4237a - Water Research Foundation

Best Management Practices for the Maintenance of

Water Distribution Assets

Web Report #4237a

Subject Area: Infrastructure



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Prepared by:

Frank Godin, Terry Brueck, Shiv Iyer, Claude Williams, Jon Crumpton, and Jami Haider

EMA, Inc., 2355 Highway 36 West, Suite 200, St. Paul, MN 55113

Jointly Sponsored by:

Water Research Foundation

6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235 and

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Washington, DC 20004

Published by:


DISCLAIMER

This study was jointly funded by the Water Research Foundation (WRF) and the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under Cooperative Agreement EPA-EM-83406801-1.

WRF and EPA assume no responsibility for the content of the research study reported in this publication or for the opinions or statements of fact expressed in the report. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not represent or imply the approval or endorsement of WRF or EPA. This report is presented solely for informational purposes.

Copyright © 2015 by Water Research Foundation

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise utilized without permission.

Printed in the U.S.A.


CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................

.

............. vii

LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................

.

....... ix

FOREWORD ...........................................................................................................................

.

..... xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .....................................................................................................

..

.... xiii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................

..

...... xv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1

Project Background ............................................................................................................. 1

The Need for Vetted Asset Maintenance Tactics ................................................... 1

The Need for Best Management Practices .............................................................. 2

Linking AMTs with Asset Management................................................................. 2

Project Objectives ............................................................................................................... 3

Report Structure .................................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................................................................ 5

Project Structure.................................................................................................................. 5

Task 1 - Define Asset Classes and Sub-Classes ................................................................. 6

Asset Class Framework for Maintenance of Water Distribution System Assets .... 6

Task 2 - Identify Best Management Practices, Discuss and Develop Framework ........... 13

BMP Guide Framework ........................................................................................ 14

Maintenance Tactic Profile Overview .................................................................. 15

Task 3 – Utility Survey and Industry Research for AMT Candidates .............................. 21

Task 4 - Discuss Benefits of Maintenance Optimization .................................................. 22

AMT Evaluation Criteria ...................................................................................... 23

Task 5 - Review AMT Candidates Against Optimization Criteria ................................... 24

Task 6 - Develop BTMP Guide Based on Asset M aintenance T actics ............................ 25

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................ 27

Summary of Asset Maintenance Tactics ........................................................................... 27

AMT Scoring Table .......................................................................................................... 38

AMT Completeness Evaluation Criteria ............................................................... 38

AMT Usefulness Review ...................................................................................... 38

Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 53

Challenges in Creating AMTs .............................................................................. 53

AMT Completeness Review ................................................................................. 53

AMT Usefulness Review ...................................................................................... 54

Overview by System Element ........................................................................................... 55

Booster Chlorination Stations ............................................................................... 55

Measurement and Control ..................................................................................... 55 v


Other Pipe Appurtenances .................................................................................... 55

Pipe ....................................................................................................................... 56

Pumping Stations .................................................................................................. 56

Valves ................................................................................................................... 56

Water Storage Facility .......................................................................................... 56

Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS TO UTILITIES ............................................................ 59

APPENDIX A ............................................................................................................................... 61

Other Asset Classification Systems .................................................................................. 61

UBA Resource Hierarchy ..................................................................................... 61

Key Asset Data Hierarchy .................................................................................... 62

Maintenance Management Asset Hierarchies ....................................................... 63

Preliminary Assessment of Asset Framework for Maintenance ........................... 64

APPENDIX B ............................................................................................................................... 67

Research Index Documentation ........................................................................................ 67

Asset Management ................................................................................................ 67

Asset Management Project List ............................................................................ 67

Overview of Asset Management Research ........................................................... 69

Long-Term Performance and Life Expectancy of Materials ................................ 71

Management of Above-Ground Assets ................................................................. 74

APPENDIX C ............................................................................................................................... 77

Maintenance Tactic Profile Template ............................................................................... 77

Maintenance Tactic Profile Submission Sample .............................................................. 79

APPENDIX D ............................................................................................................................... 83

Scoring Tables for AMT Submissions, by System Element............................................. 83

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 99

ABBREVIATIONS LIST ........................................................................................................... 105 vi


TABLES

2.1 Maintenance tactic profile information sections and definitions .......................................16

3.1 AMT submissions, mapped to system elements ................................................................28

3.4 AMT value results..............................................................................................................54

3.5 Number of AMTs per system element ...............................................................................55

A.1 Comparison of asset hierarchies ........................................................................................65

D.1 System element = booster chlorination station ..................................................................83

D.2 System element = chemical addition station ......................................................................84

D.3 System element = measurement and control .....................................................................86

D.4 System element = other pipe appurtenances ......................................................................88

D.5 System element = pipe .......................................................................................................89

D.6 System element = pumping station ....................................................................................93

D.7 System element = valve .....................................................................................................95

D.8 System element = water storage facility ............................................................................96 vii



FIGURES

ES.1 Project approach......................................................................................................

..

....... xix

2.1 Three-phased project structure .............................................................................................5

2.3 AMT submission notification workflow ............................................................................22

2.4 AMT evaluation criteria .....................................................................................................23

A.1 Partial resource diagram from the utility business architecture .........................................61 ix



FOREWORD

The Water Research Foundation (WRF) is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to the development and implementation of scientifically sound research designed to help drinking water utilities respond to regulatory requirements and address high-priority concerns. WRF’s research agenda is developed through a process of consultation with WRF subscribers and other drinking water professionals. WRF’s Board of Trustees and other professional volunteers help prioritize and select research projects for funding based upon current and future industry needs, applicability, and past work. WRF sponsors research projects through the Focus Area, Emerging Opportunities, and Tailored Collaboration programs, as well as various joint research efforts with organizations such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

This publication is a result of a research project fully funded or funded in part by WRF subscribers. WRF’s subscription program provides a cost-effective and collaborative method for funding research in the public interest. The research investment that underpins this report will intrinsically increase in value as the findings are applied in communities throughout the world.

WRF research projects are managed closely from their inception to the final report by the staff and a large cadre of volunteers who willingly contribute their time and expertise. WRF provides planning, management, and technical oversight and awards contracts to other institutions such as water utilities, universities, and engineering firms to conduct the research.

A broad spectrum of water supply issues is addressed by WRF's research agenda, including resources, treatment and operations, distribution and storage, water quality and analysis, toxicology, economics, and management. The ultimate purpose of the coordinated effort is to assist water suppliers to provide a reliable supply of safe and affordable drinking water to consumers.

The true benefits of WRF’s research are realized when the results are implemented at the utility level. WRF's staff and Board of Trustees are pleased to offer this publication as a contribution toward that end.

Denise Kruger

Chair, Board of Trustees

Water Research Foundation

Robert C. Renner, P.E.

Executive Director

Water Research Foundation xi



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors of this report are indebted to the following water utilities and individuals for their cooperation and participation in this project:



Annie Vanrenterghem Raven, InfraPlan



Aurora Water – Aurora, CO, Tom Ries



Arun K. Deb, Independent Consultant



Akron Public Utilities Bureau – Akron, OH, Jim Hewitt



Bloomington Water – Bloomington, MN, Glen Gerads



Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utilities – Charlotte, NC, Angela Lee and Shawn

Coffman



Clayton County Water Authority – Morrow, GA, Mike Thomas



Fairfax County Water Authority – Fairfax, VA, Joel Thompson



Hunter Water Australia, Mayfield West, Alan Thornton



Madison Water Utility – Madison, WI, Tom Heikkinen



Minneapolis Water Works – Minneapolis, MN, Marie Asgian and Bob Ervin



Newport News, VA, Chris Basford



Northumbrian Water Limited – Durham, UK, Chris Reed



Portland Water Bureau – Portland, OR, Jeff Leighton



Saint Paul Regional Water Services – Saint Paul, MN, Dave Schuler



Sydney Water Corporation – Sydney, Australia, Neil Hart



Walter M. Grayman, Consulting Engineer

The authors thank Maureen Hodgins, WRF research manager and the project advisory committee members David Muto (Seattle Public Utilities) and Margo Schueler (East Bay

Municipal Utility District) for their insights and suggestions. xiii



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OBJECTIVES

The maintenance tactics for water distribution system assets presented in this report were designed to meet the following objectives:

1.

Build on recent information about asset management, maintenance, and optimization of operations to consolidate Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Asset

Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) for maintenance of water distribution system assets within a single document. This single document is referred to as the BMP Guide.

2.

Identify AMTs from utilities and literature for improving levels of service.

3.

Discuss how maintenance strategies and tactics relate to risk, criticality, life-cycle costs, condition assessment, capital reinvestment, and related aspects of asset management.

The project developed a single reference to consolidate Asset Maintenance Tactics within the context of Best Management Practices for Water Distribution System assets. The AMTs created for this research project will help the water industry improve their overall reliability, efficiency, productivity, product quality, cost-effectiveness, and service to their customers by applying appropriate maintenance to assets in transmission and distribution systems.

BACKGROUND

This project addresses a recognized need for a comprehensive evaluation of maintenance tactics for water distribution systems. The primary objective of this research was to develop a single reference to consolidate Asset Maintenance Tactics within the context of Best Management

Practices for water distribution system assets.



Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) are the specific maintenance tactics applied to the various asset types found within a distribution system, and include activities such as inspecting, exercising, reconditioning, and repairing.



Best Management Practices (BMPs) describe the method to select the right AMTs and associated frequencies to meet a utility’s desired level of reliability.

The wide variation in tactics that were reported by utilities underscores the need for a scrutinized set of AMTs. To illustrate this, a quick review of hydrant maintenance tactics published by six water utilities reveals wide variations in maintenance tasks, responsibilities, and frequency.

The frequency at which utilities performed preventative maintenance on hydrants varied from once every six months to once every five years. Likewise, performance measurement and adoption of standards were practiced as program features by some utilities, yet were not even mentioned by others.

The degree of variation in tactics promotes questions. Is it likely that all utilities apply appropriate maintenance tactics? Are there certain circumstances that would promote a variety of maintenance tactics and yet allow each utility to manage risk, criticality, service levels, life cycle xv


costs, and other measures of best management practices? How would a utility characterize their unique situation to select the most appropriate hydrant maintenance tactics?

The answer to these questions is risk mitigation, which is logical in the context of asset and maintenance management. The key purpose of developing a well-defined and designed maintenance management program is to minimize and mitigate occurrences and unacceptable consequences of failure.

What started as a quest to apply BMPs to identify a definitive list of AMTs applied by asset type resulted in a collection of AMTs designed to meet the varying needs of utilities. As illustrated by the hydrant maintenance example, it is likely that a particular AMT will not be appropriate for all assets of the same type. Consequently, rather than using BMPs to identify the leading maintenance tactics, utilities should use BMPs to select the appropriate maintenance tactics for the utility’s business and risk management needs at a given point in time. In essence, best management practices dictate that utilities understand the specific operating context of an asset, and select an appropriate maintenance tactic to mitigate the likelihood and/or consequences of failure for that asset.

In addition to BMPs, another key to selecting appropriate maintenance tactics is to associate tactics with the strategic asset management plan for given assets. The research team leveraged involvement in the Water Environment Research Foundation research program on

Strategic Asset Management (SAM Program) to better understand the connection between maintenance tactic selection and asset management.

The information requirements of an asset management program require more than the operating context. An asset’s remaining life, condition, reliability, and planned replacement also impact the determination of maintenance tactics and the frequency of activities. The ongoing need for asset condition information also confirmed the need for condition verification maintenance tasks.

Ultimately, this research found that there are many links between asset and maintenance management and the risk management processes for managing assets. This finding is supported by results of the SAM Program, which showed a strong correlation between risk and remaining effective life.

The AMTs identified and evaluated as part of this project will provide valuable guidance to utilities seeking continuous improvement as they manage ever-tighter budgets for asset maintenance and replacement. In addition, developing a guide for maintenance tactic evaluation should be of interest to regulatory agencies and utilities alike, as it may prevent the creation of undue regulations regarding global maintenance requirements by asset type.

APPROACH

The project approach included three key phases: develop, share, and learn (see Figure

ES.1

). The processes within each phase were designed to be interactive to allow for input from the

various project experts and utility participants. The tasks for each phase are described below. xvi


Develop Phase

1. Define Asset Classes and Sub-Classes

The assets required to effectively distribute water from a water plant to the end customer were identified. All of these assets were to be included in this research. An integral part of this step included developing a logical Asset Class Framework to define and catalog AMTs as they were compiled.

Asset classes were defined and sub-divided based on associated strategic maintenance approaches, asset accessibility, operating context, and other criteria. Completeness and appropriateness of the project framework was evaluated by applying sample maintenance tactics to the structure. Eight system elements were identified, and each AMT fits into one or more of these categories:

1. Booster Chlorination

2. Chemical Addition Station

3. Measurement and Control

4. Other Pipe Appurtenances

5. Pipe

6. Pumping Station

7. Valve

8. Water Storage Facility

2. Identify Best Management Practices (BMPs), Discuss and Develop Framework

A BMP Guide Framework was developed to define the criteria and data elements based on

BMPs for maintenance, and included considerations for operating context, risk factors, resource requirements, and benefits. To create the BMP Guide Framework, the project team defined the data elements that are critical to evaluate and appropriately apply AMTs. The BMP Framework is separated into nine primary sections, each with their own specific data elements to be captured during development of an AMT.

In addition to the Asset Class Framework from Task 1, the BMP Guide Framework was incorporated into the design of a SharePoint website, established for compiling the AMT data developed during the course of the project.

Share Phase

3. Survey Utilities and Industry Research for AMT Candidates

This task represents the primary drive for the project, to use the experience of participating utilities and the outcomes of previous industry research to identify maintenance tactics. The data collection template was used to develop the candidate AMTs, which were then posted to the

SharePoint site for review and evaluation.

The research team held a Utility Participant web conference to discuss the profile template and request submittal of their best maintenance tactics using the maintenance tactic profile xvii


template. The 150 AMTs are compiled in the #4237b deliverable, which can be accessed on the

#4237 project page on the WRF website.

4. Discuss Benefits of Maintenance Optimization

Early in Task 3, the project team determined that it would also be beneficial to quantify optimized factors such as cost, water quality, and reliability (both intended and attained), and relate them to being best. To develop evaluation criteria, the project team used attributes and a process for describing best as defined in the report Effective Utility Management, a Primer for Water and

Wastewater (EPA 2008).

When a utility cited best practice in optimizing maintenance, the team elicited qualitative and quantitative benefits derived from performing the practice. The Expert Panel reviewed the stated optimizations and made adjustments to the BMP Guide Framework.

The completeness criteria for evaluating and quantifying maintenance optimization were defined through seven questions that were incorporated into the AMT profile template and applied to the review of each AMT submission. The seven yes/no questions, listed below, were based on

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM):

1. Are the functional requirements of the asset defined?

2. Is the cause of the loss of function defined?

3. Is the failure effect defined?

4. Are the consequences of failure defined?

5. Does the maintenance tactic address the most likely causes of failure and resulting effects?

6. Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the consequence of failure?

7. If a maintenance option is not viable, does the tactic call for redesign?

The usefulness review offered reviewers a subjective method to evaluate individual AMTs.

The intent of this 1-5 rating was to allow individual reviewers to use their intuition and experience to judge if an AMT provided sufficient information to implement it and/or provide value to utilities.

Learn Phase

5. Review AMT Candidates Against Optimization Criteria

All candidate AMTs obtained in Task 3 were reviewed by the utility participants and industry experts using the BMP Guide Framework developed in Task 2 and refined in Task 4.

Utility participants reviewed the AMTs and validated evaluation criteria developed earlier as a real world acid test to confirm that assumptions in the BMP Guide were valid and relevant to utilities completing the process.

6. Develop BMP Guide Based on AMTs

We developed the BMP Guide Framework by repeatedly adding, reviewing, and adjusting real

AMT information. Once the framework was complete, the project team used it to create AMTs xviii


using data from published literature, the initial participant survey, and Internet research. The BMP

Guide Framework is separated into nine primary sections, each with their own specific data elements that should be captured during development of an AMT.

The six main tasks of the project are described below and are depicted in Figure ES.1

.

Figure ES.1 Project approach

RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS

The overall submission rate from the utilities was extremely low. Consequently, to compensate for the lack of utility participant submissions, AMTs were compiled based on maintenance tactics already published in industry research papers and publications.

In spite of the research team’s additional efforts to identify at least one AMT for each of the component levels in the asset class framework, some gaps remained and specific AMTs have not yet been documented for some of the component functions. However, there were multiple

AMTs identified for each system element of the framework. Of the 150 AMTs, most were associated with Pipes and Pumping Stations, and the least with Booster Chlorination and Other

Pipe Appurtenances.

For some systems and component functions, AMTs were missing or were not defined and documented clearly enough to receive a high rating from the utility reviewers. In some cases, the xix


AMTs submitted were quite general, leaving room for more specific tactics to be defined. More specific tactics could detail how alternative technologies could be used to achieve similar results, or how maintenance tactics might differ for different asset types and operating contexts.

The 150 AMTs compiled for water distribution system assets during this project are available in a separate deliverable, #4237b, on the #4237 project page on the WRF website.

APPLICATIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS

By comparing their current tactics to the AMTs collected through this study, utilities can begin optimizing their distribution system maintenance programs. This will assist them with improving their overall reliability, productivity, product quality, cost-effectiveness, and service to their customers.

For utilities wanting to develop their own maintenance tactics, this report provides guidance on the parameters and questions to consider for developing an appropriate and worthwhile AMT. Utilities should use the report and data collection template as a tool to guide development of a maintenance tactic, regardless of whether the template is used to capture outcomes.

Continued development of the AMTs is important to create and maintain a comprehensive library. The AMTs for some Asset Class Framework systems and component functions either need to be added where they are missing, or updated in cases where they were not defined and documented clearly enough to receive a high reviewer rating. Other submitted AMTs need more specific tactics to be defined.

Additional areas for AMT development are detailed in Chapter 4 of the report. These options are:



Utilities can compare the Asset Class Framework structure described in Chapter 2 with how they currently categorize/group assets for maintenance.



Utilities can apply the seven maintenance optimization evaluation questions to their current maintenance tactics to identify possible information gaps and potential opportunities for them to shift resources to higher priority issues.

RESEARCH PARTNERS



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

PARTICIPANTS

Expert Panel members and utilities from Australia, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, New

York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, United Kingdom, Virginia, and Wisconsin participated in this project. xx


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

PROJECT BACKGROUND

This project evolved to address a recognized need for a comprehensive evaluation of maintenance tactics for water distribution systems. In December 2006, approximately 40-50 water utility professionals ranked the project idea “Guidance Document for Best Maintenance Practices for Water Distribution Assets” as the highest need at the Foundation’s Asset Management

Research Needs Roadmap Workshop. The utility professionals wanted a comprehensive evaluation of maintenance practices as well as describe successful practices in a single reference.

(Graham et al. 2008)

The primary objective of this research was to develop a single reference to consolidate

Asset Maintenance Tactics within the context of Best Management Practices for Water

Distribution System assets.



Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) are the specific maintenance tactics applied to the various asset types found within a distribution system, including activities such as inspecting, exercising, reconditioning, and repairing.



Best Management Practices (BMPs) describes the method to select the right AMTs and associated frequencies to meet a utility’s desired level of reliability.

Ultimately, AMTs in the context of BMPs will effectively help utilities achieve desired levels of service, and meet customer expectations of water delivery reliability and water quality.

WRF has produced or is in the process of producing research reports on many topics that relate to, or expressly address, water distribution systems maintenance. In review of over 500 selected research titles, approximately 60 address distribution systems O&M, 40 address risk management,

10 are dedicated to pipe materials, and several others may contain BMPs or AMTs related to water distribution systems. Many other organizations in North America and around the world are also generating guidelines and descriptions on the same topic. Clearly, the national and global attention on this topic confirms the need for a single source of information on this topic.

The Need for Vetted Asset Maintenance Tactics

Underscoring the need for a vetted set of AMTs is the wide variation in tactics that were reported by utilities. To illustrate this, a quick review of hydrant maintenance tactics published by six water utilities reveals wide variations in maintenance tasks, responsibilities, and frequency.

The frequency at which utilities performed preventative maintenance on hydrants varied from once every six months to once every five years. Likewise, performance measurement and adoption of standards were practiced as program features by some utilities, yet were not mentioned by others.

This degree of variation in tactics promotes questions. Is it likely that all utilities apply appropriate maintenance tactics? Are there certain circumstances that would promote a variety of maintenance tactics and yet allow each utility to manage risk, criticality, service levels, life cycle costing, and other measures of best management practices? How would a utility characterize their unique situation to select the most appropriate hydrant maintenance tactics?

1


The ultimate answer to these questions is risk mitigation. This answer is also logical from the context of asset and maintenance management; the key purpose of developing a well-defined and designed maintenance management program is to minimize and mitigate occurrences and unacceptable consequences of failure.

The variation in tactics applied by different utilities can be justified as follows. First, the unacceptable consequences faced when assets fail depend on the operating context of the specific assets. Second, the likelihood of asset failure also depends on the condition and reliability of the specific assets. Therefore, it is logical for utilities to apply different AMTs to the same or similar types of assets, because the risks associated with failure depend on the specific circumstances of the assets. This reinforces the understanding that AMTs must be applied based on the unique context of individual assets, rather than applied globally to a given type of asset. This understanding is different than anticipated at the onset of this research project, and will influence how utilities apply the AMTs that have been compiled.

The Need for Best Management Practices

What started as a quest to apply BMPs to identify a definitive list of AMTs applied by asset type resulted in a collection of AMTs designed to meet the varying needs of utilities. As illustrated by the hydrant maintenance example, it is likely that a particular AMT will not be appropriate for all assets of the same type. Rather than using BMPs to identify the leading maintenance tactics, utilities should use BMPs to select the appropriate maintenance tactics for the utility’s business and risk management needs at a given point in time. In essence, best management practices dictate that utilities understand the specific operating context of an asset, and select an appropriate maintenance tactic to mitigate the likelihood and/or consequences of failure for the asset.

Linking AMTs with Asset Management

In addition to BMPs, another key to selecting appropriate maintenance tactics is to associate tactics with the strategic asset management plan for given assets. The research team leveraged involvement in the Water Environment Research Foundation research program on

Strategic Asset Management (SAM Program) to better understand the connection between maintenance tactic selection and asset management.

The information requirements of an asset management program require more than the operating context. An asset’s remaining life, condition, reliability, and planned replacement also impact the determination of maintenance tactics and the frequency of activities. The ongoing need for asset condition information confirmed the need for condition verification maintenance tasks.

Ultimately, this research found that there were many links between asset and maintenance management, and the risk management processes for managing assets. This finding is supported by results of the SAM Program, which helped create a parallel approach for evaluating maintenance tactics.

This research also clearly indicates that maintenance tactic selection is not a “one-size-fitsall” situation, but depends on multiple unique factors that change over time. Two such factors are asset condition and reliability, which tend to degrade over time and can influence the frequency of

AMT activities. These factors can also be offset or accelerated by changes in operational demands such as changing runtime protocols. Operational requirements can be influenced by regulatory changes, while operational demands can be impacted by population density and commercial

2


development changes. This illustrates that maintenance tactics should be asset context unique as well as periodically evaluated due to changes in asset context and evolving utility asset management strategies.

The AMTs identified and evaluated as part of this project will provide valuable guidance to utilities seeking continuous improvement as they manage ever-tighter budgets for asset maintenance and replacement. In addition, developing a guide for maintenance tactic evaluation should be of interest to regulatory agencies and utilities alike, as it may help prevent undue regulations regarding global maintenance requirements by asset type.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Research into maintenance tactics for water distribution systems assets presented in this report was designed to meet the following objectives:



Build on recent information about asset management, maintenance, and optimization of operations to consolidate Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Asset

Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) for maintenance of water distribution system assets within a single document.” The single document is referred to as the BMP Guide.



Identify AMTs from utilities and literature for achieving improved levels of service.



Discuss how maintenance strategies and tactics relate to risk, criticality, life-cycle costs, condition assessment, capital reinvestment, and related aspects of asset management.

The outcome of this research will help the water industry improve their overall reliability, efficiency, productivity, product quality, cost-effectiveness, and service to their customers through appropriate maintenance of assets in transmission and distribution systems. It will also act as a forum to promote ongoing development and sharing of AMTs within the context of BMPs.

REPORT STRUCTURE

This report is structured as follows:



Chapter 1: Introduction – Project background and objectives



Chapter 2: Methods and Materials - Summary of the team’s process for determining asset classes and sub-classes



Chapter 3: Results and Discussion – Summary of Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs), summary and conclusion



Chapter 4: Recommendations to Utilities – Describes significance of the project and how utilities can apply the project results



Appendix A: Other Asset Classification Systems



Appendix B: Research Index Documentation – Index of project research efforts noting reference locations



Appendix C: Practice Profile Template – Sample of template used to gather all AMT data in a consistent format



References – Notation of all items referenced in this report



Abbreviations – Listing of all abbreviations and their definitions

3



CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND MATERIALS

PROJECT STRUCTURE

This research project and the implementation were structured around a three-phased

approach ( Figure 2.1

). The intent of the first phase was to

develop the foundation of information needed to identify the Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs). This phase included two activities: identify and classify typical distribution system assets, and develop a framework to capture AMT details including vital Best Management Practices (BMPs) information related to the AMT. The intent of the second phase was to share the information with participating utilities and gather information on their AMTs. The purpose of this phase was to survey utilities for information on their AMTs, and discuss maintenance optimization benefits and selection methods for appropriate maintenance tactics. The scope of the third phase focused on learning from the team’s findings to develop a vetted guide for use by the industry. The activities in this phase were to review the AMT candidates against an evaluation process defined by the BMPs, and create an AMT guide for broader publication and usage by utilities. In 2014, an Add On project was created to provide additional AMTs. Various utilities and committee members were given the opportunity to submit their own AMTs (using the Maintenance Tactic template) to EMA, Inc. for inclusion in this project.

Figure 2.1 Three-phased project structure

5


TASK 1 - DEFINE ASSET CLASSES AND SUB-CLASSES

A fundamental criterion of this project was to determine the type of assets to include in this research and devise a way to structure related data. After developing a list of asset types, the team identified a logical water distribution system asset class and sub-class structure as a way to group appropriate tactics. To develop the list of asset classes and subclasses, the team researched published literature, initiated a participant survey, and performed Internet research.

Asset Class Framework for Maintenance of Water Distribution System Assets

An asset class is defined as a group of assets with similar properties. The top tier asset class for this project is the water transmission and distribution system as a whole. All sub-divisions of this asset class are termed sub-classes, which are linked within a hierarchy system.

The asset class framework developed for the project has five tiers to facilitate organization of published maintenance tactics (

Figure 2.2

). The nature of each tier is described below.

Tier I: Water Transmission/Distribution System

This top tier will be classified as large or small based on system size, since the size of the system and resources available within a utility may influence the choice of maintenance tactics applied to their assets.

Tier II: System Element

This tier represents the primary elements of a typical water transmission/distribution system, and supports linking AMTs to asset types at a broad level. The elements are classified as either:

1. Pipes

2. Measurement and Controls

3. Valves

4. Other Pipe Appurtenances

5. Water Storage Facilities

6. Pumping Stations

7. Booster Chlorination Stations or other chemical addition facilities

8. Buildings and Grounds

Tier III: Component Function

Figure 2.2 Asset hierarchy

At this level, the system elements are further subdivided into components, since component function captures a portion of operating context. Component function is used in many maintenance planning processes such as Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) to select maintenance tactics.

6


Furthermore, comparable assets that serve different functions may require applying different tactics.

Tier IV: Component Type

This tier distinguishes the method of construction, materials, and unique component type.

It will be as specific as possible, but not further divided by manufacturer or model number. It supports linking AMTs to assets at a more granular level when the AMT includes that level of specificity.

Tier V: Subcomponents

Typically these are parts of components that are replaced during component maintenance, rather than intentionally maintained. Consequently, they may be addressed in guidelines for component level maintenance tasks, but will not have specific maintenance tactics.

Subcomponents will generally not be listed, and this tier will be used only if there are maintenance tactics that apply for specific subcomponents.

The system elements, component function types, and component types for water transmission/distribution systems are listed below. More asset types will be added to the framework as needed when additional maintenance tactics are identified.

1.

Pipe a.

Distribution Main (for this project, distribution main is everything from the reservoir to local distribution pipe systems)* i.

Cast Iron ii.

Ductile Iron iii.

PVC iv.

Etc. b.

Fire Hydrant Service Pipe i.

Galvanized Cast Iron ii.

Copper iii.

PVC iv.

HDPE v.

Etc. c.

Service Pipe** i.

Galvanized Cast Iron ii.

Copper iii.

PVC iv.

HDPE v.

Etc. d.

Transmission Main (for this project, transmission mains includes all piping from the plant and pump stations to the reservoir) i.

Cast Iron ii.

Ductile Iron iii.

PVC iv.

Cement-lined, wrapped steel

7


v.

Etc. e.

Pipe Fittings

Joints and fittings are components of pipes that are often considered part of the pipe and not maintained by separate strategies. Fittings include elbow, bend, flange, offset, coupling, union, transition fitting, reducer, tee, cross and wye. Fittings and joints are to be reported where they are identified in published maintenance tactics.

*Note: Maintenance tactics for distribution mains may or may not also apply to transmission mains. When AMTs are reported for pipes in distribution systems, but the pipe purpose is not identified (transmission, distribution, or service), they will be classified as distribution main. The total length of distribution mains usually greatly exceeds that of transmission mains in systems that serve a high proportion of residential and commercial customers.

**Note: Service pipes for fire hydrants may have special maintenance requirements over other types of service lines and are therefore listed as a separate function.

2.

Measurement and Control a.

Automatic Meter Reading i.

Meter Transmitter ii.

Fixed Radio Collector iii.

Mobile Radio Collector b.

Bulk Flow (Master) Meter i.

Venturi Meter ii.

Electromagnetic Meter c.

Customer Flow (revenue) Meter i.

Positive Displacement ii.

Compound Meter iii.

Turbine Meter iv.

Electromagnetic Meter d.

Fire Service Meter i.

Compound Meter ii.

Turbine Meter iii.

Electromagnetic Meter e.

Condition Monitors i.

Temperature Monitors ii.

Vibration Monitors iii.

Chlorine Gas Monitors f.

Control i.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) ii.

Protective Relays iii.

Control Panels and Electrical Panel Devices g.

Pressure Meter h.

Water Quality Measurement i.

Chlorine Residual Meter ii.

Turbidity Meter iii.

Suspended Solids Meter

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iv.

pH Meter v.

Particle Counter vi.

Temperature Meter

3.

Valve a.

Air/Vacuum Release Valve b.

Backflow Prevention Device c.

Blow-off i.

Gate Valve ii.

Flushing Hydrant d.

Control Valve i.

Butterfly Valve e.

Fire Hydrant i.

Dry-barrel, Fire Hydrant ii.

Wet-barrel, Fire Hydrant f.

Line Valve i.

Gate Valve ii.

Butterfly Valve iii.

Cone Valve g.

Pressure-reducing Valve h.

Sample Valve i.

Ball Valve

4.

Other Pipe Appurtenances a.

Access to Buried Assets i.

Manhole ii.

Valve Box iii.

Chamber b.

Cathodic Protection i.

Impressed Current System ii.

Protective Coating iii.

Sacrificial Anode System c.

Grounding d.

Pipe Restraint and Support i.

Pipe Hanger or Bracket ii.

Pipe Sleeve iii.

Trestle iv.

Block e.

Pipe Tracing

5.

Water Storage Facility a.

Altitude Valve

Altitude Valves are technically out of scope for this project. However, since these particular valves directly impact water distribution, the team will search for AMTs for these types of valves. b.

Condition monitoring

9


c.

Level Meter d.

Line Valve i.

Gate Valve ii.

Butterfly Valve e.

Pressure Measurement f.

Water Storage i.

Elevated Tank ii.

Ground Tank iii.

Atmospheric/Hydropneumatic Tank iv.

Reservoir, Covered v.

Reservoir, Uncovered vi.

Standpipe g.

Water quality measurement

6.

Pumping Station a.

Backflow Prevention i.

Check Valve b.

Control i.

Single Loop Controller ii.

Relays iii.

Programmable Logic Controller iv.

Remote Telemetry Unit v.

Control Panel vi.

Operator Workstation c.

Drives i.

Motor ii.

Variable Frequency Drive iii.

Soft Starter d.

Electrical Switchgear i.

Transformer ii.

Circuit Breaker iii.

Motor Control Center iv.

Lighting Panel e.

Finished Water Pump i.

Vertical Turbines ii.

Horizontal Split Case f.

Flow Measurement i.

Venturi Flow Meter ii.

Magnetic Flow Meter g.

Generator h.

Line Valve i.

Gate Valve ii.

Butterfly Valve iii.

Cone Valve i.

Pipe j.

Power Monitoring

10


i.

Power Meter ii.

Motor Protection Relay k.

Pressure Measurement l.

Water Quality Measurement i.

Residual Chlorine ii.

Nitrate/nitrite

7.

Booster Chlorination Station a.

Control i.

Single Loop Controller ii.

Relays iii.

Programmable Logic Controller iv.

Remote Telemetry Unit v.

Control Panel vi.

Operator Workstation b.

Control Valve i.

Diaphragm Valve ii.

Needle Valve c.

Chlorine Monitoring d.

Metering Pump i.

Piston Pump ii.

Diaphragm Pump e.

Vacuum Systems f.

Water Quality Measurement

8.

Building (Out of Scope) a.

Foundation b.

Structure i.

Steel beam ii.

Wood beam/stud c.

Roof i.

Flat, pitch and gravel ii.

Flat, membrane iii.

Pitched, tile iv.

Pitched, slate v.

Pitched, shingle d.

Wall i.

Brick ii.

Concrete block iii.

Wood iv.

Adobe e.

Insulation, Weatherproofing f.

Floor i.

Tile ii.

Terrazzo iii.

Linoleum

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iv.

Wood v.

Carpet vi.

Cement vii.

Flagstone g.

Door h.

Window i.

Stairs j.

Ladder

9.

Building Systems (Out of Scope) a.

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning i.

Exhaust/supply fan ii.

Unit heater iii.

Dehumidifier iv.

Boiler b.

Building control system i.

SCADA Systems (RTUs, PLCs) c.

Plumbing i.

Bathroom fixtures d.

Lighting e.

Lifting i.

Elevator ii.

Hoist iii.

Crane f.

Sump Pump i.

Submersible g.

Protection and Safety Monitoring i.

Fire and Security Protection System ii.

Intrusion detector iii.

CCTV iv.

Card Access v.

Flood level switch vi.

Temperature measurement vii.

Humidity measurement h.

Communication i.

Telecommunications Equipment ii.

Computer network

10.

Grounds (Out of Scope) a.

Landscaping i.

Shrubs ii.

Trees iii.

Lawn iv.

Flowers

12


b. Walkways c. Fences d. Roads i.

Concrete, ii. Gravel iii. Asphalt/Tarmac iv. Brick e. Parking f.

Surface Drainage g. Signage

Excluded Assets Found in Asset Classifications

While the asset class framework includes all asset types identified in the assignment scope, the team intentionally excluded some types when thought to be appropriate. For reference, the asset types excluded from the scope are “cross connection control devices, sampling taps, instrumentation and control systems, data and information technology, buildings and structures, shops, real estate as per Asset Management Research Needs Roadmap, (Graham et al. 2008).

Assets such as heating and ventilation systems for pumping stations are also excluded from the analysis because they do not directly support distributing water.

Other Asset Classification Systems

We considered using a number of other asset classification systems that had already been defined. However, they were eventually discarded because they did not fully support defining and cataloging asset maintenance tactics. See Appendix A for more information on these classification systems. They include:



Utility Business Architecture



Key Asset Data Hierarchy



Maintenance Management Asset Hierarchies

TASK 2 - IDENTIFY BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, DISCUSS AND DEVELOP

FRAMEWORK

Once the asset classification structure was developed, the project team began collecting

Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) for the appropriate assets. The team also needed to capture as much relevant information as possible about the individual tactics. This included details about where the AMT information could be found, which assets it could be applied to, the operating context that applied to the AMT, the benefits gained, and information about the resources and frequencies needed to execute the maintenance tactic. In essence, the team was identifying the information required to support decision-making based on Best Management Practices (BMPs).

Consequently, the research team created the BMP Guide Framework to develop maintenance tactics in a disciplined and structured manner. The BMP Guide Framework is based on the criteria that support best management practices in maintenance management. This includes information on operating context, risk factors, resource requirements, and benefits.

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BMP Guide Framework

We developed the BMP Guide Framework by repeatedly adding, reviewing, and adjusting real AMT information. Using actual information helped us to define the data elements that are critical to evaluate and appropriately apply AMTs.

Once the framework was complete, the research team used it to create AMTs using data from published literature, the initial participant survey, and Internet research. From there, the research team compiled the individual AMTs to the assets within the Asset Class Framework developed earlier.

The BMP Guide Framework is separated into nine primary sections, each with their own specific data elements that should be captured during development of an AMT. The sections are as follows:

Asset Maintenance Tactic Title

The title is the name of the AMT, which typically includes the general nature of the tactic and the asset type to which it applies. The AMT title is a common phrase to use for researching maintenance tactics.

Tactic Documentation

This section contains publishing information about the source of the maintenance tactic, and includes the name of the reference publication or document, the year of publication, page references, and publishing organization.

Reporting Organization Profile

This section describes the organization. It provides details about the maintenance tactic, and typically identifies the utility, which owns or maintains the asset.

Asset Hierarchy

This section associates the AMT to assets by cataloging the AMT against the various tiers of the asset class framework. As mentioned earlier, this is the primary means for organizing AMT information, and AMTs are classified based on the assets to which they pertain.

Operating Context

This section defines the operational context of the asset, and includes location, environment

(both ambient and buried environment), age, condition, reliability history, consequence of failure, quantity, size, and loading. Operating context is a key factor to consider when selecting an AMT, or when applying the AMT to a utility’s specific assets. However, the tactic as written may not be appropriate for all assets. Based on a utility’s specific operating environment, the factors that define context for an AMT may vary. In particular, the consequence of failure and reliability history, or probability of failure, can vary significantly.

14


Tactic Description

The tactic description provides details of the activities that constitute the AMT and how it is implemented. Details include the tactic type, a summary and full description of the tactic, success factors, task frequency, crew size and skill composition, and total personnel requirements.

Condition Assessment

If the AMT is preventive in nature, this section describes the method and accuracy of measuring asset condition, the commercial availability of tools or service firms, and the skills required to make the assessment.

Benefits and Cost

The rationale for performing a maintenance tactic includes both benefits and cost considerations. The rationale includes the primary benefit of applying the tactic, other drivers for using the tactic, trade-offs between maintenance and asset replacement, actual benefits achieved by applying the tactic, and costs to apply the tactic.

Reviewer Comments

Each AMT submission is reviewed and either approved or rejected. All approved AMTs are given a review rating, rating reasons, and general review comments in this section.

Maintenance Tactic Profile Overview

We used actual AMT information to refine the BMP Guide Framework and to ensure AMT information was consistently captured regardless of the source. The team then created a

Maintenance Tactic Profile template to support information gathering. This template joins the asset class and BMP guide frameworks, so information can be linked to assets, and sufficient details about an AMT are obtained. The goal was to complete as much of the profile template information as possible. Once completed, profiles are referred to as AMTs. A blank version of the profile template is included in Appendix C, along with a sample completed AMT submission version for further illustration.

Table 2.1

expands on the previous discussion of the BMP Guide Framework and provides assistance to complete the profile template. For utilities wanting to develop their own maintenance tactics, the table provides guidance on the parameters and questions to consider for developing an appropriate and worthwhile AMT. Consequently,

Table 2.1

should be used as a tool to guide

development of a maintenance tactic, regardless of whether the profile template is used to capture outcomes. It is hoped that new tactics will be submitted for review and use by other utilities.

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Information

Table 2.1

Maintenance tactic profile information sections and definitions

Definition

1. Asset Maintenance

Tactic Title

This is the name of the maintenance tactic, and typically includes its general nature and a description of the asset type to which it pertains.

2. Tactic Documentation This is specific data about the source document. a. Reference The name of the publication reporting the practice. b. Published Title c. Year

The title of the published documentation.

The year in which the publication was published. d. Pages e. Publishing

Organization

The pages of the publication containing the tactic description.

The name of the organization producing the publication.

3. Reporting

Organization Profile

This describes the organization that provides the information about the tactic. Typically, it is the utility that owns or maintains the asset for which the tactic was developed.

The name of the reporting organization. a. Reporting

Organization b. Reporting

Organization

Location

4. Asset Hierarchy

The location of the reporting organization. a. System Size

The asset class framework is the framework for organizing maintenance tactics. It categorizes assets of a distribution system into system elements, functions, types and subcomponents. This information defines the types of assets the tactics apply to.

The size of the system appropriate for that tactic. The system is defined by size according to US EPA criteria or approximate equivalent number of service connections.

Size:

US EPA Criteria

Service

Connections

Very Small water systems serve 25-500 people

Up to 200

201 - 1,000 Small water systems serve 501-

3,300 people

Medium water systems serve

3,301-10,000 people

Large water systems serve

10,001-100,000 people

Very Large water systems serve 100,001+ people

1,001 – 3,000

3,001 – 30,000

Over 30,000

(continued)

16


Information

Table 2.1 (Continued)

Definition

All Sizes – practice is applicable to all sizes

Any b. System Element c. Component

Function d. Component Type e. Subcomponents

5. Operating Context

Note: The EPA also defines “type” of water systems. Most reported maintenance tactics are for community water systems.

Type:

 Community Water System ( CWS ): A public water system that supplies water to the same population year-round.

 Non-Transient Non-Community Water System

( NTNCWS ): A public water system that regularly supplies water to at least 25 of the same people at least six months per year, but not year-round. Some examples are schools, factories, office buildings, and hospitals, which have their own water systems.

 Transient Non-Community Water System ( TNCWS ): A public water system that provides water in a place such as a gas station or campground where people do not remain for long periods.

The major elements of a water transmission/distribution system that the tactic applies to. They are classified as either: 1. Pipes, 2.

Measurement and Controls, 3. Valves, 4. Other pipe appurtenances, 5. Water Storage Facility, 6. Pumping Station, 7.

Booster Chlorination Station, or other chemical addition facilities, or 8. Buildings and Grounds ( see Chapter 2, Task 1,

Tier II ).

The general functions performed by the component relative to the system elements For example, pipes are used for transmission, distribution and service functions, valves are used for backflow or isolation functions, etc. ( see Chapter 2, Task 1, Tier III ).

The type of asset performing the associated function. This distinguishes method of construction, materials, and further subdivides component function by unique component type ( see

Chapter 2, Task 1, Tier IV ).

Subcomponents are parts of components, and are typically replaced during maintenance. Usually they will not have a separate maintenance tactic. If there is no tactic at the subcomponent level, then subcomponents will not be listed.

Operating context describes the conditions the asset is exposed to, its current state and reliability history, how it is operated, how it fails, and the consequences of failure. It is critical to consider operating context when selecting or applying an AMT, and when determining how to apply or develop an AMT for an asset. Again, the risks associated with failure vary by specific asset context.

(continued)

17



Information a. Location b. Environment c. Age d. Condition

Definition

The physical geographic location of the asset. An AMT developed for one location may not be suitable for other locations, or may have to be modified to be appropriate. An example is task frequency aligning with climatic seasons.

The environment where the asset is physically operated. Ambient environment includes annual precipitation, annual temperature extremes, and air quality for corrosion. Buried asset environment includes soil type (generally gravel, sand, silt, or clay), buried depth, seismic activity level, and other geologic information that may be reported for the asset’s location.

The Food and Agricultural Organization soil unit classification is the preferred scientific classification system to use, where this information is available.

The asset age in years or year range (e.g. 30-40 years in service).

The asset’s physical condition is summarized as poor, good, or excellent. Leakage is also stated here as a percentage of production, as absolute volume over one year, or include both if available. e. Reliability History Reliability history is the probability of failure. The probability of failure is reported as a percentage chance of failure or another measure of unreliability. The primary measures are number of breaks or breakdowns averaged over one year, mean time between failures, and frequency and duration of service outages.

Because asset design limits are not changeable by routine maintenance tactics, related performance issues are not considered in reliability history. f.

Redundancy

Percentage

The percentage of redundancy available beyond the existing required capacity. For example, if you have 4 pumps but only require the capacity of 2 at one time, you have 100% redundancy. g. Failure Modes h. Consequence of i.

Failure

Quantity

The ways asset failure can occur AND be traced to an underlying cause. Failure modes should have a direct correlation to component function. The objective of a maintenance tactic is to address causes of failure that have unacceptable consequences.

The consequences of a single asset failure include the impact of potential failures such as degraded service and increased risk of degraded service, damage to environment, property, safety, and health, and cost to repair or replace. Redundancy as it relates to impacting the consequences of failure should also be described in this section, as well as the consequences of a double failure

(failure of a primary and backup asset).

The asset measurement (if appropriate) such as length of pipe, number of valves, or number of pumps.

(continued)

18



Information j.

Size k. Loading

6. Tactic Description a. Tactic Type b. Tactic Summary c. Tactic Note d. Success Factors e. Frequency f.

Crews g. People (total)

Definition

The asset size range such as pipe diameter range or pump horsepower range. An AMT may be suitable for various asset sizes, but the implementation method may need modification for different size ranges.

The typical range of water flow and pressure, along with loading regime and assessment of water hammer.

This should provide enough detail to help readers understand the nature of the tactic and decide if it should be further investigated.

The maintenance management type such as preventive or predictive maintenance.

A brief description to give readers a general understanding of the tactic. Details of the tactic are in the source document, but describing the types of tasks and techniques used to perform the tactic is useful in getting a sense of what the task encompasses

Additional information to describe the tactic such as special considerations or limitations others should be aware of.

Where identified, list those factors that are important in implementing the tactic.

The frequency of performing the maintenance tasks.

The number and makeup of crews needed to perform the maintenance tasks.

The total number of staff (reported in full time equivalents) needed to implement the tactic.

7. Condition Assessment If the maintenance tactic type is predictive, this section describes the approach to measure asset condition. a. Method The method (s) used for measuring asset condition, and the parameter (s) being measured. b. Accuracy c. Commercial

Availability

The resolution and accuracy of the method to measure the parameter (s).

The availability of measuring equipment and technicians for hire or other contracting if performed by outside resources. d. Skills Required The skills necessary to operate the measuring equipment and to interpret results.

8. Benefits and Cost a. Primary Benefit b. Trade-off

Considerations

Between

Maintenance and

Replacement

This provides additional justification for performing the tactic.

The primary benefit (improved service, reduced risk, reliability, etc.) sought by implementing the maintenance tactic, with specific measurable targets.

The situation for performing the maintenance tactic in relation to the asset replacement.

(continued)

19



Information Definition c. Tactic Driver The reason or drivers to develop the tactic. Examples of drivers include an incident involving health, safety, damage or service loss, a change in ownership or operator, or a change in regulations. d. Benefits Achieved The achieved or recognized benefits. e. Cost The cost of performing the tactic either in absolute amount or in cost per unit of asset (e.g. dollars/km or dollars/mile of pipe).

9. Reviewer Comments Evaluates the completeness of documenting the tactic.



Asset functions must be defined to identify the parameters and targets that confirm that failure has in fact occurred. An asset failure results in either full or partial loss of function.

The cause of a loss of function (a failure mode) is a description of the initial physical problem that leads to the loss of function. Loss of a given function may stem from various failure modes so a good tactic addresses the most likely causes of failure.




6. Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the

A failure effect describes how the failure becomes evident to an operator or customer, and what happens when it occurs. A failure may be discovered through control loop feedback, operational alarms, or visual inspection. Some failures may not be evident until the asset is needed and cannot perform a required function.

Understanding the failure effects helps determine appropriate maintenance tactics.

Consequences of failure may impact the process, environment or human safety. A consequence may be poor service delivery, human injury, environmental damage, or financial loss.

Mitigating a consequence of failure is the primary reason for developing a maintenance tactic. The more severe the consequence, the higher the asset reliability needs to be.

Consequence and probability of failure determine the level of risk associated with a failure.

To be most effective, a tactic should focus on early identification or reducing most likely causes of failure. Early identification is done by monitoring asset health and/or operating parameters for signs of function loss. Identifying failure effects is done through inspection using human senses or measurement technology, and must be performed at a frequency that allows for detection prior to failure. Reducing failures is done through timely execution of equipment adjustments, replacement or reconstruction of worn components, and replacement or replenishment of consumables.

Ultimately, the consequence of failure dominates tactic selection.

If the consequence of failure is unacceptable to the process, environment, or human health, the tactic selected should identify the cause of failure at the earliest signs of effects and drive

(continued)

20


Information consequence of failure?



Definition corrective or mitigating action prior to failure. However, if the consequence of failure is acceptable considering safety, environment, process and cost, it is a perfectly acceptable tactic to run an asset to failure.

In the situation where a dominant failure mode results in a consequence that cannot be tolerated, and no tactic can identify or mitigate the failure, applying a tactic may not be a viable option.

Instead, the asset may require redesign. Redesign may result in asset redundancy, increased storage capacity, or new operating procedures. Once a redesign has been executed, maintenance tactics should be revisited in their entirety.

Review Rating

Reason for Rating

Review Comments

Rates the Tactic Profile with a number between 1 – 5

(1 being low usefulness and 5 being high usefulness)

The reasoning behind the rating given above.

Comments on the overall tactic profile.

TASK 3 – UTILITY SURVEY AND INDUSTRY RESEARCH FOR AMT CANDIDATES

This task represents the primary drive behind the project, which was to analyze the experience of participating utilities and the outcomes of previous industry research to make asset management tactics and information available to the industry.

The research team began by holding a Utility Participant web conference to review the scope of work, the project approach, and to review and discuss the profile template. The project team then requested input from each utility participant about their best maintenance tactics, to consider as candidates for published AMTs. The team also discussed and identified research areas where additional AMT information might be found.

Utilities and researchers were given Maintenance Tactic Profile templates to submit AMTs to the functional SharePoint site. The template outlined the data they needed to gather about existing maintenance tactics, and numerous research reports were available to provide additional details.

A vital part of the process to develop an AMT is to assign the AMT to the appropriate assets. This proved challenging as the team quickly discovered that many AMTs could apply to dozens of assets, especially when it came to piping assets. To overcome this challenge, we created a mandatory asset selection function within the SharePoint site. By simply clicking on the appropriate assets during the template submission process, this function ensured that the submission would initially link the AMT with as many applicable assets as possible. To manage the initial review of all submitted AMTs, the team created a notification workflow that alerted us

each time a new AMT was uploaded. The workflow is depicted in Figure 2.3

. After initial review,

each AMT submission was approved or rejected.

21


Figure 2.3 AMT submission notification workflow

If an AMT submission was rejected, the workflow process allowed us to include comments with the rejection notification. This was helpful to reviewers and submitters alike since rejected

AMTs were typically just missing key data points. Providing the project team’s comments to the submitter gave us a way to tell them why their submission was rejected, and what additional information was needed to resubmit their AMT.

If an AMT submission was approved, the template automatically moved the AMT to the

AMT Document Library where it could be viewed by all team members. To keep utility participants informed of newly approved AMTs, an alert system was incorporated to automatically notify them when a new AMT was added to the SharePoint site.

Although the project team received several AMTs from a few of the utility participants, the overall submission rate from the utilities was extremely low. Unfortunately, the team discovered that many of the utility participants did not have the time to prepare their AMTs.

Consequently, to compensate for the lack of utility participant submissions, EMA compiled AMTs based on maintenance tactics already published in industry research papers and publications.

TASK 4 - DISCUSS BENEFITS OF MAINTENANCE OPTIMIZATION

Early in the AMT submission cycle of the project, the team determined that it would be beneficial to quantify optimizations such as cost, water quality, and reliability- both intended and attained- that resulted from implementing some of the AMTs. When a utility cited best practice in optimizing maintenance, the team asked them for the qualitative and quantitative benefits derived from performing the practice. The team also contacted the submitting utility to clarify claimed benefits and to try obtaining quantified results.

The reason we focused on optimizations was to establish an evaluation mechanism for considering AMTs to be best. To support this evaluative process, the team identified attributes and a process for describing best as defined in the report Effective Utility Management, a Primer for

Water and Wastewater (EPA 2008). In addition, the Expert Panel reviewed optimizations stated in AMTs and assisted with adjusting the BMP Guide Framework. Ultimately, evaluation criteria

22


were established and incorporated into the reviewer’s section of the maintenance tactic profile to support AMT submission review.

AMT Evaluation Criteria

The criteria for evaluating and quantifying maintenance optimization are defined through seven questions that were incorporated into the AMT profile template and applied to the review of

each AMT submission ( Figure 2.4

). These criteria are based on the principles of Reliability

Centered Maintenance (RCM).

RCM principles are risk avoidance oriented and make a clear connection between the loss of an asset’s function (a failure), the causes of failure, and the consequences of failure.

Consequently, applying these principles while developing or evaluating a maintenance tactic helps ensure alignment with accepted best management practices for maintenance. In addition, they illustrate the value that a tactic brings towards improving asset reliability, reducing risks of asset failures, and basing maintenance efforts on specific asset functions.

The seven evaluation criteria were reviewed by the research team members and the expert panel before being adopted to support the final review of maintenance tactics. The seven evaluation criteria that were adopted are defined as follows.


Clear definition of what an asset is supposed to do establishes the parameters and targets that are used to determine that asset failure has occurred. An asset failure results in either full or partial loss of function.

Definition of required functions is necessary to establish baselines for determining the existence of failures.

2. Is the cause of the loss of function defined? The cause of a loss of function, also known as a failure mode, is a description of the initial physical problem that leads to the loss of function. The failure mode may result in structural, mechanical, electrical, or instrumentation failure. Loss of a given function may stem from various failure modes so a good maintenance tactic addresses the most likely causes of failure.

3. Is the failure effect defined? A failure effect describes how the failure becomes evident to an operator

Figure 2.4 AMT evaluation criteria or customer, and what happens when failure occurs.

A failure may be discovered through control loop feedback, operational alarms, or visual inspection. Some failures may not be evident until the asset is needed and cannot perform the required function. Understanding failure effects helps develop and/or select the most appropriate maintenance tactics and frequency.

4. Are the consequences of failure defined? Consequences of failure may impact process, the environment, or human safety. A consequence may be poor service delivery, human injury, damage to the environment, or a financial loss. The consequence of failure is the primary

23


reason for developing a maintenance tactic. The more severe the consequence, the higher the asset reliability needs to be. The combination of consequence and probability of failure determine the level of risk associated with a failure.

5. Does the maintenance tactic address the most likely causes of failure and resulting effects? To be most effective, a maintenance tactic should focus on early identification or reducing the most likely causes of failure. Early identification is done by monitoring asset health and/or operating parameters for early signs of function loss. Identifying failure effects is done through inspection using human senses or measurement technology, and must be performed at a frequency that allows for detection prior to occurrence of a failure. Reducing failures is done through the timely execution of equipment adjustments, replacement or reconstruction of worn components, and replacement or replenishment of consumables.

6. Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the consequence of failure? Ultimately, the consequence of failure dominates the maintenance tactic selection. If the consequence of an asset failure is severe to process, the environment, or human health, the tactic selected should identify the cause of failure at the earliest signs of effects and drive corrective or mitigating action before the consequence occurs. Alternatively, if the consequence of an asset failure is not severe relative to safety, environment, process, and cost, it is a perfectly acceptable maintenance tactic to run the asset to failure.

7. If a maintenance option is not viable, does the tactic call for redesign? In the situation where a dominant failure mode results in a consequence that cannot be tolerated and no maintenance tactic can either identify or mitigate the failure, applying a maintenance tactic may not be a viable option. Instead, the asset may require redesign. Redesign may result in asset redundancy, increased storage capacity, or new operating procedures. Once a redesign has been executed, maintenance tactics should be revisited in their entirety.

TASK 5 - REVIEW AMT CANDIDATES AGAINST OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA

Once the evaluation criteria were reviewed and adopted, they were incorporated into the

Reviewer Comments section of the Maintenance Tactic Profile template, and previous AMT submissions were further reviewed against the new criteria. Submissions were assigned to utility participants and expert panel members to review based on expressed areas of interest.

Because the previous submissions had already been logged into the documents library, the reviewers checked them out from the SharePoint site, added their reviewer comments and ratings, and then checked the submissions back into the site. EMA then reviewed all AMT reviewer comments to correct typographical/grammatical issues noted by the reviewer.

It is important to note that Task 4 and the desired outcome changed from the original intent.

The original goal was to identify and rank AMTs to identify the best based on best management practices. However, as the research efforts evolved, the project team soon discovered that best really depends on the perspective of individual utility needs. While some utilities may focus more on the cost to maintain, others may focus on maintaining operability, while others may focus on life extension. In reality the differences in perspectives makes sense, because utilities may be driven by the direction set by their asset management program, their current fiscal situation, and their desired levels of service.

24


TASK 6 - DEVELOP BTMP GUIDE BASED ON ASSET MAINTENANCE TACTICS

We developed the BMP Guide Framework by repeatedly adding, reviewing, and adjusting real AMT information. Once the framework was complete, the project team used it to create AMTs using data from published literature, the initial participant survey, and Internet research.

The BMP Guide Framework is separated into nine primary sections, each with their own specific data elements that should be captured during development of an AMT. The sections are as follows:

1. Asset Maintenance Tactic Title

2. Tactic Documentation

3. Reporting Organization Profile

4. Asset Hierarchy

5. Operating Context

6. Tactic Description

7. Condition Assessment

8. Benefits and Cost

9. Reviewer Comments

25



CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY OF ASSET MAINTENANCE TACTICS

As previously noted, the 150 AMTs compiled as part of the project are available on the

#4237 project page on the WRF website. The titles of the AMTs are shown in Table 3.1

, mapped

to the eight System Elements described in Chapter 2.

To provide consistency in data capture, review, and rating, all AMTs were compiled using the maintenance tactic profile template discussed in Chapter 2. (See an illustration of a completed

AMT profile in Appendix C.) A key element of each AMT is identifying AMT related assets. By linking AMTs to all applicable assets, it allows website users to query information based on a specific asset. Alternatively, users can review AMTs and identify the various assets they might be applied to. This website versatility and flexibility ultimately allows users to search for information based on their specific needs and points of reference.

To access the #4237b deliverable that contains the 150 AMTs, please visit the #4237 project page on the WRF website.

27


Table 3.1

AMT submissions, mapped to system elements

System Elements

# Name

1 AFO Monitoring

2

15

16

AMR Fixed

Chamber

Radio and

Chloraminated

Collector

3 AMR Meter Transmitter

Manhole

Chlorinated

4 AMR Mobile Radio Collector

5 Backflow Prevention ‐ Annual

Periodic

Water

Testing

6 Backflow Prevention ‐ Inspection of Commercial and Business

Facilities

7 Backflow Prevention ‐ Installation of Required Devices

8 Backflow Prevention ‐ Scheduled Inspections

9 Booster Chlorination – Chemical Metering Pump

10 Booster Chlorination ‐ Chlorine Analyzer

11 Booster Chlorination – Hypo Generator

12 Booster Station Pump and Motor Maintenance Checklist

13 Case Study ‐ Hydrant Management and Assessment

14 CCTV for In ‐ service Water Mains

Inspection Practices

Discharges x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

1

1

(continued)

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

28



System Elements

# Name

17

18

19 Compound Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

20 Confined Space Log via Dispatch

21

22 Control Panels and Electronic Panel Devices

23 Conventional Flushing

25

Chlorine

Chlorine

Continuous

Dist

Gas

Residual

System

Leak

Blowoff

Piping

Meter

Detector

Inspection

Inspection

Flushing

‐

and and

Maintenance

Cleaning ‐

Maintenance

Flushing

26 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Close ‐ fit Semi ‐ structural

Pipe

27 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Close ‐ fit Structural Pipe

28 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Conventional

29 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Cured ‐ in ‐ Place Pipe

30 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Cathodic Protection Anode

Retofit

31 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Chemical Grouting

32 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ High ‐ build Epoxy

24 Determining the Appropriateness of Flushing as Part of a Utility

Maintenance Program

Maintenance x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

4

4

1

1

4

4

3

1 x x x x x x x x x

1

1

(continued)

1

1

1

1

1

2

29



System Elements

# Name

33 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Joint Rehabilitation

34 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Reinforced Shotcrete

35 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenched Replacement ‐ Narrow

36 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenched Replacement ‐ Open

37 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenchless Replacement ‐ Horizontal

Directional Drilling

38 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenchless Replacement ‐

Microtunneling

39 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenchless Replacement ‐ Pipe

Bursting

40 Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenchless Replacement ‐ Pipe Jacking

41 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning Cable Attached

Hydraulic ‐ jet

42 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning General

43 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Abrasive Particle

44 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Air

45 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Cable Attached ‐ Drag

Cleaning

30


x x x x x x x x x x x x x

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

(continued)


System Elements

# Name

46 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Cable Attached ‐ Electric

Scrapers

47 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Chemical

48 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Fluid Propelled ‐ Pigs

49 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Fluid Propelled ‐ Scrapers

50 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Mechanically Driven

Devices

51 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Calcite

52 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Cement Mortar

53 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Epoxy

54 Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Metallic Phosphate

55 Distribution System Risk Assessment

56 Distribution System Valve Exercising Program

57 Distribution Water Main Investigation and Renewal

58 Dry Type Transformer Maintenance

59 Electrical Switchgear Assembly Maintenance

60 Electromagnetic Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

61 Emergency Generator Inspecting, Testing and Maintenance

62 Finished Water Pump Maintenance x x x x x x

31


x x x x x x x x x x x

1

1

1 x x x

1

1

5

1 x x x x x

2

2

2

2

1

(continued)

1

1

1

1

1


System Elements

# Name

63 Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning ‐ In ‐ Service Cleaning

64 Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning ‐ Out ‐ of ‐ Service

Cleaning

65 Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning Methods and Frequency

66 Finished Water Storage Facility Comprehensive Inspection

Practice ‐ Float ‐ Down


Practice ‐ Open Reservoirs


Practice ‐ Sanitary


Practice ‐ Visual Inspection


Practice ‐ Wet Inspection Methods

71 Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection and Maintenance

Practices ‐ Appurtenances


Practices ‐ Cathodic Protection Systems

32


x x x x x

1

1

1

1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2

(continued)


System Elements

# Name


Practices ‐ Floating Covers

74 Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection Practices ‐ Exterior and Interior Coating Evaluation

75 Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection Practices ‐ Inspector

Qualifications

76 Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection Practices Overview ‐

Scope and Frequency

77 Finished Water Storage Facility Maintenance Practices ‐ Interior

Coating Application

78 Fire Flow Assessment via GIS Modeling

79 Fire Service Magnetic Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

80 Fire Service Meter Use Criteria

81 Fire Service Turbine Meter Inspection and Maintenance

82 Hydrant Inspection

83 Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems for Pipelines

84 Leak Detection Program ‐ Acoustic

85 Leak Detection Program ‐ Correlators

86 Leak Detection Using Magnetic Acoustic Permaloggers x x x

33


x x x x x x x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

(continued)


System Elements

# Name

87

88

89 Level Transmitter Inspection and Maintenance

90 Liquid Filled Transformer Maintenance

91

92 Low Voltage Distribution and Lighting Panel Maintenance

93 Magnetic Flux Leakage Tank Floor Scan

94

95 Medium Voltage Air Circuit Breaker Maintenance

96 Motor Control Center Maintenance

97

98

99

100

101

102

Leak

Leak

Low

Main

Outage

Outage

Overview

Pipe

Pipe

Pipe

Log

Tracking

Management

Voltage

Break

‐

History

Reporting

Tracking

Main

Condition

Locating

Locating

Air

–

via

by

Circuit and

Analysis

Planned

Practices

Free

Tactics

Tactics

Dispatch

–

–

Use

Prioritization

Swimming

of

Breaker

FDEM

Pipe vs of

a

Maintenance

Unplanned

via

Valve

RFTC

Tagging

Dispatch

Exercising

103 Pipe Locating Tactics – Potential Based

104 Pipe Locating Tactics – Seismic

105 Pipe Locating Tactics ‐ Sonde

DMAs and Pressure

Management

Program

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1

x x x 6 x x x

1

1

1 x x x

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

2

(continued)

34



System Elements

# Name

106 Pipe Restraint and Support ‐ Pipe Sleeve Inspection Practices

107 Pipe Support ‐ Hanger and Bracket Inspection Practices

108 Pipe Wall Thickness Versus Age Assessment

109 Pipeline Heat Tracing and Thermostatic Control Device

Inspection and Maintenance

110 Pipeline Management Program – PCCP Condition Assessment

111 Pipeline Replacement Priority

112 Planning and Managing a Flushing Program

113 Positive Displacement Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

114 Potential Cross Connection Reponse

115 Pressure Measurement Transmitter Inspection and Maintenance

116 Programmable Logic Controller Maintenance

117 Protective Relays Maintenance

118 Pump Packing Procedure

119 Pump Station Warm Weather O_and_M Considerations

120 Pumping Station ‐ Correcting Factors for Premature Bearing

Failure

121 Pumping Stations ‐ Formulating a Pump Maintenance Schedule

122 Pumping Station Thermography x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

4

4

1

1

(continued)

1

1

1

3

35



System Elements

# Name

123 Pumping Station Thermography 2

124 Selecting Elastomeric Components for Contact with Potable

Water

125 Selecting Optimal Placement of New Mainline Valves

126 Soft Start and VFD Electronic Controllers Maintenance

127 Transmission Lateral Condition Assessment Program

128 Turbine Meter Corrective Maintenance Troubleshooting Guide

129 Turbine Meter Inspection and Maintenance

130 Unidirectional Flushing Program

131 Unidirectional Flushing SOP

132 Vacuum Circuit Breaker Maintenance

133 Valve Box Adjustment

134 Valve Exercising Essential Tools

135 Valve Exercising Location Record Keeping Overview

136 Valve Exercising Procedures

137 Valve Locater Options for Valve Exercising Programs

138 Valve Management and Inspection Strategies

139

140

Venturi

Vertical

Meter Maintenance

Turbine Pump

Maintenance Checklist x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

1

6 x x x x

x x x x x x 1

2

1

1 x x x x x

2

3

x x x 6 x x x x x

1

1

1

3

5 x x x x x x x

3

5

2

1

(continued)

36



System Elements

# Name

141 Vertical Turbine Pump Table of Operational Troubleshooting and

Corrective Maintenance

142 Water Main Appurtenance ‐ Valve Maintenance

143 Water Pipe Deterioration Model through Opportunistic and

Planned Sampling

144 Water Pipe Failure Analysis

145 Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Particle Counter

146 Water Quality Monitoring ‐ pH Meters

147 Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Solids Instr

148 Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Temperature

149 Water Quality Monitoring – Turbidity Meters

150 Water Tank Inspections x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

1 x x x x 5

1 x x

1

4

4

4

4

4

1

37


AMT SCORING TABLE

Again, it is important to note that as the project research evolved, the research team recognized that AMTs could not and should not be ranked as to which was best from a global perspective. Instead, AMTs should be analyzed to determine which are most appropriate to a utility’s given situation. Nevertheless, the team identified an alternative opportunity to rank each

AMT submission based on how thoroughly each maintenance tactic profile was completed.

Providing an AMT completeness score will help utilities define the viability of the maintenance tactic for their unique situations, and make them aware of the completeness of the information captured within the AMT profile.

In addition to providing a completeness score, the team believed there was merit to provide an AMT rating of the perceived overall value or usefulness of the AMT. While the team recognized that this rating would be subjective based on individual reviewers, it provides utilities with another data point to consider when evaluating AMTs for possible selection and use.

AMT Completeness Evaluation Criteria

To provide an objective but simple mechanism for evaluating completeness of an AMT submission, each was reviewed (by a utility participant or an expert panel member) to determine

if adequate responses were provided according to the seven AMT Evaluation Criteria (see Table

3.2

below). The scoring for this evaluation was:



“Yes” response scores one point



“No” response scores zero points



“N/A” response scores one point

Consequently, the highest possible score based on completeness of the AMT submission is a seven. As scores decrease from seven an AMT is considered less complete, and AMTs with scores lower than four should be carefully reviewed by the user. It is recommended that utilities who consider applying an AMT with a completeness score lower than four should further evaluate criteria not answered within the AMT, to determine if they are relevant to the utility’s specific situation. Appendix D contains tables segregated by system element, which show the seven completeness evaluation criteria and evaluation scores for each AMT.

AMT Usefulness Review

In addition to using an objective evaluation rating such as the AMT Completeness

Evaluation Criteria, the team also wanted to offer reviewers a subjective method to evaluate individual AMTs. The intent of this rating was to allow individual reviewers to use their intuition and experience to judge if an AMT provided sufficient information to implement it and/or provide value to utilities. To support this, a very simple and subjective rating scale of 1 to 5 was used, with

1 defined as “low usefulness” and 5 defined as “high usefulness,” see Table 3.2 below.

Along with providing this subjective score, reviewers (a utility participant or an expert panel member) were encouraged to include the reasoning for their scores, and to provide overall comments on their experiences or questions related to the AMT. This rating essentially provided a good mechanism for reviewers to communicate their thoughts or impressions on the overall merit

38


of AMTs. This information is captured in the Reviewer Comments section of the profile template as well. The tables in Appendix D contain the overall reviewer rating scores for each AMT.

Because this rating was subjective in nature, the level of detail for comments varied based on individual reviewers. If the rating was a 4 or 5, comments were often minimal or not provided.

Alternately, if the rating was less than 4 or 5, comments might have been provided to explain what the reviewer perceived as AMT shortcomings, such as insufficient details regarding the seven completeness criteria or lack of details in source document for implementing the AMT.

Nonetheless, if utilities have limited time to research the AMTS, this rating may help them determine whether a particular AMT is worth investigating immediately or postponing until later.

39


Name

Table 3.2

AMT completeness evaluation and reviewer ratings


(Y=1 point, N= 0 points, NA = 1 point)

(Evaluation Total = sum of 7 evaluation scores)

Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

AFO Monitoring

AMR Fixed Radio Collector

AMR Meter Transmitter

AMR Mobile Radio Collector

Backflow Prevention ‐ Annual Periodic Testing

Backflow Prevention ‐ Inspection of Commercial and Business Facilities

Backflow Prevention ‐ Installation of Required

Devices

Backflow Prevention ‐ Scheduled Inspections

Booster Chlorination – Chemical Metering Pump

Booster Chlorination – Chlorine Analyzer

Booster Chlorination – Hypo Generator

Booster Station Pump and Motor Maintenance

Checklist

Case Study ‐ Hydrant Management and

Assessment

CCTV for In ‐ service Water Mains

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

40


N N 5

Y NA 5

N NA 4

Y NA 5

Y NA 6

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

N NA 3

5

6

6

7

5

3

5

5

5

5

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

5

(continued)

Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Chamber and Manhole Inspection Practices

Chloraminated Chlorinated Water Discharges

Chlorine Gas Leak Detector Inspection and

Maintenance

Chlorine Residual Meter Inspection and

Maintenance

Compound Flow Meter Inspection and

Maintenance

Confined Space Log via Dispatch

Continuous Blowoff Flushing

Control Panels and Electronic Panel Devices

Conventional Flushing

Determining the Appropriateness of Flushing as

Part of a Utility Maintenance Program

Dist System Piping Maintenance ‐ Cleaning ‐

Flushing

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Close ‐ fit

Semi ‐ structural Pipe

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Close ‐ fit

Structural Pipe

Y

N

N

N Y N

Y NA Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y N NA N

Y NA Y

Y Y Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

41


Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y NA 5

Y Y 7

Y N 2

Y NA 7

Y N 3

Y Y 7

Y NA 7

N

N

Y

N

N

Y 7

3

4

Y Y 4

Y NA 4

Y NA 4

3

5

5

2

3

5

3

3

4

2

3

4

5

(continued)

Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐

Conventional

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Lining ‐ Slip ‐ Cured ‐ in ‐

Place Pipe

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Cathodic

Protection,Anode Retofit

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Chemical

Grouting

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ High ‐ build

Epoxy

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Joint

Rehabilitation

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Other ‐ Reinforced

Shotcrete

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenched

Replacement ‐ Narrow

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenched

Replacement ‐ Open

Dist System Piping Renewal ‐ Trenchless

Replacement ‐ Horizontal Directional Drilling

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y NA 4

Y NA 4

N N 4

Y NA 3

Y NA 3

Y NA 3

Y NA 2

Y NA 2

Y NA 2

N NA 2

2

2

2

2

2

3

4

2

4

4

(continued)

42


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)


Replacement ‐ Microtunneling


Replacement ‐ Pipe Bursting


Replacement ‐ Pipe Jacking

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning Cable

Attached Hydraulic ‐ jet

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning General

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐

Abrasive Particle

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Air

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Cable

Attached ‐ Drag Cleaning

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Cable

Attached ‐ Electric Scrapers


Chemical

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Fluid

Propelled ‐ Pigs

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y

43


Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N NA 2

N NA 2

N NA 2

Y Y 5

Y

Y

Y

Y

5

5

5

5

Y

Y

Y

N

Y NA 5

5

3

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

2

3

(continued)

Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Cleaning ‐ Fluid

Propelled ‐ Scrapers


Mechanically Driven Devices

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Calcite

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Cement

Mortar

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Epoxy

Dist System Piping Renovation ‐ Lining ‐ Metallic

Phosphate

Distribution System Risk Assessment

Distribution System Valve Exercising Program

Distribution Water Main Investigation and

Renewal

Dry Type Transformer Maintenance

Electrical Switchgear Assembly Maintenance

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y NA 5

Y NA 5

Y NA 5

Y NA 4

Y NA 4

Y NA 4

N 2

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

3

3

3

3

(continued)

44


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Electromagnetic Flow Meter Inspection and

Maintenance

Emergency Generator Inspecting, Testing and

Maintenance

Finished Water Pump Maintenance

Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning ‐ In ‐

Service Cleaning

Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning ‐ Out ‐ of ‐ Service Cleaning

Finished Water Storage Facility Cleaning

Methods and Frequency

Finished Water Storage Facility Comprehensive

Inspection Practice ‐ Float ‐ Down


Inspection Practice ‐ Open Reservoirs


Inspection Practice ‐ Sanitary


Inspection Practice ‐ Visual Inspection

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

N

Y Y N 5

N NA 6

3

4

N NA 6

N NA 6

N NA 6

N NA 6

N NA 6

N NA 6

5

5

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

5

(continued)

45


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)


Inspection Practice ‐ Wet Inspection Methods

Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection and

Maintenance Practices ‐ Appurtenances


Maintenance Practices ‐ Cathodic Protection

Systems


Maintenance Practices ‐ Floating Covers

Finished Water Storage Facility Inspection

Practices ‐ Exterior and Interior Coating

Evaluation


Practices ‐ Inspector Qualifications


Practices Overview ‐ Scope and Frequency

Finished Water Storage Facility Maintenance

Practices ‐ Interior Coating Application

Fire Flow Assessment via GIS Modeling

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y NA 7

Y Y NA 7

N NA 5

N NA 5

Y Y NA 7

5

5

5

5

5

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y NA 6

Y NA 6

Y Y Y 7

Y Y Y 6

5

5

5

5

(continued)

46


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Fire Service Magnetic Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

Fire Service Meter Use Criteria

Fire Service Turbine Meter Inspection and

Maintenance

Hydrant Inspection

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems for Pipelines

Leak Detection ‐ Acoustic

Leak Detection – Correlators

Leak Detection Using Magnetic Acoustic

Permaloggers

Leak Log Tracking via Dispatch

Leak Management by Use of DMAs and Pressure

Management

Level Transmitter Inspection and Maintenance

Liquid Filled Transformer Maintenance

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N N Y N 3

N N N NA 1

Y NA Y N 5

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N NA 4

Y NA 7

Y N 6

N N

N Y

3

6

N

N

5

4

N N 2

Y NA 7

4

3

2

4

(continued)

3

5

4

4

3

3

2

3

47


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Low Voltage Air Circuit Breaker Maintenance

Low Voltage Distribution and Lighting Panel

Maintenance

Magnetic Flux Leakage Tank Floor Scan

Main Break History Analysis

Medium Voltage Air Circuit Breaker

Maintenance

Motor Control Center Maintenance

Outage Reporting Planned vs Unplanned

Outage Tracking and Prioritization via Dispatch

Overview ‐ Main Practices of a Valve Exercising

Program

Pipe Condition – Free Swimming RFTC

Pipe Locating Tactics – FDEM

Pipe Locating Tactics – Pipe Tagging

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

N NA 5

N Y 4

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y Y 7

Y Y 7

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y NA 7

N N 4

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7

3

3

4

4

5

5

4

3

4

3

5

4

(continued)

48


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Pipe Locating Tactics – Potential Based

Pipe Locating Tactics – Seismic

Pipe Locating Tactics – Sonde

Pipe Restraint and Support ‐ Pipe Sleeve


Pipe Support ‐ Hanger and Bracket Inspection

Practices

Pipe Wall Thickness Versus Age Assessment

Pipeline Heat Tracing and Thermostatic Control

Device Inspection and Maintenance

Pipeline Management Program – PCCP

Condition Assessment

Pipeline Replacement Priority

Planning and Managing a Flushing Program

Positive Displacement Flow Meter Inspection and Maintenance

Potential Cross Connection Reponse

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 7

Y N N 3

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

4

6

Y NA 7

Y

Y

Y

N

3

4

N

Y

N

Y

Y Y

N

Y

N

Y

NA NA

Y Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

4

4

6

4

7

2

4

2

4

5

4

3

5

(continued)

4

3

3

3

49


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Pressure Measurement Transmitter Inspection and Maintenance

Programmable Logic Controller Maintenance

Protective Relays Maintenance

Pump Packing Procedure

Pump Station Warm Weather O_and_M

Considerations

Pumping Station ‐ Correcting Factors for

Premature Bearing Failure

Pumping Stations ‐ Formulating a Pump

Maintenance Schedule

Pumping Station – Thermography

Pumping Station – Thermography 2

Selecting Elastomeric Components for Contact with Potable Water

Selecting Optimal Placement of New Mainline

Valves

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N N 2

N NA 4

N NA 4

Y N 6

Y N 6

Y N 6

N N

N N

4

3

Y

Y

4

6

7

3

5

4

4

2

3

4

2

3

4

4

(continued)

50


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Soft Start and VFD Electronic Controllers

Maintenance

Transmission Lateral Condition Assessment

Program

Turbine Meter Corrective Maintenance

Troubleshooting Guide

Turbine Meter Inspection and Maintenance

Unidirectional Flushing Program

Unidirectional Flushing SOP

Vacuum Circuit Breaker Maintenance

Valve Box Adjustment

Valve Exercising Essential Tools

Valve Exercising Location Record Keeping

Overview

Valve Exercising Procedures

Valve Locater Options for Valve Exercising

Programs

Valve Management and Inspection Strategies

Venturi Meter Maintenance

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

NA

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

NA

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

N

N

N

Y N 6

Y

N

N

N

Y NA 6

Y NA 7

5

5

Y N 6

Y NA 4

Y N 6

Y NA 7

NA 7

N

N

3

2

2

1

5

4

4

4

4

4

5

2

2

4

4

3

1

2

(continued)

51


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Vertical Turbine Pump Maintenance Checklist

Vertical Turbine Pump Table of Operational

Troubleshooting and Corrective Maintenance

Water Main Appurtenance ‐ Valve Maintenance

Water Pipe Deterioration Model through

Opportunistic and Planned Sampling

Water Pipe Failure Analysis

Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Particle Counter

Water Quality Monitoring ‐ pH Meters

Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Solids Instr

Water Quality Monitoring ‐ Temperature

Water Quality Monitoring – Turbidity Meters

Water Tank Inspections

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y Y 5

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

Y NA 7

N N 1

7

3

3

4

3

4

3

3

1

5

3

4

4

52


DISCUSSION

Challenges in Creating AMTs

Although the team received several AMTs from a few utility participants, the overall submission rate was relatively low. Unfortunately, many utility participants experienced difficulties documenting and submitting their AMTs during the research period. Many simply did not have the necessary level of background detail, and some simply did not have the time to prepare and submit AMTs. Others, based on asset operating context, found it more cost effective to replace an asset than to conduct proactive maintenance to prevent asset failure. Unfortunately, budgetary limitations also preclude or greatly limit some utilities’ ability to perform the level of proactive maintenance that they prefer. In a way, the inability of several participating utilities to contribute further confirmed the importance of this research work and the resulting AMTs.

In order to compensate for the lack of AMT submissions from utility participants, researchers compiled information on water distribution asset maintenance tactics already published in research papers, magazine articles, manuals and standards. The researchers then extracted the relevant information into the Maintenance Tactic Profile template to create relevant

AMTs.

AMT Completeness Review

To provide an objective but simple mechanism for evaluating completeness of an AMT submission, each was reviewed to determine if adequate responses were provided for the seven

AMT Evaluation Criteria presented in Chapter 2 (see Table 3.2 above). This yielded a composite

score ranging from zero to seven based on the following scoring for each criterion:



“Yes” response scores one point



“No” response scores zero points



“N/A” response scores one point

When reviewing the AMTs completeness scores in aggregate (see Table 3.3

), the team found that more than 45% of the AMTs rated at scores of 6 or 7. Including those that had a respectable score of at least 5, the project team found that over 62% of the AMTs met that score or better. Overall, the team was very satisfied with the quality of the AMTs with respect to addressing the best management practices needs. What most satisfied us was that only three AMTs scored 1.

53


2

Table 3.3

AMT completeness results

3 4 5 AMT

Completeness

(Rating range from 1 ‐ 7)

# of AMTs

% of AMTS

1

3

2%

6 7

13

9%

15

10%

26

17%

25

17%

25

17%

43

28%

150

100%

AMT Usefulness Review

While reviewing the initial AMTs submissions, the research lead became concerned about the overall quality of the AMTs and the value or usefulness they might provide to readers. To address this concern, reviewers were offered a subjective method to evaluate individual AMTs. A rating based on a simple and subjective scale of 1 to 5 was used rate each AMT, with 1 defined as

“low usefulness” and 5 defined as “high usefulness”. This rating allowed individual reviewers to use their intuition and experience to judge if an AMT provided perceived value.

When reviewing the AMTs usefulness scores in aggregate (see

Table 3.4 ), the team again

saw a pattern where 57% of the AMTs rated scores of 4 or 5. The project team was also pleased to see only two AMTs rated a score of 1, the lowest. This further helped increase the project team’s confidence in the quality and overall value of the AMTs being developed and published on the website.

1

Table 3.4

AMT value results

2 3 4 5 AMT

Usefulness

(Ratings range 1-5)

# of AMTs

% of AMTS

2

1%

18

12%

45

30%

48

32%

37

25%

150

100% areas:

The following are two examples of Asset Maintenance Tactics that scored high in both



Backflow Prevention - Installation of Required Devices. Comment: “Very informative. This SOP provides detail of how Newport News Waterworks effectively monitors their distribution system through an organized backflow inspection program.



Water Main Appurtenance-Valve Maintenance. Note: Also includes a maintenance procedures and frequency table.

areas:

The following are two examples of Asset Maintenance Tactics that scored low in both

54




Water Tank Inspections. Comment: “The only substantive information provided is practice summary.”



Venturi Meter Maintenance. Comments: “Does not follow RCM principles.”

OVERVIEW BY SYSTEM ELEMENT

In spite of the research team’s additional efforts to identify at least one AMT for each of the component levels in the asset class framework, some gaps remained and specific AMTs have not yet been documented for some of the component functions. However, there were multiple

AMTs identified for each system element of the framework, as shown in Table 3.5 below. Of the

150 AMTs, the most were associated with Pipes and Pumping Stations, and the least with Booster

Chlorination and Other Pipe Appurtenances. The following section discusses the range and scope of AMTs collected for component functions within each system element.

Table 3.5

Number of AMTs per system element

System Element

Booster Chlorination

# of AMTs

20

Chemical Addition Station

Measurement and Control

Other Pipe Appurtenances

Pipe

Pumping Station

Valve

Water Storage Facility

20

24

14

69

41

19

28

Booster Chlorination Stations

There are currently a number of AMT tactics covering measurement and control functions, as well as valves in booster chlorination stations. However, there are gaps in tactics related to chlorine-resistant piping, metering pumps, and other chlorination equipment.

Measurement and Control

We found good coverage of many different types of flow meters, one general tactic each for pressure meters and level transmitters, and five different types of water quality measurement instruments. This leaves the opportunity to add more instrument-specific tactics as they become available. In addition, there are still gaps in the tactics available for several of the control related functions and for condition monitoring instrumentation.

Other Pipe Appurtenances

This system element includes a range of critical distribution system support functions that help extend the life of pipes and facilitate proactive asset management. More detailed tactics for

55


using different methods to locate placement of buried assets could be added. Three tactics were identified for cathodic protection, and there was one each for pipe restraint, pipe support, and heat tracing. No tactics were identified for maintenance of grounding systems.

Pipe

The pipe system element returned the largest number of AMTs, reflecting the level of effort utilities have directly invested in refining their pipe maintenance tactics. The team found good coverage for distribution (60 tactics) and transmission (47 tactics) mains, although few tactics were specific to particular pipe types. The team was also not able to identify pipe related tactics specific to fire hydrant laterals, pipe fittings, or service pipes.

Pumping Stations

Pumping stations are the most complex distribution system elements, including the broadest spectrum of component functions. Some AMTs were found for each function, although many AMTs were not specific to pump stations. For example, AMTs for pipes, valves, and instrumentation provided general guidance for these assets in distribution system functions, rather than being specifically associated with pump stations. Based on the reviewer’s feedback, these tactics remained applicable.

Valves

AMTs related to valves provided guidance on location, exercising, and flushing programs.

Most of the information available was not specific to particular valve types or functions.

Water Storage Facility

A good range of AMTs was identified for water storage facilities. Multiple tactics related to inspection and maintenance of storage facility integrity were identified. These are supplemented by a more limited number of tactics for water storage facility measurement and control elements.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Utilities are becoming more aware of the importance of strategic asset management and the benefits of well-designed and implemented maintenance programs for a variety of reasons.

Water distribution systems have large numbers of individual assets located underground or in other areas that pose access challenges. Consequently, these systems have attracted significant research effort, both across North America and overseas.

This WRF project was initiated to address the need for a comprehensive evaluation of maintenance tactics for water distribution systems and to develop and deliver a single reference that consolidates the Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) for distribution system maintenance.

By comparing their current tactics to the AMTs collected through this study, utilities can begin optimizing their distribution system maintenance programs. This will assist them with improving their overall reliability, productivity, product quality, cost-effectiveness, and service to their customers. The website developed in conjunction with this report provides a living repository

56


that utilities and other industry professionals can use to review and comment on AMTs in the library and/or propose new AMT submissions as the state of the research evolves.

Researching and compiling AMTs for distribution system maintenance began with establishing an asset classification framework to catalog the tactics and guide the website structure.

A number of established classification systems were initially identified and reviewed for suitability, but a hybrid system tailored to project needs was eventually developed and reviewed with utility participants.

In conjunction with the asset classification framework, a data collection template was developed to ensure comparable information was collected about each maintenance tactic. The template allows the tactics to be consistently documented, reviewed, and compared with others to assist utilities in identifying tactics appropriate for their operating context.

Ultimately, two methods were used to identify candidate AMTs. A web conference was held with utilities participating in the project during which they were asked to submit summaries of their AMTs for distribution system maintenance. In parallel, the project team researched tactics that had already been documented in various research reports and publications.

Profile templates were filled out for each candidate tactic and submitted to the participating utilities for review. In some cases, follow up research was performed to gather key information that was missing from the template, as well as to quantify benefits the utility achieved by following the specific tactic. Subsequent to review, AMT submissions that met evaluation criteria were linked to relevant asset classes to facilitate accessing them through website queries.

As discussed in detail in Chapter 3, the research found a large number of candidate AMTs for distribution system maintenance. In the end, the research confirmed that the asset classification framework was useful for organizing the AMTs according to system and component function within a distribution system. In addition, the maintenance tactic template proved useful for compiling consistent and comprehensive information about each tactic and for facilitating review and comparison of tactics.

For some systems and component functions, AMTs were missing or were not defined and documented clearly enough to receive a high rating from the utility reviewers. In some cases, the

AMTs submitted were quite general, leaving room for more specific tactics to be defined. More specific tactics could detail how alternative technologies could be used to achieve similar results, or how maintenance tactics might differ for different asset types and operating contexts.

Additional research arising from this study should focus on identifying and reviewing additional AMTs and updating the website with those that meet the review criteria. Specific areas of focus should include tactics to:



Locate and document the location of buried assets to ensure they receive appropriate regular maintenance, including use of GIS technologies



Track condition of assets to support asset investment decisions in maintenance and capital investment programs



Use SCADA data to assist with maintenance planning (e.g., to check instrument accuracy, to predict or drive servicing needs, and to monitor instrument and equipment condition)



Identify AMTs for maintenance of chlorination equipment and specialized equipment for distribution system dosing and monitoring of other types of chemicals

57




Provide further guidance on maintenance of pipe types and valves located within pumping stations, booster chlorination stations, and storage facilities, as compared to pipes and valves located in service lines, distribution and transmission mains



Differentiate between maintenance tactics for different types of instrumentation used for each monitoring function



Provide additional tactics for maintenance of equipment condition monitoring instruments



Identify tactics for maintenance of additional types of control elements



Provide troubleshooting guides for various instrument and equipment types to supplement basic maintenance tactics



Identify additional tactics specific to fire hydrant laterals and service pipes



Provide additional detailed tactics for different valve types and functions



Add guidance on how to link different tactics for system components and functions to make most efficient use of staff visits to sites

58


CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS TO UTILITIES

There are four primary ways that utilities can use the research presented in this report and the collection of Asset Maintenance Tactics (AMTs) available on the website.

First, utilities can compare the Asset Class Framework structure described in Chapter 2 with how they currently categorize and group assets for maintenance planning and management purposes. Depending on their specific circumstances, utilities may find opportunities to adjust or simplify their current asset categorization, and/or clarify how their current maintenance programs are organized.

Second, utilities can apply the seven maintenance optimization evaluation questions also defined in Chapter 2 to assess their current maintenance practices. This evaluation may identify information gaps and potential opportunities for them to shift resources to higher priority issues.

The seven evaluation criteria or optimization evaluation questions are as follows.






6. Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the consequence of failure?


Third, utilities can compare their current maintenance programs with the AMTs collected for each system element through this research. To do this, they should consider their current goals and priorities, and review the available AMTs to compare them with their own tactics. They could then determine whether they are already following an appropriate AMT, and if not, evaluate the costs and benefits of adjusting their programs to follow alternative AMTs.

Finally, if utilities want to create their own specific maintenance tactic because they cannot find an appropriate AMT to suit their situation, they can use the maintenance tactic development guidance provided in Chapter 2 to formally develop the tactic.

59



APPENDIX A

OTHER ASSET CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

This section describes the other asset classification systems originally considered and the reasoning for why the system was not considered further for this project.

UBA Resource Hierarchy

The Utility Business Architecture was developed by AWWARF and American Water

Works Association in 1997. It includes a definition of resources based on functions in a hierarchy in which an asset class inherits functions from its parent class. A portion of the UBA resource

hierarchy is shown in Figure A.1

.

Finished Water Transmission and Distribution

Resource

Physical Resource

System Element

Link Node

–Tunnel

– Aqueduct

Pipe Hydraulic Control Device

–Service Line

– Main

Production Point Transition Point

Fixed

Storage Point

Variable

Use Point

Quality Control Device

Chemical Addition System

Solid Liquid Gas

Branch Restriction Pump Valve

–MeteringPump

– ControlValve

–Positive Displacement

–Piston Diaphragm

–Centrifugal

–Vertical Turbine

–Horizontal Turbine

–Jet

–Butterfly

–Proportional

–Non-Proportional

–Gate

–Laydown

–Rising Stem . . .

Source : EMA Services, Inc. 1997

Figure A.1 Partial resource diagram from the utility business architecture

The benefits of using the UBA structure are that it is specific to water, extensive, and published. The challenges with using the UBA for assigning maintenance tactics are primarily due to its deep structure, which would pose problems for navigation on a website. It would also be difficult to apply operating context because the functional role of the asset is not typically identified. Where applicable, the asset types used to define maintenance tactics will use terms from the UBA, but the hierarchy will not be used.

61


Key Asset Data Hierarchy

WRF report #4187, Key Asset Data for Drinking Water and Wastewater Utilities

(Oxenford et al. 2012) identified key asset data and an asset hierarchy to organize the data. The hierarchy consists of three levels, but the levels are not sufficiently defined for maintenance tactic cataloging. The highest level is populated by value chain or major asset divisions: source water, raw water transmission system, treatment, water distribution, wastewater collection system, wastewater treatment, residuals, and general.

The second level for water distribution is comprised of the following: cathodic protection system, customer meter, finished water interconnection, hydrant system, main carrier system, main maintenance devices, main meters and monitors, pipe fittings, pipe system, pump station, service line, storage facilities, transmission main, underground enclosures, and valve. These categories are elements or subsystems of water distribution systems.

The third and lowest level usually subdivides into either components, types, functions, or a combination of categories. In some cases, the subdivisions are smaller than of interest for maintenance tactics.

For comparison with other asset frameworks, the one used for key asset data can be described as:

1. Value Chain or Major Asset Division a. Element or System i. Component or Type

This hierarchy is intended to identify components for purposes of defining key data about the asset. In some places, this hierarchy identifies maintenance tactics, and in others, the hierarchy would not differentiate between required tactics.

An example of where the hierarchy is suitable for characterizing maintenance tactics is the cathodic protection system, which is broken down into the following types:



Impressed current system



Protective coating



Sacrificial Anode System

Cathodic protection is a function performed by each of the three defined methods. The methods in turn support reporting maintenance tactics for different equipment types and their differing failure modes.

An example of where the hierarchy is adaptable for characterizing maintenance tactics is the “hydrant system” asset class, which is broken down into the following components:



Hydrant



Hydrant Lateral



Hydrant Tee



Hydrant Valve

The function of the hydrant, whether for firefighting or line flushing, needs to be part of the asset classification framework. Hydrant function greatly affects maintenance tactics because tasks and frequencies are different for firefighting or flushing, even though the respective hydrants

62


have similar components. Therefore, the team defined an asset class in the framework for fire hydrants and another for flushing hydrants. Although most reported maintenance tactics are associated with the hydrant, and only a few if any are expected to be associated with the service pipe (lateral) or tee, all of these component functions are included in the classification framework as a separate function for pipe.

An example of where the hierarchy is not suitable for characterizing maintenance tactics is the “pipe system” asset class, which is broken down into the following components, portions, or systems:



Blocking and Restraints



Joint Materials



Pipe



Pipe Liner



Pipe Segment



Pressure Zone



Shut Off Block

Most of these items do not need to be repeated for the framework; they appear elsewhere in the asset classification framework in specific elements such as transmission main and service line. Pressure zones are composite assets that are not maintenance entities.

“Finished Water Interconnection” is another asset class from the key asset data hierarchy that is not used in the asset classification framework, because its components are already contained within the framework. These components are:



Check Valve



Control Valve



Housing

Although the classification structure for defining key asset data to differentiate maintenance tactics is still being developed, it will be used in the framework for maintenance tactics.

Maintenance Management Asset Hierarchies

A number of authors and organizations have broadly defined asset hierarchies to enable roll-up of cost and performance from the lowest level to the entire organization. The hierarchies are usually defined in relation to managing maintenance, but could also apply to operations and capital projects.

Moubray (1991) suggested an asset hierarchy for maintenance management that starts with a cost center based on impersonal (geographic or type of equipment), personal (person or group), operation, or process traits. The hierarchy continues to subdivide assets into units, items, and components with spares also being mentioned.

The US EPA has published a guide to asset management (2007) that contains suggestions for an asset hierarchy that when applied to maintenance or capital investment, would allow rollup of cost and reliability from the lowest level of maintenance management to the whole of city

63


government. The number of levels in the hierarchy is not fixed to allow for variations in government or utility organization and complexity of systems.

The ISO has published standard 14224 for maintenance management that contains an asset hierarchy consisting of nine levels starting from a part at the lowest level up to an entire industry.

The standard was created to allow collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. It is extensible for the water industry.

The Life Cycle Engineering group has adapted the ISO 14224 asset hierarchy for applicability in manufacturing; it appears to be modified for steel mills.

All of these hierarchies are concerned with arranging organizations and assets into manageable groups. In these hierarchies a component or item to be maintained, such as a valve, is not differentiated by type or function. The type of valve and its function are not considered in the maintenance management hierarchies because they do not affect management of costs and reliability. Because these hierarchies do not consistently differentiate function or type, they have not been used to report maintenance practices.

Preliminary Assessment of Asset Framework for Maintenance

To determine that the criteria used for selecting asset maintenance tactics was complete, the project team made a preliminary mapping of maintenance approaches taken from previous

published work. The following Table A.1

shows this mapping.

64


Maintenance

Framework

Table A.1

Comparison of asset hierarchies *

Key Asset

Data

RCM II EPA ISO 14224

Industry

Business

Category

Installation Whole of City

Business Unit

Program Service

(e.g. Water Services)

Water System

Finished Water

Transmission and

Distribution

Major System

Element

Component

Function

Value Chain or

Major Asset

Division

Element or

System

Component or

Type

Major System Element

(e.g. Water

Distribution System)

Cost Center Major Facility (e.g.

Pumping Station)

Unit

Item

Plant /Unit

Section /System

Equipment Group Equipment Unit

Component Equipment Sub-

Unit

Component Type

Component Maintenance Managed

Item

Component/

Maintainable

Item

Part Spare

*Hierarchy levels shown in italics are defined in the source hierarchy. Levels not in italics are named in this document for comparison purposes.

The maintenance framework does not address higher organization levels found in the ISO and EPA frameworks. However, omitting these layers will not affect the ability to analyze maintenance tactics. Some water and wastewater utilities use the same personnel and sometimes equipment for water and wastewater assets. Some utilities may use the same personnel and equipment for maintaining other portions of the value chain assets in addition to water distribution.

Most often tactics are reported without describing the organization. Where the organization is described and has a bearing on the tactic, it will be recorded for the tactic.

The maintenance framework does not address multiple assets or multiple asset groups. For example, the framework identifies pumping, drives, process measurement, and line valves as component functions, but does not provide a layer in the hierarchy to address a pumping unit consisting of two isolation valves, the pump, motor flow meter, and piping. This type of unit or equipment group is important for reporting reliability and cost; however, the maintenance tactic for the group can be assigned to the pumping function and the tactics reported for the components of the group can be assigned to individual components without grouping.

Based on comparison with other asset hierarchies, the proposed hierarchy (Asset Class

Framework) for reporting maintenance tactics was completed.

65



APPENDIX B

RESEARCH INDEX DOCUMENTATION

EMA’s research efforts began with collecting asset management definitions, terminology, and references that defined the relationships between maintenance tactics and asset management objectives. Best Management Practices were then assembled from various published sources, with an emphasis on those already linked to previous Water Research Foundation Studies.

The following information was obtained from the WRF website and is reproduced here for reference.

Asset Management

"Asset management" is a general term that encompasses a variety of topics related to the physical infrastructure and business operations of drinking water utilities. The drinking water industry and various federal agencies define the term in various ways; it is a term whose meaning is in flux. For practical purposes, the Foundation includes the following topics under the umbrella concept of asset management:



Strategic and Capital Planning



Buried Asset Location and Management



Condition Assessment of Physical Assets



Water Loss Accounting and Leak Detection



Life Expectancy of Materials



Above-ground Asset Management

Foundation Mission: To perform research to assist drinking water utilities with adopting or reforming their asset management practices to realize the benefits of an integrated management approach, either by identifying practical improvements or through cost savings.

Asset Management Project List

The following Foundation projects and case studies, listed by category, apply to asset management.

Strategic and Capital Planning

1. Building a Business Case for Geospatial Information Technology: A Practitioner's

Guide to Financial and Strategic Analysis-(project 3051)

2. Risk Analysis Strategies for Credible and Defensible Utility Decisions (project 2939)

3.

Customer Acceptance of Water Main Structural Reliability-(project 2870)

Buried Asset Location & Management

1. Development of an Advanced Tracer Wire Terminator/Coupler (project 3050)

2.

Leakage Management Technologies (project 2928)

67


3.

Risk Management of Large-Diameter Water Transmission Mains-(project 2883)

4.

Evaluating Water Loss and Planning for Loss Reduction Strategies (project 2811)

Condition Assessment

1. Performance and Cost Targets for Water Pipeline Inspection Technologies-(project

3065)

2.

Dynamic Influences on the Deterioration Rates of Individual Water Mains (project

3052)

3.

Condition Assessment Strategies and Protocols for Water and Wastewater Utility

Assets (project 3048)

4.

Installation, Condition Assessment, and Reliability of Service Lines (project 2927)

5.

Risk Management of Large-Diameter Water Transmission Mains-(project 2883)

6.

Potential Techniques for the Assessment of Joints in Water Distribution Pipelines-

(project 2689)

Long-Term Performance and Life Expectancy of Materials

1. Life Expectancy of Cement Mortar Linings in Cast and Ductile Iron Pipes (project

3126)

2.

Performance and Metal Release of Non-Leaded Brass Meters, Components, and

Fittings (project 3112)

3.

Long-Term Performance of Ductile-Iron Pipe (project 3036)

4.

Long-Term Performance Prediction of PE Pipe (project 2975)

5.

Impact of Hydrocarbons on PE/PVC Pipes and Pipe Gaskets (project 2946)

6.

Service Life Analysis of Water Main Epoxy Lining (project 2941)

7.

Performance of Elastomeric Components in Contact With Potable Water (project 2932)

8.

Installation, Condition Assessment, and Reliability of Service Lines (project 2927)

9.

Long-Term Performance Prediction for PVC Pipes (project 2879)

Above-Ground Asset Management

1. Condition Assessment Strategies and Protocols for Water and Wastewater Utility

Assets (project 3048)

2.

Applicability of Reliability-Centered Maintenance in the Water Industry (project 2953)

3.

Minimizing Operational Interruption During Filter Bed Surveillance (project 2936)

Asset Management Case Studies

1.

Compendium of Best Practices in Water Infrastructure Asset Management (project

4111)

2.

Case Study: Wyoming, Michigan, Uses KANEW for Asset Management (project 265)

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Overview of Asset Management Research

Buried Asset Location and Management

To manage buried assets one must locate them. This obvious, initial task is not always simple or easy, due to outdated, inaccurate, or missing records. Excavating buried assets can disrupt above-ground urban uses such as roads and other utility lines, creating related but often untallied expenses. In the Foundation report, Assessment and Renewal of Water Distribution

Systems (2772) , Grigg (2004) focuses on condition assessment but also summarizes the findings of previous Foundation studies on the location of buried assets.

Deb et al. (2001) evaluated current and emerging location technologies in the Foundation report New Techniques for Precisely Locating Buried Infrastructure (2524) .

The project examined ground-penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic technologies (EM), infrared thermography (IR), magnetometry (MAG), and sonic and acoustic (S&A) technology, and determined the relative accuracy of each method with different pipe materials. The report also documents limitations in the capabilities of these technologies due to site materials and characteristics.

In the Foundation report Synthesis Document on Distribution System Infrastructure

(2629) , Ellison, Romer, Bell and O’Brien (2001) provide the basics on asset location and places this aspect of asset management into context with practical guidance on related topics such as data management, materials and performance, condition assessment, and renewal issues.

A collaborative, expert workshop sponsored by the Foundation and UKWIR in May 2002 helped define asset location issues for the drinking water industry and articulate research projects that could address those issues and are described in the report titled Multi-Utility Buried Pipes and

Appurtenances Location Workshop (2882).

(Farrimond, Overton and Rogers 2002)

Condition Assessment of Physical Assets

For condition assessment purposes, infrastructure may be divided into above-ground and buried assets. Research in the area of condition assessment focuses on both categories of assets, but assessing buried infrastructure gets the most attention simply because it represents the greatest challenge.

Historically, the standard approach calls first for gathering and analyzing whatever data is available. Typically, that includes the pipe's leak or break history, actual water pressure vs. the pressure class of the pipe, the pipe's environment (e.g., soil corrosivity), the type and age of the pipe, assigning a value to the importance of the pipe's role in the system, and other factors. These types of data in some cases can yield meaningful insight into a pipeline's probable condition and help prioritize renewal and replacement work. This data can also help inform more sophisticated condition assessments.

Assessing the condition of pipes and appurtenances can involve direct testing via excavation and physical sampling of pipe segments. Another technique, controlled destructive evaluation (CDE), involves pressure testing of aging pipes in search of structural weaknesses.

Accessing and testing actual pipe materials, however, can be costly and disruptive. In addition, these techniques offer condition data only on the tested segment of pipe; an imminent pipe failure might exist outside the tested location.

The entire distribution system management picture is brought into detailed focus in the

Foundation report Synthesis Document on Distribution System Infrastructure (2629). The report

69


places condition assessment strategies and technologies in context by providing chapters on data management, materials performance, condition assessment of the system and of specific pipes, and renewal technologies. (Ellison, Romer, Bell and O’Brien 2001)

Condition assessment can also be accomplished through nondestructive evaluation (NDE), which includes methods for testing or inspecting an object without altering its characteristics.

Numerous advanced technologies fall into this category. Research has also developed concepts such as "fuzzy logic," in which nonexistent or missing condition data can be inferred from a variety of sources to achieve a statistically probable picture of an asset's condition.

Grigg (2004) discusses the theme of managing capital assets in the Foundation report

Assessment and Renewal of Water Distribution Systems (2772). The report covers condition assessment, determining renewal priorities, and renewal and replacement decision-making and technology. Lillie et al. (2004) express the industry's vision of developing an inspection device that can directly assess the condition of pipes in the Foundation report titled Workshop on

Condition Assessment Inspection Devices for Water Transmission Mains (2871). The lack of certain design factors – gradual radius bends, fully opening valves, and inspection tool insertion and retrieval ports – prevents the use of pipeline inspection tools from other industries in the drinking water industry. Inspection requirements should be considered when designing water pipelines. In the Foundation report, Nondestructive, Noninvasive Assessment of Underground

Pipelines (355) , Dingus, Haven and Austin (2002) established that nondestructive evaluation

(NDE) techniques are available for metallic pipes. Methods for concrete pipe are promising and under development. Polymeric pipes cannot be successfully inspected with current NDE technology.

Concrete pressure pipe tends to fail catastrophically. Remote field eddy current/transformer coupling (RFEC/TC), which can non-destructively detect and estimate the number of broken wires in pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe, allows for a comprehensive assessment of a pipeline's actual condition. Megelas and Kong (2001) offer guidance on the

RFEC/TC technology and related issues in the Foundation report Electromagnetic Inspection of

Pre-Stressed Concrete Pressure Pipe (2564).

Nondestructive Testing of Water Mains for Physical Integrity-(507) describes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technology for various pipe materials. The project found that NDE

(specifically, ultrasonic techniques) – used primarily by the oil and gas industry – is useful for steel pipe, and less useful for ductile iron, cast iron, and concrete pressure pipes. (Jackson, Pitt and

Skabo 1992)

Ellison, Romer, Bell and O’Brien (2001) document direct inspection techniques of cast iron and ductile iron by remote field eddy current (RFEC) in the Foundation report Synthesis

Document on Distribution System Infrastructure (2629).

Water Loss Accounting and Leak Detection

Reducing large-scale water losses can help utilities lower the cost of producing drinking water, improve the supply-and-demand water balance, and raise public opinion of water suppliers.

Specifically, understanding the causes and sources of water losses and locating leaks helps utilities assess distribution system performance, a key factor in managing assets.

The Foundation report Synthesis Document on Distribution System Infrastructure (2629),

Ellison, Romer, Bell and O’Brien (2001) place emphasis on the use of leak data in distribution system assessment. Leak histories are important, though rarely maintained. Benchmarks can aid

70


in determining whether the expense of leak detection is cost effective when compared with the potential savings of stopping a leak. An annual leak audit – the simple accounting of production minus consumption – may be followed by a leak survey, which is a zone-by-zone examination of the system itself. The results – the discovery of leaks – should be documented so a utility can begin maintaining leak history data. The Foundation report Assessment and Renewal of Water

Distribution Systems (2772), offers a brief but useful review of recent research regarding water loss accounting and leak detection (Grigg 2004).

The water industry in the United Kingdom has developed leakage-control techniques and technology that have reduced leakage in the U.K. and Wales by 35 percent. In Leakage

Management Technologies (2928) , Fanner, Sturm, Thornton, Liemberger, Davis and Hoogerwerf

(2007) provide utilities with tools developed in the U.K. to proactively manage and reduce water loss due to leaks. Acoustic methods, particularly the cross-correlation method, are useful in detecting leaks in plastic water distribution pipes. Conditions and procedures for effectively locating leaks are contained in Leak Detection Methods in Plastic Water Distribution Pipes (393)

(Hunaidi, Chu, Wang and Guan 1999). The report recommends improvements to equipment and field procedures.

One unintended finding of the Foundation report Residential, Commercial, and

Institutional End Uses of Water (241 ) , is that residential leakage problems typically occur in a small number of homes (Mayer, DeOreo, Opitz, Kiefer, Davis, Dziegielewski and Nelson 1999).

To cost-effectively find leak-prone residences, the report suggests that utilities target single-family homes occupied by four persons or less having winter water (essentially indoor) use exceeding

12,000 gallons per month (400 gallons per day). Evaluating Water Loss and Planning for Loss

Reduction Strategies (project 2811) found that International Water Association (IWA) methodologies for evaluating water loss, developed for the United Kingdom (UK), can be modified to serve the needs of North American utilities (Fanner, Thornton, Liemberger and Sturm 2007).

Long-Term Performance and Life Expectancy of Materials

The Foundation's projects evaluating materials address practical utility needs that reach beyond operations and maintenance issues to comprehensive asset management. The Foundation's guidance and links to pertinent reports are grouped into the following categories:



Distribution System Performance



Plastic Pipes



Metallic Pipes



Concrete Pipes



Appurtenances, Linings

Distribution System Performance. A partnership between the Foundation and the National

Research Council of Canada, Risk Management of Large-Diameter Water Transmission Mains

(2883), Kleiner, Rajani and Sadiq (2005) provide a method to translate distress indicators obtained visually or from nondestructive evaluation techniques on large water mains into condition ratings.

Reed, Robinson and Smart (2004) report Techniques for Monitoring Structural Behavior of

Pipeline Systems (2612) focused specifically on techniques that could be used to continuously monitor the structural performance of operationally critical water mains 30 inches in diameter or larger. The report recommends a combination of screening, monitoring, and condition assessment

71


techniques for successful pipeline structural monitoring. It notes that no single technique can fulfill all the requirements for pipeline structural monitoring; different combinations of techniques are appropriate in different circumstances. The Foundation report titled Chloramine Effects on

Distribution System Materials (508) (Reiber 1993) evaluated the deleterious effects of chloramines on elastomers commonly used in distribution systems. The research found that, indeed, use of chloramines accelerates the corrosion and degradation of some metals and elastomers, the natural and synthetic rubber parts that seal valves and other appurtenances. Proof-of-Concept Model to

Predict Water Quality Changes in Distribution Pipe Networks (2970), Sadiq, Kleiner and Rajani

(2009) documented the risks of deteriorating water mains and the benefits of active asset management toward developing a decision-support system that helps utilities manage distribution system renewal.

Plastic Pipes . The Foundation offers a model for drinking water utilities that serves longterm efforts at asset management in the report Long-Term Performance Prediction for PVC Pipes

(project 2879). The fracture failure model developed in this study quantifies the influence of fracture properties and pipe-operating conditions on failure rates observed in the field. The report also quantifies field failure rates for PVC pipes in water utilities in the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom (Burn, Davis, Schiller, Tiganis, Tjandraatmadja, Cardy, Gould, Sadler and

Whittle 2005).

An industry-wide survey of drinking water utilities that use polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe found that most users selected it for corrosion resistance, life expectancy, durability, and frictional head loss. The difficulty in locating buried PVC pipe and excavating it without damaging it diminished its value to users. The results of this survey, which involved PVC pipes manufactured to two different industry standards, may be found in the Foundation report Evaluation of Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) Pipe Performance (708) (Moser and Kellogg 1994) . The study also found that almost half of all problems with PVC pipe occur in the first year after installation. The incidence of material-related problems decreased with time, indicating that these problems do not stem from age. The study recommended that utilities keep better records of pipe problems for future analysis.

A Foundation report, Water Utility Experience with Plastic Service Lines (414) ,

Thompson, Weddle, and Maddaus (1992) sought to establish a link between reported causes of dissatisfaction with polyethylene (PE) and polybutylene (PB) service lines and specific pipe and fitting material, installation, and operational practices. The report recommends following industry standards for installation, that terminating service lines aboveground should be disallowed, and that future research focus on the exact effects of high chlorine solutions on PE pipe.

The nature of the drinking water industry's use of PE, PB, and PVC piping is described by

Thompson and Jenkins (1987) in the Foundation report Review of Water Industry Plastic Pipe

Practices (104) . The studies used surveys to examine industry satisfaction, practices, and rates and causes of permeation for PE and PVC (data unavailable for PB) pipes.

In the Foundation study Long-Term Performance Prediction of PE Pipe (2975) , Davis,

Burn, Gould, Cardy, Tjandraatmadja and Sadler (2007) reported the field performance of PE pipes in service for 30 years and developed life expectancy methodologies to enable utilities to predict the long-term performance of PE pipes.

Impact of Hydrocarbons on PE/PVC Pipes and Pipe Gaskets (2946) , Ong, Gaunt, Mao,

Cheng, Esteve-Agelet and Hurburgh (2007) determined the physicochemical, environmental, and pipe-specification parameters that influence the permeation of hydrocarbons through PE and PVC pipes and pipe gasket materials under typical field conditions.

72


Vinyl Chloride and Organotin Stabilizers in Water Contacting PVC Pipes (2991)

(Richardon and Edwards 2009), studied how biofilm coverage, residual disinfection species, pH, temperature, and pipe age affect concentrations of organotin species and vinyl chloride monomer in drinking water after contact with polyvinyl chloride pipes, including chlorinated PVC pipes.

Metallic Pipes.

Circumferential failures are the most common failure mode in the small diameter pipes that form a large proportion of many distribution networks. The nature of those failures had not been well understood until a Makar, Rogge, McDonald and Tesfamariam (2005), a WRF research effort in partnership with the National Research Council Canada, established several contributing factors, documented in the report The Effect of Corrosion Pitting on

Circumferential Failures in Grey Cast Iron Pipes (2727). Changes in soil support produce substantial levels of bending stress. The next most significant factor contributing to circumferential pipe failure is thermal stress. The report recommends new categories of network analysis to assist utilities with quality control during the laying of pipe networks.

While distribution system renewal often is based on historical factors such as the annual number of main breaks in a given section of the network, research has produced alternative methods. One alternative is to assess the condition of some mains using nondestructive testing, and combined with the methodology developed in the Foundation project Investigation of Grey

Cast Iron Water Mains to Develop a Methodology for Estimating Service Life (280) , provide estimates of service life remaining in a given pipe section (Rajani, Makar, McDonald, Zhan,

Kuraoka, Jen and Viens 2000). This proactive approach helps reduce the number of actual breaks, facilitates the prioritization of renewal activities, and helps estimate the impacts of corrosion on the remaining service life of grey cast iron water mains.

The project Long-Term Performance of Ductile Iron Pipes (3036) a collaboration with the

National Research Council Canada and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization, Rajani, Kleiner and Krys (2011) evaluated testing and evaluation methods for buried ductile-iron (DI) pipes, and developed improved, accelerated material-life testing methods to better predict the long-term performance and life expectancy of DI pipes.

Concrete Pipe. In the Foundation report External Corrosion and Corrosion Control of

Buried Water Mains (2608), Romer Bell, Duranceau and Foreman (2005) recommend a four-ste p, risk-based approach to assessing corrosion that includes condition assessment, evaluation, implementation, and monitoring for all pipes, including cement mortar and concrete pipes. The benefits of such an approach include longer service life of water mains, operations and maintenance savings, and lower demand for capital. In a study, Performance of Prestressed

Concrete Pipe (724) , further Foundation work on concrete pipes was accomplished in partnership with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The partnership has published four related reports, available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) at 1-800-553-6847 or 1-703-487-4650:



Acoustic Monitoring of Pre-stressed Concrete Pipe at Agua Fria River Siphon

(Order PB 95181780)



Findings of Petrographic Investigations of Embedded Cylinder Pre-stressed

Concrete Pipe (Order PB 95159653)



Historic Performance of Buried Water Pipe Lines (Order PB 95146577)



Pre-stressed Concrete Pipe Failure Jordan Aqueduct, Reach 3 (PB 94214129)

The project Autogenous Healing of Concrete in the Drinking Water Industry (3090) characterized the water chemistries responsible for both concrete corrosion and the autogenous

73


healing of the cracks that can develop in concrete materials (Parks, Edwards, Vikesland, Fiss, and

Dudi 2007).

Appurtenances and Lining. The Foundation report Chloramine Effects on Distribution

System Materials (508) , Reiber (1993) showed that solutions of chloramines (either monochloramine or dichloramine) produced greater material swelling, deeper and more dense surface cracking, a more rapid loss of elasticity, and greater loss of tensile strength than equivalent concentrations of free chlorine. The conclusion: chloramines are uniquely injurious to elastomers, more so than other forms of chlorine disinfectants.

Installation, Condition Assessment, and Reliability of Service Lines (2927), Le Gouellec and Cornwell (2007) identified factors that influence the failure rate of service pipe materials, connections, and fittings and produced a best-practice manual based on extensive analysis of existing installation techniques and material types.

Service Life Analysis of Water Main Epoxy Lining (2941), Deb, Snyder, Hammell, Jr.,

Tyler, Gray and Warren (2006) provided utilities with guidance and protocols to conduct accelerated life-cycle tests on epoxy liners and procedures for assessing the longevity of early epoxy liner installations for renewal planning.

Performance of Elastomeric Components in Contact With Potable Water (2932) is a partnership with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) where Murphy (2007) documented the use and performance of elastomeric gasket materials, predicted their life expectancy, and determined the impacts of chlorine and chloramines on long-term elastomeric gasket performance.

Management of Above-Ground Assets

The Foundation report Enhanced Coagulation Impacts on Water Treatment Plant

Infrastructure (2687) Edwards, Scardina and McNeill (2004) recommends that preventive measures be taken to avoid the potential pitfalls of enhanced coagulation. Epoxy coatings can protect concrete and pipes. Painting surfaces can guard against degradation from chlorine gassing.

Initiating a predictive maintenance and rehabilitation program for infrastructure is a less costly alternative than reacting to equipment failure. AwwaRF report #460, Water Treatment Plant

Infrastructure Assessment Manager (Elliot , Stecklein, and Martin 2001) provides procedures and instructions to gather complete and accessible information on the condition of water treatment facilities.

An aging water treatment facility may require an assessment of its unit processes, components, and physical condition. Some equipment may be obsolete, or simply need rehabilitation. The decision on whether to rehabilitate an existing facility or build a new one can provide a utility with an opportunity to comprehensively assess its facilities. In the Foundation report Criteria for Renovation or Replacement of Water Treatment Facilities (323) Bishop,

Cornwell, McTigue and Morgan (1991) provides the rationale and methodology to make such an assessment.

Condition Assessment Strategies and Protocols for Water and Wastewater Utility Assets

(3048) (Marlow, Heart, Burn, Urquhart, Gould, Anderson, Cook, Ambrose, Madin and Fitzgerald

2007) developed measures, metrics, and protocols for assessing asset condition and performance in water and wastewater utilities in partnership with EPA and WERF.

74


Applicability of Reliability-Centered Maintenance in the Water Industry (2953) assessed how utilities could apply RCM to new and existing infrastructure and evaluate the costs and benefits of such a program (Fynn, Basson, Sinkoff, Moubray and Nadeau 2006).

Minimizing Operational Interruption During Filter Bed Surveillance (2936) , Booth,

Carlson and Kawamura (2006) identified and provided guidance on non-interruptive condition assessment methods for conventional filter beds, regarding both structural integrity and process performance in partnership with EPA.

75



APPENDIX C

MAINTENANCE TACTIC PROFILE TEMPLATE

MAINTENANCE TACTIC PROFILE

Best Management Practices for Maintenance of Water Distribution Systems

ASSET MAINTENANCE TACTIC TITLE

TACTIC DOCUMENTATION

Reference

Published Title

Year

Pages

Publishing Org

REPORTING ORGANIZATION PROFILE

Reporting Org

Reporting Org Location

ASSET HIERARCHY

System Size

System Element

Component Function

Component Type

Subcomponents

OPERATING CONTEXT

Location

Environment

Age

Condition

Reliability History

Redundancy Percentage

Failure Modes

Consequence of Failure

Quantity

Size

Loading

TACTIC DESCRIPTION

Tactic Type

Tactic Summary

Tactic Note

Success Factors

Frequency

Crews

(continued)

77


People (total)

CONDITION ASSESSMENT

Method

Accuracy

Commercial Availability

Skills Required

BENEFITS AND COST

Primary Benefit

Trade-off Considerations

Between Maintenance and

Replacement

Tactic Driver

Benefits Achieved

Cost

REVIEWER COMMENTS

1.

Are the functional requirements of the asset defined?

2.

Is the cause of the loss of function defined?

3.

Is the failure effect defined?

4.

Are the consequences of failure defined?

5.

Does the maintenance tactic address the most likely causes of failure and resulting effects?

6.

Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the consequence of failure?

7.

If a maintenance option is not viable, does the tactic call for redesign?

Review Rating –

1 (low) to 5 (high)

Reason for Rating

Review Comments

78


MAINTENANCE TACTIC PROFILE SUBMISSION SAMPLE

MAINTENANCE TACTIC PROFILE

Best Management Practices for Maintenance of Water Distribution Systems

ASSET MAINTENANCE TACTIC TITLE

Overview – Main Practices of a Valve Exercising Program

TACTIC DOCUMENTATION

Reference NESC Tech Brief

Published Title

Year

Pages

Publishing Org

Valve Exercising

Summer 2007, Vol. 7, Issue 2

4

National Environmental Services Center (NESC) of West Virginia Univ

REPORTING ORGANIZATION PROFILE

Reporting Org EMA, Inc.

Reporting Org Location

ASSET HIERARCHY

Philadelphia

System Size

System Element

Component Function

Component Type

Subcomponents

Any (though NESC publications appear geared to “Large” or smaller systems

Distribution system valves – gate valves

Distribution line isolation

Valves, gate valves

Not applicable

OPERATING CONTEXT

Location North America – four-season climate

Environment

Age

Condition

Reliability History

Redundancy Percentage

Failure Modes

Consequence of Failure

Quantity

Size

Four-season climate

Any

Any

Any

Not applicable

Stuck – stuck open, stuck shut, stuck intermediate position; leaking; broken stems

Leaks; inability to isolate distribution system lines

Variable depending on system size

Variable, commonly in ranges from service line size to distribution and transmission line size

Typical system pressures Loading

TACTIC DESCRIPTION

Tactic Type

Tactic Summary

Preventive

The main components to a valve exercise program are:

1.

Find and document the valve’s location. Note the precise location using global positioning system (GPS) equipment, by traditional surveying, or by measurement based on two or more objects that will be there for a long time. Take a digital picture showing the valve and surrounding area. The point is: do not lose the valve once you have found it.

2.

Operate the valve. Exercising the valve is operating the valve at least one full cycle until the valve operates freely with little resistance. This may take several full cycles. (Review the Valve Exercising Procedures BMP for detailed information on valve exercising technique.)

(continued)

79


Tactic Note

3.

Keep and maintain detailed records for each valve. This includes mapping locations on as-built drawings or road maps and maintaining both electronic and hard copies.

4.

Schedule and perform needed repairs. Often, valve boxes are out of alignment, so much so that a key (a steel handle used for manual turning that come in multiple lengths) cannot get on the valve. Valves are sometimes broken during the exercising program because they have not previously been used. Fixing the broken valves in a timely manner is very important.

5.

Repeat these steps on a routine basis. Experts recommend exercising a system’s valves annually if possible, or at least once every two years.

Some valves will need to have a different schedule than others based on their location or unusual operating conditions. It is usually a good idea to perform the exercising program during moderate weather conditions.

So many valves, not enough time or resources requires prioritization to identify and exercise critical valves. Guidelines for prioritizing valves for an exercising program include valve importance, determined by factors like

- near critical customers like a hospital

- size, amount of flow through the valve/line

- age – older valves need more frequent attention

- location as in proximity to a main intersection on a busy street

As mentioned at the beginning, the location of many valves is a mystery. Use a metal detector to locate valves in the distribution system.

When you find a lost valve, note it on system records and mark the location with blue paint so it is easier to spot. If the valve is in a field, a five-foot blue flag or fence post painted blue will work.

Good record keeping of locations, valve characteristics Success Factors

Frequency

Crews

People (total)

Annually if possible; as needed based on prioritization

No detail provided in this publication

No detail provided in this publication

CONDITION ASSESSMENT

Method

Accuracy

Commercial Availability

Skills Required

BENEFITS AND COST

Primary Benefit

Trade-off Considerations

Between Maintenance and

Replacement

Tactic Driver

Well maintained valves that can be operated as needed, when needed

Not applicable

Benefits Achieved

Vital need to have operational valves in the system

Ability to isolate breaks, know the assets of the distribution system, record detailed info on valves (material, type, size, etc.)

Cost

REVIEWER COMMENTS

Not detailed in this publication

1.

Are the functional requirements of the asset defined?

Yes. We define shutoffs as 100%, 98% (leaks a little but can still use for isolation), 95% (leaks a lot but can be used for emergency isolation), broken.

This information is good to have but would not be obtained from the inspection listed here.

(continued)

80


2.

Is the cause of the loss of function defined?

3.

Is the failure effect defined?

4.

Are the consequences of failure defined?

5.

Does the maintenance tactic address the most likely causes of failure and resulting effects?

6.

Does the maintenance tactic mitigate the consequence of failure?

7.

If a maintenance option is not viable, does the tactic call for redesign?

Review Rating –

1 (low) to 5 (high)

Reason for Rating

Some causes are identified. Could also be broken gears, corrosion preventing operation, leaking seals.

Yes

Yes

Yes

I think that it does though I do not have anything to back this up. Of particular interest is the operation of the old gate valves. Regular cycling of these valves seems to be a good idea.

N/A

5

I think a good valve exercising SOP is sorely needed. Glad to see this one.

Review Comments I suspect that even a 2-year inspection frequency is not feasible given staffing limitations. The prioritization of valves then becomes even more important.

81



APPENDIX D

SCORING TABLES FOR AMT SUBMISSIONS, BY SYSTEM ELEMENT

Name

Table D.1

System element = booster chlorination station




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Booster Chlorination – Chemical

Metering Pump

Booster Chlorination – Chlorine

Analyzer

Booster Chlorination – Hypo

Generator

Chlorine Gas Leak Detector Inspection and Maintenance

Chlorine Residual Meter Inspection and Maintenance

Control Panels and Electronic Panel

Devices

Distribution System Valve Exercising

Program

Overview - Main Practices of a Valve

Exercising Program

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

5

5

6

Y N N N N Y N 2

NA

N Y N Y Y N N 3

NA

NA

4

5

5

2

3

2

4

5

Programmable Logic Controller

Maintenance


Selecting Elastomeric Components for

Contact with Potable Water



Valve Management and Inspection

Strategies

Y

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

N

Y

Y

NA

NA

NA

NA

4

4

7

3

3

2

5

4

Y N N Y N N N 2 1

Water Main Appurtenance-Valve

Maintenance

Water Quality Monitoring - Particle

Counter

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7

Water Quality Monitoring - pH Meters Y

Water Quality Monitoring - Solids

Y Y Y Y Y

NA

NA 7

NA

5

4

3

4

Instr

Water Quality Monitoring -

Temperature

Water Quality Monitoring – Turbidity

Meters

NA

NA

3

3

83


Name

Table D.2

System element = chemical addition station




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Booster Chlorination – Chemical

Metering Pump

Booster Chlorination – Chlorine

Analyzer

Booster Chlorination – Hypo

Generator




Devices


Program


Electrical Switchgear Assembly

Maintenance

Emergency Generator Inspecting,

Testing and Maintenance

Level Transmitter Inspection and

Maintenance

Liquid Filled Transformer

Maintenance

Low Voltage Air Circuit Breaker

Maintenance


Maintenance



Exercising Program

Pressure Measurement Transmitter



Maintenance




Soft Start and VFD Electronic

Controllers Maintenance


Y

Y

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

N

5

5

6

Y N N N N Y N 2

NA

N Y N Y Y N N 3

Y Y Y Y Y Y

NA

NA 7

NA

Y N Y Y Y N N 4

N N Y Y N N N 2

Y Y Y Y Y Y

NA

NA

NA

NA 7

NA

N N Y Y N N N 2

Y N Y Y N N

NA

NA 4

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6

4

5

5

2

3

2

4

4

4

3

2

4

4

4

4

5

2

3

3

2

N Y N Y Y N N 3 2

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 7 4

(continued)

84


Name

Table D.2 (Continued)




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)




Strategies

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

NA

NA

4

7

5

4

Y N N Y N N N 2 1


Maintenance

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7


Counter

Water Quality Monitoring - pH Meters Y Y Y Y Y Y

NA

NA 7

5

4

3

NA 4 Water Quality Monitoring - Solids

Instr


Temperature

NA 3


Meters

NA 3

85


Name

Table D.3

System element = measurement and control




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

AMR Fixed Radio Collector

AMR Meter Transmitter

AMR Mobile Radio Collector



Compound Flow Meter Inspection and

Maintenance


Devices

N

N

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

NA

NA

NA

5

4

5

Y N N N N Y N 2

NA

N Y N Y Y N N 3

4

4

4

2

3

3

2

Electromagnetic Flow Meter


Fire Service Magnetic Flow Meter


Fire Service Meter Use Criteria

Fire Service Turbine Meter Inspection and Maintenance


Maintenance

Pipeline Heat Tracing and

Thermostatic Control Device


Positive Displacement Flow Meter


Y N Y Y N N N 3

Y N Y N N Y N 3

N N N

Y NA

N N N NA 1

Y N Y Y NA Y N 5

N N Y Y N N N 2

N Y Y Y N Y N 4

3

3

2

3

2

2

3




Maintenance


N N Y Y N N N 2

NA

2

3

Turbine Meter Corrective Maintenance

Troubleshooting Guide

Turbine Meter Inspection and

Maintenance

Y N Y Y N N NA 4

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6

Y Y Y Y N Y N 5



N

Counter

Water Quality Monitoring - pH Meters Y

Water Quality Monitoring - Solids

Instr

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

NA

NA

1

7

NA

3

5

4

2

4

3

4

(continued)

86


Name


Temperature


Meters





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

NA 3

NA 3

87


Name

Table D.4

System element = other pipe appurtenances




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Chamber and Manhole Inspection

Practices

Confined Space Log via Dispatch

Dist System Piping Renewal-Other-

Cathodic Protection,Anode Retofit

Finished Water Storage Facility

Inspection and Maintenance Practices

- Cathodic Protection Systems


Inspection Practices Overview - Scope and Frequency

Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

Systems for Pipelines


Exercising Program

Pipe Restraint and Support - Pipe

Sleeve Inspection Practices

Pipe Support - Hanger and Bracket







Valve Exercising Location

Record Keeping Overview

Valve Locater Options for Valve

Exercising Programs

NA 4

Y NA Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

Y Y Y N Y N N 4 4

NA 5

NA 5

NA 5

NA 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6 3

NA 2

N Y Y Y N Y N 4 2

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

N

NA

6

4

4

5

Y Y 2

NA 3

88


Name

Table D.5

System element = pipe




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

AFO Monitoring

Backflow Prevention - Annual

Periodic Testing

Backflow Prevention - Inspection of

Commercial and Business Facilities

Backflow Prevention - Installation of

Required Devices

Backflow Prevention - Scheduled

Inspections

CCTV for In-service Water Mains

Chloraminated Chlorinated Water

Discharges



Determining the Appropriateness of

Flushing as Part of a Utility

Maintenance Program

Dist System Piping Maintenance-

Cleaning-Flushing

Dist System Piping Renewal-Lining-

Slip-Close-fit Semi-structural Pipe


Slip-Close-fit Structural Pipe


Slip-Conventional


Slip-Cured-in-Place Pipe


Cathodic Protection,Anode Retofit


Chemical Grouting


High-build Epoxy


Joint Rehabilitation


Reinforced Shotcrete

Dist System Piping Renewal-Trenched

Replacement-Narrow

Y Y Y Y Y N N 5 4

NA 4

NA 5

NA 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 6 5

Y NA Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

NA

N

7

4

5

3

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

Y N N N Y Y Y 4 3

NA 3

NA 4

NA 4

NA 4

Y Y Y N Y N N 4 4

NA 2

NA 2

NA 2

NA 2

NA 2

(continued)

89


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Dist System Piping Renewal-Trenched

Replacement-Open

Dist System Piping Renewal-

Trenchless Replacement-Horizontal

Directional Drilling


Trenchless Replacement-

Microtunneling


Trenchless Replacement-Pipe Bursting


Trenchless Replacement-Pipe Jacking

Dist System Piping Renovation -

Cleaning Cable Attached Hydraulic-jet

Dist System Piping Renovation-

Cleaning General


Cleaning-Abrasive Particle


Cleaning-Air


Cleaning-Cable Attached-Drag

Cleaning


Cleaning-Cable Attached-Electric

Scrapers


Cleaning-Chemical


Cleaning-Fluid Propelled-Pigs


Cleaning-Fluid Propelled-Scrapers


Cleaning-Mechanically Driven

Devices


Lining-Calcite


Lining-Cement Mortar


Lining-Epoxy


Lining-Metallic Phosphate

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

2

3

3

3

NA 3

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 3

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 4

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 4

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 4

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 3

N N Y Y Y Y Y 5 3

N N N Y Y Y N 3 2

NA 3

NA

NA

3

3

3

3

3

3

(continued)

90


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Distribution System Risk Assessment

Distribution Water Main Investigation and Renewal

Fire Flow Assessment via GIS

Modeling

Leak Detection Program Acoustic

Leak Detection Program Correlators

Y N N N NA N N 2

NA

Y N Y Y Y Y Y 6

4

4

5

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

N

N

6

3

4

4

Y Y Y Y Y N Y 6 3 Leak Detection Using Magnetic

Acoustic Permaloggers

Leak Log Tracking via Dispatch

Leak Management by Use of DMAs and Pressure Management

Main Break History Analysis

Y Y Y Y N Y N 5

Y N Y Y N Y N 4

4

3

Outage Reporting Planned vs

Unplanned

Outage Tracking and Prioritization via

Dispatch

Y N N Y Y N Y 4

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7

Pipe Condition Free Swimming RFTC

Pipe Locating Tactics FDEM

Y Y Y Y N N N 4

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7

Pipe Locating Tactics Pipe Tagging NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7

Pipe Locating Tactics Potential Based NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 7

3

5

5

4

4

3

3

Pipe Locating Tactics Seismic

Pipe Locating Tactics Sonde

Pipe Wall Thickness Versus Age

Assessment




Y

Y

N

Y

NA

NA

NA

NA

N

N

N

N

N

N

3

4

3

4

N N N N Y Y Y 3 4

N Y Y Y N Y N 4 2

Pipeline Management Program PCCP

Condition Assessment

Pipeline Replacement Priority

Planning and Managing a Flushing

Program

Potential Cross Connection Reponse



Transmission Lateral Condition

Assessment Program

Unidirectional Flushing Program

Unidirectional Flushing SOP

Y Y Y Y N N N 4 4

N

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6

Y

N

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

N

NA

4

7

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6

Y N N N Y N N 2

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

5

6

5

4

5

2

4

4

4

(continued)

91


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Water Pipe Deterioration Model through Opportunistic and Planned

Sampling

Water Pipe Failure Analysis

N N N N Y Y Y 3 3

N Y N Y Y Y Y 5 3

92


Name

Table D.6

System element = pumping station




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Booster Station Pump and Motor

Maintenance Checklist





Devices


Program


Electrical Switchgear Assembly

Maintenance

Electromagnetic Flow Meter


Emergency Generator Inspecting,

Testing and Maintenance

Finished Water Pump Maintenance


Maintenance

Liquid Filled Transformer

Maintenance

Low Voltage Air Circuit Breaker

Maintenance

Low Voltage Distribution and

Lighting Panel Maintenance


Maintenance



Exercising Program




Maintenance


Pump Packing Procedure

Pump Station Warm Weather

O_and_M Considerations

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6 5

Y N N N N Y N 2 2

NA 3

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 7 5

N Y N Y Y N N 3 2

Y Y Y Y Y

NA 4

Y NA 7 4

NA 4

Y N Y Y N N N 3 3

Y N Y Y Y N N 4 3

Y N Y Y Y Y N 5 3

N N Y Y N N N 2 2

NA 4

NA 4

NA 3

Y Y Y Y Y

NA 4

Y NA 7 4

NA 5

N N Y Y N N N 2 2

NA 3

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

NA

N

4

6

3

5

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6 4

(continued)

93


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Pumping Station - Correcting Factors for Premature Bearing Failure

Pumping Stations - Formulating a

Pump Maintenance Schedule

Pumping Station Thermography

Pumping Station Thermography2



Soft Start and VFD Electronic

Controllers Maintenance


Valve Exercising Essential

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6 4

Y Y Y Y N N N 4 3

N

Y

N

N

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

N

NA

N

N

3

4

4

4

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6 2

N Y N Y Y N N 3 2

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 7 4

NA 5

Tools



Strategies


Vertical Turbine Pump Maintenance

Checklist

Vertical Turbine Pump Table of

Operational Troubleshooting and

Corrective Maintenance

Y

Y N N Y N N N 2

N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

Y

N

NA

N

7

1

NA

NA

4

1

2

4

4


Maintenance

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7


Counter

Water Quality Monitoring - pH Meters Y Y Y Y Y Y

NA

NA 7

5

4

3

NA 4 Water Quality Monitoring - Solids

Instr


Temperature

NA 3


Meters

NA 3

94


Name

Table D.7

System element = valve




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)

Backflow Prevention - Annual

Periodic Testing

Backflow Prevention - Inspection of

Commercial and Business Facilities

Backflow Prevention - Installation of

Required Devices

Backflow Prevention - Scheduled

Inspections

Case Study - Hydrant Management and Assessment




Program

Hydrant Inspection


Exercising Program



Selecting Optimal Placement of New

Mainline Valves




Valve Exercising Location Record

Keeping Overview


Exercising Programs


Strategies


Maintenance

NA 4

NA 5

NA 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

N

NA 3

Y NA 7

N N 4

5

3

NA 4

Y N Y Y N N NA 4 3

NA 5

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6 2

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 4

Y

Y

Y Y

N N

Y

Y

Y

N

Y N 6

Y NA 4

4

5

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 7 4

Y Y 2

NA 3

Y N N Y N N N 2 1

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

95


Name

Table D.8

System element = water storage facility




Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)




Program


Cleaning - In-Service Cleaning


Cleaning - Out-of-Service Cleaning


Cleaning Methods and Frequency


Comprehensive Inspection Practice -

Float-Down



Open Reservoirs



Sanitary



Visual Inspection



Wet Inspection Methods



- Appurtenances



- Cathodic Protection Systems



- Floating Covers


Inspection Practices - Exterior and

Interior Coating Evaluation


Inspection Practices - Inspector

Qualifications

Y

Y

Y Y

Y Y

Y

Y

Y

N

Y NA 7

N N 4

5

3

NA 4

NA 5

NA 5

NA 5

NA 5

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

(continued)

96


Name





Reviewer

Rating

(1 – 5)


Inspection Practices Overview - Scope and Frequency


Maintenance Practices - Interior

Coating Application

Magnetic Flux Leakage Tank Floor

Scan


Exercising Program




Valve Exercising Essential

Tools


Valve Exercising Location

Record Keeping Overview


Exercising Programs


Strategies


Maintenance

Water Tank Inspections

NA 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

NA 3

NA 5

Y Y Y Y N Y Y 6 2

Y Y Y Y Y Y N 6 4

NA 5

Y Y Y Y Y Y NA 7 4

Y Y 2

NA 3

Y N N Y N N N 2 1

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 7 5

N N N N Y N N 1 1

97



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ABBREVIATIONS LIST

ISO

IWA

PLCs

PVC

RCM

RTUs

SAM

SCADA

SOP

TNCWS

UBA

VFD

WRF

WERF

WRF

Abbreviation/

Acronym

AMT

AWWARF

BMP

CCTV

CD-ROM

CSIRO

CWS

Dist

DTI

EPA

Eval

HDPE

NESC

NFPA

NTNCWS

O&M

Definition

Asset Maintenance Tactic

American Water Works Association Research Foundation

Best Management Practice

Closed Circuit Television

Compact Disk – Read Only Memory

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

Community Water System

Distribution

Department of Trade and Industry

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Evaluation

High-density Polyethylene

National Environmental Services Center

National Fire Protection Agency

Non-Transient Non-Community Water System

Operations and Maintenance

International Organization for Standardization

International Water Association

Programmable Logic Controllers

Polyvinyl Chloride

Reliability Centered Maintenance

Remote Terminal Units

Strategic Asset Management

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition

Standard Operating Procedure

Transient Non-Community Water System

Utility Business Architecture

Variable Frequency Drive


Water Environment Research Foundation


105


4237a - Water Research Foundation

Best Management Practices for the Maintenance of

Water Distribution Assets

Web Report #4237a

Subject Area: Infrastructure

Best Management Practices for the Maintenance of

Water Distribution Assets

Best Management Practices for the Maintenance of

Water Distribution Assets

CONTENTS

TABLES

FIGURES

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2: METHODS AND MATERIALS

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS TO UTILITIES

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX C

Best Management Practices for Maintenance of Water Distribution Systems

Best Management Practices for Maintenance of Water Distribution Systems

APPENDIX D

REFERENCES

ABBREVIATIONS LIST

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