Occupational
Employment
Occupational
Employment
Employment outlook: 2002–12
Occupational employment
projections to 2012
Employment in professional and related and in service occupations
are expected to increase the fastest and add the most jobs
from 2002 to 2012, while office and administrative support
occupations should grow about half as fast as the total;
production occupations should grow very slowly
Daniel E. Hecker
T
otal employment is projected to increase
by 21.3 million jobs over the 2002–12
period, rising to 165.3 million, according
to the latest projections of the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. 1 This increase represents about
600,000 more jobs than were added over the
previous 10-year period (1992–2002). The
projected 14.8-percent increase, however, is less
than the 16.8-percent increase of the previous
10-year period. Self employment is projected to
decline 2.3 percent, from 11.5 to 11.2 million.
This article discusses a number of aspects of
the projections along with related information:
•
•
Daniel E. Hecker
and David S. Frank
(who developed the
tables for this article)
are economists in the
Office of
Occupational
Statistics and
Employment
Projections,
Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
E-mail:
Hecker.Daniel@bls.gov
Frank.David@bls.gov
80
•
changes in the structure of employment
at the major occupational group level;
the detailed occupations2 that are projected to grow fastest as well as those
with the largest numerical increases and
decreases, along with their current educational and training requirements and
earnings; and
the total job openings projected to occur
due to growth in the economy and the
net replacement needs resulting from
workers who leave the labor force or
transfer to other occupations
In this article, projected employment is analyzed
from two perspectives—percent change and numerical change—because one can be large and
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
the other small, depending on the size of employment in the base year. The following example
using data for two occupations generally requiring the same level of education—a bachelor’s
degree—illustrates the importance of viewing job
outlook from both perspectives:
Employment of environmental engineers is
projected to grow twice as fast as employment of accountants and auditors over the
2002–12 period, 38.2 percent, compared
with 19.5 percent. However, the accountants and auditors occupation is projected
to add more than 11 times the number of
new jobs (205,000 compared with 18,000),
because employment was so much larger
than for environmental engineers in 2002
(1,055,000 compared with 47,000).
Major occupational groups
Among the major occupational groups, employment in the two largest in 2002—professional and
related occupations and service occupations—
will increase the fastest and add the most jobs
from 2002 to 2012. (See table 1.) These major
groups, which are on opposite ends of the educational attainment and earnings spectrum, are
expected to provide more than half of the total
job growth from 2002 to 2012. Employment is
projected to grow about as fast as overall employment in management, business, and finan-
Table 1.
Employment by major occupational group, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number
Change
Percent distribution
2002
2012
2002
Number
Percent
2012
00-0000
Total, all occupations .....................................................
144,014
165,319
100.0
100.0
21,305
14.8
11-1300
15-2900
31-3900
41-0000
43-0000
45-0000
47-0000
49-0000
51-0000
53-0000
Management, business, and financial occupations ..........
Professional and related occupations ...............................
Service occupations .........................................................
Sales and related occupations .........................................
Office and administrative support occupations .................
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .......................
Construction and extraction occupations ..........................
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ...........
Production occupations ....................................................
Transportation and material moving occupations .............
15,501
27,687
26,569
15,260
23,851
1,072
7,292
5,696
11,258
9,828
17,883
34,147
31,905
17,231
25,464
1,107
8,388
6,472
11,612
11,111
10.8
19.2
18.4
10.6
16.6
.7
5.1
4.0
7.8
6.8
10.8
20.7
19.3
10.4
15.4
.7
5.1
3.9
7.0
6.7
2,382
6,459
5,336
1,971
1,613
35
1,096
776
354
1,282
15.4
23.3
20.1
12.9
6.8
3.3
15.0
13.6
3.1
13.0
NOTE: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding.
cial occupations and in construction and extraction occupations. Employment in installation, maintenance, and repair;
transportation and material moving; and sales and related
occupations will grow somewhat more slowly. The three slowest growing groups—all with rates less than 7 percent—are
office and administrative support occupations; farming, fishing, and forestry occupations; and production occupations.
As a result of the different growth rates among the major
occupational groups, the occupational distribution of total
employment will change somewhat by the year 2012, but the
relative ranking of the groups by employment size is not expected to change. Professional and related occupations will
continue to rank first, while farming, fishing, and forestry occupations will continue to rank last. Professional and related
and service occupations will significantly increase their relative share of employment—by 1.5 and 0.9 percentage points,
respectively. However, office and administrative support occupations and production occupations should decrease significantly—by 1.2 and 0.8 points, respectively. (See table 1.)
The growth of occupational groups (and occupations) is
determined, in large part, by growth in industries in which
they are concentrated. For example, professional occupations
are projected to grow the fastest, in large part because they
are concentrated in some fast-growing industries such as
healthcare and social assistance; and professional, scientific,
and technical services; while production occupations are projected to grow very slowly, largely because 7 out of 10 are in
the declining manufacturing sector.3
The number of management, business, and financial
workers is projected to grow by 2.4 million from 2002 to 2012.
Within this occupational group, about one-fifth of the new
jobs will be in professional, scientific, and technical services,
which include management, scientific, and technical consulting, and accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services. About 1 new job in 8 is projected for finance and
insurance, and 1 in 9, for healthcare and social assistance.
The self-employed in this group, accounting for one-fifth of
the total, are projected to decline 5.6 percent. Overall projected growth among management, business, and financial
workers is affected by the decline of farmers and ranchers,
most self-employed, by 238,000. (See table 2.) Excluding farmers and ranchers, this major group is projected to increase
18.3 percent. The self-employed, excluding self-employed
farmers and ranchers, are projected to increase 4.0 percent,
with the largest increase for management analysts.
Employment in professional and related occupations is
projected to grow the fastest and to add more workers (6.5
million) than any other major group. Three-tenths of the
growth in these occupations is projected to take place in
healthcare and social services, a quarter in government, and a
seventh in professional, scientific, and technical services.
There are eight occupational subgroups within professional
and related occupations. Three occupational subgroups—
education, training, and library; healthcare practitioners and
technical; and computer and mathematical should account for
three-quarters of the job growth.
A 6.1-percent increase is projected for self-employed
professional and related occupations. Most growth among
self-employed is projected for two subgroups—arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media occupations and computer
and mathematical occupations.
Education, training, and library occupations are projected
to grow faster than the average for all occupations, adding
2.1 million jobs, as shown on p. 97 (also, see table 2):
Text continues on p. 97
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
81
Occupational
Table 2.
Employment
Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
00-0000
2012
Total, all occupations ...................................................................................................... 144,014 165,319
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
2002
2012
100.0
100.0
21,305
14.8
56,305
11-1300
Management, business, and financial occupations .....................................................
15,501
17,883
10.8
10.8
2,382
15.4
5,319
11-0000
11-1000
11-1011
11-1021
11-1031
11-2000
11-2011
11-2020
11-2021
11-2022
11-2031
11-3000
11-3011
11-3021
11-3031
11-3040
11-3051
11-3061
11-3071
11-9000
11-9010
11-9011
11-9012
11-9021
11-9030
11-9031
11-9032
11-9033
11-9039
11-9041
11-9051
11-9061
11-9071
11-9081
11-9111
11-9121
11-9131
11-9141
11-9151
11-9199
Management occupations .......................................................................................
Top executives ....................................................................................................
Chief executives ..............................................................................................
General and operations managers ..................................................................
Legislators .......................................................................................................
Advertising, marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers ........
Advertising and promotions managers ............................................................
Marketing and sales managers .......................................................................
Marketing managers ...................................................................................
Sales managers ..........................................................................................
Public relations managers ...............................................................................
Operations specialties managers ........................................................................
Administrative services managers ..................................................................
Computer and information systems managers ...............................................
Financial managers .........................................................................................
Human resources managers ...........................................................................
Industrial production managers .......................................................................
Purchasing managers .....................................................................................
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers ........................................
Other management occupations .........................................................................
Agricultural managers .....................................................................................
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers ............................................
Farmers and ranchers .................................................................................
Construction managers ...................................................................................
Education administrators .................................................................................
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program ..........
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school .....................
Education administrators, postsecondary ...................................................
Education administrators, all other ..............................................................
Engineering managers ....................................................................................
Food service managers ...................................................................................
Funeral directors .............................................................................................
Gaming managers ...........................................................................................
Lodging managers ..........................................................................................
Medical and health services managers ...........................................................
Natural sciences managers .............................................................................
Postmasters and mail superintendents ...........................................................
Property, real estate, and community association managers .........................
Social and community service managers ........................................................
All other managers ..........................................................................................
10,056
2,669
553
2,049
67
700
85
546
203
343
69
1,807
321
284
599
202
182
108
111
4,880
1,376
218
1,158
389
427
58
217
125
27
212
386
24
6
69
244
45
25
293
129
1,256
11,277
3,138
645
2,425
68
885
107
693
246
448
85
2,163
384
387
709
242
197
113
133
5,090
1,149
229
920
435
527
77
262
157
32
231
430
26
7
73
315
51
25
330
164
1,325
7.0
1.9
.4
1.4
.0
.5
.1
.4
.1
.2
.0
1.3
.2
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
3.4
1.0
.2
.8
.3
.3
.0
.2
.1
.0
.1
.3
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.2
.1
.9
6.8
1.9
.4
1.5
.0
.5
.1
.4
.1
.3
.1
1.3
.2
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
3.1
.7
.1
.6
.3
.3
.0
.2
.1
.0
.1
.3
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.2
.1
.8
1,221
469
93
376
1
185
21
148
43
105
16
356
63
103
109
39
14
5
22
210
-227
11
-238
47
101
19
45
32
5
20
44
2
1
5
71
5
0
37
36
69
12.1
17.6
16.7
18.4
1.1
26.5
25.0
27.1
21.3
30.5
23.4
19.7
19.8
36.1
18.3
19.4
7.9
4.8
19.7
4.3
-16.5
5.1
-20.6
12.0
23.6
32.0
20.7
25.9
19.1
9.2
11.5
6.6
12.4
6.6
29.3
11.3
-.5
12.8
27.7
5.5
3,192
969
197
762
9
313
37
249
81
168
28
671
126
154
195
73
50
29
44
1,240
117
49
68
117
207
33
99
63
12
62
107
9
2
16
119
14
5
92
60
314
13-0000
13-1000
13-1011
13-1020
13-1021
13-1022
13-1023
13-1030
13-1031
13-1032
13-1041
Business and financial operations occupations ......................................................
Business operations specialists ..........................................................................
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes ..............
Buyers and purchasing agents ........................................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products ............................................
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products ....................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products ................
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators ...........................
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators ..........................................
Insurance appraisers, auto damage ............................................................
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and
transportation .............................................................................................
Cost estimators ...............................................................................................
Emergency management specialists ..............................................................
Human resources, training, and labor relations specialists4 ...........................
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists .................................
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists .................................
Training and development specialists .........................................................
Management analysts .....................................................................................
Meeting and convention planners ...................................................................
All other business operations specialists5 .......................................................
Financial specialists ............................................................................................
5,445
3,177
15
419
19
155
245
241
227
14
6,606
3,910
19
455
21
162
273
275
260
16
3.8
2.2
.0
.3
.0
.1
.2
.2
.2
.0
4.0
2.4
.0
.3
.0
.1
.2
.2
.2
.0
1,162
733
4
36
2
7
27
34
32
2
21.3
23.1
27.8
8.6
10.2
4.3
11.2
14.0
14.2
11.7
2,127
1,295
7
144
8
47
88
64
60
3
158
188
11
474
175
91
209
577
37
1,056
2,268
173
223
14
606
223
116
267
753
45
1,346
2,696
.1
.1
.0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.4
.0
.7
1.6
.1
.1
.0
.4
.1
.1
.2
.5
.0
.8
1.6
15
35
3
131
48
25
58
176
8
290
429
9.8
18.6
28.2
27.7
27.3
28.0
27.9
30.4
21.3
27.5
18.9
52
77
6
204
75
39
90
255
16
470
832
13-1051
13-1061
13-1070
13-1071
13-1072
13-1073
13-1111
13-1121
13-1198
13-2000
82
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
13-2011
13-2021
13-2031
13-2041
13-2050
13-2051
13-2052
13-2053
13-2061
13-2070
13-2071
13-2072
13-2080
13-2081
13-2082
13-2099
Accountants and auditors ................................................................................
Appraisers and assessors of real estate .........................................................
Budget analysts ...............................................................................................
Credit analysts ................................................................................................
Financial analysts and advisors ......................................................................
Financial analysts ........................................................................................
Personal financial advisors .........................................................................
Insurance underwriters ................................................................................
Financial examiners ........................................................................................
Loan counselors and officers ..........................................................................
Loan counselors ..........................................................................................
Loan officers ................................................................................................
Tax examiners, collectors, preparers, and revenue agents ............................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents ..........................................
Tax preparers ..............................................................................................
All other financial specialists ...........................................................................
1,055
88
62
66
400
172
126
102
25
255
31
223
154
75
79
162
1,261
104
71
78
486
204
170
112
27
302
37
266
176
79
98
190
0.7
.1
.0
.0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
0.8
.1
.0
.0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
.2
.1
.0
.1
.1
205
16
9
12
86
32
44
10
2
48
6
42
22
4
18
28
19.5
17.6
14.0
18.7
21.5
18.7
34.6
10.0
8.9
18.7
17.8
18.8
14.4
5.0
23.2
17.6
405
34
19
23
146
58
60
28
8
89
11
78
52
21
32
57
15-2900
Professional and related occupations .........................................................................
27,687
34,147
19.2
20.7
6,459
23.3
11,794
15-0000
15-1000
15-1011
15-1021
15-1030
15-1031
15-1032
15-1041
15-1051
15-1061
15-1071
15-1081
15-1099
15-2000
15-2011
15-2021
15-2031
15-2041
15-2090
Computer and mathematical science occupations ..................................................
Computer specialists ...........................................................................................
Computer and information scientists, research ...............................................
Computer programmers ..................................................................................
Computer software engineers .........................................................................
Computer software engineers, applications ................................................
Computer software engineers, systems software .......................................
Computer support specialists ..........................................................................
Computer systems analysts ............................................................................
Database administrators .................................................................................
Network and computer systems administrators ..............................................
Network systems and data communications analysts .....................................
All other computer specialists .........................................................................
Mathematical science occupations .....................................................................
Actuaries .........................................................................................................
Mathematicians ...............................................................................................
Operations research analysts .........................................................................
Statisticians .....................................................................................................
Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations ..........................................
3,018
2,911
23
499
675
394
281
507
468
110
251
186
192
107
15
3
62
20
7
4,069
3,954
30
571
982
573
409
660
653
159
345
292
262
115
18
3
66
21
8
2.1
2.0
.0
.3
.5
.3
.2
.4
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.5
2.4
.0
.3
.6
.3
.2
.4
.4
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1,051
1,043
7
73
307
179
128
153
184
49
94
106
70
8
2
0
4
1
1
34.8
35.8
29.9
14.6
45.5
45.5
45.5
30.3
39.4
44.2
37.4
57.0
36.5
7.4
14.9
-1.0
6.2
4.8
11.8
1,465
1,429
10
190
374
218
156
216
237
60
122
128
92
36
9
1
17
6
2
17-0000
17-1000
17-1010
17-1011
17-1012
17-1020
17-1021
17-1022
17-1099
17-2000
17-2011
17-2021
17-2031
17-2041
17-2051
17-2061
17-2070
17-2071
17-2072
17-2081
17-2110
17-2111
Architecture and engineering occupations ..............................................................
Architects, surveyors, and cartographers ............................................................
Architects, except naval ..................................................................................
Architects, except landscape and naval ......................................................
Landscape architects ..................................................................................
Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists .........................................
Cartographers and photogrammetrists .......................................................
Surveyors ....................................................................................................
All other architects, surveyors, and cartographers2 ........................................
Engineers ............................................................................................................
Aerospace engineers ......................................................................................
Agricultural engineers .....................................................................................
Biomedical engineers ......................................................................................
Chemical engineers ........................................................................................
Civil engineers .................................................................................................
Computer hardware engineers ........................................................................
Electrical and electronics engineers ................................................................
Electrical engineers .....................................................................................
Electronics engineers, except computer .....................................................
Environmental engineers ................................................................................
Industrial engineers, including health and safety ............................................
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and
inspectors...................................................................................................
Industrial engineers .....................................................................................
Marine engineers and naval architects ...........................................................
Materials engineers .........................................................................................
Mechanical engineers .....................................................................................
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers .............
2,587
204
136
113
23
64
9
56
3
1,478
78
3
8
33
228
74
292
156
136
47
194
2,809
233
161
133
28
68
10
58
4
1,587
74
3
10
33
246
78
309
160
149
65
213
1.8
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
1.7
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.1
222
29
25
20
5
4
1
2
0
109
-4
0
2
0
18
5
17
4
13
18
20
8.6
14.1
18.1
17.3
22.2
5.6
15.1
4.2
10.9
7.3
-5.2
10.3
26.1
.4
8.0
6.1
5.7
2.5
9.4
38.2
10.1
802
67
40
32
8
26
4
21
1
431
19
1
3
10
55
17
74
34
40
26
67
36
158
5
24
215
5
38
175
5
25
225
5
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
3
17
0
1
10
0
7.9
10.6
-5.0
4.1
4.8
-2.7
11
55
2
7
69
2
17-2112
17-2121
17-2131
17-2141
17-2151
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
83
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
17-2161
17-2171
17-2199
17-3000
17-3010
17-3011
17-3012
17-3013
17-3020
17-3021
17-3022
17-3023
17-3024
17-3025
17-3026
17-3027
17-3031
17-3099
Nuclear engineers ...........................................................................................
Petroleum engineers .......................................................................................
All other engineers ..........................................................................................
Drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians .................................................
Drafters4 ..........................................................................................................
Architectural and civil drafters .....................................................................
Electrical and electronics drafters ...............................................................
Mechanical drafters .....................................................................................
Engineering technicians, except drafters4 ......................................................
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians ...................................
Civil engineering technicians .......................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians .......................................
Electro-mechanical technicians ...................................................................
Environmental engineering technicians ......................................................
Industrial engineering technicians ...............................................................
Mechanical engineering technicians ...........................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians ...............................................................
All other drafters, engineering, and mapping technicians2 .............................
16
14
243
905
216
106
38
72
478
15
92
204
31
19
62
55
60
150
16
12
267
990
222
110
38
74
526
15
99
224
35
24
67
61
74
167
0.0
.0
.2
.6
.2
.1
.0
.1
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
0.0
.0
.2
.6
.1
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
0
-1
24
85
6
4
0
1
48
0
7
20
4
5
5
6
14
17
-0.1
-9.8
9.7
9.4
2.8
4.2
.7
1.9
10.1
1.5
7.6
10.0
11.5
28.4
8.7
11.0
23.1
11.3
5
4
70
304
67
34
11
22
148
3
26
63
10
9
18
18
36
53
19-0000
19-1000
19-1010
19-1020
19-1021
19-1022
19-1023
19-1029
19-1030
19-1031
19-1032
19-1040
19-1041
19-1042
19-1099
19-2000
19-2010
19-2011
19-2012
19-2021
19-2030
19-2031
19-2032
19-2040
19-2041
19-2042
19-2043
19-2099
19-3000
19-3011
19-3020
19-3021
19-3022
19-3030
19-3031
19-3032
19-3041
19-3051
19-3090
19-3091
19-3092
19-3093
19-3094
19-3098
19-4000
19-4011
19-4021
19-4031
Life, physical, and social science occupations ........................................................
Life scientists .......................................................................................................
Agricultural and food scientists .......................................................................
Biological scientists .........................................................................................
Biochemists and biophysicists ....................................................................
Microbiologists ............................................................................................
Zoologists and wildlife biologists .................................................................
Biological scientists, all other ......................................................................
Conservation scientists and foresters .............................................................
Conservation scientists ...............................................................................
Foresters .....................................................................................................
Medical scientists ............................................................................................
Epidemiologists ...........................................................................................
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists ..................................................
All other life scientists ......................................................................................
Physical scientists ...............................................................................................
Astronomers and physicists ............................................................................
Astronomers ................................................................................................
Physicists ....................................................................................................
Atmospheric and space scientists ...................................................................
Chemists and materials scientists ...................................................................
Chemists .....................................................................................................
Materials scientists ......................................................................................
Environmental scientists and geoscientists .....................................................
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health ..........................
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers ..................................
Hydrologists ................................................................................................
All other physical scientists .............................................................................
Social scientists and related occupations ...........................................................
Economists ......................................................................................................
Market and survey researchers .......................................................................
Market research analysts ............................................................................
Survey researchers .....................................................................................
Psychologists4 ................................................................................................
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists ...........................................
Industrial-organizational psychologists .......................................................
Sociologists .....................................................................................................
Urban and regional planners ...........................................................................
Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers3 .....................................
Anthropologists and archeologists ..............................................................
Geographers ...............................................................................................
Historians ....................................................................................................
Political scientists ........................................................................................
All other social scientists and related workers5 ...............................................
Life, physical, and social science technicians .....................................................
Agricultural and food science technicians .......................................................
Biological technicians ......................................................................................
Chemical technicians ......................................................................................
1,237
214
18
75
17
16
15
27
33
19
14
62
4
58
26
251
14
1
13
8
91
84
7
101
65
28
8
37
426
16
155
134
20
139
137
2
3
32
14
5
1
2
6
68
346
20
48
69
1,450
253
20
90
21
20
16
33
34
20
14
79
5
73
31
287
15
1
14
9
103
95
8
121
80
31
10
39
512
18
193
166
27
173
171
2
3
36
15
5
1
2
6
74
397
22
57
72
.9
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.9
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
212
39
2
14
4
3
1
6
1
1
1
17
1
16
5
36
1
0
1
1
11
11
1
20
15
3
2
2
86
2
38
31
7
34
34
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
0
7
51
2
9
3
17.2
18.2
9.1
19.0
22.9
20.0
7.7
22.3
4.4
4.1
4.7
27.3
32.5
26.9
18.3
14.4
6.8
4.9
6.9
16.2
12.4
12.7
8.5
20.1
23.7
11.5
21.0
6.5
20.1
13.4
24.7
23.4
33.6
24.3
24.4
16.0
13.4
10.7
9.2
12.8
19.5
6.6
5.9
9.7
14.8
9.3
19.4
4.7
511
91
5
38
9
8
6
15
11
6
5
28
2
26
9
100
6
0
5
4
41
38
3
38
27
8
3
11
190
7
78
66
12
64
63
1
1
14
4
2
0
1
2
21
130
6
17
20
84
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
2012
11
6
67
38
10
20
161
2002
2012
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
19-4041
19-4051
19-4090
19-4091
19-4092
19-4093
19-4098
Geological and petroleum technicians ............................................................
Nuclear technicians .........................................................................................
Other life, physical, and social science technicians3 ......................................
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health ..........
Forensic science technicians ......................................................................
Forest and conservation technicians ...........................................................
All other life, physical, and social science technicians5 ..................................
11
6
55
28
8
19
137
21-0000
21-1000
2,190
2,764
1.5
1.7
574
26.2
992
21-1010
21-1011
21-1012
21-1013
21-1014
21-1015
21-1020
21-1021
21-1022
21-1023
21-1090
21-1091
21-1092
21-1093
21-2000
21-2011
21-2021
21-9099
Community and social services occupations ..........................................................
Counselors, social workers, and other community and social service
.................................................................................................
specialists4
Counselors4 ....................................................................................................
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors ...............................
Educational, vocational, and school counselors .........................................
Marriage and family therapists ....................................................................
Mental health counselors ............................................................................
Rehabilitation counselors ............................................................................
Social workers4 ...............................................................................................
Child, family, and school social workers .....................................................
Medical and public health social workers ....................................................
Mental health and substance abuse social workers ....................................
Miscellaneous community and social service specialists4 ..............................
Health educators .........................................................................................
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists ............................
Social and human service assistants ..........................................................
Religious workers4 ..............................................................................................
Clergy ..............................................................................................................
Directors, religious activities and education ....................................................
All other counselors, social, and religious workers2 ............................................
1,436
526
67
228
23
85
122
477
274
107
95
434
45
84
305
506
400
105
248
1,853
645
83
262
29
107
164
604
338
138
128
605
54
97
454
593
463
131
318
1.0
.4
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
.0
.1
.2
.4
.3
.1
.2
1.1
.4
.1
.2
.0
.1
.1
.4
.2
.1
.1
.4
.0
.1
.3
.4
.3
.1
.2
417
119
16
34
5
23
41
127
64
31
33
171
10
12
149
87
62
25
70
29.0
22.6
23.3
15.0
22.4
26.7
33.8
26.7
23.2
28.6
34.5
39.4
21.9
14.7
48.7
17.3
15.5
24.1
28.3
695
239
31
86
11
42
69
209
111
49
49
247
18
27
202
181
144
37
116
23-0000
23-1000
23-1011
23-1020
23-1021
23-1022
23-1023
23-2000
23-2011
23-2090
23-2091
23-2092
23-2093
23-9099
Legal occupations ...................................................................................................
Lawyers, judges, and related workers .................................................................
Lawyers ...........................................................................................................
Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers .............................................
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers .....................
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators .......................................................
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates ...............................................
Legal support workers .........................................................................................
Paralegals and legal assistants .......................................................................
Miscellaneous legal support workers4 ............................................................
Court reporters ............................................................................................
Law clerks ...................................................................................................
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers ...............................................
All other legal and related workers2 ....................................................................
1,168
747
695
51
19
6
27
320
200
121
18
48
55
101
1,357
869
813
56
20
7
29
380
257
123
20
50
53
109
.8
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.8
.5
.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
190
122
118
4
1
1
2
60
57
3
2
2
-1
8
16.2
16.4
17.0
8.3
5.8
13.7
8.7
18.7
28.7
2.1
12.7
3.7
-2.7
7.6
327
218
207
11
3
2
6
91
73
17
4
7
6
19
25-0000
25-1000
25-2000
25-2010
25-2011
25-2012
25-2020
25-2021
25-2022
25-2023
25-2030
25-2031
25-2032
25-2040
25-3000
25-3011
25-3021
25-3999
25-4000
25-4010
25-4021
25-4031
Education, training, and library occupations ...........................................................
Postsecondary teachers ......................................................................................
Primary, secondary, and special education teachers ..........................................
Preschool and kindergarten teachers .............................................................
Preschool teachers, except special education ............................................
Kindergarten teachers, except special education .......................................
Elementary and middle school teachers .........................................................
Elementary school teachers, except special education ..............................
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education ..............
Vocational education teachers, middle school ............................................
Secondary school teachers .............................................................................
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education .......
Vocational education teachers, secondary school ......................................
Special education teachers .............................................................................
Other teachers and instructors ............................................................................
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors ...........
Self-enrichment education teachers ................................................................
All other teachers, primary, secondary, and adult2 .........................................
Librarians, curators, and archivists .....................................................................
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians ................................................
Librarians ........................................................................................................
Library technicians ..........................................................................................
8,530
1,581
4,187
592
424
168
2,070
1,467
585
18
1,093
988
105
433
960
80
200
679
309
22
167
119
10,639
2,184
4,983
791
577
214
2,347
1,690
637
19
1,282
1,167
115
563
1,285
96
281
908
349
26
184
139
5.9
1.1
2.9
.4
.3
.1
1.4
1.0
.4
.0
.8
.7
.1
.3
.7
.1
.1
.5
.2
.0
.1
.1
6.4
1.3
3.0
.5
.3
.1
1.4
1.0
.4
.0
.8
.7
.1
.3
.8
.1
.2
.5
.2
.0
.1
.1
2,109
603
795
199
153
46
277
223
52
2
189
180
10
130
325
16
80
229
41
4
17
20
24.7
38.1
19.0
33.6
36.2
27.2
13.4
15.2
9.0
9.0
17.3
18.2
9.0
30.0
33.9
20.4
40.1
33.7
13.2
17.0
10.1
16.8
3,890
960
1,733
270
204
66
734
547
182
5
497
458
39
233
444
26
105
312
129
9
57
64
Monthly Labor Review
0
0
12
10
2
1
24
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
1.3
1.5
22.8
36.8
18.9
4.0
17.5
3
2
25
17
4
5
56
February 2004
85
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
25-9000
25-9011
25-9021
25-9031
25-9041
25-9199
Other education, training, and library occupations ..............................................
Audio-visual collections specialists .................................................................
Farm and home management advisors ..........................................................
Instructional coordinators ................................................................................
Teacher assistants ..........................................................................................
All other library, museum, training, and other education workers2 .................
1,493
10
16
98
1,277
93
1,838
11
17
123
1,571
116
1.0
.0
.0
.1
.9
.1
1.1
.0
.0
.1
1.0
.1
345
2
1
25
294
23
23.1
16.3
6.9
25.4
23.0
24.6
624
3
3
40
541
37
27-0000
27-1000
27-1010
27-1011
27-1013
27-1014
27-1020
27-1021
27-1022
27-1023
27-1024
27-1025
27-1026
27-1027
27-1099
27-2000
27-2010
27-2011
27-2012
27-2020
27-2021
27-2022
27-2023
27-2030
27-2031
27-2032
27-2040
27-2041
27-2042
27-2099
27-3000
27-3010
27-3020
27-3031
27-3040
27-3041
27-3042
27-3043
27-3090
27-3091
27-3099
27-4000
27-4010
27-4011
27-4012
27-4013
27-4014
27-4021
27-4030
27-4031
27-4032
27-4099
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ..................................
Art and design occupations .................................................................................
Artists and related workers ..............................................................................
Art directors .................................................................................................
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators ...........................
Multi-media artists and animators ...............................................................
Designers ........................................................................................................
Commercial and industrial designers ..........................................................
Fashion designers .......................................................................................
Floral designers ...........................................................................................
Graphic designers .......................................................................................
Interior designers ........................................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ...........................................
Set and exhibit designers ............................................................................
All other art and design workers5 ....................................................................
Entertainers and performers, sports and related occupations ............................
Actors, producers, and directors .....................................................................
Actors ..........................................................................................................
Producers and directors ..............................................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ...........................................
Athletes and sports competitors ..................................................................
Coaches and scouts ....................................................................................
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials ...............................................
Dancers and choreographers ..........................................................................
Dancers .......................................................................................................
Choreographers ..........................................................................................
Musicians, singers, and related workers .........................................................
Music directors and composers ..................................................................
Musicians and singers .................................................................................
All other entertainers and performers, sports and related workers .................
Media and communication occupations ..............................................................
Announcers .....................................................................................................
News analysts, reporters and correspondents ................................................
Public relations specialists ..............................................................................
Writers and editors ..........................................................................................
Editors .........................................................................................................
Technical writers .........................................................................................
Writers and authors .....................................................................................
Miscellaneous media and communications workers .......................................
Interpreters and translators .........................................................................
All other media and communication workers ..............................................
Media and communication equipment occupations ............................................
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators ...............
Audio and video equipment technicians ......................................................
Broadcast technicians .................................................................................
Radio operators ...........................................................................................
Sound engineering technicians ...................................................................
Photographers .................................................................................................
Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors ..............
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture ............................
Film and video editors .................................................................................
All other media and communication equipment workers .................................
2,377
775
149
51
23
75
532
52
15
104
212
60
77
12
95
606
139
63
76
158
15
130
14
37
20
17
215
54
161
56
700
76
66
158
319
130
50
139
82
24
58
295
93
42
35
3
13
130
48
28
19
24
2,769
900
170
56
27
87
625
59
16
117
258
73
86
15
106
709
164
74
90
187
18
153
16
42
22
20
250
62
189
65
815
68
70
210
370
145
63
161
97
29
68
345
111
53
39
3
16
148
56
32
25
29
1.7
.5
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.1
.4
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.5
.1
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
.5
.1
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
.1
.0
.1
.4
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
393
125
21
6
4
12
93
8
2
13
46
13
9
3
11
103
25
11
14
29
3
24
2
5
2
3
35
7
27
9
115
-8
4
52
51
15
13
22
15
5
10
50
18
11
4
0
3
18
9
4
5
5
16.5
16.1
14.4
11.4
16.5
15.8
17.4
14.7
10.6
12.4
21.9
21.7
11.3
20.9
11.5
17.0
18.0
17.7
18.3
18.3
19.2
18.3
16.9
13.3
11.1
15.8
16.2
13.5
17.1
16.4
16.4
-10.1
6.2
32.9
16.0
11.8
27.1
16.1
18.6
22.1
17.2
16.9
19.6
26.7
11.3
-6.2
25.5
13.6
18.7
13.4
26.4
20.1
847
245
54
17
9
28
164
15
4
27
75
21
19
4
28
228
44
19
25
59
6
49
5
28
15
13
80
19
61
16
260
19
20
75
121
47
28
46
25
8
17
115
41
21
13
1
6
44
19
10
9
10
29-0000
29-1000
29-1011
29-1020
29-1031
29-1041
29-1051
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations ................................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioners .......................................................
Chiropractors ...................................................................................................
Dentists ...........................................................................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists ...............................................................................
Optometrists ....................................................................................................
Pharmacists ....................................................................................................
6,580
4,071
49
153
49
32
230
8,288
5,125
60
159
58
38
299
4.6
2.8
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
5.0
3.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
1,708
1,054
11
6
9
5
69
26.0
25.9
23.3
4.1
17.8
17.1
30.1
2,959
1,849
21
32
21
14
114
86
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2.
Continued—Employment and occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
29-1060
29-1071
29-1081
29-1111
29-1120
29-1121
29-1122
29-1123
29-1124
29-1125
29-1126
29-1127
29-1131
29-1198
29-2000
29-2010
29-2011
29-2012
29-2021
29-2030
29-2031
29-2032
29-2033
29-2034
29-2041
29-2050
29-2051
29-2052
29-2053
29-2054
29-2055
29-2056
29-2061
29-2071
29-2081
29-2090
29-2091
29-9000
29-9010
29-9090
29-9091
29-9199
Physicians and surgeons ................................................................................
Physician assistants ........................................................................................
Podiatrists .......................................................................................................
Registered nurses ...........................................................................................
Therapists4 ......................................................................................................
Audiologists .................................................................................................
Occupational therapists ...............................................................................
Physical therapists ......................................................................................
Radiation therapists ....................................................................................
Recreational therapists ...............................................................................
Respiratory therapists .................................................................................
Speech-language pathologists ....................................................................
Veterinarians ...................................................................................................
All other health diagnosing and treating practitioners5 ...................................
Health technologists and technicians4 ................................................................
Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ............................................
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists ..............................................
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians .................................................
Dental hygienists .............................................................................................
Diagnostic related technologists and technicians ...........................................
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians ............................................
Diagnostic medical sonographers ...............................................................
Nuclear medicine technologists ..................................................................
Radiologic technologists and technicians ...................................................
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics ...........................................
Health diagnosing and treating practitioner support technicians .....................
Dietetic technicians .....................................................................................
Pharmacy technicians .................................................................................
Psychiatric technicians ................................................................................
Respiratory therapy technicians ..................................................................
Surgical technologists .................................................................................
Veterinary technologists and technicians ....................................................
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses .........................................
Medical records and health information technicians .......................................
Opticians, dispensing ......................................................................................
Miscelaneous health technologists and technicians4 ......................................
Orthotists and prosthetists ..........................................................................
Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations4 .................................
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians ...........................
Miscelaneous health practitioners and technical workers4 .............................
Athletic trainers ...........................................................................................
All other health practitioners and technical workers5 ..........................................
583
63
13
2,284
450
11
82
137
14
27
86
94
58
107
2,263
297
150
147
148
271
43
37
17
174
179
451
29
211
60
26
72
53
702
147
63
5
5
56
41
14
14
190
697
94
15
2,908
592
14
110
185
18
29
116
120
72
134
2,857
355
179
176
212
338
58
45
21
214
238
574
35
271
63
35
92
76
844
216
75
6
6
65
47
19
19
241
0.4
.0
.0
1.6
.3
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
1.6
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.5
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
0.4
.1
.0
1.8
.4
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
1.7
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.3
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.5
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
31-3900
Service occupations ....................................................................................................
26,569
31,905
18.4
19.3
31-0000
31-1000
31-1011
31-1012
31-1013
31-2000
31-2010
31-2011
31-2012
31-2020
31-2021
31-2022
31-9000
31-9011
31-9090
31-9091
31-9092
31-9093
31-9094
31-9095
31-9096
31-9099
Healthcare support occupations ..............................................................................
Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides ......................................................
Home health aides ..........................................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants .........................................................
Psychiatric aides .............................................................................................
Occupational and physical therapist assistants and aides ..................................
Occupational therapist assistants and aides ...................................................
Occupational therapist assistants ...............................................................
Occupational therapist aides .......................................................................
Physical therapist assistants and aides ..........................................................
Physical therapist assistants .......................................................................
Physical therapist aides ..............................................................................
Other healthcare support occupations ................................................................
Massage therapists .........................................................................................
Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations ..............................................
Dental assistants .........................................................................................
Medical assistants .......................................................................................
Medical equipment preparers ......................................................................
Medical transcriptionists ..............................................................................
Pharmacy aides ..........................................................................................
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers .............................
All other healthcare support workers ...........................................................
3,310
2,014
580
1,375
59
114
27
18
8
87
50
37
1,182
92
1,090
266
365
36
101
60
63
198
4,452
2,645
859
1,718
68
164
38
26
12
127
73
54
1,644
117
1,527
379
579
43
124
71
79
251
2.3
1.4
.4
1.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.8
.1
.8
.2
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
2.7
1.6
.5
1.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
1.0
.1
.9
.2
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
Monthly Labor Review
114
31
2
623
142
3
29
48
4
2
30
26
14
26
593
58
29
29
64
67
15
9
4
40
59
123
6
61
4
9
20
23
142
69
11
1
1
10
5
4
4
52
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
19.5
48.9
15.0
27.3
31.7
29.0
35.2
35.3
31.6
9.1
34.8
27.2
25.1
24.5
26.2
19.4
19.3
19.4
43.1
24.8
33.5
24.0
23.6
22.9
33.1
27.2
20.2
28.8
5.9
34.2
27.9
44.1
20.2
46.8
18.2
18.9
18.9
17.4
13.2
29.9
29.9
27.2
191
40
5
1,101
231
6
40
62
7
9
58
49
28
50
1,002
138
69
68
76
118
23
16
7
72
80
181
10
88
11
12
30
30
295
90
23
2
2
22
14
7
7
86
5,336
20.1
12,962
1,143
630
279
343
9
50
11
7
4
40
22
17
462
25
437
113
215
7
23
11
16
53
34.5
31.3
48.1
24.9
14.5
44.2
40.2
39.2
42.6
45.4
44.6
46.4
39.1
27.1
40.1
42.5
58.9
18.1
22.6
17.6
26.2
26.6
1,669
894
355
523
16
68
14
10
5
54
31
23
706
43
664
187
282
13
41
22
28
89
February 2004
87
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
33-0000
33-1000
33-1010
33-1011
33-1012
33-1021
33-1099
33-2000
33-2011
33-2020
33-3000
33-3010
33-3011
33-3012
33-3021
33-3031
33-3041
33-3050
33-3051
33-3052
33-9000
33-9011
33-9021
33-9030
33-9031
33-9032
33-9091
33-9095
Protective service occupations ................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers, protective service workers ..............................
First-line supervisors/managers, law enforcement workers ............................
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers ..............................
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives ...........................
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers .........
All other first-line supervisors/managers, protective service workers .............
Fire fighting and prevention workers ...................................................................
Fire fighters .....................................................................................................
Fire inspectors .................................................................................................
Law enforcement workers ...................................................................................
Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers ..........................................................
Bailiffs ..........................................................................................................
Correctional officers and jailers ...................................................................
Detectives and criminal investigators ..............................................................
Fish and game wardens ..................................................................................
Parking enforcement workers .........................................................................
Police officers ..................................................................................................
Police and sheriff’s patrol officers ...............................................................
Transit and railroad police ...........................................................................
Other protective service workers .........................................................................
Animal control workers ....................................................................................
Private detectives and investigators ................................................................
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers ...........................................
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators ..............................
Security guards ...........................................................................................
Crossing guards ..............................................................................................
All other protective service workers5 ...............................................................
3,116
266
147
33
114
63
56
296
282
14
1,179
442
15
427
94
8
11
625
619
6
1,374
11
48
1,004
9
995
74
237
3,885
315
171
40
131
74
70
356
340
16
1,460
547
16
531
115
8
12
779
772
7
1,753
12
60
1,324
11
1,313
86
271
2.2
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.2
.0
.8
.3
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.4
.4
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.7
.1
.2
2.4
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.2
.0
.9
.3
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.8
.0
.8
.1
.2
769
49
24
6
17
12
13
60
58
2
281
105
1
103
21
1
1
154
153
1
379
1
12
319
2
317
12
34
24.7
18.3
16.1
19.0
15.3
18.7
23.9
20.3
20.7
11.6
23.9
23.7
9.5
24.2
22.4
7.1
11.5
24.6
24.7
15.9
27.6
12.6
25.3
31.8
24.6
31.9
16.5
14.3
1,649
136
71
16
55
37
28
146
140
6
563
197
5
192
46
2
3
315
313
2
804
9
22
538
4
534
36
199
35-0000
35-1000
35-1011
35-1012
35-2000
35-2010
35-2011
35-2012
35-2013
35-2014
35-2015
35-2021
35-3000
35-3011
35-3020
35-3021
35-3022
35-3031
35-3041
35-9000
35-9011
35-9021
35-9031
35-9098
Food preparation and serving related occupations .................................................
Supervisors, food preparation and serving workers ............................................
Chefs and head cooks ....................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers ......
Cooks and food preparation workers4 ................................................................
Cooks4 ............................................................................................................
Cooks, fast food ..........................................................................................
Cooks, institution and cafeteria ...................................................................
Cooks, private household ............................................................................
Cooks, restaurant ........................................................................................
Cooks, short order .......................................................................................
Food preparation workers ...............................................................................
Food and beverage serving workers ...................................................................
Bartenders .......................................................................................................
Fast food and counter workers ........................................................................
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food ........
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop ..............
Waiters and waitresses ...................................................................................
Food servers, nonrestaurant ...........................................................................
Other food preparation and serving related workers4 .........................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers .........................
Dishwashers ....................................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop ............................
All other food preparation and serving related workers5 .................................
10,200
824
132
692
2,836
1,986
588
436
8
727
227
850
5,211
463
2,457
1,990
467
2,097
195
1,328
409
505
298
117
11,807
952
153
800
3,182
2,160
617
445
8
843
247
1,022
6,171
503
2,989
2,444
545
2,464
215
1,502
470
551
347
134
7.1
.6
.1
.5
2.0
1.4
.4
.3
.0
.5
.2
.6
3.6
.3
1.7
1.4
.3
1.5
.1
.9
.3
.4
.2
.1
7.1
.6
.1
.5
1.9
1.3
.4
.3
.0
.5
.1
.6
3.7
.3
1.8
1.5
.3
1.5
.1
.9
.3
.3
.2
.1
1,607
128
21
107
346
174
29
9
0
116
20
172
960
40
532
454
78
367
20
173
61
46
49
18
15.8
15.6
15.8
15.5
12.2
8.8
4.9
2.1
-5.4
15.9
9.0
20.2
18.4
8.6
21.7
22.8
16.7
17.5
10.4
13.0
14.9
9.0
16.4
15.2
5,659
332
60
272
1,262
789
211
144
3
341
91
473
3,454
223
1,699
1,317
383
1,446
85
611
198
216
143
54
37-0000
37-1000
37-1011
37-1012
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ...............................
Supervisors, building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers .............
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers ........
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers ............................................................................
Building cleaning and pest control workers .........................................................
Building cleaning workers4 ..............................................................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ..............
Maids and housekeeping cleaners ..............................................................
Pest control workers ........................................................................................
Grounds maintenance workers ...........................................................................
Grounds maintenance workers4 .....................................................................
5,485
380
230
6,386
449
267
3.8
.3
.2
3.9
.3
.2
901
70
37
16.4
18.4
16.2
2,000
138
92
150
3,820
3,759
2,267
1,492
62
1,285
1,160
182
4,381
4,309
2,681
1,629
72
1,555
1,410
.1
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.0
.0
.9
.8
.1
2.7
2.6
1.6
1.0
.0
.9
.9
32
561
550
414
137
10
270
250
21.6
14.7
14.6
18.3
9.2
17.0
21.0
21.5
46
1,314
1,294
844
450
20
548
503
37-2000
37-2010
37-2011
37-2012
37-2021
37-3000
37-3010
88
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
37-3011
37-3012
37-3013
37-9099
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers .................................................
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation ..........................
Tree trimmers and pruners ..........................................................................
All other building and grounds cleaning and maintenance workers5 ..............
1,074
27
59
125
1,311
30
69
145
0.7
.0
.0
.1
0.8
.0
.0
.1
237
3
11
20
22.0
9.7
18.6
16.1
470
9
24
46
39-0000
39-1000
39-1010
39-1011
39-1012
39-1021
39-2000
39-2011
39-2021
39-3000
39-3010
39-3011
39-3012
39-3021
39-3031
39-3090
39-3091
39-3092
39-3093
39-3199
39-4000
39-4011
39-4021
39-5000
39-5010
39-5011
39-5012
39-5090
39-5091
39-5092
39-5093
39-5094
39-6000
39-6010
39-6011
39-6012
39-6020
39-6021
39-6022
39-6030
39-6031
39-6032
39-9000
39-9011
39-9021
39-9030
39-9031
39-9032
39-9041
39-9099
Personal care and service occupations ..................................................................
Supervisors, personal care and service workers ................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of gaming workers ........................................
Gaming supervisors ....................................................................................
Slot key persons ..........................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers .........................
Animal care and service workers ........................................................................
Animal trainers ................................................................................................
Nonfarm animal caretakers .............................................................................
Entertainment attendants and related workers ...................................................
Gaming services workers4 ..............................................................................
Gaming dealers ...........................................................................................
Gaming and sports book writers and runners .............................................
Motion picture projectionists ............................................................................
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers ....................................................
Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers4 ......................
Amusement and recreation attendants .......................................................
Costume attendants ....................................................................................
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants ..............................
All other gaming service workers2 ..................................................................
Funeral service workers ......................................................................................
Embalmers ......................................................................................................
Funeral attendants ..........................................................................................
Personal appearance workers ............................................................................
Barbers and cosmetologists ............................................................................
Barbers ........................................................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ............................................
Miscellaneous personal appearance workers .................................................
Makeup artists, theatrical and performance ................................................
Manicurists and pedicurists .........................................................................
Shampooers ................................................................................................
Skin care specialists ....................................................................................
Transportation, tourism, and lodging attendants .................................................
Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges ....................................................
Baggage porters and bellhops ....................................................................
Concierges ..................................................................................................
Tour and travel guides ....................................................................................
Tour guides and escorts ..............................................................................
Travel guides ...............................................................................................
Transportation attendants ...............................................................................
Flight attendants ..........................................................................................
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters ..
Other personal care and service workers ...........................................................
Child care workers ..........................................................................................
Personal and home care aides .......................................................................
Recreation and fitness workers .......................................................................
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ....................................................
Recreation workers .....................................................................................
Residential advisors ........................................................................................
Personal care and service workers, all other ..................................................
4,458
276
60
39
21
216
151
26
125
507
92
78
14
9
105
261
234
4
23
40
33
7
26
754
651
66
585
103
2
51
25
25
248
75
58
17
43
36
6
130
104
26
2,490
1,211
608
485
183
302
53
134
5,375
305
69
45
24
236
183
30
153
626
115
97
18
9
121
333
299
5
29
49
38
7
31
865
741
70
671
124
2
63
29
30
284
86
67
20
47
40
6
152
121
31
3,073
1,353
854
628
264
364
71
168
3.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.4
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.5
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
1.7
.8
.4
.3
.1
.2
.0
.1
3.3
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.4
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.2
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.4
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
1.9
.8
.5
.4
.2
.2
.0
.1
917
29
9
6
3
20
32
4
28
119
23
19
3
0
16
72
65
1
6
9
5
1
5
111
90
4
86
21
0
12
4
5
36
11
8
3
4
4
0
22
17
5
583
142
246
143
81
62
18
35
20.6
10.7
15.4
15.7
14.8
9.4
20.8
14.3
22.2
23.6
24.7
24.7
24.4
.4
15.5
27.6
27.8
25.1
26.5
21.3
16.7
8.3
18.9
14.7
13.8
6.5
14.7
20.3
18.2
22.7
16.6
19.4
14.7
14.6
14.4
15.3
9.3
11.0
-.3
16.5
15.9
18.9
23.4
11.7
40.5
29.5
44.5
20.5
33.6
25.9
1,985
96
22
14
8
74
68
9
59
300
52
44
8
5
76
147
132
2
13
21
12
2
10
262
221
23
199
41
1
21
9
10
84
31
24
7
15
14
2
38
30
8
1,161
471
343
254
123
131
29
63
41-0000
Sales and related occupations ....................................................................................
15,260
17,231
10.6
10.4
1,971
12.9
6,904
41-1000
41-1011
41-1012
41-2000
41-2010
41-2011
41-2012
41-2020
41-2021
Supervisors, sales workers .....................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers ......................................
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers ...............................
Retail sales workers ................................................................................................
Cashiers ..............................................................................................................
Cashiers, except gaming .................................................................................
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers ..................................................
Counter and rental clerks and parts salespersons ..............................................
Counter and rental clerks ................................................................................
2,395
1,798
597
8,224
3,465
3,432
33
683
436
2,599
1,962
637
9,392
3,927
3,886
41
793
550
1.7
1.2
.4
5.7
2.4
2.4
.0
.5
.3
1.6
1.2
.4
5.7
2.4
2.4
.0
.5
.3
204
163
41
1,167
462
454
8
109
114
8.5
9.1
6.8
14.2
13.3
13.2
24.1
16.0
26.3
640
486
153
4,578
2,148
2,124
24
352
281
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
89
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
41-2022
41-2031
41-3000
41-3011
41-3021
41-3031
41-3041
41-4000
41-4011
41-9000
41-9010
41-9011
41-9012
41-9020
41-9021
41-9022
41-9031
41-9041
41-9091
41-9098
Parts salespersons ..........................................................................................
Retail salespersons .............................................................................................
Sales representatives, services4 .............................................................................
Advertising sales agents .....................................................................................
Insurance sales agents .......................................................................................
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents .............................
Travel agents ......................................................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing .............................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific
products
......................................................................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and
scientific products
.......................................................................................
Other sales and related workers .............................................................................
Models, demonstrators, and product promoters .................................................
Demonstrators and product promoters ...........................................................
Models .............................................................................................................
Real estate brokers and sales agents .................................................................
Real estate brokers .........................................................................................
Real estate sales agents .................................................................................
Sales engineers ..................................................................................................
Telemarketers .....................................................................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers ......
All other sales and related workers5 ...................................................................
43-0000
43-1000
43-1011
43-2000
43-2011
43-2021
43-2099
43-3000
43-3011
43-3021
43-3031
43-3041
43-3051
43-3061
43-3071
43-4000
43-4011
43-4021
43-4031
43-4041
43-4051
43-4061
43-4071
43-4081
43-4111
43-4121
43-4131
43-4141
43-4151
43-4161
43-4171
43-4181
43-4999
43-5000
43-5011
43-5021
43-5030
43-5031
43-5032
43-5041
43-5050
43-5051
41-4012
90
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
248
4,076
957
157
381
300
118
1,857
243
4,672
1,033
178
413
339
102
2,213
0.2
2.8
.7
.1
.3
.2
.1
1.3
0.1
2.8
.6
.1
.3
.2
.1
1.3
-5
596
76
21
32
39
-16
356
-2.0
14.6
7.9
13.4
8.4
13.0
-13.8
19.2
71
2,077
274
52
123
73
27
844
398
475
.3
.3
77
19.3
182
1,459
1,827
179
175
5
407
99
308
82
428
155
577
1,738
1,994
210
204
5
427
101
325
98
406
137
717
1.0
1.3
.1
.1
.0
.3
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.4
1.1
1.2
.1
.1
.0
.3
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.4
279
167
30
30
1
20
2
18
16
-21
-18
140
19.1
9.2
16.9
17.0
14.5
4.9
2.4
5.7
19.9
-4.9
-11.8
24.3
662
568
70
68
2
101
22
79
41
70
37
250
Office and administrative support occupations ...........................................................
23,851
25,464
16.6
15.4
1,613
6.8
7,499
Supervisors, office and administrative support workers ..........................................
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers ....
Communications equipment operators ...................................................................
Switchboard operators, including answering service ..........................................
Telephone operators ...........................................................................................
All other communications equipment operators ..................................................
Financial clerks .......................................................................................................
Bill and account collectors ...................................................................................
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators ...............................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ....................................................
Gaming cage workers .........................................................................................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ...........................................................................
Procurement clerks .............................................................................................
Tellers .................................................................................................................
Information and record clerks4 ................................................................................
Brokerage clerks .................................................................................................
Correspondence clerks .......................................................................................
Court, municipal, and license clerks ....................................................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks .............................................................
Customer service representatives .......................................................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs .....................................................
File clerks ............................................................................................................
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks ....................................................................
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan ...............................................................
Library assistants, clerical ...................................................................................
Loan interviewers and clerks ...............................................................................
New accounts clerks ...........................................................................................
Order clerks .........................................................................................................
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping ...........................
Receptionists and information clerks ..................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks ...........................
All other financial, information, and record clerks2 ..............................................
Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations .............
Cargo and freight agents .....................................................................................
Couriers and Messengers ...............................................................................
Dispatchers .........................................................................................................
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers .........................................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance .............................................
Meter readers, utilities .........................................................................................
Postal service workers ........................................................................................
Postal service clerks .......................................................................................
1,459
1,459
304
236
50
19
3,726
413
507
1,983
18
198
77
530
5,394
78
33
106
80
1,894
94
265
178
193
120
170
99
330
174
1,100
177
304
4,005
59
132
262
92
170
54
664
77
1,555
1,555
272
236
22
14
3,987
514
547
2,042
21
211
72
580
6,310
67
33
119
74
2,354
83
264
220
247
146
146
110
311
207
1,425
199
306
4,025
68
138
298
104
194
46
636
77
1.0
1.0
.2
.2
.0
.0
2.6
.3
.4
1.4
.0
.1
.1
.4
3.7
.1
.0
.1
.1
1.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.8
.1
.2
2.8
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.5
.1
.9
.9
.2
.1
.0
.0
2.4
.3
.3
1.2
.0
.1
.0
.4
3.8
.0
.0
.1
.0
1.4
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.9
.1
.2
2.4
.0
.1
.2
.1
.1
.0
.4
.0
96
96
-32
1
-28
-5
261
101
40
59
3
13
-5
50
916
-11
0
13
-5
460
-11
-1
42
54
26
-24
11
-19
33
325
22
2
20
9
5
36
12
24
-8
-28
0
6.6
6.6
-10.5
.3
-56.3
-24.6
7.0
24.5
7.9
3.0
14.5
6.5
-6.7
9.4
17.0
-14.7
-1.4
12.3
-6.7
24.3
-11.6
-.3
23.9
28.0
21.5
-14.3
11.2
-5.7
19.3
29.5
12.2
.5
.5
15.5
4.0
13.8
12.7
14.4
-14.1
-4.3
-.5
409
409
78
61
13
4
1,143
179
126
431
12
65
20
311
2,134
10
10
36
15
741
25
78
122
104
75
23
36
74
71
595
68
49
1,306
22
36
92
32
61
17
192
20
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
43-5052
43-5053
43-5061
43-5071
43-5081
43-5111
43-5199
43-6000
43-6011
43-6012
43-6013
43-6014
43-9000
43-9011
43-9020
43-9021
43-9022
43-9031
43-9041
43-9051
43-9061
43-9071
43-9081
43-9111
43-9999
Postal service mail carriers .............................................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine
operators ....................................................................................................
Production, planning, and expediting clerks ........................................................
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks ..................................................................
Stock clerks and order fillers ...............................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping .........................
All other material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing
.....................................................................................................
workers2
Secretaries and administrative assistants ...............................................................
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants ...........................................
Legal secretaries .................................................................................................
Medical secretaries .............................................................................................
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive ..............................................
Other office and administrative support workers .....................................................
Computer operators ............................................................................................
Data entry and information processing workers4 ................................................
Data entry keyers ............................................................................................
Word processors and typists ...........................................................................
Desktop publishers ..............................................................................................
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks ...................................................
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service ..........................
Office clerks, general ..........................................................................................
Office machine operators, except computer .......................................................
Proofreaders and copy markers ..........................................................................
Statistical assistants ............................................................................................
All other secretaries, administrative assistants, and other office support
.....................................................................................................
workers2
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
334
333
0.2
0.2
-2
-0.5
105
253
288
803
1,628
81
226
328
827
1,560
93
.2
.2
.6
1.1
.1
.1
.2
.5
.9
.1
-26
40
24
-68
12
-10.5
14.1
3.0
-4.2
14.6
67
110
189
602
32
34
4,104
1,526
264
339
1,975
4,858
182
633
392
241
35
266
170
2,991
96
27
23
32
4,288
1,658
313
398
1,918
5,027
151
519
371
148
45
276
165
3,301
91
26
22
.0
2.8
1.1
.2
.2
1.4
3.4
.1
.4
.3
.2
.0
.2
.1
2.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
2.6
1.0
.2
.2
1.2
3.0
.1
.3
.2
.1
.0
.2
.1
2.0
.1
.0
.0
-2
184
132
50
58
-57
169
-30
-114
-21
-93
10
10
-5
310
-4
-1
-2
-6.9
4.5
8.7
18.8
17.2
-2.9
3.5
-16.7
-18.1
-5.4
-38.6
29.2
3.6
-2.9
10.4
-4.6
-4.8
-7.2
13
1,026
424
100
123
378
1,404
39
146
93
53
18
53
51
972
24
6
4
435
431
.3
.3
-4
-.9
92
45-0000
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations .................................................................
1,072
1,107
.7
.7
35
3.3
335
45-1000
45-2000
45-2011
45-2021
45-2041
45-2090
45-2091
45-2092
45-2093
45-3000
45-3011
45-3021
45-4000
45-4011
45-4020
45-4021
45-4022
45-4023
45-9099
Supervisors, farming, fishing, and forestry workers ................................................
Agricultural workers .................................................................................................
Agricultural inspectors .........................................................................................
Animal breeders ..................................................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products ..........................................................
Miscellaneous agricultural workers4 ...................................................................
Agricultural equipment operators ....................................................................
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse ...........................
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals ............................................................
Fishing and hunting workers ...................................................................................
Fishers and related fishing workers ....................................................................
Hunters and trappers ..........................................................................................
Forest, conservation, and logging workers .............................................................
Forest and conservation workers ........................................................................
Logging workers4 ................................................................................................
Fallers .............................................................................................................
Logging equipment operators .........................................................................
Log graders and scalers ..................................................................................
All other farming, fishing, and forestry workers5 .....................................................
52
804
16
9
49
731
61
617
53
38
36
1
81
14
67
14
43
10
96
58
840
17
10
52
762
65
641
56
28
27
2
80
15
65
14
41
10
101
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
6
36
1
1
3
31
4
24
2
-10
-10
0
-2
1
-2
0
-2
0
4
11.4
4.5
6.7
6.1
6.7
4.3
7.3
4.0
4.4
-25.5
-26.8
6.5
-1.9
4.5
-3.2
-3.4
-3.7
-1.2
4.5
18
261
5
2
16
238
22
199
17
11
10
1
16
4
12
3
8
2
28
47-0000
Construction and extraction occupations ....................................................................
7,292
8,388
5.1
5.1
1,096
15.0
2,548
47-1000
47-1011
Supervisors, construction and extraction workers ...................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction
workers
.......................................................................................................
Construction trades and related workers ................................................................
Boilermakers .......................................................................................................
Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons ..................................................
Brickmasons and blockmasons .......................................................................
Stonemasons ..................................................................................................
Carpenters ..........................................................................................................
Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers ......................................................
Carpet installers ..............................................................................................
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles ............................................
Floor sanders and finishers .............................................................................
Tile and marble setters ....................................................................................
633
722
.4
.4
89
14.1
197
633
5,596
25
165
148
17
1,209
164
82
31
17
33
722
6,452
25
188
169
19
1,331
191
96
35
18
42
.4
3.9
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.4
3.9
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
89
857
0
23
21
2
122
27
14
4
1
9
14.1
15.3
1.7
14.2
14.2
14.1
10.1
16.8
16.8
13.4
4.2
26.5
197
1,887
9
48
43
5
319
53
27
9
3
14
47-2000
47-2011
47-2020
47-2021
47-2022
47-2031
47-2040
47-2041
47-2042
47-2043
47-2044
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
91
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
47-2050
47-2051
47-2053
47-2061
47-2070
47-2071
47-2072
47-2073
47-2080
47-2081
47-2082
47-2111
47-2121
47-2130
47-2140
47-2141
47-2142
47-2150
47-2151
47-2152
47-2161
47-2171
47-2181
47-2211
47-2221
47-3000
47-3010
47-3011
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
188
182
6
938
416
58
5
353
176
135
41
659
49
53
468
448
20
550
58
492
59
29
166
205
78
431
431
236
229
7
1,070
460
65
6
389
214
164
49
814
57
62
521
500
21
649
65
584
67
33
197
246
90
490
490
0.1
.1
.0
.7
.3
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.3
.0
.4
.0
.3
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.0
.6
.3
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.5
.0
.0
.3
.3
.0
.4
.0
.4
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.3
.3
48
47
1
133
45
7
0
37
37
29
8
154
8
8
53
52
1
99
7
92
8
5
31
41
12
59
59
25.7
26.1
15.2
14.2
10.7
12.6
8.2
10.4
21.3
21.4
20.8
23.4
17.2
15.8
11.4
11.6
5.9
18.0
11.8
18.7
13.5
16.7
18.6
19.8
15.9
13.7
13.7
86
84
2
258
144
16
1
127
76
58
17
285
19
25
124
120
4
225
20
205
19
10
70
90
28
238
238
47-3012
47-3013
47-3014
47-3015
47-3016
47-3019
47-4000
47-4011
47-4021
47-4031
47-4041
47-4051
47-4061
47-4071
47-4090
47-4091
47-4999
47-5000
47-5010
47-5011
47-5012
47-5013
47-5021
47-5031
47-5040
47-5041
47-5042
47-5049
47-5051
47-5061
47-5071
47-5081
47-5099
Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers ................................
Cement masons and concrete finishers ..........................................................
Terrazzo workers and finishers .......................................................................
Construction laborers ..........................................................................................
Construction equipment operators ......................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators .....................................
Pile-driver operators ........................................................................................
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators .................
Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers .............................................
Drywall and ceiling tile installers .....................................................................
Tapers .............................................................................................................
Electricians ..........................................................................................................
Glaziers ...............................................................................................................
Insulation workers ...............................................................................................
Painters and paperhangers .................................................................................
Painters, construction and maintenance .........................................................
Paperhangers ..................................................................................................
Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .............................................
Pipelayers .......................................................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters ............................................................
Plasterers and stucco masons ............................................................................
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers .....................................................................
Roofers ................................................................................................................
Sheet metal workers ...........................................................................................
Structural iron and steel workers .........................................................................
Helpers, construction trades ...................................................................................
Helpers, construction trades ...............................................................................
Helpers—Brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble
setters .........................................................................................................
Helpers—Carpenters ......................................................................................
Helpers—Electricians ......................................................................................
Helpers—Painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons ................
Helpers—Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters .........................
Helpers—Roofers ............................................................................................
All other helpers, construction trades ..............................................................
Other construction and related workers4 ................................................................
Construction and building inspectors ..................................................................
Elevator installers and repairers ..........................................................................
Fence erectors ....................................................................................................
Hazardous materials removal workers ................................................................
Highway maintenance workers ...........................................................................
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators ....................................
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners ...................................................
Miscellaneous construction and related workers4 ...............................................
Segmental pavers ...........................................................................................
All other construction trades and related workers2 .................................................
Extraction workers ...................................................................................................
Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ...................
Derrick operators, oil and gas .........................................................................
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas ...................................................................
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining ....................................................
Earth drillers, except oil and gas .........................................................................
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters ...........................
Mining machine operators ...................................................................................
Continuous mining machine operators ............................................................
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators .............................................
All other mining machine operators .................................................................
Rock splitters, quarry ..........................................................................................
Roof bolters, mining ............................................................................................
Roustabouts, oil and gas .....................................................................................
Helpers—Extraction workers ...............................................................................
Extraction workers, all other ................................................................................
59
97
99
31
79
21
44
354
84
21
27
38
154
11
18
2
2
110
167
41
15
14
13
23
5
18
8
5
4
3
4
32
29
12
61
111
117
36
88
25
53
408
95
25
31
54
170
9
22
3
3
146
169
41
15
14
13
25
5
16
7
5
4
3
3
34
30
12
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
14
18
5
9
4
9
54
12
4
4
16
16
-1
4
0
0
35
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
-2
-2
0
0
0
-1
2
1
0
2.2
14.0
17.9
15.9
10.9
19.3
19.4
15.2
13.8
17.1
13.4
43.1
10.4
-11.5
21.2
16.5
16.5
32.0
1.2
.5
.8
1.5
-.8
7.7
2.0
-13.3
-18.5
-7.1
-10.8
14.3
-27.7
6.4
3.9
-.8
26
54
59
18
42
13
27
123
30
9
8
26
38
2
9
1
1
53
51
12
4
4
4
7
2
5
2
1
1
1
1
11
9
3
49-0000
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ......................................................
5,696
6,472
4.0
3.9
776
13.6
2,087
49-1000
49-1011
Supervisors of installation, maintenance, and repair workers .................................
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers ............
444
444
512
512
.3
.3
.3
.3
68
68
15.4
15.4
180
180
92
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2.
Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
49-2000
49-2011
49-2020
49-2021
49-2022
49-2090
49-2091
49-2092
49-2093
49-2094
49-2095
49-2096
49-2097
49-2098
49-2099
49-3000
49-3011
49-3020
49-3021
49-3022
49-3023
49-3031
49-3040
49-3041
49-3042
49-3043
49-3050
49-3051
49-3052
49-3053
49-3090
49-3091
49-3092
49-3093
49-3099
49-9000
49-9010
49-9011
49-9012
49-9021
49-9031
49-9040
49-9041
49-9042
49-9043
49-9044
49-9045
49-9050
49-9051
49-9052
49-9060
49-9061
49-9062
49-9063
49-9064
49-9069
49-9090
49-9091
49-9092
49-9093
49-9094
49-9095
Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ...............
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers .................................
Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers ....................
Radio mechanics .............................................................................................
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line
installers .....................................................................................................
Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and
repairers
.....................................................................................................
Avionics technicians ........................................................................................
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers ............................................
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation
equipment ...................................................................................................
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment .....
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay ........
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles ........................
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers ................
Security and fire alarm systems installers .......................................................
All other electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and
...................................................................................................
repairers2
Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ......................
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians ........................................................
Automotive technicians and repairers .................................................................
Automotive body and related repairers ...........................................................
Automotive glass installers and repairers .......................................................
Automotive service technicians and mechanics ..............................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists .....................................
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics .........
Farm equipment mechanics ............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines .....................................
Rail car repairers .............................................................................................
Small engine mechanics .....................................................................................
Motorboat mechanics ......................................................................................
Motorcycle mechanics .....................................................................................
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics .......................
Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and
repairers
.....................................................................................................
Bicycle repairers ..............................................................................................
Recreational vehicle service technicians ........................................................
Tire repairers and changers ............................................................................
All other vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers2 ...
Other installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........................................
Control and valve installers and repairers ...........................................................
Mechanical door repairers ...............................................................................
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door ...............
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers .................
Home appliance repairers ...................................................................................
Industrial machinery installation, repair, and maintenance workers ....................
Industrial machinery mechanics ......................................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general .......................................................
Maintenance workers, machinery ...................................................................
Millwrights .......................................................................................................
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons .......................................
Line installers and repairers ................................................................................
Electrical power-line installers and repairers ...................................................
Telecommunications line installers and repairers ...........................................
Precision instrument and equipment repairers ....................................................
Camera and photographic equipment repairers ..............................................
Medical equipment repairers ...........................................................................
Musical instrument repairers and tuners .........................................................
Watch repairers ...............................................................................................
All other precision instrument and equipment repairers ..................................
Miscellaneous installation, maintenance, and repair workers .............................
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers ..................
Commercial divers ..........................................................................................
Fabric menders, except garment ....................................................................
Locksmiths and safe repairers ........................................................................
Manufactured building and mobile home installers .........................................
689
156
226
7
2012
746
180
222
5
2002
2012
0.5
.1
.2
.0
0.5
.1
.1
.0
57
24
-4
-2
8.3
15.1
-1.6
-29.3
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
193
43
47
2
219
217
.2
.1
-1
-.6
45
284
23
31
317
24
33
.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
33
1
2
11.5
3.4
5.3
95
6
9
18
85
21
18
43
46
19
94
21
21
46
60
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
1
9
0
3
4
14
7.1
10.3
-.6
14.8
8.6
30.2
6
27
5
7
12
23
22
1,817
131
1,038
198
22
818
267
176
35
126
15
67
22
15
30
26
2,043
145
1,168
225
24
919
305
191
38
138
15
79
26
18
36
.0
1.3
.1
.7
.1
.0
.6
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.1
.7
.1
.0
.6
.2
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4
226
14
130
26
2
101
38
15
3
12
1
12
4
3
6
19.6
12.4
11.0
12.5
13.2
10.7
12.4
14.2
8.8
7.7
9.6
4.5
18.7
18.3
18.7
18.9
9
695
45
392
67
6
319
107
54
10
39
4
29
9
7
13
102
7
13
83
36
2,746
49
11
38
249
42
1,628
197
1,266
92
69
4
268
101
167
64
7
29
6
5
17
447
43
4
2
23
18
113
8
15
89
41
3,171
55
13
42
328
44
1,855
208
1,472
97
73
4
301
103
199
69
6
33
7
5
18
518
49
5
2
28
22
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
1.1
.1
.9
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
1.9
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
1.1
.1
.9
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
11
1
3
7
6
424
7
2
5
79
2
227
11
207
5
4
0
33
2
31
6
0
4
0
0
1
71
6
0
0
5
4
10.4
18.8
21.8
8.0
15.4
15.5
14.1
21.8
12.0
31.8
5.5
13.9
5.5
16.3
5.9
5.3
5.6
12.3
1.6
18.8
8.6
-7.1
14.8
6.3
3.5
7.0
15.8
15.2
10.6
-2.2
21.0
23.3
54
4
8
42
15
1,019
19
5
14
112
12
548
51
450
26
21
1
111
34
77
24
2
12
2
2
6
193
17
1
1
12
9
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
93
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
49-9096
49-9097
49-9098
49-9099
Riggers ............................................................................................................
Signal and track switch repairers ....................................................................
Helpers—Installation, maintenance, and repair workers .................................
Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other ..................................
14
8
150
185
16
8
181
207
0.0
.0
.1
.1
0.0
.0
.1
.1
2
0
30
23
14.3
-3.1
20.3
12.2
5
3
81
65
51-0000
Production occupations ...............................................................................................
11,258
11,612
7.8
7.0
354
3.1
3,361
51-1000
51-1011
51-2000
51-2011
51-2020
51-2021
51-2022
51-2023
51-2031
51-2041
51-2090
51-2091
51-2092
51-2093
51-2099
51-3000
51-3011
51-3020
51-3021
51-3022
51-3023
51-3090
51-3091
Supervisors, production workers .............................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers ................
Assemblers and fabricators .....................................................................................
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers ............................
Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers .................................
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers ..................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers .............................................
Electromechanical equipment assemblers ......................................................
Engine and other machine assemblers ...............................................................
Structural metal fabricators and fitters ................................................................
Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators .........................................................
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators .............................................................
Team assemblers ............................................................................................
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators ....................................
All other assemblers and fabricators ...............................................................
Food processing occupations .................................................................................
Bakers .................................................................................................................
Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers .........................
Butchers and meat cutters ..............................................................................
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers ...................................................
Slaughterers and meat packers ......................................................................
Miscellaneous food processing workers .............................................................
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and
tenders .......................................................................................................
Food batchmakers ..........................................................................................
Food cooking machine operators and tenders ................................................
All other food processing workers2 .....................................................................
Metal workers and plastic workers4 ........................................................................
Computer control programmers and operators ...................................................
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic .....................
Numerical tool and process control programmers ..........................................
Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .................
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .........................................................................................................
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ..............
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ................
Machine tool cutting setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic .............
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic ..................................................................................................
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .........................................................................................................
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and
tenders, metal and plastic ..........................................................................
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .........................................................................................................
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .........................................................................................................
Machinists ...........................................................................................................
Metal furnace and kiln operators and tenders .....................................................
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders .................................................
Pourers and casters, metal .............................................................................
Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic ..........................................
Model makers, metal and plastic .....................................................................
Patternmakers, metal and plastic ....................................................................
Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic
.........................................................................................................
Foundry mold and coremakers .......................................................................
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic ........................................................................................
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ...........
733
733
2,122
27
377
36
281
60
50
89
1,579
37
1,174
7
361
757
173
414
132
154
128
127
803
803
2,044
24
316
31
230
55
49
94
1,561
39
1,155
6
360
836
192
459
129
179
151
137
.5
.5
1.5
.0
.3
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
1.1
.0
.8
.0
.3
.5
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.5
1.2
.0
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.9
.0
.7
.0
.2
.5
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
70
70
-77
-2
-61
-5
-51
-5
-1
6
-18
2
-19
0
-1
79
19
45
-3
25
23
9
9.5
9.5
-3.6
-9.4
-16.3
-13.9
-18.3
-8.3
-1.9
6.2
-1.1
5.6
-1.6
-3.0
-.2
10.5
11.2
10.9
-2.5
16.4
18.1
7.2
224
224
547
7
89
9
66
14
14
26
410
12
304
2
93
254
59
139
29
59
51
41
19
74
34
42
2,367
151
132
19
188
20
79
37
48
2,544
166
144
22
198
.0
.1
.0
.0
1.6
.1
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.1
.1
.0
.1
1
5
3
6
177
15
12
3
11
4.2
7.2
8.8
13.4
7.5
9.8
9.3
13.0
5.6
6
23
11
15
754
40
34
6
60
98
45
44
546
105
48
45
569
.1
.0
.0
.4
.1
.0
.0
.3
7
3
1
24
7.1
5.9
2.0
4.3
40
9
11
144
283
302
.2
.2
19
6.8
85
53
54
.0
.0
1
2.1
17
104
106
.1
.1
3
2.4
22
75
75
.1
.0
1
.8
15
31
387
31
18
13
15
9
6
31
419
30
17
13
16
10
7
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
32
0
0
0
1
1
0
.8
8.2
-1.3
-.8
-2.0
9.8
14.6
3.6
6
122
7
4
3
6
4
2
174
23
189
24
.1
.0
.1
.0
14
1
8.2
3.6
58
7
151
99
165
107
.1
.1
.1
.1
14
8
8.9
8.3
51
35
51-3092
51-3093
51-3099
51-4000
51-4010
51-4011
51-4012
51-4020
51-4021
51-4022
51-4023
51-4030
51-4031
51-4032
51-4033
51-4034
51-4035
51-4041
51-4050
51-4051
51-4052
51-4060
51-4061
51-4062
51-4070
51-4071
51-4072
51-4081
94
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
51-4111
51-4120
51-4121
51-4122
51-4190
51-4191
51-4192
51-4193
51-4194
51-4199
51-5000
51-5010
51-5011
51-5012
51-5020
51-5021
51-5022
51-5023
51-5099
51-6000
51-6011
51-6021
51-6031
51-6040
51-6041
51-6042
51-6050
51-6051
51-6052
51-6060
51-6061
51-6062
51-6063
51-6064
51-6090
51-6091
51-6092
51-6093
51-6099
51-7000
51-7011
51-7021
51-7030
51-7031
51-7032
51-7040
51-7041
51-7042
51-7099
51-8000
51-8010
51-8011
51-8012
51-8013
51-8021
51-8031
51-8090
51-8091
51-8092
51-8093
51-8099
51-9000
51-9010
51-9011
Tool and die makers ............................................................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing workers ............................................................
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers ........................................................
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders .....
Miscellaneous metalworkers and plastic workers ...............................................
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic ...
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic ..................................................................
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic .........................................................................................................
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners ...............................................................
All other metal workers and plastic workers ....................................................
Printing occupations ................................................................................................
Bookbinders and bindery workers .......................................................................
Bindery workers ..............................................................................................
Bookbinders ....................................................................................................
Printers ................................................................................................................
Job printers .....................................................................................................
Prepress technicians and workers ..................................................................
Printing machine operators .............................................................................
All other printing workers2 ...................................................................................
Textile, apparel, and furnishings occupations .........................................................
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers ......................................................................
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials ................................................
Sewing machine operators ..................................................................................
Shoe and leather workers ...................................................................................
Shoe and leather workers and repairers .........................................................
Shoe machine operators and tenders .............................................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers ......................................................................
Sewers, hand ..................................................................................................
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers ......................................................
Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................................
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders ........................
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders .................................
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders ...........
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and
tenders .......................................................................................................
Miscellaneous textile, apparel, and furnishings workers .....................................
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic
and glass fibers ..........................................................................................
Fabric and apparel patternmakers ..................................................................
Upholsterers ....................................................................................................
All other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers ...........................................
Woodworkers ..........................................................................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ................................................................
Furniture finishers ...............................................................................................
Model makers and patternmakers, wood ............................................................
Model makers, wood .......................................................................................
Patternmakers, wood ......................................................................................
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders ......................................
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood .................................
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing .........
All other woodworkers .........................................................................................
Plant and system operators ....................................................................................
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers ..........................................
Nuclear power reactor operators .....................................................................
Power distributors and dispatchers .................................................................
Power plant operators .....................................................................................
Stationary engineers and boiler operators ..........................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators ...........................
Miscellaneous plant and system operators .........................................................
Chemical plant and system operators .............................................................
Gas plant operators .........................................................................................
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers .............
All other plant and system operators ...............................................................
Other production occupations .................................................................................
Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders ..........................
Chemical equipment operators and tenders ...................................................
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
109
452
391
61
215
29
13
110
518
457
62
221
29
15
0.1
.3
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
0.1
.3
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
0
67
66
1
6
0
2
0.4
14.8
17.0
.9
2.6
-.6
15.6
25
194
177
18
62
9
4
44
26
104
465
98
91
7
346
56
91
199
21
1,085
231
91
315
23
16
7
90
36
53
179
27
34
53
42
24
111
466
93
86
7
350
61
81
208
23
932
260
91
216
18
14
5
77
29
48
124
19
26
33
.0
.0
.1
.3
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
.8
.2
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.3
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.1
.0
.6
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
-1
-2
7
1
-5
-5
0
4
5
-10
9
2
-152
29
0
-99
-4
-3
-2
-13
-8
-5
-56
-8
-8
-20
-2.6
-7.7
6.6
.3
-4.7
-5.2
1.3
1.2
9.2
-11.2
4.6
9.3
-14.1
12.3
-.2
-31.5
-19.0
-16.1
-26.1
-14.0
-21.2
-9.1
-31.0
-28.7
-22.6
-38.6
10
8
31
128
26
24
2
95
18
21
55
7
240
91
14
39
6
5
1
16
6
9
33
7
8
6
66
156
46
147
.0
.1
.0
.1
-20
-9
-30.3
-5.9
12
41
27
11
56
61
374
147
39
9
4
4
151
56
95
29
346
51
3
12
35
55
99
141
58
12
39
32
3,010
94
58
24
8
51
63
393
160
41
10
5
5
153
56
98
29
353
51
3
12
36
56
115
132
51
13
35
33
3,240
92
56
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.0
.1
.0
-4
-3
-5
2
19
14
1
1
0
0
3
0
3
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
16
-9
-7
1
-4
2
230
-2
-2
-13.1
-24.6
-8.7
3.3
5.1
9.4
3.3
11.1
10.3
11.8
1.8
-.2
3.0
1.7
2.0
-.7
-3.2
-3.0
.3
.3
16.0
-6.2
-12.3
6.7
-11.0
5.6
7.7
-2.0
-3.8
5
5
14
16
115
50
9
3
2
2
44
16
28
9
120
14
1
3
10
10
50
46
18
5
12
12
977
30
19
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
95
Occupational
Employment
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
Percent
distribution
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Number Percent
2002
51-9012
2012
2002
2012
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
36
196
45
45
106
109
31
77
36
192
44
49
99
116
33
83
0.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.1
0.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
0
-4
-1
4
-7
7
2
5
0.8
-2.1
-2.8
9.0
-6.5
6.9
7.6
6.6
12
55
12
16
28
30
9
21
51-9051
51-9061
51-9071
51-9080
51-9081
51-9082
51-9083
51-9111
51-9120
51-9121
51-9122
51-9123
51-9130
51-9131
51-9132
51-9141
51-9190
51-9191
51-9192
51-9193
51-9194
51-9195
51-9196
51-9197
51-9198
51-9199
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...............................................................................
Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers ..............................
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders ...
Grinding and polishing workers, hand .............................................................
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders ........................
Cutting workers ...................................................................................................
Cutters and trimmers, hand .............................................................................
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders ..........................
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and
tenders
.......................................................................................................
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders ...............................
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers ..........................................
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers ................................................
Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians ......................................
Dental laboratory technicians ..........................................................................
Medical appliance technicians ........................................................................
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians ..................................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders ........................................
Painting workers ..................................................................................................
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders ......
Painters, transportation equipment .................................................................
Painting, coating, and decorating workers ......................................................
Photographic process workers and processing machine operators ....................
Photographic process workers ........................................................................
Photographic processing machine operators ..................................................
Semiconductor processors ..................................................................................
Miscellaneous production workers ......................................................................
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders ..................................
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders ......
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders .................................
Etchers and engravers ....................................................................................
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic ...............................
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders ...................................
Tire builders ....................................................................................................
Helpers—Production workers .........................................................................
All other production workers ............................................................................
73
31
515
40
94
47
14
33
387
187
103
50
34
82
28
54
46
1,155
27
18
7
10
46
117
14
467
449
73
29
539
42
101
49
16
36
468
211
112
59
40
89
30
59
42
1,245
28
19
8
10
49
114
15
503
500
.1
.0
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.3
.3
.0
.0
.3
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.3
.3
0
-2
24
2
7
2
2
3
82
24
10
9
6
6
2
5
-5
90
0
1
1
1
3
-3
1
36
51
-.1
-4.9
4.7
4.5
7.4
3.6
16.1
9.2
21.1
13.0
9.4
17.5
17.6
7.9
5.4
9.2
-10.6
7.8
1.1
6.9
7.1
6.1
6.4
-2.8
6.6
7.7
11.3
19
7
141
10
27
12
5
10
159
73
36
22
15
27
9
18
10
388
8
7
3
3
14
25
4
167
158
53-0000
Transportation and material moving occupations .......................................................
9,828
11,111
6.8
6.7
1,282
13.0
3,496
53-1000
53-1011
53-1021
Supervisors, transportation and material moving workers ......................................
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors .....................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers,
hand
...........................................................................................................
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine
and vehicle operators
.................................................................................
Air transportation occupations .................................................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers .......................................................................
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers .....................................................
Commercial pilots ............................................................................................
Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists ......................................
Air traffic controllers ........................................................................................
Airfield operations specialists ..........................................................................
All other air transportation workers2 ....................................................................
Motor vehicle operators ...........................................................................................
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians ......
Bus drivers ..........................................................................................................
Bus drivers, transit and intercity ......................................................................
Bus drivers, school ..........................................................................................
Driver/sales workers and truck drivers ................................................................
Driver/sales workers ........................................................................................
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer ...........................................................
Truck drivers, light or delivery services ...........................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs .................................................................................
All other motor vehicle operators ........................................................................
Rail transportation occupations ...............................................................................
Locomotive engineers and operators ..................................................................
364
9
411
10
.3
.0
.2
.0
47
1
12.9
15.6
132
3
147
168
.1
.1
21
14.0
55
207
144
100
79
21
32
26
6
12
4,136
17
654
202
453
3,221
431
1,767
1,022
132
111
101
33
232
168
118
94
24
36
29
7
14
4,896
22
761
233
528
3,813
450
2,104
1,259
161
139
96
31
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.9
.0
.5
.1
.3
2.2
.3
1.2
.7
.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.0
.0
.5
.1
.3
2.3
.3
1.3
.8
.1
.1
.1
.0
25
24
18
15
3
4
3
1
2
760
5
106
31
76
592
19
337
237
29
28
-5
-2
12.1
17.0
17.8
18.5
14.9
13.5
12.6
17.2
19.4
18.4
26.7
16.2
15.2
16.7
18.4
4.3
19.0
23.2
21.7
25.2
-5.3
-7.2
74
62
45
36
9
12
10
3
5
1,385
6
249
75
174
1,045
89
625
331
41
44
28
10
51-9020
51-9021
51-9022
51-9023
51-9030
51-9031
51-9032
51-9041
53-1031
53-2000
53-2010
53-2011
53-2012
53-2020
53-2021
53-2022
53-2099
53-3000
53-3011
53-3020
53-3021
53-3022
53-3030
53-3031
53-3032
53-3033
53-3041
53-3099
53-4000
53-4010
96
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
Table 2. Continued—Employment by occupation, 2002 and projected 2012
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Number
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
Change
Percent
distribution
Number Percent
2002
53-4021
53-4031
53-4039
53-5000
53-5011
53-5020
53-5021
53-5022
53-5031
53-5099
53-6000
53-6011
53-6021
53-6031
53-6041
53-6051
53-6099
53-7000
53-7011
53-7021
53-7030
53-7031
53-7032
53-7033
53-7041
53-7051
53-7060
53-7061
53-7062
53-7063
53-7064
53-7070
53-7071
53-7072
53-7073
53-7081
53-7111
53-7121
53-7199
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators ......................................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters ................................................................
Subway, streetcar operators and all other rail transportation workers5 ..............
Water transportation occupations ...........................................................................
Sailors and marine oilers .....................................................................................
Ship and boat captains and operators ................................................................
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels ..................................................
Motorboat operators ........................................................................................
Ship engineers ....................................................................................................
All other water transportation workers2 ...............................................................
Other transportation workers ...................................................................................
Bridge and lock tenders ......................................................................................
Parking lot attendants .........................................................................................
Service station attendants ...................................................................................
Traffic technicians ...............................................................................................
Transportation inspectors ....................................................................................
All other related transportation workers ..............................................................
Material moving occupations ...................................................................................
Conveyor operators and tenders .........................................................................
Crane and tower operators .................................................................................
Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators ..........................................
Dredge operators ............................................................................................
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators ...............................
Loading machine operators, underground mining ...........................................
Hoist and winch operators ...................................................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators ..................................................................
Laborers and material movers, hand ..................................................................
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment ...............................................................
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand .................................
Machine feeders and offbearers .....................................................................
Packers and packagers, hand .........................................................................
Pumping station operators ..................................................................................
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators .....................................
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers ....................................................
Wellhead pumpers ..........................................................................................
Refuse and recyclable material collectors ...........................................................
Shuttle car operators ...........................................................................................
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders ........................................................................
Material moving workers, all other ......................................................................
1 Total job openings represent the sum of employment increases and net
replacements. If employment change is negative, job openings due to growth are
zero and total job openings equal net replacements.
2 This occupation was created by the OES survey. There is no SOC equivalent.
3 This minor occupation group contains a detailed occupation from another
Professional and related
occupations subgroup
Percent Numeric change
change (in thousands)
Computer and mathematical ................. 34.8
Community and social service ............. 26.2
Healthcare practitioners
and technical .................................... 26.0
Education, training, and library ............ 24.7
Life, physical, and social science ......... 17.2
Arts, design, entertainment,
sports, and media ............................. 16.5
Legal ...................................................... 16.2
Architecture and engineering ................. 8.6
1,051
574
1,708
2,109
212
393
190
222
15
38
15
68
27
29
25
4
8
4
294
4
107
107
6
29
40
4,722
58
50
87
3
80
4
9
594
3,659
344
2,231
164
920
32
7
13
11
134
3
17
78
2012
12
36
17
70
28
30
26
4
9
4
326
3
128
111
6
32
47
5,144
65
55
94
3
87
3
10
659
3,967
374
2,378
162
1,052
30
7
13
10
158
2
17
86
2002
2012
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.4
2.5
.2
1.5
.1
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
3.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.4
2.4
.2
1.4
.1
.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
-3
-2
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
32
-1
21
4
1
2
6
422
7
5
7
0
7
-1
1
66
308
30
147
-2
132
-2
0
-1
-1
24
-1
0
8
-22.8
-4.2
13.2
3.4
4.0
2.4
2.4
2.7
4.5
5.6
11.0
-17.4
19.2
3.3
9.3
7.7
15.1
8.9
12.4
10.8
7.5
.3
8.9
-14.1
13.0
11.1
8.4
8.7
6.6
-1.4
14.4
-6.0
1.0
-5.0
-11.7
17.6
-31.3
-2.1
10.0
Total job
openings
due to
growth
and net
replacements,
2002-121
2
10
7
25
11
9
8
1
4
1
135
1
52
52
2
9
18
1,729
24
16
31
1
29
1
4
178
1,376
150
876
45
305
7
2
3
3
58
1
5
29
minor occupation group.
4 Information about the detailed residual occupation for this broad occupation is
not included.
5 This occupation contains two or more detailed SOC occupations.
NOTE: Detail may not equal total or 100 percent due to rounding.
This group is projected to grow as the school-age population
increases; a greater proportion of preschool-age children
attend school; a greater proportion of students are provided
with special education; and classes become smaller. In
addition, rapid growth is expected in the number of adults
attending both career and job training schools and selfenrichment classes. More than 3 out of 5 new jobs are projected
for government and 1 in 5 for rapidly-growing private
educational services.4
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations are projected to add 1.7 million jobs, as the demand for healthcare
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
97
Occupational
Employment
services continues to grow rapidly. (See p. 101 for a discussion of reasons for growth.) More than 3 out of 4 new jobs in
these occupations are expected to be in the healthcare industry. Relatively few new jobs, and slow growth, are projected in
government.5 Registered nurses, by far the largest occupation in this group, should account for more than 1 out of 3 new
jobs. The number of self-employed workers in this group is
projected to decline slightly. Self-employed physicians are
expected to decline significantly, as employment shifts into
incorporated group practices, while self-employed registered
nurses, chiropractors, veterinarians, and speech-language
pathologists are projected to increase.
Computer and mathematical occupations are projected to
add 1.1 million jobs, and grow the fastest among the eight
subgroups. The demand for computer-related occupations
should increase, despite the recent downturn, as a result of
rapid advances in computer technology and the demand for
new computer applications, including those for the Internet
and Intranets. Growth will not be as rapid as during the previous decade, however, as the software industry begins to
mature and as routine work is increasingly outsourced overseas. More than a third of new jobs will be in computer systems design and related services, and one-fifth will be in the
information industry—primarily in software publishers, data
processing and related, and Internet-related industries. In
both groups, projected growth for these occupations exceeds
50 percent. In addition, in many industries, employment of
these workers is projected to grow faster than the average for
all occupations. Self-employed computer and mathematical
workers are expected to increase 39.8 percent.
Community and social services occupations are projected
to add 574,000 jobs. Continued rapid growth should result as
the elderly population increases rapidly and as greater efforts
are made to provide services for the disabled, the sick,
substance abusers, and individuals and families in crisis.
Within this occupational group, about 3 out of 5 new jobs are
expected to be in the healthcare and social assistance industry
and 1 out of 5 in religious organizations. Slow growth and 1
new job in 8 are projected for the large government sector.
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations are projected to add 393,000 jobs. About onefifth of these new jobs is projected for professional, scientific,
and technical services, which includes both advertising and
computer systems design and related services. One job in
seven is projected for the information sector, which includes
both motion pictures and publishing industries. About onesixth of the growth is expected for self-employed workers (a
9.3-percent increase), with largest increases for writers and
authors, graphic designers, musicians and singers, and
photographers.
Architecture and engineering jobs are projected to grow
slowly, adding 222,000 jobs. About 2 out of 5 new jobs in
98
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
these occupations are projected for the professional, scientific,
and technical services industry. One new job in 6 is projected
for the rapidly growing employment services industry, which
provides employees to other industries on a contract or fee
basis. One new job in 8 is projected for government. In
manufacturing industries—which employed a third of these
workers in 2002—little change is projected. Engineers, the
largest occupational subgroup, is expected to grow 7.3 percent.
Life, physical, and social scientists are projected to add
212,000 jobs. More than a quarter of these jobs are projected
for the professional, scientific, and technical services industry
which includes scientific consulting services and scientific
research and development services. Nearly a quarter of new
jobs is projected in government and 1 new job in 7 is projected
for rapidly-growing healthcare and social assistance. Selfemployed are projected to grow slowly, with most growth
among psychologists.
Legal occupations are projected to add 190,000 jobs, with
about 7 of 10 projected for the legal services industry, where
these occupations should increase rapidly. A quarter of all
growth is projected for government. Paralegals and legal
assistants are projected to grow the fastest, while lawyers
should add the most jobs, 118,000. The number of selfemployed workers in this group is projected to decline 7.0
percent, all among lawyers, reflecting the difficulty in
establishing new legal practices.
Employment in service occupations is projected to increase
by 5.3 million, the second largest numerical gain and second
highest rate of growth among the major occupational groups.
For these occupations, about 3 out of 10 new jobs, and fastest
growth, are projected for the healthcare and social assistance
industry. A quarter of new jobs are projected for the accommodation and food services industry. The number of self-employed service workers is projected to increase slightly.
Of the five subgroups making up service occupations, food
preparation and serving-related occupations was the largest
in 2002—with 10.2 million jobs—and is projected to add the
most jobs, about 1.6 million. Nevertheless, it has the slowest
projected growth. (See table 2.) Nearly 4 of 5 new jobs are
projected for the accommodation and food services industry.
The following tabulation shows the percent and numeric
change for the services occupation subgroups:
Percent
change
Healthcare support ..................... 34.5
Protective service ....................... 24.7
Personal care and service ............ 20.6
Building and grounds
cleaning and maintenance ........ 16.4
Food preparation
and serving related .................. 15.8
Numeric change
(in thousands)
1,143
769
917
901
1,607
Healthcare support occupations are projected to add 1.1 million jobs, growing the fastest of the services subgroups. (See
p. 101 for a discussion of reasons for growth.) Seven out of
eight new jobs are projected for the healthcare and social assistance industry. Self-employed healthcare support occupations are projected to grow 16.6 percent, with most growth
among massage therapists.
Personal care and service occupations are projected to add
917,000 jobs. Nearly half of new jobs, and the fastest growth
(51.6 percent) for these occupations, are projected in the
healthcare and social assistance industry. One new job in 6 is
projected for arts, entertainment, and recreation, which includes amusement parks and fitness and recreational sports
centers. Overall growth is retarded by a 1.6-percent decline
among the self-employed, who made up a quarter of all workers in this group in 2002. Declines among self-employed are
primarily among first-line supervisors/managers of personal
care and service workers (mostly proprietors of small businesses) and childcare workers.
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations are projected to add 901,000 jobs. Forty-five percent of
new jobs, and fast growth, are projected for administrative
and support and waste management and remediation services,
which includes both services to buildings and dwellings and
employment services. About 1 job in 8 is projected for
healthcare and social assistance and 1 in 10 each in accommodation and food service and government. A 39,000 decline is
projected in the private household sector, where 10 percent of
these workers were employed. Only 2.9-percent growth is
projected for the self-employed. Among the self-employed,
landscaping and groundskeeping workers, as well as first-line
supervisors/managers of these workers, are projected to increase, while maids and housekeeping cleaners are expected
to decline.
Protective service occupations are projected to add 769,000
jobs. Half of the growth is projected for government, and
nearly two-fifths is projected for rapidly growing investigation
and security services.
Employment in sales and related occupations is projected
to increase by 2 million. More than 3 out of 5 new jobs are
projected for retail trade, and 1 in 8 for wholesale trade. The
self-employed made up 12 percent of this group in 2002. Their
employment is projected to decline by 9 percent, with the largest decreases among self-employed first-line supervisors/managers of sales workers (owners of stores or other marketing
businesses); retail sales workers; and door-to-door sales
workers, news and street vendors, and related workers.
Employment in office and administrative support occupations is projected to increase by 1.6 million but grow slowly.
More than a quarter of these new jobs are projected for rapidly-growing employment services, which provides employees to other industries on a contract or fee basis. A quarter of
new jobs are projected for the healthcare and social assistance industries, and 1 in 6 for professional, scientific, and
technical services. In almost all industries, employment of
these workers are expected to grow more slowly than overall
employment, due to continued office automation, including
that related to electronic business,6 and as organizations make
greater use of temporary workers employed by the employment services industry. Thirteen out of 30 occupations with
the largest projected job declines, including word processors
and typists; stock clerks and order fillers; and secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive, are in this group. (See table
5.) However, a number of personal-contact occupations, such
as receptionists and information clerks, and bill and account
collectors, are less affected by changing technology, and have
relatively large projected growth.
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations are projected
to grow by 35,000 jobs. Self-employed are projected to decline
7.6 percent, with most declines among fishers and related
fishing workers. (Agricultural managers, including farmers
and ranchers, are classified with management, business, and
financial occupations.)
The construction and extraction occupations major group
is projected to add 1.1 million jobs, with 7 out of 10 in the
construction industry. One new job in 9, and fastest growth,
is projected for the employment services industry. A decline of
10,000 is projected for the mining industry—mostly for extraction workers. Self-employed construction and extraction workers are projected to increase slightly. Self-employed first-line
supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction
workers (mostly contractors) are projected to increase, while
self-employed carpenters are projected to decline.
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations are
projected to add 776,000 jobs. About 1 new job in 6 is projected for retail trade, which includes motor vehicle and parts
dealers; 1 new job in 8 is projected for the construction industry, and 1 in 10, for automotive repair and maintenance. Selfemployed workers in this group are projected to remain unchanged. Self-employed heating, air conditioning, and
refrigeration mechanics and installers are projected to increase, but others are projected to decline.
Production occupations are expected to add 354,000 jobs.
Most growth is projected for rapidly-growing employment
services, which provides employees to other industries on a
contract or fee basis, while some growth is projected for
wholesale and retail trade. Manufacturing, which employed 7
out of 10 production workers in 2002, is projected to lose nearly
200,000 of these workers. Self-employed production workers
are projected to decline 8.8 percent, with largest declines
among apparel occupations and woodworkers.
Transportation and material moving occupations are
projected to add 1.3 million jobs. More than 2 out of 5 new
jobs should be in transportation and warehousing, and 1 in 4,
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
99
Occupational
Employment
in employment services. Little change is projected for these
workers in manufacturing, where 1 out of 6 was employed in
2002. Water transportation occupations are projected to grow
slowly, while railroad occupations continue their long-term
decline. Nearly half of new jobs should be for truck drivers
and driver/sales workers. Little change is projected for selfemployed transportation workers.
Detailed occupations
This section focuses in occupations that are the fastest growing, have the largest numeric increases, and have the largest
numeric declines. Data on numeric and percent growth for
nearly 700 detailed occupations are presented in table 2.
The growth rates for detailed occupations range from an
increase of 59 percent for medical assistants to a decline of 56
percent for telephone operators. Numeric growth ranges from
623,000 additional jobs for registered nurses to a decline of
238,000 farmers and ranchers. The 30 occupations with the
largest numeric increase (table 4) account for 44 percent of the
21.3-million total increase over the 2002–12 period. The 30
occupations that are projected as the fastest growing (table 3)
have growth rates of 35 percent or greater, more than twice the
average for all occupations or faster. Six occupations—three
health related, two computer, and one education, are included in
both groups—personal and home care aides; medical assistants;
home health aides; computer software engineers, application;
computer systems analysts; and postsecondary teachers.
Table 3. Fastest growing occupations, 2002–12
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
2002
2012
Change
Quartile
rank by
2002
median
Number Percent
annual
earnings1
Most significant source of postsecondary
education or training2
31-9092
15-1081
29-1071
21-1093
31-1011
29-2071
31-2022
15-1031
15-1032
31-2021
Medical assistants .....................................................
Network systems and data communications analysts
Physician assistants ..................................................
Social and human service assistants ........................
Home health aides ....................................................
Medical records and health information technicians
Physical therapist aides ............................................
Computer software engineers, applications ..............
Computer software engineers, systems software .....
Physical therapist assistants .....................................
365
186
63
305
580
147
37
394
281
50
579
292
94
454
859
216
54
573
409
73
215
106
31
149
279
69
17
179
128
22
59
57
49
49
48
47
46
46
45
45
3
1
1
3
4
3
3
1
1
2
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Associate degree
39-9031
15-1061
29-2056
47-4041
29-2021
31-2012
31-9091
39-9021
25-3021
15-1051
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors ..................
Database administrators ...........................................
Veterinary technologists and technicians ..................
Hazardous materials removal workers ......................
Dental hygienists .......................................................
Occupational therapist aides .....................................
Dental assistants .......................................................
Personal and home care aides .................................
Self-enrichment education teachers ..........................
Computer systems analysts ......................................
183
110
53
38
148
8
266
608
200
468
264
159
76
54
212
12
379
854
281
653
81
49
23
16
64
4
113
246
80
184
44
44
44
43
43
43
42
40
40
39
3
1
3
2
1
3
3
4
2
1
Postsecondary vocational award
Bachelor’s degree
Associate degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Associate degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Work experience in a related occupation
Bachelor’s degree
31-2011
17-2081
25-1000
15-1071
19-4091
Occupational therapist assistants .............................
Environmental engineers ..........................................
Postsecondary teachers ............................................
Network and computer systems administrators ........
Environmental science and protection technicians,
including health ......................................................
Preschool teachers, except special education ..........
Computer and information systems managers .........
Physical therapists ....................................................
Occupational therapists .............................................
Respiratory therapists ...............................................
18
47
1,581
251
26
65
2,184
345
7
18
603
94
39
38
38
37
2
1
1
1
Associate degree
Bachelor’s degree
Doctoral degree
Bachelor’s degree
28
424
284
137
82
86
38
577
387
185
110
116
10
153
103
48
29
30
37
36
36
35
35
35
2
4
1
1
1
2
Associate degree
Postsecondary vocational award
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience
Master’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Associate degree
25-2011
11-3021
29-1123
29-1122
29-1126
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings
data are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($41,820 and over),
2=high ($27,500 to $41,780), 3=low ($19,710 to $27,380), and 4=very low (up to
$19,600). The rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total
employment to define each quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
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Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
2 An occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the
education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified. For more
information about the categories, see Occupational Projections and Training Data,
Bulletin 2572 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
Table 4. Occupations with the largest job growth, 2002–12
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
2002
29-1111
25-1000
41-2031
43-4051
35-3021
41-2011
37-2011
11-1021
35-3031
31-1012
53-3032
43-4171
33-9032
43-9061
25-9041
41-4012
31-1011
39-9021
53-3033
37-3011
25-2021
31-9092
49-9042
13-2011
15-1051
25-2031
15-1031
13-1111
35-2021
41-1011
Registered nurses .....................................................
Postsecondary teachers ............................................
Retail salespersons ...................................................
Customer service representatives .............................
Combined food preparation and serving workers,
including fast food ..................................................
Cashiers, except gaming ...........................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and
housekeeping cleaners ..........................................
General and operations managers ............................
Waiters and waitresses .............................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ...................
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer .....................
Receptionists and information clerks ........................
Security guards .........................................................
Office clerks, general ................................................
Teacher assistants ....................................................
Sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing, except technical and scientific
products ..................................................................
Home health aides ....................................................
Personal and home care aides .................................
Truck drivers, light or delivery services .....................
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers ...............
Elementary school teachers, except special
education ................................................................
Medical assistants .....................................................
Maintenance and repair workers, general .................
Accountants and auditors ..........................................
Computer systems analysts ......................................
Secondary school teachers, except special and
vocational education ...............................................
Computer software engineers, applications ..............
Management analysts ...............................................
Food preparation workers .........................................
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales
workers ...................................................................
2012
Number Percent
Quartile
rank by
2002
median
annual
earnings1
Most significant source of postsecondary
education or training2
2,284
1,581
4,076
1,894
2,908
2,184
4,672
2,354
623
603
596
460
27
38
15
24
1
1
4
3
Associate degree
Doctoral degree
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
1,990
3,432
2,444
3,886
454
454
23
13
4
4
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
2,267
2,049
2,097
1,375
2,681
2,425
2,464
1,718
414
376
367
343
18
18
18
25
4
1
4
3
Short-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
1,767
1,100
995
2,991
1,277
2,104
1,425
1,313
3,301
1,571
337
325
317
310
294
19
29
32
10
23
2
3
4
3
4
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
1,459
580
608
1,022
1,074
1,738
859
854
1,259
1,311
279
279
246
237
237
19
48
40
23
22
1
4
4
3
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
1,467
365
1,266
1,055
468
1,690
579
1,472
1,261
653
223
215
207
205
184
15
59
16
19
39
2
3
2
1
1
Bachelor’s degree
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
988
394
577
850
1,167
573
753
1,022
180
179
176
172
18
46
30
20
1
1
1
4
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s degree
Bachelor’s or higher degree, plus work experience
Short-term on-the-job training
1,798
1,962
163
9
2
Work experience in a related occupation
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings
data are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($41,820 and over),
2=high ($27,500 to $41,780), 3=low ($19,710 to $27,380), and 4=very low (up to
$19,600). The rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total
employment to define each quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
Fastest growing occupations. Fifteen of the 30 fastest
growing occupations are health related, 7 are computer-related
occupations, 3 are teachers, and 3 are environment related.
(See table 3.) The others are social and human services
assistants, and fitness trainers and aerobics instructors.
The two healthcare groups discussed in the previous section—healthcare practitioners and technical occupations, and
healthcare support occupations—have a combined growth
rate of 28.8 percent. Rapid growth among health-related occupations reflects an aging population that requires more
healthcare, a wealthier population that can afford better
healthcare, and advances in medical technology that permit
more health problems to be treated more aggressively. How-
2 An occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the
education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified. For more
information about the categories, see Occupational Projections and Training Data,
Bulletin 2572 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
ever, job growth among health-related occupations will be limited by efforts to control the rapid growth of spending on
healthcare, both by private medical insurers and by government—to restrict the growth of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Even so, continued efforts to control healthcare
costs should stimulate some health-related occupations
(mostly aides, assistants, and technicians) to grow even more
rapidly than overall health employment. They will assume
some duties formerly done by more highly paid healthcare
workers, such as dentists, physicians, and therapists. These
include dental assistants, dental hygienists, physician assistants, physical therapist assistants and aides, and occupational therapist assistants and aides. Some healthcare occu-
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
101
Occupational
Employment
pations also will grow more rapidly than overall healthcare
employment because they are more likely to provide services
to the rapidly growing older population. These include some
listed above, such as physical and occupational therapist assistants and aides, as well as physical therapists, occupational
therapists, and respiratory therapists. Employment of medical
assistants should grow the fastest of any occupation, as they
perform an increasing share of administrative and clinical duties in rapidly-growing offices of physicians.
The number of medical records and health information
technicians employed also is expected to grow rapidly due to
the need to maintain records for an increasing number of
medical tests, treatments, and procedures that will undergo
greater scrutiny by third-party payers, regulators, courts, and
consumers. Employment of home health aides and of personal
and home care aides (included in this discussion of healthrelated occupations but classified as a personal service
occupation in table 2) also should be stimulated, as the older
population grows and as efforts to contain healthcare costs
continue. The older population is more likely to need in-home
healthcare, as well as personal care and housekeeping that
these workers provide. In addition, patients of all ages are
being discharged from hospitals and nursing facilities as early
as possible. These aides also provide care to this rapidly
growing group of patients. Employment of veterinary
technologists and technicians, also classified as a healthcare
occupation, is projected to grow rapidly as pet owners spend
more on advanced animal care services, such as preventive
dental care and surgical procedures.
The increasing demand for computer-related occupations
reflects the rapid advances in computer technology and the
continuing development of new computer applications, including the Internet and Intranets. Overall, computer specialists, a
component of computer and mathematical occupations, is projected to grow 35.8 percent; and computer and information
systems managers—classified within management, business,
and financial occupations—is projected to grow 36.1 percent.
(See table 2.) Two computer-related occupations also are
among the occupations with the largest projected numerical
job growth. (See table 4).
Employment of environmental engineers; environmental
science and protection technicians, including health; and
hazardous material removal workers will be stimulated by a
need to met environmental regulations, develop methods of
cleaning up existing hazards, and, more generally, respond to
increasing public concern for a safe and clean environment.
Employment of postsecondary school teachers is projected
to grow as the population of 18- to 24-year-olds increases and
as more adults return to college, but the number of tenuretrack positions is expected to decline as institutions seek
flexibility in dealing with financial matters and changing
student interests. Employment of preschool teachers, except
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Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
special education, should grow as the proportion of preschoolage children attending school increases, while employment of
self-enrichment education teachers is expected to grow as
more people embrace lifelong learning, particularly retired baby
boomers.
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors are projected to
grow rapidly, due to rising interest in personal training, aerobics classes, and other fitness activities. Social and human
service assistants are projected to grow rapidly as employers
attempt to control costs in the face of rapid growth in demand
for services. Social service agencies are restructuring services and hiring more lower-paid social and human service
assistants instead of social workers.
Twenty-one of the 30 fastest growing occupations generally
require a postsecondary vocational award or a degree.7 This
is consistent with growth rates by major group presented in
the previous section. The fastest growing group, professional
and related, is made up mostly of occupations that generally
require this level of education. Thirteen of the fastest growing
occupations are concentrated in the first earnings quartile and
eight in the third earnings quartile.
Occupations with the largest job growth. Very large occupations with average or even below-average growth rates provide many job openings, as do very fast growing ones with
smaller base-year employment. These 30 occupations shown
on table 4 are from a much broader range of occupational
groups than are the 30 fastest growing. Five are health related, and six are service occupations other than those related
to health, including three in food service and two in building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. Four
each are in education, training, and library, and in sales and
related occupations. Three each are in management, business, and financial, and in office and administrative support
occupations; and two each are in computer and mathematical,
and in transportation and material moving major occupation
groups; one is installation, maintenance, and repair.
Twenty-one of the 30 had 2002 employment of 1 million or
more. Of the others, seven have projected growth at least
twice the 14.8-percent average for all occupations. The three
largest occupations in 2002, each with employment of 3 million
or more, are projected to grow more slowly than the total for all
occupations.
Registered nurses and nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants—by far the two largest health-related occupations in
2002—are projected to have more numerical growth than any
other health-related occupations. Home health aides, medical assistants, and personal and home care aides, all among
the 30 fastest growing, are also on this list. The four largest
education, training, and library occupations in 2002—
postsecondary teachers; elementary school teachers, except
special education; teachers assistants; and secondary school
teachers, except special and vocational education—are also
among the top 30 occupations. Of the four sales and related
occupations: retail salespersons and cashiers, except gaming are projected to grow about as fast as the average for all
occupations; while sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing, except technical and scientific products are
projected to grow somewhat faster. First-line supervisors/
managers of retail sales workers are projected to grow relatively slowly, with a 9.7-percent decline among the self-employed (owners of stores and other retail businesses).
Management analysts and security guards are projected to
grow about twice as fast as the average for all occupations, while
accountants and auditors and general and operations managers
should grow somewhat faster than the average. The list has
three food-service occupations—combined food preparation
and serving workers, including fast food and waiters and waitresses, have base-year employment of about 2 million, while
food preparation workers has 850,000. Of the two transportation
and material moving occupations: truck drivers, heavy and tractor trailer; and truck drivers, light and delivery services, are projected to grow 19 and 23 percent, respectively. Among building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations, janitors
and cleaners is projected to have more openings than landscaping and groundskeeping workers, even though the latter is projected to grow faster. Of the three office and administrative support occupations, customer service representatives and
receptionists and information clerks are projected to grow
rapidly, while office clerks, general, with employment of 3 million, is projected to grow relatively slowly.
Half of the 30 occupations with the largest numerical job
growth are in the short-term on-the-job training category, and
9 are in the associate or higher degree category. Of those
with the largest numeric increases, 9 are in the first, and 10 are
in the fourth earnings quartile.
Table 5. Occupations with the largest job decline, 2002–12
[Numbers in thousands of jobs]
Employment
Change
2000 standard occupation classification code and title
2002
11-9012
51-6031
43-9022
43-5081
43-6014
51-2022
43-9011
43-2021
43-5053
43-4131
43-9021
41-9041
51-6063
51-6064
51-2092
43-4151
41-9091
41-3041
43-4011
43-4061
51-5022
45-3011
51-6051
51-6062
51-6061
27-3010
43-5041
51-8091
51-9023
43-4041
2012
Number
Percent
Quartile
rank by
2002
median
annual
earnings1
Most significant source of postsecondary
education or training2
Farmers and ranchers ...............................................
Sewing machine operators ........................................
Word processors and typists .....................................
Stock clerks and order fillers .....................................
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive ....
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers .......
Computer operators ..................................................
Telephone operators .................................................
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and
processing machine operators ...............................
Loan interviewers and clerks .....................................
1,158
315
241
1,628
1,975
281
182
50
920
216
148
1,560
1,918
230
151
22
-238
-99
-93
-68
-57
-51
-30
-28
-21
-31
-39
-4
-3
-18
-17
-56
3
4
3
4
3
3
2
2
Long-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
253
170
226
146
-26
-24
-10
-14
2
2
Short-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Data entry keyers ......................................................
Telemarketers ...........................................................
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters,
operators, and tenders ...........................................
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine
setters, operators, and tenders ..............................
Team assemblers ......................................................
Order clerks ...............................................................
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street
vendors, and related workers .................................
Travel agents ............................................................
Brokerage clerks .......................................................
Eligibility interviewers, government programs ...........
392
428
371
406
-21
-21
-5
-5
3
4
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Prepress technicians and workers ............................
Fishers and related fishing workers ..........................
Sewers, hand ............................................................
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and
tenders ...................................................................
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and
tenders ...................................................................
Announcers ...............................................................
Meter readers, utilities ...............................................
Chemical plant and system operators .......................
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and
tenders ...................................................................
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks ...................
53
33
-20
-39
3
Long-term on-the-job training
66
1,174
330
46
1,155
311
-20
-19
-19
-30
-2
-6
3
3
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
155
118
78
94
137
102
67
83
-18
-16
-11
-11
-12
-14
-15
-12
3
3
2
2
Short-term on-the-job training
Postsecondary vocational award
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
91
36
36
81
27
29
-10
-10
-8
-11
-27
-21
2
3
4
Long-term on-the-job training
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
34
26
-8
-23
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
27
76
54
58
19
68
46
51
-8
-8
-8
-7
-29
-10
-14
-12
3
3
2
1
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Long-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
Long-term on-the-job training
106
80
99
74
-7
-5
-7
-7
2
3
Moderate-term on-the-job training
Short-term on-the-job training
1 The quartile rankings of Occupational Employment Statistics annual earnings
data are presented in the following categories: 1=very high ($41,820 and over),
2=high ($27,500 to $41,780), 3=low ($19,710 to $27,380), and 4=very low (up to
$19,600).
The rankings were based on quartiles using one-fourth of total
employment to define each quartile. Earnings are for wage and salary workers.
2 An occupation is placed into one of 11 categories that best describes the
education or training needed by most workers to become fully qualified. For more
information about the categories, see Occupational Projections and Training Data,
Bulletin 2572 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
103
Occupational
Employment
Declining occupations. This section of the article focuses
just on those occupations with the largest numerical job declines because many detailed occupations with the fastest
rates of decline are small, with very small employment declines. (See table 5.) Thirteen of the occupations with the
largest declines are office and administrative support, 11 are
production, and 3 are sales and related. Others are farmers
and ranchers, fishers and related fishing workers, and announcers. Changes in technology or business practices will
reduce the demand for most of the 30 occupations.
Advances in computer, optical scanning, and voice recognition technologies and growth in electronic business will reduce demand for word processors and typists; stock clerks
and order fillers; secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive; telephone operators; postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators; loan interviewers and
clerks; data entry keyers; order clerks; and other office and
administrative support occupations.8 Advances in technology, such as faster machines and more automated processes,
and a shift of assembly and other production activities to
other countries will lower employment for electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, team assemblers, chemical plant
and systems operators, and mixing and blending machine
workers. Prepress technicians and workers also will be affected
as electronic publishing and printing-on-demand limit the production of printed material.
Employment in the textile and apparel industries will decline,
due to greater imports—as import quotas are lifted—and to
improved production technology. This will cause employment
declines for sewing machine operators; sewers, hand; and the
four textile machine operator occupations listed on table 5.
Farmers and ranchers will decline as market pressures cause
farm consolidation and as farm technology improves.
Employment of travel agents should decline as more
travelers rely on the Internet to book travel. Telemarketers will
decrease as more people opt out of receiving calls and as
blocking technology improves. Door-to-door sales workers,
news and street vendors, and related workers will decline due
to competition from stores and on-line outlets. Radio and
television station consolidation and improved editing and
other off-air technologies are expected to lower employment
of announcers. Fishers and related workers are projected to
decline as the stock of fish decreases and the technology for
finding fish improves.
Thirteen of the 30 occupations with the largest numerical
declines were in the moderate-term on-the-job training
category, 11 were in the short-term category, and none were in
a degree category. Of the largest declines, 9 are in the second
earnings quartile, and 16 are in the third earnings quartile.
Total job openings
In addition to occupational employment growth, another aspect of the demand for workers is the need to replace those
who leave their jobs to enter other occupations, retire, or leave
the labor force for other reasons. Job openings resulting from
replacement needs are very important because, in most occupations, they exceed those resulting from employment growth.
Even occupations that are projected to decline provide some
job openings—for example, farmers and ranchers and aerospace engineers. (See table 2.)
The measure of replacement needs is complex because of
the continuous movement of workers into and out of occupations. The replacement needs cited in this article are based on
the net change in employment (entrants minus separations) in
each age cohort over the projection period. Although this
measure understates the total number of job openings in an
occupation, it best represents the job openings for new labor
force entrants over the projection period.9
Over the 2002–12 period, more job openings are expected
to result from replacement needs (35 million) than from employment growth in the economy (21.3 million). Service occupations are projected to have the most total job openings, 13
million. The number of job openings due to net replacement
needs should exceed the number due to growth in major
groups with average or below-average projected growth, as
well as those among service occupations, which includes
many occupations with high turnover. Food preparation and
serving occupations have particularly high replacement needs.
However, healthcare support occupations should have only
half as many replacement openings as growth openings.
The only major group with fewer openings from replacement needs than from employment growth is professional and
related occupations, the fastest growing. Even within this
group, however, replacement openings exceed growth openings in three subgroups—architecture and engineering; life,
physical, and social scientists; and arts, design, entertainment,
sports, and media occupations.
Notes
1
Occupational projections presented in this article provide
information to those interested in labor market issues. They also
provide the background for analyses of future employment
opportunities described in the forthcoming 2004–05 Occupational
Outlook Handbook. The Internet version of this edition of the
Handbook, which will be accessible at http://www.bls.gov/oco/, is
expected to be available in late February 2004; the print version of
104
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
the 2004–05 Handbook, BLS Bulletin 2570, should be available in
Spring 2004. Job outlook information in the 2004–05 Handbook
will use the projections presented in each of the articles in this
issue of the Monthly Labor Review. For a description of the
methodology used to develop employment projections, see BLS
Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2490 (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
April 1997), pp. 122–29.
2
Occupational data reflect the 2000 Standard Occupational
Classification system. Base year employment data were developed
using the 2002 Occupational Employment Statistics Survey,
supplemented with data from the Current Population Survey for selfemployed and unpaid family workers.
3
The Bureau has recently shifted to the 2002 North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS ). Industry data in this article
reflect this shift. The NAICS classification will also be used in an article
on high technology in a forthcoming issue of the Review. The article
will update High-technology employment: a broader view, which
appeared in the June 1999 Review.
4
Previous occupational projections articles in the Review included
State and local government education employment and hospital
employment in the education services and health services industries,
respectively. This article includes them with government—as do
industry output and employment projections articles in this and earlier
issues of the Review.
5
Ibid.
6
Daniel E. Hecker, “Employment impact of electronic business,”
Monthly Labor Review, May 2001, p. 5.
7
Education and training categories listed in tables 3, 4, and 5
show the category that best describes the education or training
needed by most workers to become fully qualified. However, for
many occupations there are other sources of education and training,
as well. Data from the Bureau’s Current Population Survey show
that for most occupations, workers have a variety of education
levels. More detail on education and training is available in the
Occupational Outlook Handbook; more on education and training
categories is available in Occupational Projections and Training
Data, Bulletin 2572 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
Also, see footnote 1.
8
Hecker, “Employment impact…”
9
Net separations do not count all movements of workers out of an
occupation, which is a measure termed total separations. For example,
an opening caused by a worker who stops working for a period and
then gets another job in his or her previous occupation would be
counted in the measure of total separations but not net separations.
See the discussion on the uses of replacement needs information
developed in Occupational Projections and Training Data, Bulletin
2572 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, forthcoming).
Monthly Labor Review
February 2004
105