APPENDIX I 1.
2.
UNITS
S I units
Quantity
Name (symbol)
Basic units:
Length
Mass
Time
Temperature
metre (m)
kilogram (kg)
second (s)
Kelvin (K)
Derived units:
Force
Pressure
Energy
Power
Frequency
newton (N)
pascal (Pa)
joule (J)
watt (W)
hertz (Hz)
Definition
kg m S-2
Nm-2
Nm
J
S-1
S-1
Multiples of units
Multiple
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
Prefix
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
(symbol)
(d)
(c)
(m)
Multiple
10
102
103
106
109
1012
(u)
(n)
(p)
A-I
Prefix
deca
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera
(symbol)
(da)
(h)
(k)
(M)
(G)
(T)
APPENDIX II 1.
CONVERSION
TABLES
Temperature
Table AI.
Celsius to Fahrenheit
°C -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
of -40 -31 -22 -13 -4
5 14 23
TableA2.
10
50
differences
2
3
4
5
°C
OF
5
41
0
32
2
15
59
4
7
20
68
25
77
30
86
35 40 45 50
95 104 113 122
5
9
Fahrenheit to Celsius
OF -40 -30 -20 -10
0 10 20 30
°C -40 -34 -29 -23 -18 -12 -7 -1
OF
2
°C
3
2
40
4
50
10
differences
4
5
2
3
60
15
6
3
70
21
7
4
80
27
90 100 110 120 130 140
32 38 43 49 54 60
8
4
9
5
2. Distance
1 inch
1 foot
1 mile
1 n.mile =
25.4 mm
30.48 ern
1.6lkm
1.85 km
TableA3.
Nautical miles to kilometres
nmile
km
10
18
Table A4.
Kilometres to nautical miles
km
nmile
10
5
3.
20
37
20
11
30
56
30
16
40
74
40
22
=
=
=
=
1 em
1 m
1 km
lkm
0.39
3.28
0.62
0.54
inch
feet
mile
nmile
50
93
60
111
70
130
80
148
90
167
100
185
50
27
60
32
70
38
80
43
90
49
100
54
Area
1 hectare = (100 m)2 = 2.47 acres
(1 kmj' = 100 hectares = 247 acres
A-2
4.
Speed
Table AS.
1
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.5
1.8
1
3.7
1.5
5.6
2
7.4
2.5
9.3
5
19
10
37
15
56
21
74
26
31
111
36
130
41
148
46
167
51
185
knots
m s"
km h'"
Knots to metres/second and kilometreslbour
1 knot
TableA6.
km h"
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.7
3.2
2.6
4.8
3.5
6.4
4.4
8.1
9
16
17
32
26
48
35
64
44
81
52
97
61
113
70
129
78
145
87
161
=
Metres/second to kilometreslbour and knots
2
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3.6
1.9
7.2
3.9
10.8
5.8
14.4
7.8
18.0
9.7
36
19
72
39
108
58
144
78
180
97
216
117
252
136
288
155
324
175
360
194
1m
TableA8.
S-l
1.94 knots
3
4
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1.6
0.8
2.2
2.7
1.4
5
3
11
16
22
27
32
49
8
11
14
17
38
19
43
5
22
25
54
28
0.5
1.1
m s"
0.3
0.6
1.1
1 km h-1
knots
m S-l
=
2
knots
TableA9.
3.60 km h-1
=
Kilometreslbour to knots and metres/second
1
km h"
I
1.61 km h-1
=
0.87 knot
1
m s"
ftmin
1.85 km h-1
0.9
1.6
TableA7.
knots
=
S-l
Mileslbour to knots and kilometreslbour
1 m.p.h.
kmh-1
0.515 m
1
m.p.h.
knots
=
93
=
0.54 knots
=
0.28 m
S-l
Feet/minute to knots and metres/second
10
25
50
75
100
200
300
400
500
1000
0.10
0.05
0.25
0.13
0.49
0.25
0.74
0.38
1.0
0.5
2.0
1.0
3.0
1.5
3.9
2.0
4.9
2.5
9.9
5.1
1000 ft min "
=
9.87 knots
A-3
=
5.08 m
S-l
Table AIO.
Runway cross- wind components
Angle between wind direction and runway heading (deg. true)
10
Wind
speed
in
knots
2
3
3
20
2
3
5
7
30
2
5
7
10
40
3
6
9
50
4
7
60
4
8
11
13
15
25
30
35
40
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
12
15
20
16
19
22
25
45
50
55
60
8
9
10
10
15
17
19
20
22
25
27
30
65
70
75
80
11
22
24
26
27
32
35
37
40
5
10
15
20
12
13
14
17
I3
17
70
4
9
14
18
80
5
9
14
19
90
5
10
15
20
19
23
26
30
22
26
30
35
23
28
32
37
24
29
34
39
25
30
35
40
29
32
35
38
34
38
42
46
39
43
48
52
42
47
52
56
44
49
54
45
50
55
42
45
48
50
54
56
A-4
APPENDIX III -
PHYSICAL TABLES AND CONSTANTS
1. The Earth
Dimensions
Equatorial radius
Polar radius
6378 km (3963 miles
6357 km (3950 miles)
Rate of rotation (fl)
7.29 X 10-5
Total surface area
Land surface area
Ocean surface area
510 X 106km2
150 X 106km2
360 X 106km2
Table All.
0
9.78
6
2.8
60
9.82
90
9.83
10
3.6
20
5.1
30
6.3
50
8.1
100
11
200
16
400
23
600
28
800
32
Distance corresponding to 1 degree of longitude at given latitudes
Latitude (deg)
Distance (n mile)
TableA14.
50
9.81
Distance of sea horizon from viewpoint at given heights
Height (ft)
Distance (n mile)
Table A13.
(29.2% of total area)
(70.8% of total area)
Gravity at mean sea level
Latitude (deg)
g (m S-2)
Table A12.
S-1
0
60.4
15
58.3
30
52.2
45
42.6
Value of Coriolis Parameter
if
50
38.7
55
34.5
60
30.1
75
15.5
85
5.2
90
0
= 2flsin'P)
Latitude ('P) degrees
f(10-4
S-I)
f(h-1)
aflay (10-11 m"
S-I)
0
15
30
45
50
55
60
75
90
0.00
0.00
2.29
0.38
0.14
2.12
0.73
0.26
1.98
1.03
0.37
1.62
1.12
0.40
1.47
1.19
0.43
1.31
1.26
0.45
1.14
1.41
0.51
0.59
1.46
0.52
0.00
A-5
2.
The atmosphere
(a)
Some physical properties
Mass of atmosphere
=
5.27
X
1018 kg
Surface pressure:
1 'atmosphere' = 1.03 kg cm ? = 14.71b in-2 = 29.9 in Hg
1 millibar = 100 dynes cm ? = 100 N m " = 1 hPa
Speed of light
=
2.998
X
108 m
Speed of sound in dry air
Temperature (OC)
-40
Speed (m S-I)
306
(b)
-20
318
Specific heats (J deg" kg ") of atmospheric
Dry air (cp)
Dry air (c.)
Water vapour (cp)
Water vapour (c.)
Liquid water (O°C)
Ice (0
0
)
(c)
S-I
1004
717
1952
1463
4218
2106
Latent heats (J kg") of water substances
Vapour/Liquid
Liquid/Solid
SolidlVapour
2500000
334000
2834000
A-6
o
331
20
343
constituents:
40
354
Table AlS.
Pressure
hPa
1013.2
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
ICAO Standard atmosphere (dry air)
Temperature
°C
15.0
14.3
11.5
8.6
5.5
2.3
-1.0
-4.6
-8.3
-12.3
-16.6
-21.2
-26.2
-31.7
-37.7
-44.5
-52.3
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-55.9
-54.5
-52.7
-50.0
-45.4
Density
gm
3
1225
1212
1163
1113
1063
1012
960
908
855
802
747
692
635
577
518
457
395
322
241
161
145
128
112
96
80
64
47
31
15
Height
m
0
111
540
988
1457
1949
2466
3012
3591
4206
4865
5574
6344
7185
8117
9164
10363
11784
13608
16180
16848
17595
18442
19419
20576
22000
23849
26481
31055
A-7
ft
0
364
1773
3243
4781
6394
8091
9882
11780
13801
15962
18289
20812
23574
26631
30065
33999
38662
44647
53083
55275
57726
60504
63711
67507
72177
78244
86881
101885
Thickness
of 1 hPa layer
m
ft
8.3
27
8.4
28
8.8
29
9.2
30
9.6
31
10.1
33
10.6
35
11.2
37
11.9
39
12.7
42
13.7
45
14.7
48
16.1
53
17.7
58
19.7
65
22.3
75
25.8
85
31.7
104
42.3
139
63.4
208
70.5
231
79.3
260
90.6
297
105.7
347
127.0
417
160
525
215
706
326
1072
669
2195
Table A16.
The Sun
Noon sun
overhead
Noon solar
altitude
Sunrise/sunset times (UTC)
60° N
London
Manchester
Glasgow
Lerwick
(lat.)
50° N
(deg.)
Jan. 1
Jan. 16
Feb. 1
Feb. 16
23° S
21° S
17° S
13° S
17
19
23
27
7
9
13
17
0805/1600
0800/1620
0740/1650
0715/1715
0825/1600
0850/1555
081511620
075511650
072511720
083511615
0925/1440
0905/1500
0830/1540
0745/1625
Mar.
Mar.
Apr.
Apr.
1
16
1
16
8° S
2° S
4° N
10° N
32
38
44
50
22
28
34
40
064511740
061511805
070011745
0535/1835
0505/1855
0710/1750
0630/1820
0550/1855
0510/1925
070011705
0625/1815
0545/1845
0510/1910
May
May
June
June
1
16
1
16
15° N
19° N
22° N
23° N
55
59
62
63
45
49
52
53
0435/1925
0405/1945
0350/2005
0340/2020
0435/1935
040512005
0345/2025
0340/2040
0435/1955
0405/2025
0340/2050
0330/2105
0410/1945
0340/2010
0310/2030
0255/2105
July 1
July 16
Aug. 1
Aug. 16
23° N
21° N
18° N
14° N
63
61
58
54
53
51
48
44
0345/2020
0400/2010
0420/1950
0345/2040
0400/2030
042512005
0450/1935
0335/2105
035512050
0420/2025
0450/1950
031012100
0325/2045
Sept. 1
Sept. 16
Oct. 1
Oct. 16
8° N
3° N
3° S
8° S
48
43
37
32
38
33
27
22
051011850
053511815
051511900
052011915
055011835
0500/1850
0545/1810
0630/1730
0710/1645
Nov.
Nov.
Dec.
Dec.
14° S
18° S
22° S
23° S
26
22
18
17
16
12
8
7
Date
1
16
1
16
Table A17.
Rossby Long Waves -
Latitude
(deg.)
044511920
0600/1740
0625/1705
0545/1825
0610/1745
0810/1650
0740/1720
0620/1755
063511710
065011715
0655/1635
070511640
072011610
0735/1610
0745/1555
080011555
080011550
0820/1550
0720/1640
0755/1610
0820/1550
0840/1545
0620/1745
053511825
0450/1910
0345/2010
0420/1930
0755/1600
083511525
091011500
0930/1440
wavelength of stationary waves
Mean zonal wind speed (knots)
10
20
30
40
50
10
20
30
40
50
wavelength
kilometres
70
60
50
40
30
5100
4200
3700
3400
3200
7200
6000
5300
4800
4500
8800
7300
6400
5900
5600
degrees of longitude
10200
8400
7400
6800
6400
11400
9400
8300
7600
7200
A-8
134
76
52
40
33
190
108
74
57
47
232
132
90
69
57
268
152
104
80
66
300
170
116
90
74
APPENDIX IV -
FORECASTING WEATHER BELOW 15,000 FT
In order to prepare a low-level forecast of weather for a short period ahead (e.g.6-12 hours)
for a specific region, the following elements must be considered:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
visibility (Chapter 3)
cloud (4.3; 4.6; 5.1; 5.2; 5.4-5.6; 5.8)
weather, including fog/hill fog (3.3; 3.4; 3.5.2; 3.6)
low-level turbulence (6.2)
lee-wave activity (1.3.2)
icing and turbulence in cloud (2.9; 6.1.1)
variations in freezing level, with possible sub-zero layers, across the area (2.9.7; 2.9.8;
2.9.9; 2.9.10)
A brief ten-point summary of the main aspects of preparing a low-level aviation chart is as
follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Must know weather and cloud distribution now
How does model represent weather at data time?
Make necessary adjustments throughout forecast period.
Check upper-air pattern - as above, is model correct?
Allow for possible changes in development/decay, e.g. of large rain or shower areas; use
trajectories.
Consider effects of clearing skies - fog formation.
Check gradient wind forecasts - consider turbulence.
Run/modify lee-wave program results according to wind direction and vertical shear in
relation to topography.
Always examine actual and forecast ascents or profiles.
Consider sub-zero layer(s) when calculating freezing levels.
Reference
Hall, B.A. 1996: Forecasting weather below 15,000 feet. 4th Joint UK Met. Office/WMO
Aeronautical Forecasting Seminar, Meteorological Office College, July 1996.
A-9
A-IO