhw~ qE;~krw` wQbENE k`lykQ. @my nQv| @y`~r\k~ @k`ts~ @vL[@p`l bQ[ v#tWmw~ smM a#wQvR awr
avp`wyt @vnw~ kr#NEq @h~wOvQy. @m|v` awr apnyn mQL gNn~ sh apnyn @vL[`@m| adEvWm, vQ@q~X Nyvl sh rj@y~ vQyqm| adEvWmw~,
@g`dn#gWm| adE vWmw~ a#w. 1932 m#q x`g@y~qW, o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@gn~ sQyyt 32 k~ pmNm rFkQy` ahQmQv sQtQyh.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sm`jy @vw avp`w@y~ pYwQPl qr#NE pYwQvQp`k a#wQ krn
lqW. v#d sh s~}Qr a`q`ymk~ @n`m#wQvWm nQs` @b`@h`~ ay ht sQy
nQ@vs~ ahQmQ vQy. ovEn~ ht w`vk`lQkv s`qn lq v`ss~}`nvl uNEsEm|
kQrWm| @h`~ snWp`r]`v n#wQv jWvw~ vWmt sQqEvQy. smhr pQyvr#n~ sQy
pvEl~ awh#r gQy awr mw~ p#nt a#b|b#hQ vQy. v#d krn
pAwQ@y~ pvEl~ vl LmEn~ vys avEr#qE 13 @h`~ 14 qW p`s#l~ h#r y`mt
ptn~ gn~n` lqW. @b`@h`~ k`n~w`vn~ avm a`k`r@y~ rFkQy`vl nQrw vR
awr sQy qr#vn~ sh nQ@vs~q e~ awrm bl` gn~n` lq.W
avp`wy a`rm|x vWmt @pr o|s~@tY|lQy`v swOv m{&m vQrFkQy` v#d
sthnk~ @n`wQbQNQ. pEN& a`ywn sh smhr pEq~glQk sAvQ{`n h#r#NE
vQt, qEp~pw~ ay ht rFkQy` v&`p^wQ sh mhjn v#d v&`p^wQ mw
y#pWmt sQqE vQy.
1932 vn vQt a`r\}Qky v#dQqQyENE vWm a#rBENq, @b`@h`~ avs~}`vl
pvEl~ ht sQqEvR al`x y}` ww~vyt pw~kl @n`h#kQ vQy. @XY~;~T
avp`wy avs~}`@v| o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pEN& a`ywn sh s~@v|c|C`
@s~vkyn~@g~ k`r\& x`ry av{`rNy vQy.
@XY~;~T avp`wy k`l@y~ sEp~ s$qE mEUw#n~ @gyk~
XWYmw~ c`r\l~s kQAg~s~fr\d| s~mQw (Sir Charles Kingsford Smith)(1897 – 1935)
XWYmw~ c`r\l~s~ kQAg~s~fr\d| s~mQw~ nQr\xWw gOvn~ nQymE@vk~, gOvn~ y`n` pE@r`~g`mQ@yk~ sh o|s~@tY|lQy`nE vWr@ykQ.
pLmE @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW, c`r\l~s~ kQAg~s~fr\d| s~mQw~ g#lQ@p`lQ hQ stn~ kl awr bQYw`n& r`jkWy pQy`sr
@s~n`Ak@y~ (Britain’s Royal Flying Corps) pQy`sr ktyEwOvl nQrw vQy.
ohE@g~ @XY~;~Twm jygYhNy nm|, 1928 qW k#lQ@f`~nQy` sQt kOvWn~s~ln~wy qk~v` pY}m vrt p#sQpQk~ smEqYy
wrNy kQrWmyQ. ohE@g~ gOvn~ y`ny vn Southern Cross avs`n vX@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v @vw p#mQNQ vQt,
ovEn~@g~ vWry`vR ‘Smithy’ ht jy@G`~;` kQrWmt ohEt a`qry krn ay 25,000 k~ pmN rFs~v sQtQyh.
1932 qW ohE@gn~ gOvn~ @s~vyt vR @s~v`v @vnE@vn~ ohEt nyQt| pqvQyk~ lb` qENQ.
1935 qW kNg`tEq`yk @ls eAgln~w@y~ sQt o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQ@NmQn~ sQtQ gOvn~ gmnkqW y`n`v a`gQy awk~
@n`m#wQv ohEv kQsQ qQnk @s`y`gw @n`h#kQ vQy.
XWYmw~ c`r\l~s~ kQAg~s~fr\d| s~mQw~ @l`v @XY~;~Twm gOvn~ n#vQy` @ls h[En~vn awr ohEv s~mrNy krn~@n~ avp`wy m`{&@y~ sw& o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
vWr@ykO @qs b#lWmt mQnQsEn~ ht avs~}`v lb` qEn~ pEq~gl@ykO vX@ynQ.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
65
@qvn @l`~k sAgY`my, 1939 - 1945
@qvn @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW, uwOr# apQYk`@v| k`n~w`rvl sh @vnw~
@b`@h`~ s~}`nvl mQwY rtvl~ @vnE@vn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v stn~ krn lqW.
qkONE apQYk`@v| @t`b|rk~ ngr@y~ jr\mn~ sh iw`lQ j`wQkyn~ vQsQn~
krn lq qQgO v#tlWmkqW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ stn~ krn lqW. swOrn~ vQsQn~
ovEn~v ‘Rats of Tobruk’ @ls h#[Qn~vR@y~ ovEn~v @k`n~kr wQbR
awr @s`y`gw h#kQvR kOmn a`k`r@y~ @h`~ a`h`r ovEn~ vQsQn~ anExv
kl yEwOvR b#vQnQ. o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ @mv#nQ qE;~kr ww~vyn~ yt@w~ stn~
kr jWvQw @b|r` gw~ awr @m| @h~wO@vn~ @mm nm ovEn~ htm ovEn~
vQsQn~ x`vQw` krn lqW. @mm v#tlWm mgQn~ @mm ay ht pLmEvn
@l`~k sAgY`m@y~ stn~ kl @s`l~q`qEvn~ @mn~m stn~ kQrW@m| gONy wQbR
bv @pn~vyQ. @mm @s`l~q`qEvn~ ht armEN @vnE@vn~ jWvw~vWmt @X~Y;~T
sm|pYq`yk~ wQbR bv q#n sQtQyh.
yEq~{y sm|bn~{@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@g~ vd`w~m wWvEr mwk@y~
a#w~@w~ @mm ay ht jp`n j`wQkyn~ vQsQn~ krn lq k^^r s#lkQlQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE yE{ pE@r`~g`mWn~ nQl{`rWn~ sh @s`l~q`qEvn~ ovEn~ sm`n
@ls slkmQn~ ovE@n`vEn~v bl` g#nWmt ovEn~t h#kQ uprQmy klq,
@b`@h`~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ mQy gQyh.
anEs~mrN qQny (Remembrance Day)
a#n~s#k~ qQn uw~sv @mn~m, anEs~mrN qQnyq yE{ @s~vy kr mQygQy
ayv sQhQpw~ krn qQnykQ. s$m vsrkm @n`v#m|br\ (11 vn m`sy)
11 vn qQn @p.v. 11 t yEq~{ sh g#tEm|vlqW mQygQy @h`~ qEk~ vQ[Q
@mn~m @s~vy kl hmEq` @s~vk @s~vQk`vn~ vQsQn~ krn lq k#p kQrWm|
sQhQpw~ kQrWmt o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ m[kt nvwW. apQ @mm qQn@y~qW rwO
@p`pQ mlk~ pLqQmE.
jp`ny p#sQpQk~ kl`p@y~ ovEn~@g~ yEq~{y a#rBR psE, o|s~@tY|lQy`nE hmEq`
@s~vk @s~vQk`vn~ ovEn~@g~ nQ@vs~vlt p#mQNQyh. ovEn~ n#vw nQ@vs~
kr` p#mQNWmt @pr, p#pEv` sh nQv| gQnQ a`r]` kQrWmt y`mt sQqEvQy.
@mm brpwl k`r\&y x`rvR@y~ nQym @s`l~q`qEvn~ sh iw`m adE@vn~
pEhENEv lw~ b@ln~ hmEq`vt b[v` gw~ wr#N @s`l~q`qEvn~ @vwy.
ovEn~ swOrn~ sh stn~ k@l~ @k`@k`~d` mAkd (Kokoda Track)
@ls nm|kr a#wQ k#l$@v| wq b$vEm shQw md shQw adQp`rky.
iqQrQyt p#mQ@Nn jp`n hmEq`v @mhQqW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ vQsQn~ nwr
krn lqW. @b`@h`~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ht @k`@k`~d` mAkd, a#n~s#k~
@k`~v| @mn~m vn~qn` gmn~ yn w#nk~ bvt pw~v a#w.
@k`@k`~d` mAk@dhQ p#pEv`nE v#sQ@ykO vQsQn~ upk`r krn wOv`lvR @s`l~q`qE@vk~
1942 qW sQAgp~pRr#@v| wQbENE @XY~;~T mRls~}`ny jpn~ j`wQkyn~ vQsQn~
al~l` gw~ vQt, o|s~@tY|lQy`y`nE hmEq` xtyn~ 15,000 k~ pmN al~l`
gw~ awr w`yQ bEr#m qEm|rQy m`r\g@y~ v#dt @y`q` gn~n` lqW. @qvn
@l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW jpn~ j`wQkyn~ yt@w~ w`yQ bEr#m qEm|rQy
m`r\gy @g`d ngn k`l@y~qW qhs~ gNnQn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sh bQYw`n&
yE{ sQrkr#vn~ mQyyn lqW.
66
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
rwO @p`pQ ml pLmE @l`~k sAgY`my avs`n@y~ sQtm sQhQpw~ kQrWm s[h` sA@k~wyk~ @ls
x`vQw` kr a#w
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`r]k hmEq`vn~ m$w k`l@y~qW Is~t| tQ@m`~r\, ir`k,
sRd`n sh a#f~gnQs~}`n g#tEm|vlt sm|bn~{vW a#wQ awr apQYk`v, m#q
@prqQg sh a`sQy` p#sQpQk~ kl`py a#wOU @l`~k@y~ @b`@h`~ pY@q~Xvl
ek~sw~ j`wWn~@g~ s`m hmEq` @m@hyEm|vlt sm|bn~{vW a#w.
XWYmw~ ed|vr\d| vQyrQ dn~@l`p~
(Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop)
(1907 – 1993)
ovEn~ k[vEr#vl iw` @ktQ k`lyk~ sQtQ awr @mm rt sh @mhQ sQtQn
mQnQsEn~ g#n ymk~ i@gn gn~n` lqW. yEq~{@yn~ psEv @b`@h`~ ay
sAkYmNQkyn~ @ls o|s~@tY|lQy`vt n#vw p#mQNQyh.
XWYmw~ ed|vr\d| vQyrQ dn~@l`p~
@@{r\& sm|pn~n sh qy` brQw
Xl& @@vq&vr@yk~ sh
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE yE{ vWr@ykQ.
@qvn @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW vQyrQ yE{
hmEq` Xl& @@vq&vr@ykO
@ls ktyEwO k@l~y. ohE sh ohE
smM sQtQ ayv jpn~ j`wQkyn~
vQsQn~ al~l` gn~n` lq awr w`yQ
bEr#m qEm|rQy m`r\g@y~ v#d kQrWmt
bEr#myt @gn yn lqW. @my iw` qQgO sh qE;~kr k`r\&ykQ.
aN@qn nQl{`rW vX@yn~ vQyrQ sQy mQnQsEn~ @vnE@vn~ k}` kl awr
Xl& @@vq&vry` vX@yn~ ovEn~v sEv kQrWm s[h` qQgO k`lyk~ gw
krn lqW. k[vE@r\qW ohEv v{hQAs`vlt lk~ kl awr ohE@g~
akm#w~@wn~ vEvq qQgtm @s~vy kQrWmt sQqEvQy.
1969 qW @@vq& vQq&`vt kl @s~vy @vnE@vn~ nyQt| pqvQyk~ pQrQnmn
lqW. ohE mQygQy psE ‘The Surgeon of the Railway’ @ls
h#[Qn~vR @mm vWry`@g~ r`j& avmgOl~ uw~svyt @ml\br\n~ vW}Qvl
10,000 k~ pmN pQrQsk~ @pL g#sW sQtQyh.
1990 mEl~ vsrvl sAkYmNy
pLmE sh @qvn @l`~k sAgY`m awr k`l wOl, o|s~@tY|lQy`vt a#wOUvWm
s[h` sWm`k`rW @k`n~@q~sQ p#vwQN. @k@s~vEvq, vQ@X~;@yn~ qkONE
yE@r`~p@yn~ p#mQNQ pQrQmQ ay@g~ sAkYmN@y~ vr\{nyk~ wQbQN. ovEn~
smM ovEn~@g~ kOslw`vyn~, a{&`pny sh ovEn~@g~ sAs~k^wQk
vtQn`km| rF@gn a`h. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| gY`mWy kr\m`n~w sAvr\{nytw~,
mh`m`r\g sh qEm|rQy m`r\g w#nWmtw~ ovEn~ vQsQn~ uqv| krn lqW.
ap@g~ mhjn @g`dn#gQlQ sh nQv`s @g`dn#gWm sm|bn~{ kOslw` a#wQ
iw`lQ gl~vdEvn~ s#lkQy yEwO q`ykw~vyk~ lb` qEnQ.
1930 x`gy avs`n@y~, yE@r`~p@y~ sQt yE@qv| srN`gwyn~ p#mQNWm
a#rBQNQ. ovEn~ jr\mnQ@y~ n`sQn~@g~ wr\jnvlQn~ p#nymQn~ sQtQyh. ovEn~
jr\mnQy, o|s~tQYy`v, @c@k`s~@l`@v|kQy`v, hn~grQ sh @p`~ln~wy yn
rtvlQn~ p#mQNQyh. @b`@h`~ ay iw` ihl a{&`pnyk~ sh kOslw`
a#wQ srN`gwyn~ vR awr o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sAs~k^wQk jWvQwyt vQX`l
@s~vyk~ itE krn lqW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQ@Nn yE@r`~pWy sAkYmNQk@yk~
yEq~{@yn~ psE srN`gwyn~
yEq~{yt psEv, o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| jnghNy v#dQ kQrWmt @vnw~ yE@r`~pWy
rtvlQn~ sAkYmNQkyn~ @gn en lqW. mQnQsEn~ mQlQyn sAK&`vk~ n`sQ
jr\mnQ@yn~ pl` gQy awr @s`~vQyt| r#sQy`v mgQn~ p`lny kl sQy
rtt n#vw p#mQNWmt @n`h#kQ vQy. @mm avw#n~vR ay@gn~ 170,000
k~ pmN nv jWvQw a#rBWm s[h` o|s~@tY|lQy`v vQsQn~ pQLQgn~n` lqW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| q#dQ XYm hQMyk~q p#vwQN. r@thQ an`gwy s[h`
jnghN vr\{ny aw&`vX& bvt o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rjy vQX~v`s krn lqW.
vys 45 t adE @s_K&y sm|pn~n v#dQhQtQ sAkYmNQkyn~ ht
o|s~@tY|lQy`vt £10 kt p#mQNQy h#kQv wQbR awr ovEn~@g~ qr#vn~ ht
@n`mQ@L~ gmn~ kl h#kQ vQy. @k@s~vEvq ek~sw~ jnpqy sh yE@r`~py
yn rtvl ay ht pmNk~ @mhQ p#mQNW@m| h#kQy`v wQbQN.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v pEnr\jWvny kQrWmt 1949 qW p#h#qQlQ v#d sthnk~
a#rBQNQ. @m| mgQn~ s~@n`~vQ gAM`@v| jly bthQr vQk~@t`~rQy`@vn~ mEhEqt
gl` y`mt @pr r[v` g#nWm sQqE @krQNQ. @mm jly v`rQm`r\g sh vQqElQ
bly jnny kQrWm s[h` rt wOlt gl` y`mt s#l#s~vWy.
@my awQ q$v#n~w v&`p^wQyk~ vn awr sm|pRr\N kQrWmt vsr 25 k~
gwvQy. @mm v^`p^wQ@y~ ktyEwO kl ay@gn~ sQyyt h#w~w$vk~ pmNm
sAkYmNQkyn~y.
@qvn @l`~k sAgY`m@y~qW al~l` gw~ iw`lQ @s`l~q`qEvn~ qhhw~ qhsk~
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `@v| yE{ k[vEr#vl r[v` wbn lqW. ovEn~ ht @h`[Qn~ slkn
lqW.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
67
s~@n`~vQ mvEn~tn~ jl vQqElQ @y`~jn` kYmy
(Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme)
s~v`{Wn, bhEsAs~k^wQk sh sm|pw~ vlQn~ pQrQ rtk~ @ls o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `@v| ann&w`vy whvEr# kQrm
W t @mm s~@n`~vQ mvEnt~ n~ v&`p^wQy v#qgw~ sA@k~wykQ.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| vQX`lwm iAjQ@n~r# v&`p^wQy @my@v|. @my @l`~k@y~ a#wQ awQ vQX`l jl vQqElQ v&`p^wQvlQn~ ekkQ.
@mm v&`p^wQy mgQn~ spyn jly nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ sh vQk~@t`~rQy` hQ rt wOlt vn~nt a#wQ @g`vQpL kr\m`n~w sm|bn~{@yn~ iw` v#qgw~@v|. @mhQ
jlvQqElQ bl`g`r mgQn~ nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ s[h` avX& vQqElQ bl@yn~ sQyyt 10 k~ pmN nQpqvyQ.
@p`@L`vt ihlQn~ q#kQy h#k~@k~ s~@n`~vQ mvEn~tn~ v&`p^wQ@yn~ sQyyt 2 k~ pmNkQ. @myt pY{`n @v|l~ 16 k~, jl vQqElQbl`g`r 7 k~, jl @p`m|p
m{&s~}`nyk~ sh kQ@l`~ mWtr\ 225 k~ qQg umA, nL m`r\g sh qQy mA a#wOlw~@v|.
v&`p^wQ@y~ ktyEwO 1949 a#rBQ awr 1974 qW avsn~ krn lqW. rtvl~ 30 kt a{Qk pYm`NykQn~ 100,000 kt a{Qk mQnQsEn~ sAK&`vk~
v&`p^wQ@y~ ktyEwO krn lqW. @mm sAK&`@vn~ sQyyt h#w~w$vk~ pmN sAkYmNQkyn~y. v&`p^wQy avs`n vW@mn~ anwOr#v o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
bhEsAs~k^wQk sm`jyt v#qgw~ q`ykw~vyk~ lb`@qmQn~ @b`@h`~ yE@r`~pWy @s~vkyn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| jWvw~vWmt n#vwQN.
s~@n`~vQ mvEn~tn~ v&`p^wQy pQhQt` a#w~@w~ @k`sQyEs~@k`~ j`wQk v@n`~q&`n@y~y (Kosciuszko National Park). @mm v&`p^wQy mgQn~ prQsryt
vn h`nQy iw` smWpv a{&yny krn lqW. v&`p^wQ@yn~ sQqEvR @qy nm|, smhr s~}`nvl s~@n`~vQ gAM`v mgQn~ klQn~ rF@gn gQy jl pYm`N@yn~
sQyyt 1 k~ pmNk~ q#nt rF@gn y`myQ.
prQsr@y~ yhpw s[h` gAM`@v| pYv`hy sQyyt 28 qk~v` v#dQ kQrWmt vQk~@t`~rQy` sh nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ rjyn~ ekM vW a#w.
s~@n`~vQ mvEn~tn~ v&`p^wQ@y~ v#d krn @s~vkyn~
68
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
a`qQv`sWn~t s#lkS a`k`ry
1940 sh 1950 k`l@y~ a`qQv`sWn~ sm|bn~{ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~
pYwQpw~wQy s~vWkrN (assimilation) pYwQpw~wQyk~ bvt pw~vQy. @myQn~
aqhs~ vn~@n~ a`qQv`sW @n`vn mQnQsEn~ jWvw~vn a`k`ryt jWvw~ vWmt
a`qQv`sWn~ ht kQy` sQtWmyQ. a`qQv`sWn~ vQsQn~ sQy sm|pYq`yQk sAs~k^wQy
ahQmQ kr g#nWmt ak#m#wQ vR b#vQn~ @my sQqE @n`vWy.
1960 vsrvl @mm pYwQpw~wQy e~k`bq~{vW@m| (integration)
pYwQpw~wQykt @vns~ vQy. 1850 vsrvl o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| @b`@h`~ mQnQsEn~
ht Cn~qy qW@m| ayQwQy l#bENq 1962 vn @wk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
p`r\lQ@m|n~wO m#wQvrNvlqW Cn~qy qW@m| ayQwQy a`qQv`sWn~ ht
@n`wQbQN. e~k`bq~{vWm smMQn~ a`qQv`sWn~ ht sQvQl~ ayQwQv`sQkm| lb`
qEn~nq ovEn~ a`qQv`sW @n`vn o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sAs~k^wQyt hEr#vQy yEwO
bvt a@p~]` krn lqW.
jnsAgNn vlqW a`qQv`sWn~v gNn~ g#nQy yEwOy yn~n
sm|bn~{@yn~ 1967 qW sQyyt 90 kt v#dQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sAK&`vk~
Cn~qy lb` qEn~ vQt wvqErtw~ @vns~km| a#wQvQy. @mm jnmw
vQc`rNy @ewQh`sQk sn~{Qs~}`nykQ. @myQn~ @pn~vR@y~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~@gn~ v#dQ bhEwry a`qQv`sWn~ sAgNnyt a#wOlw~ kr
g#nWmt ekMvR awr a@nk~ sQyU @qn` h` sm`nvm ayQwQv`sQkm| lb`
qWmt ekMvR bvyQ.
@mm o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`kl~pvl vQv^wvWm sh evkt p#vwQ
a`qQv`sWn~@g~ vQ@r`~{w`vy, 1970 vs@r\ a`qQv`sWn~ s[h` s~vyA wWrN
g#nW@m| (self-determination) pYwQpw~wQykt @h~wOvQy. o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
a`qQv`sWn~ ht ovEn~@g~ @q~Xp`ln, a`r\}Qk, s`m`jWy sh sAs~k^wQk
sAvr\{ny sm|bn~{@yn~ hVk~ wQbQy yEwO bvt pQLQ g#nWmtw~
ekMvWmtw~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rjy k#mwQ vQy.
sAkYmNy - kYm`nEkSl @vnsk~
1950 sh 1960 vsrvl {vl o|s~@tY|lQy` pYwQpw~wQy avsn~ krn
@ls il~l` a`sQy`nE pYj`v, pl~lQ sh sm`j kN~d`ym| vQsQn~ vQ@r`~{w`
qk~vn lqW.
1958 qW o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rjy vQsQn~ kQyvn vQt lQvW@m| prW]Ny aw~h#r
q#mR awr, 1966 qW @w`~r`gw~ yE@r`~pWy @n`vn sh kOslw` sAkYmNy
s[h` @q`r vQv^w krn lqW. avs`n vX@yn~ s$m w#nm sQtQn
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ap@g~ sAkYmN v#dsthnt sQyUm j`wWn~ a#wOlw~
kQrW@m| a#wQ vtQn`km pQLQgn~n` lqW. {vl o|s~@tY|lQy` pYwQpw~wQy 1973
qW avsn~ kl awr, rt bhEsAs~k^wQk m`r\gyt avwWr\N vQy.
@mm ay pY{`n vX@yn~ vQyt|n`m@yn~ p#mQNQ ay vEvq, cWn sh
in~qQy`nE sAkYmNQkyn~q vQX`l sAK&`vlQn~ p#mQNWm a`rm|x vQy.
1975 sQt o|s~@tY|lQy`v vQsQn~ @b`s~nQy` sh hr\s@g`~vQn`, sh m#q
@prqQg awOU yEq~{@yn~ a#lUNE rtvlQn~ srN`gwyn~ pQLQgn~n` lqW.
aq ap@g~ sAkYmNQkyn~ mEU @l`~k@yn~m p#mQ@N~.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v mEU @l`~k@y~m xSmQyvW a#w. o|s~@tY|lQy`v nRwn @l`~k@y~
@XY~;~Twm s`r\}k rtvlQn~ ekkQ. 1945 sQt mQlQyn 6.5 k~ mQnQsEn~
sAK&`vk~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQN a#w. hw@rn~ ekkt v#dQ pYm`Nyk~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ipQq a#w~@w~ vQ@q~Xvly.
sAkYmNQkyn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQNWm @w`~r`@gn a#wQ awr ap@g~ @p`qE
vtQn`km| @bq` hq` gnW.
sm`jgwvWm (Inclusion)
o|s~@tY|lQy`v q#n~ bhE sAs~k^wQk sm`jyk~ vn awr s$m a@ykO htm
nWwQ@y~ r`mEv wOl sQt sQy vQX~v`syn~ a#qhWmtw~, em vQX~v`syn~ ht
gr# kQrWmtw~, e~v` a`r]` kr qWmtw~ b#[W sQtW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| aq sm`jgwvWm yn skWYy pYwQpw~wQy pQLQ@gn a#wQ awr
@myQn~ aqhs~ vn~@n~ s$m j`wQyktm ayw~ s$m pEq~gl@ykOm
sm`j@y~ @k`tsk~ vX@yn~ pQLQ gn~n` bvyQ. @mm pYwQpw~wQy
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sAs~k^wQ@y~ s$m aAgyk~ pEr`m v&`p~w@v|. @my b`l Lm`
vQ@y~ sQt vQX~v vQq&`ly qk~v`m a{&`pn vQ;y m`l`@v| @k`tsk~ vn
awr rFkQy` s~}`nvl sh @s~v` kr\m`n~w@y~q pQLQgnW.
s$m pEqg
~ l@ykOtm sm`n @ls sh @vnskt lk~ kQrm
W kQn~ @w`rv
s#lkQlQ l#bWmt a#wQ ayQwy
Q o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE m`nv hQmk
Q m| @k`mQsm
(Australian Human Rights Commission) sh s$m pY`n~wykm
sh sn~wk pY@q~Xykm a#wQ rj@y~ @vns~km| kQrm
W t e@rhQv a#wQ
a`ywn mgQn~ a`r]` kr@q~. v`r\gk
Q vX@yn~ @vnskt lk~ kQrm
W
pYsqQ {
~ @Q y~ @q`~; qr\Xnyt lk~ krn awr nWwy
Q iqQr@Q y~ @my vrqk~q@v|.
sm`q`ny sh pQLQg#nWm sm|bn~{@yn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v bhE sAs~k^wQk
sm`jyk~ bvt pw~vW a#w. @mm rt sAkYmNQkyn~, a`qQv`sWn~ sh
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| upn~ a@nk~ ay ht s`mk`mW @ls wm armENE s`]`w~
kr gw h#kQ rtkQ. @my p#rNQ mw@x~qyn~ sh amn`pyn~ amwk kr
q#mQy h#kQ s~}`nykQ.
1973 qW sAkYmNy vWmt avX& sQyUm v`r\gQk sEqEsEkm| o|s~@tY|lQy`nE
rjy vQsQn~ ivw~ krn lqW. 1975 vQyt|n`m yEq~{yt psEv, v`r\w`gw
sAK&`vk~ a`sQy`nE srN`gwyn~ sh sAkYmNQkyn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`v mgQn~
pQLQgn~n` lqW.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
69
@@vq& vQk~tr\ c$n~g~ (Dr Victor Chang) (1936 – 1991)
@@vq& vQk~tr\ c$n~g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| sQt @h`[m h^q Xl& @@vq&vr@ykQ.
vQk~tr\ pWtr\ c$n~g~ y$m| hQm| 1936 cWn@y~ upw lq awr ohEt vys 15 vn vQt o|s~@tY|lQy`vt p#mQ@Nn lqW.
sQd|nQ nEvr @sn~t| vQn~sn~t| @r`~h@l~ (St. Vincent’s Hospital) ohE @s~vy kl awr 1984 qW ohE pY}m
h^q bq~{ krn m{&s~}`ny pQhQtEvn lqW. 1986 qW vQk~tr\ c$n~g~ ht o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| ihlm pYq`ny vn or\dr\
of~ o|s~@tY|lQy` pYq`ny lb` @qn lqW.
h^qy vs~wO pYq`ny krn ay@g~ sAK&`v sm|bn~{@yn~ ohE kNs~sl~@ln~ sQtQ awr ohE em nQs` k^wQm h^qy
vs~wOvk~ s#lsEm| kQrW@m| nQrwv sQtQn lqW. av`sn`vn~w @ls ohEv 1991 qQn mrNyt pw~ krn vQt @mm
ktyEw~w @b`@h`~ qErt avsn~ kr wQbQNQ.
ohEv anEs~mrNy kQrWm s[h` nv pr\@y~;N m{&s~}`nyk~ pQhQtEvn lqW. ohEv aq anEs~mrNy krn~@n~ ohE@g~
pYvWNw~vy, XOxv`qWbv sh nv&x`vy @h~wO@vnQ.
a#l~br\t| nm|jQr` (Albert Namatjira)
(1902 – 1959)
edW m`@b`~ (Eddie Mabo)
(1936 – 1992)
a#l~br\t| nmjWr` o|s~@tY|lQy`@v|
sQtQn @XY~;~Twm cQwY XQl~pQ@ykO
vn awr aqtw~ pvw~v`@gn
yn cQwY p`s#lk~ (school of
painting) ohE cQsQn~ a`rm|x
krn lqW.
edW m`@b`~ a`qQv`sW idm| aywWn~
sm|bn~{@yn~ kQYy`k`rQ@ykO sh
k}` krn~@nkO vQy.
wr#N a#rn~t| j`wQk@yk~
(Arrernte) vX@yn~ cQwY
kl`v sm|bn~{@yn~ s~v`x`vQk
q]w`vyk~ @pn~vWy.
ohEt iw` sWmQw pEhENEvk~ wQbENq o|s~@tY|lQy`nE gm|bq pY@q~X sm|bn~{
ohE@g~ qQy s`ym| sQwOvm| iw`m jnpYQyvR awr sQyl~l iw` ik~mNQn~
a@lvQ vQy.
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mEl~ vrt pErv#sQx`vy lb` g#nWmt id lb`qEn~
pY}m a`qQv`sWn~ vn~@n~ @m`hE sh @m`hE@g~ bQrQ[y. @myQn~ aqhs~
vR@y~ ovEn~ ht Cn~qy p`vQc|cQ kQrWm, @h`~tl~vlt a#wOUvWm sh avX&
s~}`nyk nQ@vsk~ s`q` g#nWm a`qQy kl h#kQ vQy. a#l~br\t|@g~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`v@yn~ p#h#qQlQv @pnE@n~ a@nkOw~ a`qQv`sWn~ ht
@mm ayQwQv`sQkm| @n`wQbR bvyQ.
ohE@g~ jWvQwy mgQn~ a`qQv`sW @n`vn o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ht j`wQv`qW
nWwQvl a#wQ as`{`rNy @pn~vR awr a`qQv`sWn~@g~ @vns~km| s[h`
q`ykw~vy lb` @qn lqW.
70
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
edW @k`yQkQ m`@b` (Eddie
Koiki Mabo), m`@b`
@g`~wYQkyn~@g~ sm|pYq`yQk bQm| vn
m@r\ qRp@w~ (Murray Island)
upw l#bWy. kOd` kl sQtm, sQy
pvElt ayw~ bQ@mhQ m`yQm| vn~@n~
kOmn gs~q kOmn gl~q ynE@vn~
@h`[Qn~ i@gn @gn wQbQNQ.
@mm idm| ohE@g~ pvElt ayw~ @n`vn bvw~ e~v` rj@y~ idm| bvw~
ohEt q#n gn~nt l#bE@N~ @b`@h`~m k`lykt psEvy. ohE@g~ wrh`v
kQYy`vt n#AvR awr m@r\ qEpw~ (Murray Island) v`sWn~ @vnE@vn~
ohE a{QkrNy iqQrQyt yn lqW.
vsr kQhQpykt psEv edW@g~ ndEv @XY~;~T`{QkrN@y~qW (High Court)
1992 qW jygYhNy krn lqW. m`@b`~ wWrNy mgQn~ kQy` sQtQ@y~ a`qQv`sW
mQnQsEn~ @g~ idm| sm|bn~{@yn~ ovEn~ ht @ewQh`sQk sh qQgtm pvwQn
s`m|pYq`yQk sm|bn~{w`vyk~ a#wQ bvt s`]Q a#wQ avs~}`vl sh
@vnw~ a`k`rykQn~ an~ a@ykO ayQwQv`sQkm| kQy` n#wQ avs~}`vk
a`qQv`sWn~ ht @mm idm| sm|bn~{@yn~ ayQwQv`sQkm| kQv h#kQ bvyQ.
edW m`@b`~v aq sQhQpw~ krn~@n~ ohE@g~ a#wQ apYwQhw @@{r\&y sh
a`qQv`sW o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ ht idm| ayQwQy lb`qWm sm|bn~{@yn~y.
a`qQv`sW mQnQsEn~ - qsvs~ @qkk @vns
a`qQv`sWn~@g~ idm| sm|bn~{ vQ@r`~{y p$m mhjn unn~qEvt lk~vR@y~
1960 vsrvl @n`qr\n~ @trQtrQ hQ @v|v| hQl~ gv g`@l~ (Wave Hill
cattle station) sQqEvR gOrQn~jQ v#d vr\jny (Gurindji Strike)
@h~wO@vnQ. vQn~sn~t| lQn~gQy`rQ (Vincent Lingiari) @g~ @m@hyvWm
yt@w~ a`qQv`sW gv p`lkyn~ vQsQn~ gv g`@l~ r`jk`rW ktyEwOvlQn~
ivw~ yn lqW. ovEn~@g~ vQ@r`~{w`vy @v|wn sh rFkQy` ww~vy
sm|bn~{@yn~ vEvq, psEv idm| ayQwQy il~l` sQtWmk~ bvt pw~vQy.
@mm kQYy`vlQy, edW m`@b`~ sh a@nkOw~ ayt a`qQv`sW idm| ayQwQy
il~l` sQtWmt mM p`qn lqW.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE ann&w`vy @vnE@vn~ a`qQv`sWn~ vQsQn~ krn lq agn`
@m@hy aq pQLQgn~n` awr smryQ. a{QkrN kYmy, @q~Xp`lny, kl`
sh kWYd` a#wOU o|s~@tY|lQy`nE XYm blk`y pEr` a`qQv`sW sh @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t|
qRpw~v`sWn~ n`ykw~v wnwOr# qryQ. a`qQv`sWn~ vQsQn~ @s`y`gw~ dQjQtl~
a`k`ryt pN g#n~vR (digital animation) MARVIN v#d sthn,
w&`g @b`@h`~myk~ qQn` a#wQ awr @l`v pEr` rtvl~ vQs~skt a{Qk
pYm`Nyk a{&`pnQk sh v&`p`r a`ywn mgQn~ up@y`~gW kr g#@n~.
1976 a`qQv`sW idm| ayQwWn~ (@n`qr\n~ @trQtrQ) pnw (Aboriginal
Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976) yt@w~
o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| qErb#h#r pY@q~Xvl idm| vQX`l vX@yn~ a`qWv`sWn~ ht
lb`qENQ. @XY~;~T`{QkrNy mgQn~ lb` qEn~ m`@b`~ wWrNy sh 1993
@q~XWy hQmQkm| pnw (Native Title Act 1993) yt@w~ sQy
sm|pYq`yQk nWwQ sh c`rQwY anEv a`qQv`sWn~ ht idm| sm|bn~{@yn~
hQmQkmk~ p#vwQN. o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| mEU idm| pYm`N@yn~ sQyyt 10 k~
pmN q#nt @q~XWy hQmQkm| wWrN (native title determinations)
mgQn~ a`vrNy@v|. @m| mgQn~, s`m|pYq`yQk sm`j@y~ wQbENE aAg aqtw~
a`r]`@v|. a`qQv`sW sAs~k^wQy wvqErtw~ v#j@Bn awr pEUl~ pYj`v
vQsQn~ @my agy @k@r\.
1997 qW ovEn~v n#vw @gqr @gn e~m (‘Bringing them home’)
n#m#wQ v`r\w`v o|s~@tY|lQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v| sx` gw vQy. @mm
v`r\w`@v| a#w~@w~ vQX`l sAK&`w a`qQv`sW sh @t`~rs~ s~@tY|t| qRpw~vsW
LmEn~ sQy pvEl~vlQn~ ivw~ kQrWm sm|bn~{v krn lq vQmsEmk
pYwQPl@v|. @mm qr#vn~ @s`r` gnE l#bR prm|pr` (‘Stolen
Generations’) @ls h[En~vn lqW. @mm v`r\w`@v| pYwQPlyk~
vX@yn~ 1998 vs@r\ pY}m j`wQk sm`v g#nW@m| qQn@y~qW (‘Sorry
Day’) qhs~ gNn~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ sQy a`qQv`sW o|s~@tY|lQy`nE sh^qyn~
ht @pLp`lQvl ek~v gmn~ kQrWm mgQn~ sQy sh@y`~gy qk~vn lqW.
@s`r`gw~ prm|p`r`@vn~ sm`v g#nWm, 2008
2008 @pbrv`rQ 13 vn qQn, o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE agY`m`w&vry` vQsn
Q ~
o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nE p`r\l@Q m|nw
~ @O v|qW @s`r`gw~ prm|pr`vn~@gn~ j`wQk vX@yn~
sm`v il~lm
W k~ sQqE krn lqW. ohE sQyUm o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEvn~ @vnE@vn~ k}`
krn lqW. awWw@y~qW a`qQv`sW o|s@~ tYl
| y
Q `nEvn~ ht slkn lq a`k`ry
sm|bn~{@yn~ sm`v il~l` sQtn
Q lqW. a`qQv`sWn@~ g~ LmEnv
~ sQy
@qm`pQyn~@gn~ @vn~kr wQbR a`k`ry sm|bn~{@yn~ ohE vQ@X~;@yn~ sm`v
il~l` sQtn
Q lqW.
agY`m`w&vry`@g~ k}`v r$pv`hQNQy sh gOvn~ vQqElQy os~@s~ vQsEr#v`
hrQn lqW. @mm sm`v g#nW@m| k}`vt svn~ qWmt qhs~ gNnQn~
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ @p`qE s~}`nvlt sh sQy r`jk`rW s~}`nvlt rFs~vRh.
@q~Xn@y~qW, awWw@y~qW sQqEvR as`{`rNkm| l#yQs~wO gw kr ovEn~@gn~
sm`v ay#q sQtQn lqW. a`qQv`sWn~@g~ sQw~ swn~ sEv kQrWm s[h` @my
v#qgw~ pQyvrk~ vR awr @mv#nQ as`{`rNkm| n#vw sQqE @n`vn bvt
vg bl` g#nWmq sQqE@v|. sm`v g#nW@m| k}`v sQyU o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~
s[h` v#qgw~ iqQrQ pQyvrkQ.
sQd|nQ nEvrt ihlQn~ ‘’Sorry’ ynE@vn~ gOv@n~ lQyn a@ykO lQyyQ
avs`n nQgmny
@mm pQtE mgQn~ ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy sm|bn~{@yn~ iw`
@ktQ h#[Qn~vWmk~ lb`qENQ. @m| mgQn~ ob@g~ prQsry sm|bn~{
ob@g~ q#nWm vQvr kl bvt obt q#@nnE a#w. ob vt` a#wQ p#rNQ
@g`dn#gQlQvl a#wQ qQn vkv`nE @qs b#lWm a#rBQy h#kQ awr e~v`
@ewQh`sQk pqnmkQn~ @g`nE kQrWm kl h#kQy. @n`v#m|br\ 11 vn qQn
ob ht @p`pQ mlk~ lb` qEn~ vQt, ap@g~ mQygQy hmEq` @s~vkyn~ sQhQ
kQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ vn bv obt sQhQpw~ vnE a#w. ob ht a`qQv`sW
o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~ hmEvR vQt, ovEn~v p`lny krn p#rNQ sAs~k^wQy
sm|bn~{ h#MWmk~ obt l#@bnE a#w. pL`@w~ a#wQ sm|pw~ sh r@thQ
@n`@yk~ s~}`nvlt y`m mgQn~ ob@g~ q#nEm vr\{ny kr gn~n` @ls
apQ ob@gn~ il~l` sQtQmE. ob@g~ q#nWm v#dQ vn wrmt ob@g~ q#kWm
v#dQvnE a#w.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQ@ykO @ls apQ obv s`qr@yn~ pQLQgnE lbn awr
ap@g~ s`mk`mW pYj`wn~wYv`qW r@thQ ktyEwOvlt pRr\N @ls shx`gQ
vn @lsq apQ ob@gn~ il~l` sQtQmE.
5 vn @k`ts – ap@g~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE v^w~w`n~wy
71
vQx`g @n`krn @k`ts sm|bn~{ p`rx`;Qwy
w`n`pwQ
rtk~ @h`~ ym| kQYy`k`rkmk~ nQ@y`~jny krn @h`~ pYvr\{ny krn ay
mN~dly
wWrN g#nWm s[h` @w`~r` pw~krgw~ mQnQsEn~ kN~d`ymk~, uq`hrNyk~ vX@yn~ sm`gmk~ pvw~v` gw yEwO a`k`ry sm|bn~{@yn~
@n~v`sQk XQ;&yn~ sQtQn p`s#l
XQ;&yn~ p`s#@l~ jWvw~vn awr mEU p`s#l~ k`ly wOlm nQ@vs~vlt @n`yyQ
k#l$ @p@qs~ (bush)
s`m`n& a`k`ryt wQ@bn o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| k#l$ shQw gm|bq @p@qs~
gv g`l (cattle station)
m`AX nQ;~p`qny s[h` gvyn~ a#wQkrn vQX`l @g`vQpl
pYZ`p~wQy (charter)
ayQwQv`sQkm| sh vgkWm| sthn~ kr a#wQ lQKQw pYk`Xnyk~
@g`~wYy (clan)
ekm bQm| pY@q~Xyk jWvw~vn @l~ n$km @h`~ vQv`hy mgQn~ n$km| kQyn mQnQsEn~ kN~d`ymk~
@p`qE b#[Wm
ek h` sm`n unn~qEvk~ a#wQ @]~wYyk~
b@ln~ hmEq`vt b[v`gw~ @s`l~q`qEv` (conscript soldier)
a`r]k hmEq`vt k#m#w~@wn~ @n`gQy e@hw~ yEq~{y @h~wO@vn~ b#[Wmt sQqEvENE @s`l~q`qEv`
rj@y~ idm| (Crown land)
rjyt ayw~ idm|
vQ;y m`l`v
a{&`pn p`Tm`l`v
{nhWn
mEql~ @h`~ mEql~ l#@bn a`k`ryk~ n#wQ
dQd|@grQdR (didgeridoo)
a#wOU p#w~w hQs~ qQg @k`tyk~ upk`r@yn~ w#nR a`qQv`sW o|s~@tY|lQy`nE jnw`v@g~ sAgWw x`N~dyk~
k`htw~ s`{`rNvWm (fair go)
s$m a@ykOtm @h`[Qn~ sQtWmt s`{`rN @h`~ sm`n avs~}` lb`qWm
s`{`rN @ls ek~v ktyEwO kQrWm (fair play)
s$m @qn`@g~m yhpwt nWwQ pQLQp#q, @h`[Qn~ kN~d`ymk~ @ls ktyEwO kr kN~d`ym| ktyEw~wk @h`[Qn~ shx`gQvWm
hmEq` @s~v@y~qW mQygQy ay (fallen service men and women)
yEq~{ykqW mQygQy hmEq` @s`l~q`qEvn~
h#d wlnv` (forge)
w#nWm @h`~ nQr\m`Ny kQrWm
qL @q~XWy nQX~p`qny
rtk vsrk~ a#wOlw a#wQ s`qn lq x`N~d sh @s~v`vl vtQn`km
gWY;~m rL (heatwave)
ek qQgt qQn @qkkt vd` pvwQn a{Qk uNEsEm| @q~XgONy
r`j`@qY`~hWkm (high treason)
rjy @prl` q#mWmt uw~s`h kQrWm sm|bn~{@yn~ sQqEkrn brpwl apr`{ vrq
72
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
pYwQmRr\wQmw~ a`qQv`sW sQwOvm|
a`qQv`sWn~@g~ aq~vWwWy sh ovEn~ nQ@y`~jny krn kl`v
bQm| @k`ts
idm| @k`tsk~
sn~{Qs~}`nyk~
iwQh`s@y~ v#qgw~ sQqEvWmk~
jn~m hQmQkm (native title)
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE nWwQ kYmy wOl wWrNy krn lq a`qQv`sWn~ ht xSmQyt sh jlyt a#wQ ayQwQy
v`g~ iwQh`sy
awWw@y~ sQqEvR @q~ sm|bn~{v mQnQsEn~@g~ mwk@yn~ pvsn@q~
pE@r`~g`mQy`
mEl~ pqQAcQkr#vn~, ytw~ vQjQw jn`v`svl mEl~ k`l@y~ sQtQ ay
@q~Xp`ln nQ@y`~jny
p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv wOl @q~Xp`l`Z@ykO vQsQn~ nQ@y`~jny kQrWm
sAcQwy
rjy mgQn~ a`qQv`sWn~ ht jWvw~vWmt @vn~ krn lq bQm| @k`tsk~
qVEvm
apr`{kr#vkO qVEvmk~ vX@yn~ gw krn k`ly
@v|wn nQym kQrWm
sQy r`jk`rW sm|bn~{@yn~ mQnQsEn~ ht @gvQy yEwO v#tEp wWrNy kQrWm
sm`j pYwQsAs~krNy
vQp~lvyk~ @n`m#wQv kYm`nEkSlv sm`jy wOl qQyENE kQrWm| sQqE kQrWm
r`j& avmAgl&y
j`wQyt v#qgw~ q`ykw~vyk~ sQqEkl pErv#sQ@ykOt gr# kQrWmt rjy mgQn~ sQqEkrn avmAgl&y
qVEv#t
kNE sh rQtQ upk`r@yn~ w#NEnE a`r]k @k`tEv
gv p`lkyn~
gvyn~ bl` g#nWmt pw~krn pEq~glyn~
v#d vr\jny
@s~vkyn~ v#d n#v#w~vWm, uq`hrN vX@yn~ @s~v`@y`~jykO@g~ wWrNyt e@rhQv krn vQ@r`~{y
sr\vjn Cn~qbly
mhjn m#wQvrNvlqW Cn~qy p`vQc|cQ kQrW@m| ayQwQy
qQvEr#m| qWm
vQ{Qmw~ uw~svykqW nQl wnwOrk~ x`rg#nWm
sx`gw kQrWm
p`r\lQ@m|n~wO@v| s`kc|C` kQrWmt @h`~ anEm#wQyt nQl vX@yn~ iqQrQpw~ kQrWm, uq`hrN vX@yn~, v`r\w`vk~ sx`gw kQrWm
sm`j ww~vy (walk of life)
sm`j pAwQy @h`~ psEbQm, rFkQy`v, wnwOr
vQx`g @n`krn @k`ts sm|bn~{ p`rx`;Qwy
73
v#dQ vQs~wr s[h`
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy lb` g#nWm sm|bn~{v v#dQ vQs~wr lb` g#nWm s[h`, o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy sm|bn~{ @vb| aVvQy vn
www.citizenship.gov.au @vw yn~n.
o|s~@tY|lQy`v
ob@g~ pL`@w~ pEs~wk`l@yn~ obt o|s~@t|YlQy`v sm|bn~{ v#dQ vQs~wr lb`gw h#k. phw @vb| aVvQ mgQn~q v#dQqEr vQs~wr lb` gw h#k:
• o|s~@tY|lQy`v sm|bn~{v @ktQ@yn~
www.dfat.gov.au/aib
• sAs~k^wQk sh vQ@n`~q`w~mk kQYy` q~v`ry
(Culture and Recreation Portal)
www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ v#dsthn~ sh @s~v`
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ v#dsthn~ sh @s~v` sm|bn~{ vQs~wr www.australia.gov.au @vb| aVvQ@yn~ lb`gw h#k.
@fdrl~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO mn~wWY @h`~ @s@nt| sxQk
ob@g~ pL`@w~ @fdrl~ p`r\lQ@m|n~wO mn~wWY @h`~ @s@nt| sxQk swOv o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ v#dsthn~ sh @s~v` sm|bn~{ vQs~wr @b`@h`~myk~ a#w.
p`r\lQ@m|n~wO mn~wWYn~ sh @s@nt| sxQkyn~ shQw l#yQs~wOvk~ www.aph.gov.au @vb| aVvQ@yn~ lb` gw h#k.
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ sAvQ{`n
@mm @p`@whQ qk~v` a#wQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE rj@y~ sAvQ{`n sm|bn~{ v#dQ vQs~wr phw @vb| aVvQ mgQn~ lb`gw h#k:
74
• Australian Defence Force www.defence.gov.au
• Australian Electoral Commission www.aec.gov.au
• Australian Federal Police www.afp.gov.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE mnv hQmQkm| @k`mQsm (Australian Human Rights Commission)
www.humanrights.gov.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE kWYd` @k`mQsm
(Australian Sports Commission)
www.ausport.gov.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE bqE k`r\&`ly
(Australian Taxation Office)
www.ato.gov.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE yEq~{ s~m`rky
(Australian War Memorial)
www.awm.gov.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE mh b#AkOv
(Reserve Bank of Australia)
www.rba.gov.au
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n
@mm @p`@whQ qk~v` a#wQ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n sm|bn~{ v#dQ vQs~wr phw @vb| aVvQ mgQn~ lb`gw h#k:
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE bY#d|mn~ pqnm (Bradman Foundation Australia)
www.bradman.com.au
• h#m|lQn~ fQs~tQyEl` in~tr\n#;nl~ (Hamlin Fistula International)
www.fistulatrust.org
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE r`jkWy pQy`sr @@vq& @s~v`v
(Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia)
www.flyingdoctor.net
• gOvn~ p`sl
(School of the Air)
www.schoolair-p.schools.nsw.edu.au
• s~@n`~vQ mvEn~tn~ jl vQqElQ a{Qk`rQy (Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority)
www.snowyhydro.com.au
• @fYd| @h`@l`~s~ pqnm
(The Fred Hollows Foundation)
www.hollows.org.au
• yE@ns~@k`~ jgw~ ur#m m{&s~}`ny
(UNESCO World Heritage Centre)
whc.unesco.org
• ek~sw~ j`wWn~ (United Nations)
www.un.org
• vQk~tr\ c#n~g~ h^w~ pr\@y~;N a`ywny (Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute)
www.victorchang.edu.au
• o|s~@tY|lQy` @s~@v|c|C` @s~vy
(Volunteering Australia)
www.volunteeringaustralia.org
@vnw~
phw m`w^k` sm|bn~{ v#dQ vQs~wr s[h` phw q#k~@vn @vb| aVvQ @vw yn~n:
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`N~dEkYm v&vs~}`v
www.aph.gov.au/senate/general/constitution
• vs@r\ @h`[m o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pYq`ny
www.australianoftheyear.org.au
• ovEn~ n#vw nQ@vs kr` @gn e~@m| (‘Bringing them home’) v`r\w`v
www.humanrights.gov.au/social_justice/bth_report/
index.html
• @k`mn~@vl~w~ v@n`~q&`n sh sAcQw
www.environment.gov.au/parks/index.html
• pYsQq~{ o|s~@tY|lQy`nEvn~: o|s~@tY|lQy`nE crQw`pq`n Xb|q@k`~;@y~ http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/adbonline.htm
m`r\ggw sAs~krNy (The Australian Dictionary of
Biography Online Edition)
• p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv iqQrQ@y~ q#nt a#wQ pnw~ @ktEm|pw~ l#yQs~wOvk~ www.aph.gov.au/bills/index.htm
• o|s~@tY|lQy`nE p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv
www.aph.gov.au
• p`r\lQ@m|n~wO a{&`pn @s~v`
www.peo.gov.au
• pYsQq~{ nQv`dE qQn
www.australia.gov.au/topics/australian-facts-and
figures/public-holidays
• @s`r` gnE l#bR prm|pr`vlQn~
(Stolen Generations) sm`v ayqWm
www.abc.net.au/news/events/apology/text.htm
v#dQ vQs~wr s[h`
75
s~wOwQy
phw r$p lb` qEn~@n~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE r`j& @l~KN`g`r@y~ (National Archives of Australia) anEgYh@ynQ:
42 pQtEv - nQv| svEw~ @v|l~s~ hQ b#tUvn~ sQtQn idm|vl sQtQn LmEn~@g~ C`y`r$pyk~ - gOvn~ p`s#l, C`y`r$py lb` gw~@w~ 1962 qWy
(@y`mEv: A1200: L42511)
51 pQtEv - pEq~glyn~ - dQk~ s~mQw~, Civil Aviation Authority hQ sx`pwQ, 1991 (@y`mEv: A6135:K23/5/91/1)
56 pQtEv - o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| ws~mn~ sQwQym, 1644 (@y`mEv: A1200:L13381)
59 pQtEv - 1851 o|s~@tY|lQy`@v| rw~rn~ @s`y` g#nWm sm|bn~{ @ewQh`sQk C`y`r$p (@y`mEv: A6180:25/5/78/62)
60 pQtEv - o|s~@tY|lQy`v a#wOlw a#f~gn~ vr#n~ sh ovEn~@g~ otEvn~ v#d kQrWm (@y`mEv: A6180:25/5/78/62)
67 pQtEv - pEq~glyn~ - XWYmw~ ed|vr\d| vQyrQ dn~@l`p~ ohE@g~ k`r\&`ly wOl, 1986 (@y`mEv: A6180:1/9/86/12)
67 pQtEv - sAkYmNy - o|s~@tY|lQy`vt sAkYmNQkyn~ p#mQNWm - @k~n~s~ hQ f~l#mWnQy` @n_k`@v| iw`lQ j`wQk uk~ gs~ kpn~nn~, 1955
(@y`mEv: A12111:1/1955/4/97)
phw C`y`r$p lb` qEn~@n~ o|s~@tY|lQy`nE j`wQk pEs~wk`l@y~ (National Library of Australia) anEgYh@ynQ:
18 pQtEv - g#@r\m` @p@qs, sQvQk~, k#n~br` yn s~}`n@y~ p#vwQ yE{ vQ@r`~{W rFLQy a#mwS k}Qkyn~ ht svn~ qWmt p#mQNQ @pLp`lQkr#vn~,
2003 @pbrv`rQ 15, C`y`r$py @gYg~ pvr\ mgQnQ (@y`mEv: nla.pic-vn3063592)
44 pQtEv - 1940 pYk`Xyt pw~kl jEdQw~ ryQt|@g~ pQLQr#v (@y`mEv: nla.pic-an29529596)
52 pQtEv - 2004 @qs#m|br\ 30 sEn`mQyt psE in~qEnWsQy`@v| a`@c| hQ shn ktyEwOvl nQrw vn o|s~@tY|lQy`nE a`r]k hmEq` xtyn~ ht in~qEnWsQy`nE
k`n~w`vn~ a`c`r kQrWm, C`y`r$py d$n~ hn~t| mgQnQ (@y`mEv: nla.pic-vn3510861)
56 pQtEv - 1788 jnv`rQ 27 qQn sQd|nQ @k`~v| hQ pY}m n`vEk blk`y, nQr\m`Ny k@l~ @j`~n~ a#l@k`t| vQsQnQ 1888 - 1973
(@y`mEv: nla.pic-an7891482)
57 pQtEv - 1804 - 1852 @w`~ms~ @fy`r\ln~d| pYk`Xyt pw~kl k#rlQn~ cQ@;`l~m| @g~ pYwQm`v (@y`mEv: nla.pic-an9193363)
58 pQtEv - 1828 - 1902 nQ@k`ls~ @cv`lQyr\ vQsQn~ nQr\m`Ny kr 1868 qW pYk`Xyt pw~ kl br\k~ sh vQl~s~ kSpr\s~ kWYk~ @vw n#vw p#mQNWm
(@y`mEv: nla.pic-an2265463)
61 pQtEv - 1890 qW pYk`Xyt pw~kl k#w~rQn~ @hln~ s~@pn~s~@g~ pYwQm`v (@y`mEv: nla.pic-an14617296)
63 pQtEv - 1915 qW g#lQ@p`lQ hQ @j`~n~ sQm|p~sn~ sh ohE@g~ bRr#v` (@y`mEv: nla.pic-an24601465)
65 pQtEv - 1919 sh 1927 awr pYk`Xyt pw~kl XWYmw~ c`r\l~s~ ed|vr\d| @g~ pYwQm`v (@y`mEv: nla.pic-vn3302805)
70 pQtEv - 1946 @h`~ 1947 a`wr\ g^^m| vQsQn~ pYk`Xyt pw~kl @n`qr\n~ @trQtrQ hQ Hermannsburg Mission hQ a#wQ a#l~br\t| nm|jQr`@g~
pYwQm`v (@y`mEv: nla.pic-an23165034)
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts sh phw ay@g~ anEgYh@yn~ @l`~k ur#m
(World Heritage) s~}`n qh hwrk C`y`r$p lb`qW a#w:
40 pQtEv - @k`lQn~ @t`tr\@dl~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Australian Fossil Mammal Sites
40 pQtEv - m`r\k~ @m`@hl~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Blue Mountains National Park
40 pQtEv - ;#nn~ mR vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Fraser Island
40 pQtEv - @p`~l~ k#n~d|lQn~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Gondwana Rainforests of Australia
40 pQtEv - s#lW gWYn@v| vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Kakadu National Park
76
o|s~@tY|lQy`nE pErv#sQx`vy: ap@g~ @p`qE b#[Wm
40 pQtEv - @mlQn~d` b^^vr\ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Lord Howe Island
40 pQtEv - @mlQn~d` b^^vr\ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Macquarie Island
41 pQtEv - @r`d| h`r\t|vQg~sn~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Purnululu National Park
41 pQtEv - mQ@;l~ m#@k`~@l~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens
41 pQtEv - @klW mln~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Shark Bay
41 pQtEv - nQ@k`l` bQYdn~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl ws~@m|nQy`@v| sEn~qrw~vy
41 pQtEv - a#n~d^^ hcQn~sn~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
41 pQtEv - @k`lQn~ @t`tr\@dl~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl kOvWn~s~ln~w@y~ @ww~ {Y#v
41 pQtEv - m`r\k~ @m`@hl~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl Willandra Lakes Region
phw C`y`r$p lb`qEn~@n~ Stockphoto anEgYh@ynQ:
pQt kvry - @v`tl~, ©iStockphoto.com/Ressy (@y`mEv: 3322510)
14 pQtEv - o|s~@tY|lQy`nE kU o|ply, ©iStockphoto.com/Alicat (@y`mEv: 8323912)
22 pQtEv - p`r\lQ@m|n~wO nQvs, ©iStockphoto.com/Tim Starkey (@y`mEv: 2256743)
22 pQtEv - Gavel and book, ©iStockphoto.com/Dem10 (@y`mEv: 2397687)
27 pQtEv - Coins on finance graph, ©iStockphoto.com/Robyn Mackenzie (@y`mEv: 2335549)
27 pQtEv - Doctor writing, ©iStockphoto.com/Carlos Arranz (@y`mEv: 6498434)
38 pQtEv - Bondi Beach, ©iStockphoto.com/Edd Westmacott (@y`mEv: 3048786)
38 pQtEv - Kings Canyon, ©iStockphoto.com/Francois Marclay (@y`mEv: 5733853)
51 pQtEv - Reclaimer on iron ore mine site, ©iStockphoto.com/Christian Uhrig (@y`mEv: 9819736)
54 pQtEv - Didgeridoo, ©iStockphoto.com/Adam Booth (@y`mEv: 834207)
55 pQtEv - Aboriginal rock art – Saratoga fish, ©iStockphoto.com/Alpen Gluehen (@y`mEv: 2761924)
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8 pQtEv - Spotted gums with a floor covering of Burrawang palms, Murramarang National Park, NSW,
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20 pQtEv - pEq~gl@ykO Cn~q @pt|tQyt sQy lkONE kl Cn~q pwQYk`v qmn C`y`r$pyk~ Victorian Electoral Commission hQ anEgYh@yn~
24 pQtEv - Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900: mEl~ mhjn v`r\w` pQtpw, C`y`r$py Gifts Collection,
Parliament House Art Collection, Department of Parliamentary Services, Canberra ACT anEgYh@ynQ
27 pQtEv - @ml~ @y~t|s~ vQsQn~ C`y`r$pgw kl @p~LQyk LmEn~ iq@gn sQtQn C`y`r$py Getty Images anEgYh@ynQ.
28 pQtEv - @XY~;~T`{QkrN@y~ C`y`r$py High Court of Australia hQ anEgYh@ynQ
40 pQtEv - Big Ben Heard Island hQ C`y`r$py Australian Antarctic Division © Commonwealth of Australia hQ anEgYh@ynQ,
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40 pQtEv - Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority hQ anEgYh@yn~ Great Barrier Reef hQ C`y`r$pyk~
41 pQtEv - City of Sydney hQ anEgYh@yn~ Sydney Opera House hQ C`y`r$pyk~, C`y`r$py p#t|rQk~ bQAg~hm|-@h`~l~ mgQnQ
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44 pQtEv - Bradman Museum of Cricket hQ anEgYh@yn~ XWYmw~ @d`nl~d| bY#d|mn~ @g~ C`y`r$py, XWYmw~ @d`nl~d| bY#d|mn~ sQy @ts~t| kQYkt| hQs~
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45 pQtEv - Fred Hollows Foundation hQ anEgYh@yn~ mh`c`r\& @fYd| @h`@l`~s~ @g~ C`y`r$py, C`y`r#py fY$n~k~ vQ@y`lQ mgQnQ
50 pQtEv - City of Sydney hQ anEgYh@yn~ sQd|nQ vr`yt ihLQn~ aUw~ avEr#qE gQNQ@kLQ q#k~@vn C`y`r$py
52 pQtEv - Hamlin Fistula Relief and Aid Fund hQ anEgYh@yn~ @@vq& k#wrQn~ h#m|lQn~ @g~ C`y`r$py
61 pQtEv - l#mQn~g~tn~ s`mQvry` @fd@r\;N qQn rFs~v sQtQ ay a#mwWm, 1901, C`y`r$p anEgYhy State Library of Queensland mgQnQ,
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65 pQtEv - State Library of New South Wales (Mitchell Library) hQ anEgYh@yn~ lb`gw~ Soup kitchen C`y`r$py. 1934 a@g`~s~wO
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66 pQtEv - Australian War Memorial hQ anEgYh@yn~ lb`gw~ Kokoda Track hQ C`y`r$py (@y`mEv: 014028)
66 pQtEv - Australian War Memorial hQ a#wQ rwO @p`pQ ml~, C`y`r$py @t`~rQ bQYm|s~ vQsQnQ
70 pQtEv - Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute hQ anEgYh@yn~ lb` gw~ vQk~tr\ c$n~g~ @g~ C`y`r$py
70 pQtEv - br\nWt` sh @g~l~ m`@b`~ @g~ avsry mw lb`gw~ edW m`@b`~ @g~ C`y`r$py
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