Electron Devices
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Passive devices
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アナログ・デジタル電子回路基礎
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FUNDAMENTALS OF
ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUIT
Active devices
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受動素子 RLC 回路の特性
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor
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Diode
Transistor
Kazu. TAKASHIO
Gain and Decibel (dB)
Gain: a measure of the ability of a two port
circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a
signal from the input to the output port
!  dB: a logarithmic unit of measurement in
acoustics and electronics
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for Voltage gain: 20log10X
for Electric Power gain: 10log10X
17倍
24.6dB
22倍
26.8dB
全体で 24.6 + 26.8 = 51.4dB
17倍 x 22倍 = 374倍
15倍
23.5dB
47倍
33.4dB
31倍
29.8dB
全体で 111.8dB
約40万倍
18倍
25.1dB
dB Quick Table (20log10X)
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Rough indication
Hardly use decimals..
倍率
dB
倍率
dB
1
0
1/1000
-60
1.4
3
1/100
-40
2
6
1/50
-34
5
14
1/20
-26
10
20
1/10
-20
20
26
1/5
-14
50
34
1/2
-6
100
40
1/1.4 (0.7)
-3
1000
60
1
0
Resistor (r, R, RES)
Passive two-terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance..
!  Types
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Capacitor (Condenser, C)
Passive two-terminal electrical component used to
store energy electrostatically in an electric field..
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Fixed resistor
Potentiometer
Trimmer
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Materials
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Carbon film resistor
Solid resistor
Metal film resistor
Metal oxide film resistor
Wirewound resistor
Cement resistor
Inductor (Coil, L)
Passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through
it..
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Holding charge on its facing surfaces
Reservoir temporally pooling and discharging
Blocking DC, but passing AC (Capacitive Reactance)
The more AC frequency is raised, the more the
capacitive reactance goes down..
Passing DC, but resisting AC (Induced Reactance)
The more AC frequency is raised, the more the
induced reactance goes up..
Phase
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Phase: Position and distance between two wave
signals
Be shifted by the presence of impedance in an
electric circuit signals pass through..
x
0
0
位相が x だけずれている
（x だけ進んでいる）
Impedance
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Impedance
Resistance of a circuit depending of the frequency of an
electric signal wave
Represented as a complex quantity, where the real part is the
resistance and the imaginary part is the reactance..
Z = R + jx
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ω = 2πf
tanφ = x/R
2
コイル
コンデンサ
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虚数 j
（リアクタンス）
インピーダンス Z
x
コンデンサ
？？？
φ
Simulation of a RLC Circuit
Impedances of C1 and L1 are 1kΩ at 1kHz..
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Capacitor
2
R
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Inductor
コイル
in an Inductor: jx = jωL
in a Capacitor: jx = 1/jωC = -j/ωC
R +x
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C1：(2π･1kHz･159nF)-1
L1：2π･1kHz･159mH
実数 r
（抵抗）
RLC Circuit: DC Analysis (DC Sweep)
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Simulation conditions
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MacOS X: Right click on the schematic > Draft > SPICE directive
> Right click in the text field > Help me edit.. > Analysis Cmd.
Win: Right click > Edit Simulation Cmd.
RLC Circuit: AC Analysis
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RLC Circuit: AC Analysis
Linear small-signal frequency domain analysis
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Analyzing variability over time (like an oscilloscope view)..
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Impedance
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Frequency axis: logarithmic [Octave, Decade]，linear [Linear]
RLC Circuit: Transient Analysis
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Output: Voltage gain and phase variation
Analysis Cmd. (Win：Edit Simulation Cmd.) > AC Analysis
AC power source: SIN（0 1 1kHz 0 0 0）
Stop Time：3m，Time to Start ..: 0，Max Timestep Size：3u
Impedances of R1, C1 and L1: ZR
ZC
ZL（1kΩ）
ZC = 1 / (2π x f x C) ... V(l): Low-pass filter
ZL = 2π x f x L ... V(c): Hi-pass filter
RLC Circuit: Transient Analysis
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Detail analysis
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Voltage wave at R2：V(in) - V(c) ([Add Trace] icon)
Add new graph: Menu > Add Plot Pane
Why the V(c) getting 0.7 V(in) rather than the half of it?
Exercise
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Simulate the resonance characteristic of the RLC circuit..
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Exercise
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Step analysis: .step param Rv list 100 316 1k 1.41k 2k
Fix the R1 to 100Ω and use sine-signal waves..
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Discuss why the gain was increased 20dB at R1 = 100Ω?
Submit to..
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SFC-SFS
Deadline..
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Transient analysis: .trans 0 50m 0 5u
Voltage between both ends of the L1: V(rl) - V(out)
9th Oct.
23:59
Hints..
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Resonance
frequency