MINIMUM LEARNING LEVEL – ELECTRONICS
I PUC ELECTRONICS
1. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
Electronics and its scope,
Development, Impact on quality of life.
2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
Charge, Potential difference, DC and AC:
Charge, types of charges, properties, unit of charge,
Coulomb’s law, Coulomb, charge on electron, electric field, electric potential, volt,
Current, unit of current, types of current, DC & AC sources
Ohm’s law, limitations, resistance & its unit, electrical power & energy their formulas.
D.C Sources and Network theorems (for DC circuits):
Ideal and practical voltage sources & their internal resistances, source conversion,
Expression derivations for effective resistances in series, in parallel, circuits problems,
Kirchhoff’s current & voltage laws, problems,
Thevenin’s theorem & Norton theorems statements, simplification of networks,
Maximum power transfer theorems statement.
A.C principles:
Meaning of v =Vmsin(ωt), frequency, time period, peak value, r.m.s and average value of ac.
Representation of square, rectangular, triangular and saw tooth wave.
3. PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Passive, active devices and their examples,
Resistors: fixed resistors, constructional of carbon and metal film resistors, wire wound
resistor- construction & power rating.
Variable resistors–potentiometer & wire wound type-construction, uses,
Colour coding of resistors (4 bands), tolerance, open and short in resistors.
Capacitors:
Capacitance and its unit, parallel plate capacitor, C=εoA/d and C=εoεrA/d, charging &
discharging, E = ½CV2, voltage rating,
Types of capacitors – fixed and variable.
Ceramic, mica, polystyrene, electrolytic capacitor, construction and uses.
Ganged capacitor, applications
Derivation for effective capacitance of capacitors connected in series & in parallel,
Open, short &leakage in capacitors.
Inductors & Transformers:
Self, mutual inductances, unit of inductance.
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Inductor-factors determining the Inductance of Inductor  L = µN A  ,
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l 
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E = ½ LI2, types of inductor−fixed and variable.
Fixed Inductors: Air core, iron core, ferrite core- constructions.
Mention expressions for series and parallel combination of inductors.
Transformers: Principle, turns ratio, voltage and current ratio, types of transformers,
centre tapping, uses of transformers
Auto transformer: schematic representation and working.
Transducers:
Definition of transducer,
Loud speaker and microphone-construction, working and applications,
Thermistor-Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and (PTC) .
4. APPLICATION OF A.C AND D.C TO PASSIVE COMPONENTS
D.C applied to Passive components:
Growth and decay of current in RL circuit-expressions, graphical representations for
growth and decay of current, time constant.
Charging
and discharging of capacitor in RC circuit-expressions,
representations of voltage for charging and discharging, time constant.
graphical
A.C applied to Passive components:
AC applied to resistive circuit, current and voltage,
AC applied to capacitive circuit & AC applied to inductive circuit, expression for
instantaneous current and voltage, phasor representation, lead and lag concepts,
Capacitive reactance and inductive reactance-definitions and expressions, power factor,
Series and parallel RLC circuits: impedance, impedance equation.
Series resonance-condition for resonance, resonant frequency, cutoff frequencies, BW.
Low pass and high pass filters-frequency response graph and cutoff frequency.
5. SEMICONDUCTOR AND DIODES
Semiconductor theory:
Band theory of solids, classification of solids on the basis of energy band diagrams.
Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
Intrinsic semiconductors: Definition, Energy band diagram, Lattice structure, concept of
holes and electrons, effect of temperature,
Extrinsic semiconductors: Definition, doping, trivalent and pentavalent, donor and
acceptor impurities. n type and p type, their formation, their lattice structure.
pn junction:
Semiconductor diode, formation of pn junction, depletion region, barrier width and barrier potential
Forward biased p n junction: Diagram, effect on width of the depletion region, resistance
and current flow.
Reverse biased p n junction: Diagram, effect on width of the depletion region, resistance
and concept of leakage current, junction capacitance
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Junction Diode:
Diode symbol, ideal and practical diodes, equivalent circuit of diode.
Diode V-I static characteristics - forward bias and reverse bias characteristics,
characteristic curves, knee voltage, forward bias resistance
PIV and power rating, comparison of Germanium and Silicon diodes.
Rectification – need for rectification, Half wave rectifier, Full wave rectifier-Centre tapped and
bridge type - construction & working of each rectifier, input output waveforms.
Load regulation, average output voltage Vav, average output current Iav, Vrms and Irms.
Efficiency ‘η’, Ripple factor ϒ, comparison of rectifiers.
Filters:
Need for filters,
Series inductor filter, Shunt capacitor filter and Inductive input L type filter, circuit
diagram, working and waveforms for each type,
Bleeder resistance.
Special purpose diodes:
Zener diode - symbol, zener and avalanche breakdown, V-I characteristics of Zener
diode, zener diode voltage regulator, problems,
Block diagram of Regulated power supply, specifications of DC regulated power supply.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)- symbol, working in brief and applications.
Varactor diode-symbol, working,
Seven segment display: LED display- pin configurations, CA & CC display, display of
digits, applications.
Comparison of L.E.D displays with L.C.D displays.
6. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Cathode Ray Tube-construction and working with block diagram,
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O): Block diagram,
Measurement of voltage, time period & frequency.
7. INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
Digital Electronics, digital signals, positive and negative logic.
Binary, Decimal, Octal & Hexadecimal number systems, conversion from one system to another.
Bit, nibble, byte, binary addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 1’s complement,
2's complement method for subtraction of binary numbers
OR gate and AND gate: Logic symbol, truth table and realisation using diodes,
NOT gate: Logic symbol and truth table.
Boolean Algebra: Basic Boolean OR, AND and NOT operators, laws of Boolean algebra,
De Morgan's theorems, simplification of Boolean expressions-up to 3 variables.
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