DET NORSKE VIDENSKAPS-AKADEMI I OSLO
RES·ULTATER
AV DE NORSKE STATSUNDERST0TTEDE
SPITSBERGENEKSPEDITIONER
BIND I
Nr. 10
THOR IVERSEN:
HOPEN
(HOPE ISLAND), SVALBARD
UTGITT PÅ
DEN NORSKE STATS BEKOSTNIN G
VED SPITSBE RGENKOMITEEN
REDAKTØR: ADOLF HOEL
OSLO
I K O M M I SJON HO S JACOB DYBWA D
1926
No. 10.
HOPEN
(HOPE ISLAND), SVALBARD
RES U LTS OF A RECON NAISSA N C E IN T H E S U M M E R 1 924
BY
THOR IVERSEN
WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM W. BODYLEWSKY, B. CASPERSEN,
OVE ARBO H0EG, E. J0RGENSEN, JOHANNES LID, BERNT LYNGE
AND W. WE-RENSKIOLD
WITH 10 PLATES AND 10 TEXT-FIGURES
Contents.
Page
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Preface, by W. Werenski old
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Hopen (Hope Island), by Thor Iversen
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Recent visits to Hope Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Introduction. Discovery and representat i o n on charts
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Thor Iversen's work on Hope Island ................. . ..... ...... ... ...
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F i rst visit
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Second visit .. .
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Th i rd visit ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Geographical names ..................................... . ... . .. . . ....
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Results ........................................... . ..... .
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Contributi ons to the natural h i story of Hope Island
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Physical geography and geology; coal deposits, by W. Werenski old
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Flowering plants, by Johan nes Lid
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Mosses, by E. J0rgensen
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Lichens, by Bernt Lynge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fossil plants, by Ove Arbo H0eg . . . . . . . .
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Determi nation of position, by B. Caspersen . . . .
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Fossil shells, by W. Bodylewsky
Literature ci ted
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I. Soundings by Thor Iversen , on the "Blaafjeld", in 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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\ ppendix.
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Maps cited
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Lists of soundi ngs.
Soundings by Thor Iversen, on the "Tovi k", in 1924 .... . ..... . .. . .. .
A. W. BR0GGERS BOKTRYKKEHl A / S
40
IIIustrations.
Plate
I.
1 1.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Figure I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9·
10.
a. Two hundred metres south of cairn on Werenskiold Hill, looking towards
Iversen Hill. Kvasstoppen (Sharp Peak) in the foreground.
b. From cairn on Koller Hill. Bearing to cairn on Werenskiold Hill, S 36°
W, and to the highest point of Iversen Hill, S 17" W.
a. From cairn on Koller Hill. Bearing to the west brink of the northern­
most hill, N 288 E.
b. One hundred paces north of cairn on Koller Hill, looking north.
a. From east edge of Koller Hill, looking south. Height: 240 metres. The
Tovik is seen lying at anchor.
b. From the east edge of Koller Hill, looking north. Height: 240 metres.
a. From Werenskiold Hill looking towards Koller Hill. Bjornsletta (Bear
Plain) is seen on the left.
b. From the base of Koller Hill on the west side of Husdalen (House Valley)
looking south.
a. From the eastern edge of Werenskiold Hill, 242 m. above sea level, look­
ing towards Iversen Hill. Bearing to the extremity of Koefoed Point ,
S 2° E, and to Iversen Hill, S 22° W.
b. The slope in the Bekkeskard (Brook Gully), looking south.
a. A little to the south of the hut in Husdalen (House Valley). Shows hut
and landing place.
b. From the lowest cairn on Iversen Hill, looking north.
a. About one naut. mile S S E of Iversen Hill.
b. Hoel Point from SS E, about one naut. mile off nearest shore.
a. Panorama of Hope Island from the anchorage off Husdalen (House Valley).
b. Panorama of Hope Island from about two naut. miles off House Valley.
a. From the west edge, close by the cairn, on Werenskiold Hill, looking to­
wards the beach below.
b. Plant fossils from Hope Island. Nos. 1 and 2, Pterophyllum sp. Nos. 3,
4 and 5, stalks of Equisetales. Nos. 1,3 and 4 belong to the Prince of
Monaco, Nos. 2 and 5 to Mr. Iversen's collection.
Map of Hope Island by Thor Iversen. Scale I: 200000.
Position of Hope Island on different charts. Scale 1: 1 400 000. I. W.
Jansz. Blaeu 1623. II. Thomas Edge 1625. Ill. Giles & Rep 1710. IV. W.
Scoresby 1820. V. Duner & N ordenskiOld 1865. VI. Norwegian General
Chart 303, 1923. VII. British Admiralty Chart 2751, 1924. VIII. Position
determined by Captain Thor Iversen 1924. On the first three charts, the
position of Hope Island is laid down from distances and bearings from Neger­
pynten (N egro Point or Swarte Hoek); on the others, from latitude and
longitude on chart.
MIC "Blaafjeld·'.
MiC "Tovik".
Hope Island from SS E., six naut. miles off Iversen Hill.
Hunting cabin in House Valley from E.
Cairn on Werenskiold Hill, 270 m. above sea-level. Thor Iversen standing.
Hope Island from SW. , about four and a half naut . miles distant from the
south point (Cape Thor).
Hunting cabin on Koefoed Point.
Hope Island from S S E . , 13 naut. miles distant, from a drawing by Thor Iversen.
Map showing location of photographic stations.
Preface.
O of
ur knowledge of Hopen (Hope Island ), off the south-east coast
Spitsbergen, has been very scanty . The shape of the island
varied widely o n different cha rts, the position - especially the longi­
tude - was not fixed, and the topography of the i n terior was practically
unknown .
In the summer of 1924, Captain THoR I VERSEN led the Norwegian
Government's fishery ! nvestigations in the Arctic Seas. While cruising
in the wate rs to the east of S0rkapp (South Cape), Spitsbergen on board
the MiC "Tovik", he succeeded with Mr. EINAR KOEFOED, in landing
on Hope Island. He ascended the hills in the extreme south of the
island. and made a preliminary survey. The topogra phy of the northern
part of the island was sketched from a run n in g survey along the eastern
coast, on board M C "Tovik". Mr. E INAR KOEFOED and Captain I VERSEN
also took a large n umber of photographs, from both land and sea
stati o n s.
The map h as been constructed by Mr. I VERSEN, from measurements,
compass bearings, estimates of the speed of the ship, an d from the
photograph s. The contour lines have been redrawn by Lieutenant­
Colonel K. G. GLEDITSCH, Chief Topographer, N orwegian Geographical
Survey, from Mr. [VERSEN'S or i g i n al , with the h e l p of t h e photographs
and descriptions. Mr. IVERSEN'S o bservations of lon gitu de and latitude
have been worked out by Mr. B. CASPERSEN, and the computations
have been checked by Mr. A. HERMANsEN, Naval Captains. The final
calculations have been made by me.
The maps have been redrawn and prepared for publication by
Mr. B. H. LUNcKE, C. E. , a member of the staff of the Norwegian Sval­
bard Expeditions.
Mr. I VERSEN'S manuscript has been revised, an d the illustrations
selected from a very large number of photographs, by me.
Messrs. I VERSEN and KOEFOED also made various collections, which
have been submitted fo r exami nation by specialists, n amely: OVE ARBo
H0EG, Custodian, Botanical Department, Trondhjem Museum (plant
fossils); E. J0RGENSEN, Lecturer, Cathedral School, Bergen (mosses);
JOHANNES LID, Custodian, Botan ical Museum, Oslo (flowering plants);
5
HOPEN
BERNT LYNGE, Ph. D . , Lecturer in botany, Un iversity, Oslo (lichen s); L. R.
NATVIG, Custodian , Zoological Museum, Oslo (insects; the work is not
finished). Some fossi l shells have been sent to Mr. V. j. BODYLEWSKY,
of Leningrad , for examination .
Mr. I VERsEN has made a great many soundings i n the Barents an d
Spitsbergen Seas, during his cruises in the summers of 1923 and 1924.
These have been added in an appendix.
W. Werenskiold.
THOR IVERSEN
6
Introduction. Discovery and Representation on Charts.
Hope I sland (PI. X) is a lonely, hilly island situated 125 miles 1
due east of South Cape (Sorkapp), West Spitsbergen , an d 47 miles
south-southeast of Edge Islan d.
As far as I kno w, the oldest chart on which the island is fairly
accurately pl otted in rel ation to Spitsbergen, is the one by Edge from
J 625 (Fig. I). Edge relates that the island was discovered in 16 13.
Dr. F. C. WIEDER (1919), the Dutch writer, maintains in his boo k
that Hope Island was probably discovered a s early a s 1596 b y jAN
CORNELlSZ. RIJP during his second voyage north, from Bear I sland. RJJP
mentions a lonely island which he calls Visch Eylandt.
Dr. WIEDER also attempts to show in his boo k that the island called
Verl aten Eyland on the n e wly-discovered chart by PETRUS PLANCIUS
printed in 16 12, must be Hope Island, in spite of the fact that it is
plotted 20 degrees longitude too far east.
On the chart by HARMEN a n d MARTEN jANSZ, engraved by
ABRAHA M Goos in 1620, the .. Hoop Eylan dt" is fairly correctly placed
in relation to the nearest promontory of Edge I sl a n d (Egdeoya), the
"Swarte Hoeck"; that is, of course, Negro Point or Negerpynten ; but
they have both been misplaced very far to the east, and the promontory
has n o connection with other parts of Spitsbergen . This also applies
to the chart published by W. jANSZ. BLAEU in 1623.
At any rate, Hope I sland has been known ever since the hun ting
of Greenland whale began in the waters around Spitsbergen. Its form
has been drawn much more correctly on many of the old charts than
on the recent ones. However, the position of the island has varied
much on the old charts; it has been changed frequently.
On the chart by j AN jANSZ, 1651, an anchorage is marked out­
side the north point and the south-west point, and the island is d rawn
long and narrow.
j. Az. COLOM'S chart of 1652 shows along the east side many
crosses and points designating shoals or rocks.
HENDRICK DONcKER's chart of 1663 shows Hope I sland rather broad,
with anchorages in the same places as the earlier charts, and with
1
In this paper, "mile" always denotes nautical mile.
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1924.
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On the first three charts, the position of Hope Isla n d is laid down from distances
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24
and b earings from N egerpynte n (N egro Point or Swarte Hoek); on the others, from latitud e and longitude on chart.
VIII. Position determined by Capta i n Th or Iversen 1924.
W. Scoresby 1820. V. Duner & Nordenskiold 1865.
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Position of Hopen (Hope Island) on different charts. Scale I: 1 400 000.
Rep 1710. IV.
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THOR IVERSEN
crosses for shoals on the east side. The chart also gives fou r sound­
ings on the west side of the island .
JOHANNES VAN KEULEN'S chart of 1682 indicates, besides anchorages
and soundings, also five mountain peaks. On a later chart (GILES &
REP's) published by the same author about 1710, several new soundin gs
are given and the island is drawn narrower than before.
On W. SCORESBY'S chart of 1820 the island has about the same
location as on the one just mentioned, and also about the same form;
it is only somewhat l onger and narrower.
Rec'!nt Visits to Hope Island .
PAYER and WEYPRECHT tried to approach the island i n the latter
part of Jul y during their Arctic expedition in 1871 on board the " I s­
bj0rn" of Troms0, but were stopped by ice. About this the following
statement is given in PAYER'S n arrative (1876, p. 675) ". . . . suddenly
we caught sight of the long platea u of Hope I sland, the latitude of which
acco rding to the observations of Lieuten ant WEYPRECHT is given about
40 minutes wrong on the S wedish charts. The real location of the south­
west point of the island is 760 29' N. lat. and 25 E. long".
On the 18th of August they returned with the "Isbj0rn" to Hope
I sland (idem p. 683): " . . . . We lan ded on the south-east coast of the
desolate island. Here an unusually strong current ran towards the south­
west at a speed of two miles, the shi p at first dragging her an chor.
We had sufficient reason to be careful as we approached lan d in
the whaling boat; for all around Hope I sland there are shoals and rocks
not shown on any charts. Geologically the island is completely like the
mountains south of Whales Bay. Brown coal was also fou n d , but the
brief stay made it impo ssible to discover the co al-seams. Drift wood
consisting of Si berian larch an d spruce was lying in great quantities on
the beach".
On the 22nd of July 1898 NATHORST tried to land on the isla n d
in a boat, probabl y o n the east side far north. He hoped t o be a ble
to spend one or two days on the isl and in ord er to get it mapped and
geologicall y explored. About this boat trip he states ( 1900, vo!. 1, p.
65). "There was quite a heavy sea and the wind increased a s we
approached the shore. We got in among numerous shoals surrounded
by l arge b reakers, and we found that the beach, which looked low from
a distance, wa s really rather high, in places formed by an overhangi ng
"ice foot", and was \vashed by a powerful swell which sent high spray
into the air and mad e landing impossi ble. We tried several other places,
but foun d them worse instead of better, with a heavy swell everywhere,
and in the high an d growing sea there was nothing to do but to return
to the shi p . "
C
HOPEN
9
Meanwhile the weather had become clear an d latitude and longitude
were determined (76045',3 N . Lat. ; 25 55',5 E. long).
Prince ALBERT OF MONACO lan ded on the island later in the same
year, and brought back some plant fossils, which were examined by
N ATHORST.
On his visit to Hope Island, the PRINCE OF MONACO was acco m­
panied by Mr. W. S. B RUCE. An account of the voyage i s given by
Mr. J. RICHARD (1899, pp. 68-71).
In 1920 The N orwegian Svalbard Exped ition under Mr. ADOLF
HOEL (1922, p . 18) attempted to get to Hope Islan d on board the
gunboat "Farm" in order to work ashore, but landi ng was made impos­
sible by the swell, the d rift-ice, and the fog.
"
Thor Iversen's Work on Hope Island.
The first time I saw Hope I sland was i n the middle of August
1923, during one of the cruises with the MIC "Blaafjeld" (about 50
gross ton s), Fig. 2, which was chartered by the N orwegian fisheries ad­
ministration for exploration work in the waters around Svalbard . I saw
it from the west with the mountain tops shroud ed in fog. The ocean
west of the islan d was quite ice-free; only scattered chunks of ice were
seen, some floating, others groun ded, and appeared like the wake of
a shi p in the stron g tidal current.
In 1924 exploration work was undertaken on board the MIC "To­
vik" (about 50 gross tons) Fig. 3, the waters east and south of Hope
I sland being specially examined .
On July 9, 1924, I saw Hope Island from the east, covered with
snow, and with drift-ice lying about 15 miles from the shore alon g
the east side.
During the repeated cruises between South Cape and Hope I sland
it appeared, according to reckoning, that the present charts gave the
position of Hope Isla n d somewhat too far west, a n d a s I passed along the
island I soon found out that also the s� ape of the island was quite different
from that given on the charts. These ci rcumstances, and the fact that
Hope Island had never been carefully explored before, provoked a desire
to visit the island , i f possible. I wa s further prompted by the fact that
our fishery exploration work that year was to include the banks sur­
rounding Hope I sland.
First Visit.
July 30,
1924.
During a cruise from South Cape eastward towards the south point
of Hope Island , we sighted the southern hill of the island 30 miles off
on July 30. Hydrographic stations were taken all the way between
10
THOR IVERSEN
South Cape an d Hope Islan d . As we approached the south point of
the isl and, fog came on and a brisk south-west wi nd sprang up. We
approached the east side and let the ship drift along the coast in smooth
water for a time while the fog was cleari ng. At noon we cautiously
approached the island, using the lead constantly, and anchored in 12
metres of water, about 465 metres from the shore off Husdalen (House
Valley) about 4 miles north of the south point. At 3, 15 p. m. KOEFOED
and I went ashore with a crew, steerin g the boat i n a n orth-easterly
"
Fig. 2.
i
MIC "Blaafjeld".
Iversen
photo 26/8
1923.
direction towards the hut; this seemed to give the best passage through
the breakers.
The water was very shallow as far as 100-200 metres from land,
the sea breaking i n many pl aces. The hut (Fig. 5) lies on a l evel plain
where quantities of drift wood, most of it rotten, are scattered all over
the surface, especially n o rth of the hut. Some distance south of the hut
a brook, Husbekken (House Brook), run s into the sea; at the time or
our visit it was nearly d ry. Close by the brook there were remnants
of timber structures built of drift wood, probably used by hunters to
support spring guns for shooting bears. Near the shore the brook has
formed a deep ravi ne in the solid rock. Higher up in House Valley
it has a mean dering run, there also forming a deep ravine with steep
sides of talus cut through the terraced east side of House Valley.
The ravine of the brook begins near the centre of the p l ai n i n the
House Valley. The ground of this plain is rather soft, boggy, covered
HOPEN
11
with a comparatively rich vegetati on. In one place its elevation was
measured at 64 metres above sea-level.
We went up the mountain side on the south side of House Valley
in the middle of the islan d . The lower part of the slope up to about
190 metres above sea-level is rather steep and covered with loose blocks
an d gravel, which made ascent difficult at the point we had selected .
Above the 190 metres altitude the slope of the mountain is much less
steep and it shows indications of terraces.
Fig. 3.
Iversen
MIC "Tovik"·
photo 16/7
1924.
Just as we reached the 2 13 metres altitude and were about to take
photographs of the mountains to the n orth, we suddenly encountered a
fog accompanied by a bitter win d from the south-west. We then sought
shelter towards the eastern brin k of the hill, where we built a little
wall and cairn of rocks, which we called "Stormly" (storm shelter).
For three hours we waited in vain for the fog to lift. We then des­
cenped the mountain at a point n ear the east brink not so steep as
where we climbed up. Collecting some plants and geological specimens
we returned to the ship at lOp . m. hoping to find a better oppo rtunity
for exploration some other time.
I n the morning of the 3 1st of July the fog had lifted an d the
air was quite clear. From our anchorage I took the photograph,
PI. VIII a, from House Valley towards the n orth. The location of
the hut is in d icated by an arrow, an d the mouth of the House Brook
by a cross.
12
THOR IVERSEN
The photograph, PI. VII I , b, shows the island from a point a little
north of House Valley and n orthward. It i s taken about 2 miles east
of the valley after we had l eft our anchorage for the open sea.
The photograph Fig. 4 i s taken the same d ay SSE. of Iversen
Hill, 6 miles off.
Second Visit.
Aug.
11 to 13, 1924.
On the 11th of August, in the afternoon, whil e engaged in trial
fishi n g east of Hope Island, steering west 1/4 north we sighted the
island straight ahead, 33 miles off. We then made for the island, taking
soundings and hyd rographic stations on the way, til l we were close to
the shore, off Bl aafjell (Blue Hill), whereupol1 we steered along the
isl and toward s the south, makin g several soundings, till we were off
House Valley; then ce we headed for the hut, using the lead o n the way
towards l and, and anchored on the 12th of August at 1,15 a. m. i n
10,5 metres of water.
Du ring the night, whil e we were sail i ng along the shore, the ai r was
clear ; there was new-fallen snow on the southern pa rt of the island,
but not on the northern part.
Soon after we an cho red in calm weather a heavy fog came on, and
lasted all the d ay. D u ring this time temperature measurements were
made in the water at the bottom of the anchorage, and the changing
d irections of the cu rrent were observed i n the course of 15 hours.
Early in the morning of the 13th of August the fog lifte d ; the air
became perfectly clear; the sun was favorable and the horizon clear.
At 6. 11. 23 a. m. I took a series of three observations of the sun's
altitude at intervals of one minute and at 7. 6. 12 a. m. another series
of three observations, reading the time by my watch (a new one from
the Internati onal Watch Co , Scha ff h a u sen, with Lutecia works ) . Accord­
i n g to the observations the anchorage (station V III a) lies at 25° 6' E.
l ong. and 76° 3' N. l at.
At 8 a. m. KOEFOED and I went ashore with 3 men. We d ug a
little wel l in the gravel at the outlet of the House B rook south of the
hut. After a while so much water had collected, that we could signal
to the crew on board the ship to fetch a supply. I went with two
men to make collections in the mountai ns, while KOEFOED with one
man examined the val l ey (House Valley) itself and the lower regions.
I ascended the hil l south of the val ley (We renskiold Hil l ), follow­
ing the same route as we did d own the hil l o n our first visit. On
the slope above "Stormly" (190 metres above sea-level) a little moss
and grass was observed, and at an altitude of 220 metres there was a
fairly level terrace with the same kind of vegetation. At 230 metres
above sea-level there was again a level terrace covered with big stones
and mosses. The top of the hil l formed a plateau sloping gently towards
HOPEN
13
the east. I t was covered with soft soi l and patches of moss. At the
highest point, 270 metres above sea-level, 21 m. east of the very steep
western brin k, we built a cairn of earth and moss re-inforced by some
stones an d with a piece of bamboo in the centre, Fig. 6. I n the cairn
we deposited a bottle containing information on a slip of paper.
From the cairn a bearing was taken of the highest hill toward s
the south in the d irectio n S. 1 4° W.
To the n orth, the west brin k of the n earest hill was sighted in the
d irection N . 26° E. The photograph, PI. I X, a, is taken from the very
edge of the brink near the cairn in a downward d irection towards the
beach. The photograph, PI. I . a, is taken from a point 200 metres
(paces) south of the cai rn towards the south showing the southern most
moun tain of Hope I slan d (I versen Hill) with the l ittle pointed peak,
Kvasstoppen (Sharp Peak), in front of it.
I measured the d istance between the east and west brinks in the
d irection E. 36° S., using a bamboo pole, 6 metres l ong. The width of
the plateau was foun d to be 480 metres from the cairn to the east
brin k, and SOl metres from one brin k to the other. The p lateau sloped
down eastwards, reachin g 242 metres above sea-level at the east brin k .
From the east brin k a bearing was taken t o the extreme p o i n t of
the low plain on the south east side of Hope I sland, Koefoedodden
(Koefoed Point), in the d irection S . 2° E. ; to the highest top of I versen
Hill in the d irectio n S. 22° W. (see photograph PI. V, a), and to the beach
n orthward in the d irection N . 35° E.
From the cairn near the west brink, Negro Point on Edge Island
was sighted i n the d irection N . 35' W.
We left the cairn at noon an d wen t north down the mountain
slope, taking the photograph, PI. I V, a, from an elevated point where the
enti re n orthern part of the island, including both shores, coul d be see n .
I n the middle foreground of the picture, two men appear, one on each
sid e of the picture. The men were 1 00 paces from the camera and the
d istance between them was 6 1 paces. On the left side of the mountain
(Koller Hill) the mountain foot protrudes, forming a gently sloping plain,
Bjornsletta (Bear Pl ain) with considerable vegetation . To the left of
Bear Plain breakers are seen over the shelving bottom, although there
was only a slight swell that day.
On the way from the cairn on the mountain top I collected some
botanical and geological specimens. From "Stormly" we conti n ued the
d escent to House Valley, from whence we went n orth and cli mbed the
next mountain (Koller Hill). The sid e of this mountain was not very
steep; it was dry and had considerable vegetation right up to the
summit.
This mountain top also for med a plateau, gently sloping with several
low terraces toward s the east. At the highest point a cairn was built,
THOR IVERSEN
14
15 metres within the steep west brink. The stone for the cairn was taken
out of the solid rock on the west brink. The cairn is located on a
fairly level, dry plain covered with small stones, moss, and grass at an
altitude of 285 metres above sea-level.
From the cairn, bearings were taken of the cairn on Werenskiold
Hill in S. 36° W., of the highest top of Iversen Hill in S . 17° W., an d of
the west brink of the n orthenmost hill in N . 28° E., PI. I, b; II a. From
a point 100 metres from the cai rn in the d irection N. 14° E. I took the
photograph, PI. 11, b, of the mountain s to the north.
1
Fig. 4.
Hope Island from SSE., six naut.. miles off Iversen Hill.
Iversen photo 31/7
1924.
Pacing 1 150 metres from the west brink, in about east-southeast,
came to a ravine with a path of snow extending downwards along the
steep east side of the mountai n . This ravine was connected with a bran­
ched, sno w-covered d epression extending almost across the entire plateau,
with one branch run n ing n orth-west and the other one south west. This
depression, which was about 20 metres wide, looked like a frozen river 1.
The ravine was cut about 150 metres from the outer edge of the
west brink, the distance between the two brinks thus being about 1300
metres. The altitude of the east bri nk was 240 metres above sea-level.
The photograph, PI. Ill, a, i s taken southward from the outer edge of
the east brink. In the d i rection of Koefoed Poin t our ship "Tovi k" is
seen at the anchoring place off House Valley. The photograph, PI.
I
This snow-filled ravine was also noticed by Mr. RICHARD in 1898.
HOPEN
15
I I I, b, is taken northward from a poi nt farther north than the viewpoint
o f the preceding picture.
The lower eastern part of the mountain plateau was almost devoid
of vegetation. The surface was i n part covered by frost-shattered masses
of rocks, but m ostly by soft earth with pol ygonal forms. Som e of the
polygon fields had small polygons surrou nded by small ston es, others
had large polygons surrounded by larger stones. The polygons had a
variable form ; some were quite square.
We descended the h ill side southwa rd along the slope of the western
Fig. 5.
Hunting cabin in House Valley from E.
Iversen pho!. 30/7
1924.
b rink. On the way we saw a mangy-looking fox. Just at the foot o f
the hill i m mediately below the lowermost l a rge patch o f snow, which is
seen on the photograph PI. I V, a, on the west side of House Valley, I
took the photograph PI. I V, b, showing the beach to the south . Ou
this beach there were large quantities of drift wood . The slope fro m
House Valley down to the more level p l a i n of t h e b e a c h w a s rath er
steep, but still passable; it was largely covered by old snow.
From the point where the photograph, pI. I V, b, is taken, I estimated
the distance to the west beach at 1 50 m etres. From the same poin t
across House Valley, down t h e ravine of H ouse Brook as far as to
the east beach, I paced 750 m etres. Thus the distance acrosss the is­
land m ust be about 900 m etres at this place.
The photograph, Fig. 5, taken on the 30th of J u l y, 1 924, shows the
hut from the east. The hut was used by FRIDTHJOF N ICOLA YSEN and
16
THOR IVERSEN
HENRI RUDI from Troms0 in the winter \908- 1 909 ; a note to that e ffect
was found inside. I t was largely built of drift-wood , and covered with gravel
for protection on the outside. I t was roughly bui lt and very small.
The photograph PI. VI, a, taken south of the hut, shows the land­
ing place with Koller H ill in the background .
O n our return to t h e h u t a t 6 p . m . w e found that KOEFOED a n d h is
men had made good collections of plants from House Valley and the level
pl aces near the hut. A boa t from the "Tovik" had been ashore for a
supply of fresh water from the little well at the outlet of House Brook.
Fig. 6 . Cairn o n Werenskiold Hill, 270 m . above sea· level ; Thor Iversen standing.
Iversen
phut. 13/8
1924.
At 7 p. m . we went on board, rowing i n 5 m i nutes from the beach
to the ship at a speed of 3 miles, which makes the d istance 465 m etres.
The weather had been fine for 12 hours with bright sunshine a l l
the ti me, the air being c l e a r enough to m ake Edge Island easily visible
from the h il l tops. The surroundings of Hope I slanQ were then ice
free. After that the island was again enveloped in a dense fog.
Third Visit.
Aug. 25, 1926.
On the 25th of August in the morning, again steering a course
for Hope Island from South Cape, we sighted the south point of the
island 1 9 miles off. The photograph, Fig. 7, taken on that occasion on
our approaching the island from the southwest, shows the nea rest land
about 41/2 mi les off. The photograph PI. VII, a , is taken a little less
than one mile south-south east of I versen H ilL
17
HOPEN
At 1,30 p. m . we anchored i n 1 4 m etres of water i n Tovikbukta
(Tovik Bay), on the north side of Koefoed Point, 500 or 600 m etres
from land. An hour later KOEFOED and I went ashore with three men.
We landed near the north side of the brook gully. Soon after we landed
fog set i n . KOEFOED and one m a n went along th e beach to make
collections on the flat peninsula to the south ( Koefoed Point), while I
went with two men up through the glen , till I found a place on the south
side where it was possible to clim b up along a steep slope covered
with gravel and big stones.
Fig. 7 .
Hopen Island from SW., about four and a half naut. miles d istant
from the south point (Cape Thor).
Iversen
photo 25/8
1924.
J ust above the edge of the glen there was a fairly large plai n ,
sparsely covered with plants. T h e altitude of the plain at a poin t near
the glen and also near the steep east brink was m easured at 70 m etres
a bove sea-level.
The fog was dense, and as we proceeded we placed stones and
tu fts of grass to m a rk our way back.
We walked i n the d irection S. 60° W. by the compass, and came to
a plateau 92 m etres above sea-level. Continuing in the same direction
we found a very deep valley with steep bluffs on either side at an
altitude of 1 24 m etres above sea-level. The valley h ere ran approxi­
m ately S. 47° W. It was a continuation of the glen, which h a d a branch
running more N NW. farther north. We followed the valley to a height
of 165 metres above sea-level , continued i n a d irection about south to
west, and finally reached a plateau with dry groun d in which soli d rock
2
18
THOR IVERSEN
was exposed. I thought we had reached the sum mit, but on the fog
l ifting for a m oment, I caugh t sight o f the highest top farth er away,
probably i n the directio n SSW. The depression between these two tops
and the slope towa rds the high est point was covered with d ry, clayey
earth devoid of vegetation, excepting two tufts of grass about h a l f a
foot wide, which grew far apart, and were wh ite with frost on one
side, but otherwise green and vigorous. (One of them was included
in the collections).
Fig. 8. Hunting cabin o n Koefoed Point.
Koefoed photo 25/9
1924.
We built a cairn on the h ighest top, 9 m etres within the brink of
the m ountain (365 metres above sea-level) .
T h e m aterial used for t h i s purpose was a rather h ard clay, re-in­
forced with big stones collected on the plateau i n the neigh bourhood .
A small bam boo pole was put down i n the m iddle and a little bottle
containing a written note was buried in the cairn . In ord er to be visible
from the sea the cairn had to be made fairly high, because the edge
of the brink had a higher elevation than the point where th e cairn was
built, the surface of the plateau sloping i n wards at this point. At this
place the bri n k ran about S . 42° E.
While we were building the cairn the fog l i fted for a very short while,
and I got bearings of the nearest mountain to the north (Werenskiold
Hill) in N. 1 2° W., of the second top northward ( Koller Hill) in N . 1 7° E.,
of the third top (johan H jort Hill) in N . 22° E. , and of the east side
of the land northward in N. 27° E. For a brief moment N egro Point
HOPEN
on Edge I sland was sighted in N . 34° W . A photograph was
taken northwa rd , but fog had unfortunately already begun to
set i n . As far as could be seen the sea around H ope I sland
was free from ice.
We returned th rough the fog to the point at first thought
to be the highest top. For shelter from the cold we built a
cairn o f blocks broken out of the frost-shattered rock. I ts
altitude is 342 m etres above sea-leve l , but u n fortunately I could
not determine its position as I h ad not observed with sufficient
accuracy the cou rse taken from the cairn we built to the
south o f it.
For a brief moment the entire northern part of the island
was free fro m fog and I took the photograph PI. VI, b, from
the stone cairn.
O n the way down I made botanical and geological collec­
tions, and a little way up on the slope leadi n g down to the
brook glen, at the same place where we went up, I took the
photograph PI. V, b , showing the opposite side of the glen .
I n the m eanti m e KOEFOED had m ade collections on Koe­
foed Point, whe re the vegetation was compa ratively rich . H e
visited the hunting cabin o n the peninsula, also used b y N ICO­
LAISEN and RUD! fro m Troms0 in the winter of 1 908-09.
Also this hut was in a state of decay, (see photograp h , Fig. 8).
Som e distance SW. o f the hut there was built a drift wood
sca ffold for spring guns used for killing bears.
O n the beach near the landing place , j ust a little north of
the brook glen, we found a fragment of coal with som e car­
bonaceus shale. Whether this belongs to the geological forma­
tions of Hope I sland o r has been brought to the island will
probably be determined with certainty when the entire geolo­
gical m aterial has been examined by Mr. ADoLF HOEL. We
did not discover any coal-seams, but it m ay nevertheless be
possible to find such seams through a closer examination
undertaken by experts.
At 1 0.30 p. m. we returned to the ship.
We l e ft H ope I sland on the 26th of August at 4.30 a . m .,
first steering a straight course until we were 11/2 miles out,
and then, after taking a sounding, laying our course north­
wa rd along the island, soundi n g off every glen and taking
photographs of the land across the course.
At H ermansenska rdet ( H erman sen Gap) between Johan
H jort Hill and Smahumpen (Sm all H u m mock) a hunting cabin
was seen on the beach a little to the left of the deepest depression .
I t is said to have been used by Norwegian hunters in the
winter of 1 923-24.
19
Flatsalen
Brastad­
skardet
Thorkelsen·
skardet
.
.�
�
<1)
0-
EE
(fJ"
.<:
Hermansen­
skardet
8
o
<l::
Djupsalen
Husdalen
<l)
0.
o
:r::
-
Bekke·
skardet
20
THOR IVERSEN
The p hotograp h PI. V I I , b, shows the n orthermost point of H ope
I sland (H oel Point) seen fro m SSE. from a point a bout one mile off
the nearest land between H oel Point and N orthernmost H il l .
A bitter w i n d w a s blowing fro m the N N W and there were white­
capped seas a good distance out fro m H oel Point. I suppose these
were due to the wind and current rounding the point. - We then laid
our course east for the open sea.
Results.
During the various landings on H ope Island a considerable n u m ber
o f botanical and geological specimens were collected; a large num ber
o f photographs were taken; and an attempt was made to determine the
exact location and the shape of the island, as fas as this could be done
with sim ple means and without an expert knowledge of surveying.
The observations for the determin ation o f the longitude of H ope
I sland were made by m e on the 1 3th of August 1 924, i n the morning,
from our anchorage 4 miles N N E . of the south point of the island.
The d epth at the anchorage was 1 0,5 m etres at a distance of 465 m etres
fro m the shore (VIII a, Fig. 1 0) . The altitude o f the sun was
measured with a n octant, the time read by my watch , which is very
reliable with an even rate. The m easurements of the sun' s altitude
were made in perfectly clear air and with a clear and distinct h orizon .
The error of the watch was controlled 4 days a fterwards on the 1 7th
of August by comparison with the chronometer of the MIC "Blomsters�I "
com m anded by Lieutenant THoRKELsEN of Mr. HOEL's expedition. The
"Blomsters�l" was hailed at the m outh of Ice Fj ord; its c h ronometer
had been controlled the day before at the wireless station of Green
Harbour by time sign als from Paris.
The recalculati o n of the observa­
tions has been made by Captain B. CASPERSEN of the Norwegian N a vy
(see p . 34).
U n fortunately I did not get any opportunity to make observations
for determining the l atitude during m y visit to H ope Island. T h e latitude
stated is therefore somewhat uncertain . It i s computed from bearings
to N egro Point on Edge Island from certain m ountain tops o n H ope
I sland, and b y reckoning back from the 1 4th of August at noon, when
I got an observation of latitude west of the south point o f H ope Island,
1 5 hours after h aving passed this point bound for South Cape.
I determined the distance between the south and north points of
H o pe Island and the distances between the d i fferent mountains and
depressions b y sailing along the coast and using the patent l og. These
determinations cannot be quite accurate, especially considering the neces­
sity o f m aking corrections to allow for the strong current which is run­
ning along the island.
HOPEN
21
°Vllb
/
oVlllb
°Vlla
Fig. 10. Map showing location of photographic stations. The numbers and
letters correspond to those of the plates and text-figures.
22
THOR IVERSEN
The width o f t h e island at different places was determined by means
of a bamboo pole 6 metres long, and also by pacing. Thus I m easured
with the pole the plateau on the top o f Werenskiold H ill fro m the
western to the eastern brink, and the plateau on the top of KoJler H ill
I also paced across from east to west. I n the same way, I paced the
entire width o f the island across the depression between the two m oun­
tains mentioned, with the exception o f about 1 50 m etres on the west
side which had to be estim ated .
The longitudinal direction of t h e island w a s determ ined by sighting
with a geological pocket transit fro m some o f the m ountains tops, fro m
where I h ave also taken ph otographs t h a t give a good picture of the
shape of the island.
On the tops of the three relatively large m ountains to the south
I had cairns erected , determining the altitudes o f these and other points
with a com pensated aneroid pocket barom eter.
On the basis of the observations mentioned I h ave made a sketch
map of H ope I sland which I believe shows the configuration and loca­
tion of the island m ore correctly than previous m aps. I have also p lotted
m any soundings taken on the east and south sides of the island.
I t will appear fro m the sketch m ap (PI. X) that H ope I sland is
20 m iles (37 k m . ) long and only 1/2 to 1 mile (0,9 to 1 ,8 km.) wide;
the area is about 46 sq. kilometres. The m ountain tops vary in height
fro m 200 to 365 m etres above sea-level . - Seven depressions separate
the mountains . Both the eastern and the western mountain sides
a re steep and inaccessible, while the slopes leading down to the de­
pressions between the hills are more slightly inclined. O ften the
m ountain sides have precipitous cliffs towards the sea without inter­
vening beaches, but in many places there are flat beaches even below
the precipices, especially in the southern part o f the isla nd.
Alo n g t h e
entire island there is a zone of shallow water 100 or 200 m etres wide.
H ere, even small waves form breakers and m ake it d i fficult to land in
boats. I solated rocks are visible at the surface i n scattered places. O ff
t h e flat peninsula o n the southeast side (Koefoed POint) there is a row
of rocks , Skumskjerane (Foam Skerries), visible at the water's edge
from the land. At the south point of the island, where there is a steep
precipice towards the ocean , some j agged, isolated rocks protrude above
the surface of the water quite near the shore. T h e m ountain tops form
plateaux sloping gently down towards the east. The accom panying d raw­
ing ( Fig. 9) and the photographs illustrate the m ountain forms quite well.
The hills are built u p of horizontal beds o f sandstones and s h ales.
Vegetation occurs in scattered places only, and the n u m ber o f spe­
cies i s small. The richest occurrences are found in the lower regions,
but som e vegetation is also found on certain o f the mountain tops.
Thus there was a considerable growth o f plants on Koller and Weren-
HOPEN
23
skiold H ills, whereas the plateau of I versen H i l l was alm ost sterile,
covered by stones and clay formed by the disin tegration o f shales.
The collection o f botanical speci mens was in charge of Mr. EINAR
KOEFOED, the zoologist, who was a m e m ber of the 1 923 a n d 1 924
expeditions . According to his re port, the collections included 1 5 species
o f flowering plants, besides a num ber of m osses, fungi, and lichens.
The islan d is the habitat o f the fol l owing birds: gui llemots (Uria),
glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus), kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), skuas
(Stercorarius), a n d occasional flocks of eiderd ucks (Somateria mollis­
sima). Sand pipers (Erolia maritima) were tripping a bout on the beach.
O f m a m m als we saw only white o r blue foxes, but in the winter,
or when drift-ice surrounds the island, polar bears also appear. I t is, in
fact, the polar bear and the fox that h ave induced hun ters to winter
on this desolate island. They have b uilt three huts on the east sid e ,
namely one on Koefoed Point, one in H ouse Vallev, and one in H er­
man sen Gap. Two N orwegia n hunters wintered on the island in 1 908-09
a n d two others agai n in 1 923-24.
On the relatively flat beaches considerable quantities of driftwood
h a ve accum ulated . On Koefoed Point a l arge n u m ber of walrus skulls
fro m ea rlier hunting expeditions were found scattered about and partly
buried beneath the m oss. Near the water, a few metres above sea-level,
and close by th e hut in H ouse Valley, we found the skull of a large
whale protrud ing fro m a deep covering of gravel .
D uring the taking of oceanographic observations, and trial fi shing
o perations for the testing of d i fferent kinds of tackle, it is necessary to
m ake numerous soundings in order to fi n d out the nature a n d condition
o f the bottom .
On the cruise with the MiC "Blaafjeld", during the latter part of
August, 1 923, a hydrographic section was made fro m South Cape, Spits­
berge n , to the west side of H ope Island, thence along the ice edge east
of King Karl La nd up to the northwest island ] o f Franz J osef Land,
thence 2 Lat. south, and finally toward s the east side of Hope I s l a n d .
Especially i n the northern section of t h i s cruise l ittle o r n o t h i n g
was known a bout the depths of t h e oce a n . The soundings m ad e fro m
the "Bl a a fjeld" are therefore of in terest.
In 1 924, the oceanographic work was conti nued , with the MiC
"Tovik". Many hydrogra phic stations were taken along various sections
in the Barents Sea, especially in the waters to the east and west of
H ope I sland.
T h e sound ings m ad e in this region are also of interest because the
depths obtained m ust be considered m ore rel i a ble than those given in
the present chJrts. This is h owever mainly true of the region east and
south east of H ope I sland. A list of all these soundings is given in
an appendix (p. 39.)
C
T HOR IVERSEN
24
G eographical Names.
The geographical names are new, except the name of the island,
and have been proposed by m e , and sanctioned b y The Spitsbergen
N a m ing Committee appointed by the N o rwegian Govern ment. H ere
follows a list of the names :
En glish equivalen t
N orwegi an
B ekkeskardet
B j 0rn sletta
B lilfj ell
Bnistadskardet
Bro o k Gully
Bear Pl ai n
B lue Hi ll
Brastad G ap
Dj upsalen
Flatsalen
H ermansen skardet
Deep Saddle
Flat Sad d le
H ermansen Gap
Hoels Odde
Hoel Poi n t
Husbek ken
Husdalen
Iversenfj ellet
House B ro o k
House Valley
Iversen Hi ll
Kapp Thor
Koefoedodden
Cape Thor
Koefoed Po int
Kollerfjellet
Koller Hi ll
j o han Hj o rts Fj ell
j o han Hj ort Hi ll
K vasstoppen
Lynge fj ellet
N 0rdstefj e llet
S kum skj eran e
Smahumpen
Thorkelse n sk ardet
Tovikbukta
Vesterodden
Weren ski oldfj ellet
I
I
Sharp Peak
Lynge Hi ll
N orthernmost Hi ll
Foam Skerries
Small Hum m o ck
Thorkelsen G ap
Tovi k Bay
West Po int
Were n sk i old H i ll
N o tes
The MI C " B laafj eld".
J . BRA A S T A D , Dr. Ing., Minin g En gi­
n eer, geolo gist, N or wegian Svalbal d
Exped itions.
A.
H ERM A N s E N , N aval Captai n, hy­
drogra pher, Norwegian Svalbard
Exped itions.
A D O L F H O E L, Lecturer of geology,
the U n iversity, Oslo ; leader of the
N orwegian Svalbard Expedi tion s.
Here i s a hunting cab i n .
Captai n , In spector of
Fi sheries, Ber gen ; leader of the
N orwegi an Government's fishe ry
investigations i n the Arcti c S eas.
N orwe gian chr i stian nam e.
E I N AR K O E F O E D , Mag. Se. , sci enti fi c
assistant t o the D irector of Fisheries,
Bergen. Mr. I V ERs E N's collaborator
on the cruises to Hope Islan d .
A L FRED
K O L L ER, Civ i l Engi n eer,
topographer, N orwegi an Svalbard
E x ped itions.
j O H A N HJ o RT , P h , D . , Profe ssor of
m arine bi ology, the U n iversi ty, O slo.
From the shape.
B ER N T LYN G E , Ph. D . , Lect urer o f
botan y, the U n iversity, O slo.
T H O R I V ERs E N ,
T H ORK E L S E N , N aval Lieuten­
a nt, hydrographer, Norwegi an Sva l­
bard Expeditio n s.
The MIC " Tovi k".
KNUT
W . W EREN S K I O L D , Ph. D., Professor
of ph ysi cal geography, the U n i v er­
sity, O slo ; geologi st . and topogra­
pher, N orwegi an Svalbard Expedi­
tio n s.
C ontributions to the Natural History of Hope Island.
. Physical Geography and Geology ; C oal Deposits.
By
W. W e r e n s k i o l d .
As already mentioned in the introduction, Professor N ATHORST
tried to land on H open in the sum m er of 1 898. H e writes : " The geo­
l ogical structure is very simple, the l ayers being nearly horizontal . - As the furrows fo rmed by the erosion o f running water d u ring t h e
m elting o f the s n o w a re a rranged closely together, the rocks are evidently
rather soft ; and to judge from the appearance - - - they consist
m ost likely of clay-shales or sl aty sandstones, with interbedded layers o f
harder sandstones. Prince Albert of Monaco, w h o succeeded in landing
on the island later in the sum mer, h a s brought h o m e some plant fossils ,
w h i c h h a v e been submitted t o m e for examination . T h e y a r e too badly
preserved to admit o f any closer determ ination, but seem to indicate
t h at they belong to the beds which overlie the AuceIla division in Spits­
bergen , and which must therefore be supposed to form the transition
between the J urassic and the Cretaceous Systems, or to belong to the
oldest division of the Cretaceous System" .
Physical Geography and Geology. I n 1 920, a party o f the N or­
wegian Svalbard Expedition , including the leader, Mr. ADOLF HOEL,
and m yself, tried to land on H ope Island, as already m entioned by
M r. I VERSEN. We got quite near to the southern most point and h a d a
fi n e view of the geological section, which is so well exposed in the
cliff that forms the west side of I versen H il l , towering in a steep wall
from the sea to t h e very top o f t h e m ountain, 365 metres high . T h e
s a m e w a l l extended n o rthwards as far as w e c o u l d s e e . From the
character of the succession of beds - alternating stripes o f light i m d
d a r k rocks, hard and loose layers, w e i n ferred t h a t the i s l a n d w a s built
u p o f rocks belonging to the Neocomian division o f the C retaceous
Syste m . This opinion was fou n ded upon the close resemblance between
the sections o f H ope Island, and sections in Spitsbergen, which are
kn own , from fossil finds, to belong to this syste m .
Mr. IVERsEN has n ow brought h o m e some rock specim ens fro m
the south ern most part o f t h e island, shales a n d loose sa n d stones, of t h e
s a m e appearance and general ch aracter as th ose found in t h e N eocomian
beds of Spitsbergen. The rocks contain some indistinct traces of plant
fossils, and also s o m e shells. H ope Isl a n d may there fore be considered
26
W.
WERENSKIOLD
to consist of beds belonging to the N eoco m ian. The results obtained
by Mr. B ODYLEWS K Y , fro m h is examination of the fossil shells, agree
very well with M r. N ATHORST'S conclusion based on his examination
of plant fossils.
These rocks are generally soft, and yield easily to the attacks of
the strong d isintegrating fo rces of the A rctic regions. The beds a re
a l m ost horizontal. T h e curious outline of the island, a na rrow strip
with almost parallel sides, might lead t o the concl usion that it had
been fo rmed between dislocatio n s , but, as none h ave been proved to
exist, it i s safer not to in troduce these un known factors as essential
agents in the development of the island.
The m ost striki ng feature o f the island is the contrast between the
even surface o f the h i ll-tops, and the steep slopes towards the coast.
On old charts the range of seven hills is clearly sh own. The hills are
quite fl at at the the top, for instance Koller H il l , figures in PI. I I I &
IV. T h e southernm ost h i l l seems to be an exception to this rule, and
possibly t h is is the case with the northernm ost hill, too. I n the Arctic
regions, the weathering of the rock is chiefly due to frost action, and
the transport of the waste is performed by the process called soJi­
fluction . Beds con taining clayey m atter are dissolved into a m i re by
the weath eri n g process, and the water-soaked cla y creeps in slow strea m s
down t h e slopes, especially during t h e melting of t h e snow. This process
continues until the denudation reaches a solid layer, a bed of sand stone
or lim estone, which can delay the weathering so long that a plateau is
formed. I n this way the form ation o f pl ateaus on the h ill-tops is deter­
mined by the occu rrence of resistent beds. To j udge from p hotographs,
the hills from Werenskiold H i l l a n d northwards belong to this type,
but the highest hill, I versen H il l , seem s to have an upper surface wh ich
is rather ind e p endent of the character o f the l a y ers. It may be that t h e
even slopes on the top o f this hill represent a re m n ant of an old sur­
face, as the whole island is obviousl y o n l y a rem nant of m uch larger
land, broken down and reduced b y the attacks o f frost and surf. I t is
i m possible to say anything d e fi n ite as to the formation o f the gaps or
saddles wh ich separate the hills. These features are also relics of former
conditions. The recent river erosion is lim ited to some ravines leading
d own to the shore.
Along a great part of the coast l h e hills rise as cli ffs fro m the very
shore. Farthest towards the southwest Iversen H ill forms a sheer
precipice from the sea up to the very top. This is the case with other
hills fa rther n o rth along the west coast. The eastern slopes seem to
be less steep, except in the northern m ost part of t h e island, ( H oel Point,
PI. V I I , b).
There are, h owever, stretches of low land at several places along
the coast. On the west coast, Bj0rnsletta (Bear Plain) lies opposite
HOPEN
27
H usdalen ( H ouse Valley), and it seems that the lower passages which
separate the hills correspond to flatter parts of the shore on both sides
o f the island. As proved by the occurrence o f drift timber, shells and
whalebones, above the actual sh ore line, the island has been elevated
to some degree in recent times - perhaps some 20 metres. The low
rims along the coasts are thus explained as raised beaches.
The water along the sh ore is very s h allow all along the island. At
our attempted landing in 1 920, the sea was breaking heavily over some
big rocks that had tum bled down from the precipitous side o f the hill.
The cli ffs are constantly being undermined by the combined action o f
frost and surf, a n d t h e slopes o f t h e hills are consta ntly c u t landward,
slow but relentlessly, and in due ti me the whole island will be reduced
to a shoal. This process has, h owever, been very much retarded by
the recent upheaval o f the island. U ntil the rim o f low lands has been
carried o ff, the sea cannot reach the base o f the old cliffs, and when
the gnawing of the disintegrating forces at the foot o f the wall is dis­
continued, the action of the frost will transform the precipice into a
talus covered slope, with some resistant ledges projecting th rough the
cover.
Coal deposits. Mr. I V E RSEN brought back some chips of coal, but
they were not found in situ. Otherwise nothing is known about these
occurrences. The coal has been analysed by Dr. j . GRAM ( H OEL 1 925,
pp. 36 and 79) .
S hore on the east side. The piece contained bright and dull coal.
Moi sture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ash . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Fixed C arbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . .
Volati l e Matter . . .
.
Calori fi c Val ue
B. t. u. . .
M o i sture . . . . . .
A�h . . . . .
. .
Fixed Carb on .
Vol atile M atter
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
. .
. .
....... . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
..........
. . . . . .....
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
..
. .
Bri ght coal
Dul l , sl at y
coal
Per cent
Per cent
0,60
15,40
48.90
35, 1 0
0,50
1 3,02
50,38
36. 1 0
7 297
13 1 34
7 759
1 3 976
River bed
H o us e Val l ey
Sum m i t of
l versen Hi l l
Per cent
Per cent
1,9
1 8,5
47,4
32,2
2,2
35,7
37,5
24,6
------ -----
-------
JOHA NNES L I D
28
Flowering Plants.
By
J 0 h a n n e s L i d.
During their visit to H ope I sland in 1 924 Messrs. IVERsEN and KOE­
FOED brought together a fine collection o f phanerogam s which was kindly
given to m e for determination. T h e plants now belong to the Bota n i cal
Mu seum o f the U niversity of Oslo, except one set which is in the
B e rgen Museum .
A s far a s I know, botanical investigations h ave been made only o nce
b e fore i n H ope Island. During Mr. B . LEIGH SMITH'S cruise to the
A rctic Sea i n 1 873, the Rev. A. E. EATON ( 1 876, pp. 4 1 -44) collected
the following 1 2 flowering plants in the island.
Potentilla emarginata
Puccinellia phryganoides 1
Ran unculus sulph ureus
Saxifraga cernua
Saxifraga groenlandica
Saxifraga nivalis.
A lopecurus alpinus
Deschampsia alpina
Draba alpina
Luzula arcuata
Papaver radicatum
Poa arctica
I n the collection of IVERSEN and KOEFOED 8 o f EATON'S species
are represented, and besides these there are 8 n ew ones. The n u m b er
o f species is thus raised to 20. I am giving below a list o f the plants
col lected in 1 924. The localities cited i n the list a re given on the map.
H = H usdalen ( H ouse Valley), 1 = I versenfjellet ( Iversen H i l l ) , K Koe­
foedodden ( Koe foed Point) , W Werenskioldfj ellet (Werenskiold H ill).
=�
=
A lopecurus alpin us S M . Flowering J ul y 30. H .
Catabrosa algida (SOL.) FR. Flowerin g August 1 3 .
Com mon o n the
isl a n d , to the very summit of I versen H ill 365 m. above sea-level
H. I . K. W.
Cerastium alpinu m L. Only one specimen obtained, not fl oweri n g Au­
gust 13. W. 270 m. above sea-level.
Cerastium Regelii O STENF . Only specimens without fl owers. H. K . W.
Deschampsia alpina ( L. ) R. et S. A single specimen with young ear,
August 1 3. H.
Draba alpina L . With fruit August 25. H. K . W.
Cochlearia ofjicinalis L . Flowering J uly 30. Fruiting August 25. H. K.
Papaver radicatum ROTTB. Flowering August 1 3 a n d 25. H. K.
Poa sp. A sterile Poa without cul ms. H . K .
Ranunculus pygmaeus W G . Flowering J uly 30. H .
1
( 1883, p. 3 1 ) suggests that E A T O N ' S " C lyceria ma ritima, W A L H .
Jes/ucijormis H A R T M . ? ? " i s this plant.
A . G . NATHO RST
var.
E. J0RGE NSEN
29
Ranunculus sulphureus SOL. Flowering J uly 30 and August 1 3 . H. K .
Saxifraga cernua L. T h e m ost com mon phanerogam in H ope I s l a n d ,
according to M r . K O E F O E D . Flowering August 1 3 a n d 2 5 . H . I . K. W .
Saxifraga groenlandica L . Flowe ring J ul y 3 0 and August 1 3 . H . K .
Saxifraga oppositi/olia L. Flowering J ul y 30. H . K .
Saxifraga rivularis L . N ext Saxifraga cernua the m ost common one
in H ope I sland accord i n g to Mr. KOEFOED. Flowering J ul y 30,
August 1 3 and 25 . H . K . W.
Saxifraga tenuis ( WG.) H . SMITH. With fl ower buds August 25. K.
Mosses.
By
E. J o r g e n s e n .
I n the 44 sam ples of m osses col lected by Messrs. I V E RSEN a n d
KOEFOED at H ope I sland i n 1 924, I h ave fou n d the 35 s pecies stated
in the list below. Most o f the samples contain several species, so tha t
the total n u m ber of determina tions is 1 53 . I n spite o f t h e small n u m be r
of samples, t h e y su ffice t o g i v e some i d e a of the frequency of th e d i f­
ferent s pecies. The m ost common ones seem to be Calliergon strami­
neum a n d Drepanocladus uncinatus. Then follow Haplodon Worm­
skioldii, Racomitrium canescens and Cinclidium stygium. I n the list,
th e local ities a re designated thus : H H ouse Valley, K = Koefoed Point,
W = Werenskiold H il l .
==
Cephaloziella arctica ( B R Y H N & D O U I N ) K . M O L L . .
A ulacomn ium palustre (L.) SCHWAEGR . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A ulacom nium turgidum (WG . ) SCHWAEGR. . . . . . . . . .
Bartramia ityphylla B R l D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brachythecium turgidum H A RT M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bryum Duvalii VOlT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bryum obtusifolium L I N D B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calliergon sarmentosum (WG.) K I N D B . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calliergon stramineum ( D I C K S . ) K I N D B . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calliergon turgescens ( T H . .l E N S. ) K I N D B . . . . . . . . . . .
Camptothecium trichoides ( N EC K . ) BROTH. . . . . . . . .
Campylium polygamum ( B R . E U R . ) B R Y HN . . . . . . . . .
Campyliu m stellatum (SCH R E B . ) B R Y H N . . . . . . . . . . .
Cinclidium arcticum (BR. EUR. ) C . M O LL. . . . . . . . . .
Cinclidium stygium Sw. · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dicranoweisia crispula ( H E Dw . ) LI N D B . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distichium capiZZaceum ( L . ) B R . E U R . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . H . K. W.
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . H . K. W .
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . H . K.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . K.
. . . . . . H.
. . . . . . H.
30
B E R N T L Y NGE
Drepanocladus brevi/olius ( L I N D B . ) WA R N ST. . . . . . . . . . . .
Drepa nocladus lati/olius ( L I N O B . ) WA R N ST . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drepanocladus revolvens (Sw.) W A R N S T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drepanocladus uncinatus ( H EDw.) W A R N ST . . . . . . . . . . . .
Haplodon Wormskioldii ( H O RN . ) R . B R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hy{2,rohypnum polare ( L I N O B . ) BROT H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hylocomium alaskanum ( LEsQ. & J A M . ) K I N O B . . . . . . . . .
On cophorus Wahlenbergii B R I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orthotheciu m chryseum ( SC H W AEGR.) B R . E U R . . . . . . . . . .
Ph ilonotis fon tana ( L . ) B R I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Philonotis tom entella MoL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pohlia com m utata (SCH I MP.) L I N O B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pohlia cruda ( L . ) L I N OB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polytrichum alpinum L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polytrich um alpinum L . var. septen trion ale (Sw.) LI N O B .
Racomitrium canescens ( T I M M . ) 13 R I D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Racomitrium hypnoides ( L . ) L I N O B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Timmia austriaca H EOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
H.
H.
H.
H . K.
K.
H.
H . K.
H.
. .
. .
H.
K.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
K.
K.
W.
K.
Lich e n s .
By
B e r n t L y n g e.
When travellers who are not botanists o r lichenologists collect
lich ens they usually bring h o m e some conspicuous species, as Cetrariae,
Parm eliae or Gyrophorae. I was therefore much aston ished to find in
the c o l l e c t i o n o f Messrs. IVERSEN a n d KOEFOED o n l y a fe w p l a n ts o f
s u c h genera and a considerable num ber o f crustaceous lichens. This
shows a n excellent power o f observation.
I h ave determined t h e following species :
1 . Candelariella vitellina ( E H R H . ) M OLL. A R G . Only a sterile fragment,
but the substratum and the colour suggest this species and n o t C.
cerinella.
Catillaria (Biatorina) sp. H ouse Valley, m ost p ro bably a new species.
Cetraria crispa AC H . East side o f H ouse Valley.
Cetraria Delisei ( B O R Y ) T H . FR. East side o f H ouse Valley.
Cladonia elongata (j ACQ.) H O FFM. East side o f H ouse Valley.
6. /onaspis schismatopis ( N Y L . ) H U E . Iversen H il l and H ouse Valley .
The gonidia are distinctly Trentepohlia. T h e plants had a very
2.
3.
4.
5.
poorly developed th allus. One of them contained no ripe apoth ecia.
The other had young apothecia o f the carneous type, their texture
agreed well with the Bear I sland plants formerly determined by m e .
HOPEN
7.
8.
9.
I t.
1 0.
1 2.
1 3.
1 4.
I S.
1 6.
1 7.
1 8.
1 9.
31
Lecanora flavida H E PP. H ouse Valley and a l ocality n ea r t h e house,
several plants. It is well kn own fo r its thin thallus : " wie eine
dtinn angeflogene Lage erdigen Sch m utzes" ( KO E R B E R). But the
thallus of these plants was thinner than any other L. flavida thallus
which I have seen , sometimes only small apothecia surround ed
by a hardly perceptible thallus.
Lecanora gelida ( L.) A C H . A sterile fragment from the summit o f
I versen H i l l . F o u n d in a l m ost every Arctic collection.
Lecanora lacustris (WI T H . ) T H . F R . I versen H il l , small, but well
developed.
Lecidea albocoerulescens A C H . Summit o f I versen H il l .
Lecidea conjerenda NYL. Mountain north o f H ouse Valley.
Lecidea macrocarpa STEU D . There are two plants fro m the moun­
tain north o f H ouse Valley. One of them is alm ost athalline with
plane apoth ecia ( T H . F R I ES' a. platycarpa (AC H . ) TH. FR. Lic h . Scand .
p. SOS), the other h as a thicker thallus with convex apothecia
( var. superba ( KO E R B . ) TH. FR. I. c. ) .
Peltigera canina var. membranacea A C H . Koefoed Point.
Placynthium asperellum (ACH.) T R EV. Only a minute initiating
plant fro m a l ocality nea :-- the h o use, H ouse Valley.
Polyblastia in termedia TH. F R . Same local ity.
Rhizocarpon expallescens T H . F R . I versen H i l l .
Rhizocarpon lavatum ( F R . ) A R N . H ouse Valley, on the m ounta i n
s i d e n o r t h o f the valley. - These two species a r e b o t h al m ost
athalline, and it is only with m u c h hesitation that I have ventured
t h e d eterm ination . But th e structure of the apothecia agrees per­
fectly with N o rwegian plants.
Stereocaulon alpinum LAUR. Koefoed Point.
Verrucaria aeth iobola WBG. N orth o f H ouse Valley a l oca lity
near the house, and on I versen H i l l . Some of the plants were fou n d
together with Lecanora lacustris, suggesting a n irrigated su bstra tu m .
Fou n d on h a rd roc k s , n o t on limeston e .
T h e present writer is o f opinion that t h e above m entioned Catillaria
is a new species. Very few Catillariae have been record e d from t h e
A rctis. H e w i l l g i v e his final opinion on it with a ful l descri ption i n
a l ater paper.
Botanists determing Arctic l ic h e n s o ften find it extre m e l y d i ffi cult
owing to the poorness of the thallus. The present writer has worked
much o n Arctic lichens, but he has never seen a collection in which
the thallus was so poorl y developed as in these plants ; they resem ble
the l ichens from the nun ataks where the thallus is o ften so miserable
that th e pla nts must be left as undeterm inable. Some o f the determina­
tions are therefore open to criticis m . But that is a questio n o f more
32
OVE ARBO H0EG
special botanical interest, and it will be fully di�cussed in a paper on
some l ichens fro m Spitsbergen, which is i n preparation.
The collection has evidently been collected quite incidentally, and
it gives no full idea of the l ichen flora of H ope I sland. But i t is suffi­
cient to suggest a very interesting lichen flora, and it is m uch to be
desired that this very isol ated island could be explored lichenologically.
I t is quite probable that the number of lichens could be raised to
more than 1 00, and that it would include some endemic species.
Fossil Plants.
By
o v e A r b 0 H '" e g.
In 1 924, some rock specimens, a few of which contained plant
fossils, were brought home from H ope I sland by the N o rwegian Fishery
I nvestigation Expedition led by Mr. THoR I VERSEN. Collections o f this
kind h ave, as far as I kn ow, only once before been made at H ope
I sland : The Palreobotanical department o f the Riksmuseum i n Stockholm
has some few undetermined specimens fro m this island , belonging to
the PRINCE OF MONACO. I n his report on the expedition o f the Prince
of Monaco in 1 898 j. RICHARD ( 1 899, p. 70) states : " L'examen des
roches recueillies par M. N euville a perm is a M. le professeur N ath orst
de confirmer son opinion que l'iJe H ope est jurassique et que les
echantillons rapportes au carbonifere par M. G. D01.lfus y ont ete i n tro­
d u its par les glaces flottantes comme certains blocs de granit et de gneiss . "
B e s i d e s t h i s , n ot h i n g h a s t o m y k n owledge been written a b o u t
these fossils from H ope I sland. Mention should, h owever, be m ade of
the fact that N ATHORST ( 1 894) , on his geological map of Spitsbergen
1 894, has regarded H ope I sland as Triassic.
. I i n tended to describe these specimens i n connection with the other
Mesozoic plants fro m Svalbard. Since I a m to give a short report on
the N o rwegian m aterial, at the request of Dr. WERENSKIOLD, it will be
reasonable to describe all the speci m ens fro m H ope I sland j ointly.
The plants may be divided into two groups :
I . Pterophyllum. Two specimens are found, one in each collection .
The rocks are extremely different, but the species are, curiously enoug h ,
perhaps the same i n both cases. One specimen ( PI. IX, b , I ), belonging
to the PRINCE OF MONACO, lies i n a light chocolate b rown , very finely
clastic rock ; particulars as to the locality are wanting. It has a broad
rachis, and the segments, each of which is somewhat n arrowed near
th e basis, a re slightly confl uent along the rach is. - The N o rwegian
HOPEN
33
s peci men (PI. IX, b, 2) l ies in a somewhat yellowish grey sandstone, rath er
coarse ; the rock closely resem bles the type which is co mmon i n the
plant-bearing Triassic beds of Spits berge n . The piece is obviously one
half o f a pebble fro m the beach or a river, the whole fl at side being
covered with the PterophylIum lea f. Locality : First terrace above the
beach , H ouse Valley, J uly 30, 1 924. The rach is is stout, but n a rrower
than in the other specimen. The segments are not distinctly connected.
- As it will a ppear fro m the figures, the two leaf fragments are rathe r
alike in s i z e and form , and t h e y may w i t h some probability be c o n ­
sidered to belong t o the same species , in spite of the d i fference of t h e
rocks. To which of the numerous a n d very d i fficult Mesozoic species
o f the genus they belo n g cannot be determined with certainty, at least
for the present.
The genus Pterophyllum is especially characteristic of the U pper
Triassic and the lowe r J u rassic beds, but is known to occur sparingly
d own to the U pper Carboniferous, and up to the Cretaceous Syste m .
NATHORST does not mention any species of t h i s genus in h i s paper o n
t h e Mesozoic plants of Spitsbergen ( 1 897). B u t i n 1 9 1 0 (p. 357) h e
mentions Pt. cf aequale BRONGN . a m o n g t h e plant fossils fou n d i n th e
Triassic sandstones of Mt. Bertil i n 1 909, on the west side of Ekman
Bay ; Pterophyllum has also been found i n Van Keulen Bay, in Triassic
sandstones. - These are m ostly forms with broader leaflets , but some
specimens with m ore slender ones have also been fou n d , and these bear
a close resemblance to those at H ope Island.
2. Equisetaceous ste m s (PI. IX, b, 3- 5 ) . - A mong the material
belonging to the P RI N C E O F MONACO, two pieces of sandstone are fou n d
bearing i m p ressions of stalks. A m o n g the N o rwegian material, collected
al ong the beach below I versen H ill north of the m outh of the H ouse
Valley, some specimens are found, partly o f the same sandstone, partly
o f a still coarser rock, almost - conglomeratic, and i n a piece o f the latter
there is an extremely ill-preserved i m p ression of a stalk , with one n odus
a n d stripes o f t h e vascu l a r b u n d l e s . - A n accurate d e term i n at i o n o f the
species is i m possible ; it is rather similar to Equ isetites scanicus STER N B .
fro m t h e Rh aetian of Scania alth ough it may a l s o be s o m e other of t h e
marty M esozoic Equisetales. - The i m pressio n s can n ot be d istinguished
fro m t h ose found i n the Triassic sandstone from Mt. Bertil , Spitsberge n ;
but it n eed not therefore be of the same species. Similar forms h a ve
also been found at other places i n the Triassic beds of Spitsbergen :
i n Van Keulen Bay, fro m which locality N ATHORST mentions Equisetites
cf. scanicus, very badl y preserved.
If one may judge fro m the scanty m aterial, it may at least be
suggested that rocks belonging to the U pper Triassic beds should
probably be expected to occur at H ope I sland.
3
B.
34
CAS P E R S E N
Fossil Shells.
Letter fro m Mr. W . B O DY L E W S K Y o f Leni ngrad, to Professor J . KJ k: R o f O slo.
The collection from H ope I sland sent b y you has come to h a n d
j ust as I a m a b o u t to leaye Leningrad. I have therefore b e e n a b l e
to spe nd o n l y a s h ort t i m e on the examination . I n the collection the
fol lowing lamellibranch iata are present :
Mytilus- like for m s
Panopaea (?)
and gastropoda :
Natica (?)
Pleurotomaria (?)
which could not be m ore exactly determined, and furnish no d ata for
a closer fixing o f the age o f the fossiliferous beds. A com parsion with
the collections from Spitsbergen does not bring me much nearer to the
goal, a s the fossils fro m Hope I sland are not absolutely indentical with
any of those from Spitsberge n . The lamellibranchiata, h owever, bear
the nearest rese m b lance to the forms fro m bed No. 32 o f the "Fest­
ning" section in Spitsbergen ; studied by A D o L F H O E L in 1 908, 1 9 1 2,
and 1 9 1 3 ; cfr. SOK O L O V 1 922 ; but these latter are not more closely deter­
m inable eith er. T h i s . zone lies above the beds containing Elatides,
PityophyUum, Gingko, the age of which has been determined as Lower
Aptian by D. N. SO KOLOV.
Of course, no stress can be laid on such a determination of the
age o f the fossils fro m H ope I sland. If there is no h urry as to the
returning of the m ateria l I have received, I will take permission to
prepare the material from H ope I sland in the Autu m n , hoping to be
able to get a closer determination then.
Yours etc .
. (sign . ) W . Bodylewsky.
D etermination o f Position.
By
B. C a s p e r s e n.
With a note by
W. W e r e n s k i o l d.
Hope Island, east side, southern part, 465 metres fro m shore,
o ff H usdalen ( H ouse V a lley) . Position by dead reckon ing : N. Lat.
76u34' ; Long. 24 '30' E . Gr. Observations by T H o R · I V E R s E N , Aug.
1 3, 1 924.
35
HOPEN
Watch correction :
Aug. 1 7 Watch too fast
I h 2m 3 58
1
2
32
19
1
2
28, 5
Watch too fast . . . . .
3
4m 47,78
3,25
13
I
13
44,78
6,5
C hange o f clock , two days .
per day . . .
four days .
Aug.
E q . t. 4m
Corr. +
18
2
Dec. 0
Corr.
35
1 h 2m 488
1 4° 4 1 ' N
+
5
d I 4° 46' N
First observation :
W. T . . . . . . . . .
6h 1 1 m 238
6
12
14
6
13
37
A. M
G. M . T. . . . . .
Eq. t. . . . . . . . .
5h
G . A. T . . . . . . .
Long. ass. pos.
5h
L. A. T . . . . . . .
6h 42m 498
48
9m 36, 78
47,7
+ 4
1
t . . . . . . . . . . 5
4m 49
38
( E rror for
Mean obs. alt.
Corr . . . . . . . .
1 6° 48',3
Obs.
Calc.
h . . . . . .
1 6° 58' , 5
h . . . . . .
1 6° 50' , 8
Alt. d i ff. .
,
.
1 0' , 2
8',3
.
E.
1 1
17
The values : N . Lat.
calculated h
1 6° 50' , 2 .
76° 3 4 ' ;
d=
1 4° 46' ;
t = 5h 1 7m l I S
=
Second observation. Same place, same day.
W. T . . . . . . . . 7h 6m 1 2s A. M .
Obs. alt. 0 . .
.
7
7
1 1
7
8
13
48
G . M. T . . . . . . .
Eq. t. . . . . . . .
6h
47,3
G. A . T . . . . . . .
Long. ass. pos.
5h 59m 36s,7
L . A. T. . . . . .
t . . . . . . . . . .
7h 37m 36 8, 7
.
1
38
4 22
E q . t. . . . .
C orr. . . . .
1 9° 49'
1 9° 54'
4m 248
4
.
1 9° 52'
1 2s
Mean W . T . . . 7h 7m
C-W . . . . . . . + 1 2
.
1 6n 45')
1 6 52
6h 1 2m 24,78
2
1 6° 43'
1 6 48
Mean W. T. . .
C-W . . . . . . . .
1
Obs. alt. 0 . . .
Mean o b s . alt.
Corr. . . . . . . .
1 9° 5 1 ', 7
Obs. h . . . . . .
Calc. h . . . . .
20°
.
Al t. d i ff. . . . .
1 0' , 7
2',4
1 9° 5 4 ' , 7
7' , 7
E.
23,3
4 m 4 48 ,7
+ 2,6
4 m 478 ,3
Dec. 0 . .
Corr. . . . .
d . . . . .
1 4° 4 1 ' N .
4,5
1 4 ° 45' , 5 N .
give the
36
B. C A S P E R S E N
The values : N. Lat. 76° 34 ' ; d
calculated h
19° 54,7 ' .
=
1 4 ° 45 ' ,5 ; t
=
4h 22m 238,3 give the
=
Note on the determination of position from two altitudes observed
at the same place, but at different times. By W. We r e n s k i o l d.
I f, as usual : d
declination , t hour angle, h altitude o f star
observed, and cp latitude o f place o f observation, then the fundamental
equation connecting these quantities is :
=
=
=
=
sin d sin cp + cos d cos cp cos t
sin h
Differentiation gives :
( sin d cos cp - cos d sin cp cos t) Llcp - cos d cos cp sin t Ll t
cos h Ll h
I f the sun' s azimut a is i ntrod uced , the formula becomes :
=
=
cos a A cp
+
sin a cos cp Ll
t +
Ll h
0
=
I f azimuth tables are used , this form is, of course, more convenient.
As each observation gives an equation between the unknown corrections
'
Ll cp and Ll t, these can be found fro m two observations. Using natural
sines and cosines, a n d a computing machine, the eq uations are :
( I)
0, 1 1 5470 Ll cp
0,329429 � cp
( I I)
-
0,220728 Ll t + 7,944 1 8
0,204576 Ll t + 7, 23969
The eliminations give :
Ll cp
Ll t
=
=
=
=
°
°
0, 55
36 ' ,34
-
The h our angle is reckoned positive towards the west, and should
be diminished. The result is :
Appr. Lat. cp
Corr.
=
cp
=
Final values
(1)
76 ° 34 '
0, 55
76° 34 ' , 5
=
Appr. Long. L
Corr. Ll L
-+- Ll t
=
L
24° 30 '
E.
+ 36, 34
=-=
=
25° 6',3
For proof, the altitudes are computed from these values :
Calc. h 1 6° 58 ' , 4
Obs. h 1 6 58 ,5
20° 2 ', 4
20 2 ,4
(I I)
0 ', 1
Difference
0,0
These d i fferences are within the errors o f computation.
The p osition computed by. Mr. Caspersen is :
cp
=
Ll cp
=
H ere obtained :
D i fference :
in nautical m iles :
76 ° 32 '
76 34,5
A
=
2,5 N Ll A
2,5 N
25° 3 '
25 6,3
=
3,3 E.
0,8 E.
The longitude is well determ ined, but the l atitude is still uncertain ,
the sun being near the pri m e vertical at the time of the observations.
HOPEN
37
Literature Cited.
EATON , A. E. 1 8 7 6 . A List of Plants collected i n Spitzbergen i n the Summer ·
of 1 8 7 3 , with their Localities : London , The J ournal of Botany, Vo! . 1 4 .
H O E L , A D O L F . 1 9 2 2 . Rapport sur les recentes Expeditions N orvegi ens au
Spitsberg ( 1 9 1 9- 1 92 1 ) : Paris, Rev. de Geographi e Annuelle,
T. LX, Fasc. IV-V.
1 9 2 5 . The Coal Deposits and Coal Mining of Svalbard (Spitsbergen
and Bear Island) : Oslo, Vid. Ak. ResuItater av de N orske stats ­
understottede Spitsbergenekspeditioner, B. I , Nr. 6 .
N AT H O RST , A . G . 1 883.
N y a bidrag till kannedomen om Spetsbergen s
karlvaxter o c h dess vaxtgeografiska fOrhallanden : Stockholm, Vet. ­
Ak. Hand! . , B. 2 0 , N o . 6 .
1 89 4 . Z u r palaozoischen Flora d e r arktischen Zone enthaltend d i e
a u f Spitzberge n , a u f der Bareninsel u n d a u f N ovaja Semlja von
den schwedischen Expeditionen entdeckten palaozoischen Pflanzen :
Stockholm, Vet. -Ak. Hand! . , B. 2 6 , N o . 4 .
1 89 7 . Z u r mesozoischen Flora Spitzbergens gegrti ndet auf die Sam ­
l ungen der schwedischen Expeditionen : Stockholm, Vet. -Ak. Hand! . ,
B. 30, No. l .
1 900. Tva somrar i N orra Ishafvet. Stockholm.
1 9 1 0 . Beitrage zur Geologie der Baren - I nsel, Spitzbergens und
des Konig- Karl - Landes. Upsala, Bul!. Geo! . I nst. , Vo!. X .
PA Y E R , J U L I U S . 1 87 6 . Die Osterreichisch-ungarische N ordpol- Expedition in
den Jahren 1 87 2-7 4. Wien .
R I C H A R D , J U LES. 1 89 9 . N otes d' excursions au Spi tsberg et aux iles voisines :
Paris, Comp. ren d . de la Soc. de Geographie, 1 89 9 , N o . 2 , pp. 66-78.
SOKOLOV, D . N . 1 9 22. Rapport des travaux de 1 9 1 4 : Travaux du Musee Geo! .
et Minera! ' Ac. Sc. Petrograd , T. I l l , Fasc. 3 . (Travaux du Musee
Geo10gi q u e et M i n eralogi q u e faits en
1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 . Rapports p reli ­
minaires) . I n Russian .
W I E D E R , F. C. 1 9 1 9 . The Dutch Discovery and Mapping of Spitsberge n .
Amsterdam .
Maps Cited.
JANSZ. 1 6 23. Pascaarte vande Westcuste van N oorwegen en Spits­
berge. t' Amsterdam , Bij Willem J anszoon inde Zonn ewijser. I n :
Willem J ansz. Blaeuw, Zeespiege!. Amsterdam .
[ B R I T I S H ] A D M I R A L T Y . 1 92 4 . Arcti c Sea. Spitsbergen . N o . 2 7 5 l .
C O L O M , J ACOB AERTSZ. 1 6 5 2 . Der Groote N oord Zee Wassende Grade Pas
Caert. N i eulijcks Beschreven door J acob Aertsz Colom. In : De Groote
Lichtende . . . . Colom. Amsterdam.
B L AE U , W .
38
THOR I V E R S E N
1 66 3 . Paskaert van Spitsberge n , met Alle zijn Zee­
kusten zoo veel tot noch toe Bekent is. Bij Hendrick Doncker, 1 6 6 3 .
I n : T h e S e a Atlas or t h e Water-Worl d . Amsterdam .
Karta Ofver Spitsbergen ,
D U N E R , N . and A . E. N O R D E N S K I O L D . 1 86 5 .
hufvudsakligast enligt iakttagelser under d e svenska expeditionerna
aren 1 86 1 och 1 864 af N. Duner och A . E . N ordenskiold. Stockholm .
I n : Stockhol m . Vet. -Ak. Handl . , Bd. 6 , N o . 5 , 1 86 7 .
E D G E , THOMAS. 1 62 5 . Greenelan d . I n : Purchas his Pilgrimes, Vol . I l l . Lon don .
GILES and REP. Abt. 1 7 1 0 . N i eurve af teekning van H et Eyland Spits- Berge n ,
opgegeven d o o r de Commandeurs Giles en Outger Rep.
j A N S Z , HARM E N & MARTEN j A N S Z . 1 62 1 . N i euwe Pascaerte van alle d e
Zeekusten v a n geheel Europa . . . perfectelijck afgetei kent door
H armen en Marten jansz. A msterdam.
j ANSZ, j A N . 1 65 1 . Pas-caerte van Spitsbergen met alle haer Rivieren , havens
bayen , sanden en droogten, als mede Hoe men C . d e Uytkyck op
Spits-bergen van d e Noord Caap en Beeren Eylandt bezeylen sal .
I n : De Lichtende Column e ofte Zee-Spiegel . Amsterdam.
N O RGES SJ 0KARTV E R K . 1 9 1 9'. N ordishavet fra N orge (Tromso og Varanger
til Spitsbergen . Med opmaalingerne fra d e n orske Spitsbergen
ekspeditioner 1 906-24 tilgodegjort utgit av N orges Geografiske
Opmaaling 1 9 I 9). Utarbeidet ved N orges Sjokartverk. No. 303.
[With corrections to 1 9 24] .
PLA N C I U S , PETR U S . 1 6 1 4. Terrestrial Globe. Engraved 1 6 1 2 , published 1 6 1 4.
SCORESBY, W. 1 82 0 . A Chart of Spitzbergen or East Greenland Comprising
an Original Survey of the West Coast Above 200 Miles i n Extent.
Surveyed & Drawn by W. Scoresby junr. I n : W . Scores by j un . ,
A n account o f the Arctic Regions, Vol . Plate I V . Edinburgh .
VAN K E U L E N , j O H A N N E S . 1 682. Paskaarte van Ysland , Spitsberge, en Ian
Mayen, England I n ' t Groot. I n : jan van Loon en Claes j ansz
Vooght, De nieuwe Groote Lichtende Zee-Fackel , Vol. 1 , Amsterdam.
D O N C K E R , H E N D R I CK .
Appendix.
I.
Lists of Soundings.
Soundings taken by Thor Iversen on the "Blaafjeld" 1923.
S o u t h C a p e - H o p e I s l a n d - F r a n z J o s e f L a n d.
Lat.
N.
76° 24 '
7 6° 2 5 '
7 6 ° 25 '
76° 2 7 '
7 6° 28 '
7 6 ° 29 '
7 6° 40'
7 6° 48 '
7 7° 7 '
7 7 ° 22 '
7 7° 32 '
7 7 ° 44 '
78 ° 6 '
78° 1 8 '
7 8° 3 1 '
78° 38 '
7 8° 4 7 '
78° 5 6 '
79° 4 '
79° 1 4 '
7 9° 20 '
7 9° 24 '
7 9° 35 '
7 9° 46 '
7 90 5 8 '
80° 1 1 '
80° 24'
80° 28'
800 32'
800 2 6 '
80° 1 8'
80° 3'
7 9° 48'
7 9 ° 33'
7 9° 1 9'
7 9° 3'
7 8° 4 8 '
Long.
E . Gr.
1 6° 48 '
1 7° 1 2 '
1 8° 34 '
20° 5 '
2 1 ° 28 '
22° 5 3 '
23° 5 3 '
24° 7 '
24° 30 '
26° 5 '
26° 5 0 '
2 7° 36 '
28° 4 7 '
29° 3 1 '
30° 1 2'
30° 23 '
3 1 ° 20 '
32° 1 9'
33° 1 1 '
34° 5 '
35° 26 '
3 6° 40 '
3 7 ° 43 '
38° 4 0'
39° 2 '
3 9° 30 '
3 9° 5 3 '
4 1 0 1 7'
4 1 ° 43'
42° 1 6 '
43° 1 9 '
430 2 1 '
43° 43'
43° 5 2 '
44° 6'
44° 20'
4 4° 3 1 '
D epth
in m etres
33
1 57
229
215
277
1 16
37
37
64
1 93
1 60
1 83
339
302
324
296
280
270
230
240
283
300
322
327
35 5
375
40 7
363
385
383
378
338
25 1
1 33
90- 1 08
1 80
226
D eposit
Sto n e
Clay
"
.,
Stone Shell
"
"
Clay
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
.,
"
"
Sto n e
"
Clay
Clay
40
THOR IVERSEN
Lat. N .
Long. E . Gr.
D epth
i n metres
7 8° 3 5 '
7 8° 2 1 '
7 8° 1 4 '
7 8° 6 '
7 7° 5 3'
7 7° 40 '
7 7 ° 29 '
7 7° 1 7 '
7 7 ° 6'
7 7 ° 4'
76° 5 5 '
44° 45 '
44° 5 2 '
43° 48'
42° 43 '
40° 42 '
38° 33 '
36° 3 1 '
34° 30 '
32') 23 '
3 2" 2'
30° 1 0 '
214
258
27 3
236
220
254
1 76
1 47
22 5
238
26 1
11.
Deposit
Clay
Stone
Stone
Soundings taken by Thor Iversen on the "Tovik" 1924.
Spitsbergen Waters.
Lat. N .
Long. E . Gr.
Depth
in metres
7 0°
70°
70°
71°
71"
7 2°
7 2°
7 2°
7 3°
1'
30 '
53 '
1 7'
39 '
1'
23 '
46 '
1 0'
29° 4 5 '
3 1 " 2'
3 1 0'
30° 58 '
30° 5 7 '
30° 5 6 '
30° 5 5 '
30° 54 '
30° 53 '
224
1 09
314
289
325
352
29 4
296
327
7 3°
7 4°
7 4°
75°
7 5°
7 5°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
76°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
57'
22 '
47'
1 0'
33 '
55'
'
17
45 '
45'
45' , 5
46'
46 ' , 5
32'
22'
1 2' , 8
1 0'
7' ,8
5' , 5
30° 42 '
30° 3 7 '
3 0 ° 30 '
30° 1 9 '
30 ° 7 '
29° 5 7 '
29° 42 '
29° 2 2'
28° 36'
2 7 ° 5 2'
27° 7'
26° 43 '
2 6° 40 '
26° 38 '
26° 3 7 '
26° 4 7 '
26° 5 4 '
26° 43 '
343
33 7
384
379
348
303
280
26 1
1 84
1 40
1 12
1 04
83
1 48
1 60
1 95
205
1 89
7 3° 3 3 '
cc
3 0 ° 48 '
D eposit
Clay
368
Clay
"
Clay
HOPEN
Lat. N .
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 4°
7 4°
7 4°
7 4°
7 3°
7 3°
73°
7 3°
73°
73°
7 3°
7 6°
76°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
76°
7 6°
76°
7 6"
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
75°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 6°
7 6°
76°
76°
7 6°
2 5'
23 '
8' , 5
42 '
37'
3 5'
2 5'
5 6'
5 5'
5 4' , 5
53',5
55'
57'
58'
23' , 5
24'
23'
23'
23'
23'
24'
27'
2 6'
8'
5'
54',3
5 3'
42 '
32 '
29'
27'
24 ' , 5
2 1 ',5
1 9',5
2 1 ',8
2 5' , 8
29',4
33' , 5
3 6'
36 ' , 8
36',8
39 ' ,8
40 ' , 1
3 9 ' ,8
1 3'
1 5'
1 5'
1 5'
1 4',5
Long. E. Gr.
D epth
in m etres
26° 28'
2 6" 3 3'
28� 2 '
30° 5 5 '
3 1 ° 27'
3 1 ° 35'
3 2° 40'
32° 1 6 '
30° 5 7 '
29° 34'
27° 1 '
24° 30'
22° 1 '
2 1 ° 2 4'
1 7° 1 2'
1 7° 22'
1 8° 32'
20° 2'
2 1 ° 3 0'
22 " 5 9 '
23° 5 7 '
24° 5 5 '
2 5 ° 4'
2 6 ) 28'
2 6° 4 7 '
26° 5 0 '
26° 58'
26° 5 9'
2 7° 0'
26° 5 1 '
26° 43'
2 6° 44'
26 0 43'
26° 43'
2 6 ° 33 '
2 6 ° 33'
26° 3 1 '
2 6 ° 28'
26° 2 9 '
2 6° 3 7'
26° 4 3 '
2 6 c 43'
26° 45'
26° 47 '
26° 48'
26° 5 7 '
2 7 ° 1 0'
2 7 ° 29 '
2 7 ° 38'
1 75
1 92
295
363
302
295
210
268
337
3 65
422
445
46 9
298
65
1 68
21 1
22 5
25 4
91
60
46
52
1 55
1 92
1 72
1 87
1 97
228
219
1 97
1 98
1 99
209
1 93
1 97
1 84
171
1 45
1 62
1 94
1 69
1 70
191
1 72
1 57
151
1 36
131
41
D eposit
Clay
Stone
Clay
"
Clay
"
Coral . Clay
Clay
"
Ston e
Clay
THOR I V E R S E N
42
Lat. N .
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
7 6°
76°
7 6°
76°
76°
7 6°
7 6°
76°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
7 6°
76°
75°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
7 5°
1 5'
1 2'
9'
4'
2'
0'
0'
3'
6'
1 2'
1 6'
2 2'
28 '
33 '
39 '
45 '
42 '
39 '
34 ' , 5
34 ' , 5
3 5'
37'
28 '
1 7'
5'
53 ' , 5
49 '
46 ' , 5
44 '
39 '
2 6'
23 '
2 0' , 3
1 6' , 8
1 5'
1 2 ' ,8
1 0' , 3
1 4'
48 '
37'
27'
76°
7 6°
76°
7 6c
7 6°
76°
7 50
7 4°
7 4°
7 4°
7 4° l '
7 4° 1 2 '
7 4° 3 1 '
7 4° 5 3 '
7 4° 5 5 '
7 4° 5 6 '
7 4° 5 7 '
7 4° 58 '
I
Long. E . Gr.
Depht
i n metres
2 7° 5 6 '
2 7° 4 7 '
27° 35'
28° 4 '
28° 1 5 '
28° 3 5 '
28° 43 '
28° 43 '
28° 43 '
28° 43 '
28° 43 '
29° 4 5 '
30° 47 '
3 1 ° 47 '
32° 50 '
33° 5 5 '
33° 42 '
33° 2 7 '
33° 3 7 '
33° 5 5 '
34° 1 4'
34" 2 7 '
34° 40 '
34° 5 7 '
34° 53'
34° 53 '
34° 35 '
34° 4 '
33° 34 '
33° 1 4 '
3 2° 48'
2 5° 9 '
2 5° 1 4 '
2 5° 2 1 '
2 5° 3 0 '
2 5° 50 '
26° 8'
32° 46 '
32° 5 3 '
32° 1 0 '
3 1 ° 27'
2 1 ° 1 0'
2 1 ° 52'
22° 5 2 '
24° 33 '
24° 5 2 '
2 5° 1 0 '
2 5° 28 '
2 5° 49 '
131
1 40
218
1 42
1 58
208
223
207
203
1 82
1 64
290
298
307
269
1 86
1 89
208
273
272
257
255
302
252
234
20 1
207
228
268
278
3 24
64
70
81
91
99
1 45
306
207
27 1
318
1 98
248
1 97
1 39
1 45
1 53
1 57
1 74
D eposit
Clay
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Stone
Clay
"
"
"
I
"
"
"
"
Stone Coral
Shell
Clay
Clay
"
"
"
Stone Clay
Clay
"
"
"
Stone
Coral
Clay
"
Clay
HOPE N
Lat. N .
74
57'
76 ' 4 1 '
I
Gr.
Depth
in metres
Long.
E.
2 6'
8'
1 97
28' 50'
1 77
76
34'
28° 40 '
1 70
76
37'
28 ' 1 6'
1 55
76° 37',5
2 7 ·' 3 3 '
1 17
76
26
50'
81
76' 39' ,3
26° 28'
76
76° 39',8
26c
7 6° 40', 2
25
7 6 40' , 4
25° 35'
76
40 ' , 6
25
29'
26
76
38' , 6
25
26'
30
76 ' 36', 6
25
23'
34
38',8
-
'
58
46'
3.5
I
7 6) 3 4 ' , 7
25° 2 1 '
35
32',8
25
1 8'
33
76
31'
25° 1 6'
45
76
3 1 ',3
25' 1 2'
35
76° 3 1 ' , 6
25
25
76
3 1 ',9
25
76
32'
25°
3'
1 1
76
31'
25"
3',7
18
25
4'
27
7 6° 28 ' , 8
25
3'
76
28', 1
25
1'
25
76
7 6 .) 2 9 ' , 8
5',3
Deposit
Clay
Stone
Sand, Clay
29
76
8' , �
43
Stone
Sand
Ston e
Sand
Sto n e
17
Sand
Stone
37
27',5
24' 57'
41
76 ' 27',5
2 4" 5 2 '
52
7 6 ' 20' , 7
1 6° 3 8 '
70
Coral
76° 2 1 ' , 5
1 5° 5 5 '
1 20
7 6" 2 2 '
15
1 3'
255
76° 22'
14
32'
840
7 6" 2 9 '
25°
5'
40
76° 3 1 ' , 3
25'
9',2
30
"
76° 36',3
25'
22
Stone
76 ° 3 8 ' , 4
76° 42',3
76
44' , 9
76
1 8'
25° 2 1 ' , 8
2 5' 28
'
Stone Shell
22
22
25
32' , 5
41'
28
0'
1 48
7 6' 4 1 '
28
1 5'
1 55
7 6 40' , 5
28
29'
1 58
7 6° 4 0 ' , 3
28
37'
1 62
7 6° 3 8 '
28 ' 40'
1 66
76' 37',5
28° 40'
171
7 6° 1 8 '
28
25'
1 43
7 6° 1 9 '
28
46'
1 73
7 6° 1 9 '
28
56'
1 90
7 5" 58'
28° 4 7 '
229
7 5° 5 8'
28
28'
1 97
75
58'
2 7 ° 30'
250
7 5 ) 58'
27" 1 0'
210
25
Clay
44
T H O R I V E R S E N : H O PEN
Lat. N.
Long.
E.
Gr.
Depht
i n metres
75' 5 8 '
26
52'
20 1
7 5 ' 30'
27
0'
227
75° 28'
2 6 43'
'
32
7'
207
33° 54'
'
34 38'
330
73° 49'
73' 45'
73' 42'
7 3 38 '
36
73' 34'
38'
73
40
29'
330
265
8'
230
2'
277
4 1 c 1 2'
326
72
317
72' 3 1 '
39° 55'
'"'
39
5'
72
4'
38 ' 1 4'
30 1
71
30 1
42'
3 7' 3 4 '
303
7 1 ' 2 0'
36° 43'
248
7 1 1 6'
35° 32'
1 86
7 1 c 1 2'
34'
0'
223
70 59'
32 ) 35'
236
70 54'
31
37'
25 1
70 54'
3 0' 1 7 '
°
29
4'
310
70° 5 7 '
71
1'
28
40'
Deposit
Clay
Stone Clay
306
1 8'
73' 1 9'
57'
I
245
97
Printed, N ov e m b e r 2 6 t h , 1 926.
Ston e Clay
De norske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped. Bind I , N o . 10.
n.
Pl a te I
Two h u n d r e d m etres south o f c a i r n on W e re n s k i o l d H i l l , l o o k i n g towards l ve rs e n
Hill.
Kvassto p p e n ( S h a rp P e a k ) i n t h e fo regro u n d .
Iversen
b . Fru l11 c a i rn O il K o l l e r H i l l .
pho!. 13/8 1 924.
B e a r i n g t o c a i r n on W e re n s k i o l d H i l l , S 30° W , and to
t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t of l v e rs e n H i l l , S 1 7° W.
Iversen
photo 1 3 / S 1 924.
De norske statsunderst0 t . S p i t s b e rgenek sped . B i n d I , N o . 1 0 .
.,
From c a i r n o n K o l l e r H i l l .
Plate I I
B e a r i n g to t h e w e s t b r i n k o f t h e n o rt h e r n most h i l l ,
N 28° E .
I versen p h o t .
1:\/8 1 924.
b . One h u n d re d paces n o rth o f c a i r n o n K o l l e r H i l l , l o o k i n g n or t h .
I versen photo 13/8 1 924.
De n o rske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped. Bind I , N o . 1 0.
a . From east edge o f K o l l e r H i l l , l o o k i n g south.
H e ight :
s e e n l y i n g at a n c h o r.
b. From the east edge o f K o l l e r H i l l , l o o k i n g n o rth .
Plate I I I
240 m e t re s . The T ov i k i s
Iversen photo lJ/"
1 924.
H e ight : 240 metre s .
I versen photo 13/ " 1 924.
De norske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped . Bind I , No. 1 0.
·a . From W e r e n s k i o l d H i l l l o o k i n g towards K o l l e r H i l l .
i s s e e n o n t h e l e ft.
b . From t h e b a s e o f K o l l e r H i l l
Plate I V
B j 0 r n s l etta ( B e a r P l a i n )
I versen pho!. 13/R
1 92 4 .
on t h e w e s t side of H u sd a l e n ( H o u s e V a l l ey)
looking south.
I versen pho!. 13/8
1 924.
tre m i t y o f K o e fo e d Po i n t, S 2" E , a n d to I v e r s e n H i l l , S 22' W .
l versen pilot. 1. 1 / 8 1 92 4 .
B e a r i n g to t h e e x ­
From t h e easte r n edge of Were n s k i o l d H i l l , 242 m. a b o v e
s e a l ev e l , l o o k i n g t o w a r d s I v e r s e n H i l l .
:1.
I versen p h o t . 25/8
1 92 4 .
b . T h e s l o p e i n the B e k k e s k a r d ( B ro o k G u l l y), l o o k i n g s o u t h .
D
et
<
!»
V
9
o
z
::J
0..
g:?
0"
(D
...,
fJO
(D
::J
(D
"'"
(fJ
-0
(D
0..
en
�.
;jJ
�
C
::J
0..
(D
...,
(fJ
en
!»
�
::J
o
...,
(fJ
"'"
(D
(D
De norske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped . Bind I, N o . 1 0.
a.
A l i ttle to t h e s o u t h of the h u t i n H u sd a l e n ( H ou s e V a l ley).
landing place .
Plate VI
Shows hut and
( verseo phot. 1318 1 924.
b. From t h e lowest cairn o n I v e r s e n H i l l, l o o k i n g north.
( versen phot. 2518 1 924.
De norske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped . B i n d I , N o . 1 0.
u.
A b o u t o n e n au t . m i l e S 3 E o f I ve r s e n
Plate V I I
H i ll.
IV,"3en p h et. 2 5 1 8
b. H o e l P o i n t fro m S S E , a b o u t one I l a u t . m i l e o ff ' n e arest s h o r e .
1 ver<en
phot. 2 5 1 8
1 924.
1 924.
a.
b.
P a n o rama of H o p e I s l an d f r o m a b o u t two n a u t . m i l e s o ff H o u s e V a l l e y .
Panorama of H o p e I s l a n d fro m t h e a n c h o rage off H u s dal e n ( H o u s e V a l l e y ) .
Location of t h e h u t is i n d i cated by an arro w, a n d t h e mouth of t h e H o use Brook by a cro s s .
I versen p h o t o 3 1 1 7
Iversen p h o t o 3 1 /7
1924.
1924 .
<
(t
Po>
"'0
o
o
z
;:J
0..
Q:!
er
(1)
""
(JQ
(1)
;:J
(1)
71'"
C/l
"0
(1)
0..
en
"9.
C/)
�
C
;:J
0..
(1)
""
C/l
§:
C/l
;:J
o
....,
C/l
71'"
(1)
(/J
(1)
D
D e n o rske stats u n d erstot. S p i tsberge n eksped . B i n d I , N o . 1 0.
a.
P l a te I X
From t h e w e s t e d g e , c l o s e by t h e c a i r n , o n W e re n s k i o l d H i l l , l o o k i n g t o w a r d s
I versen p h o t o
the beach below.
1.\1.'
:3
2
4
b.
Plant
fo s s i l s
fro m H o p e I s l a n d .
N o s . I a n d 2, P t e ro p h y l l u m s p .
N o s . 3, 4 a n d 5 , s ta l k s o f E q u i s e t a l e s . N o s . 1 , 3 a n d 4 b e l o n g t o t h e
P r i n c e o f M o n a c o , N o s . 2 a n d 5 t o M r . I v e r s e n ' s c o l l e c t i o n . N at . s i z e .
Photo
Hoeg.
1 92 4 .
De norske statsunderst0t. Spitsbergeneksped . Bind I , N o . 1 0.
25
Pl ate X
'
25
SI
22
Sf
�
28
29
33
30
SI
22
SI
76,
l-----+----;;----;---;-:-If1�L-------t-----1 1 ;4G0'
40
34
Sf
22
Sf
35
SI
3l
SI
17
SI
51 30
KV�SSforpe:
I
esterodden
18
Sd
30
52
or
JS
SIj SI
KART
45
SI
over
av
T h o r Ive r s en
Yartl
I r';:;'" ;:;,
76
S VA L B A R D
22
"
1924
Malestokk 1: 2 0 0 0 0 0
�-t==��'==�3�=.�=�'�='��=�.o km
25
SI
Ekvi distan s e 5 0 m ef er
Riii der
og dybder
52 SI
25°
os!
G r e e�i c h
M a p of H o p e I s l a n d by T h o r I v e rs e n .
S c a l e 1 : 200 000.
i m e t el'
G
'
30
RESULTATER
AV
DE NORSKE STATSUNDERST0TTEDE
S PITS BERG ENEKSPED ITIO N ER
(RESULTS OF THE NORWEGIAN STATE.SUPPORTED
SPITSBERGEN EXPEDITIONS)
OSLO
Prices are quoted in Norwegian Currency
VOL. I
No.
l.
De norske statsunderstøttede Spitsbergenekspeditioner,
1906
A Briej Re"iew oj the ExpeditioTls, by ADOLF HOEL
-1925.
(i n preparation).
"
2.
On the Mollusca oj the Tertigry ojSpitsbergen, by j. P.j. RAVN.
J une 1922.
"
3.
A
Kr. 1 ,60.
burning
Coal Seam
at
iHt.
Pyramide, Spitsbergen,
W. WERENSKIOLD and IVAR OFTEDAL.
"
4.
T he Spitsbergen
Reindeer, by ALF
_
by
O ct obe r 1922. Kr. 1,20.
-W OLLEBÆK.
April
1926.
Kr. 10,00.
"
5.
Lichens jrom Spitsbergen, by BERNT LYNGE.
December 1924.
Kr. 2,50.
"
6.
The Coal Deposits and Coal Mining oj Svalbard, S
( pitsbergen
and Bear Island), by ADOLF HOEL. July 1925.
"
7.
DAHL.
March 1926.
Kr. 1,00.
8.
Notes on the Geology oj Northwestern Spitsbergen, by OLAF
9.
Lichens jrom Bear Island (Bjørnøya), by BERNT LYNGE. May 1926.
HOLTEDAHL.
"
Kr. 10,00.
Contributions to the Biology aj the Spitsbergen Clzar, by KNUT
May 1926.
Kr. 5,50.
Kr. 5,80.
"
lO.
Hopen (Hope Island), Svalbard, by THOR IVERSEN.
1926.
"
Il.
November
Kr. 7,50.
Mollusken aus den Redbay-und GreyhooksclzichtenS pitzbergens,
von WERNER QUENSTEDT.
December 1926.
A. W. BRØGGERS BOKTRYKKBR' A-S, O$LO
Kr. 8,50.