LAMP LANGUAGE:
Lamp Terms
Lumen Maintenance
or Lamp Lumen Depreciation
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Percent Rated Life
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 45
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
 Light maintained over time
or light lost over time
Percent Initial
Lumens
Concept
LAMP LANGUAGE:
Summary
Lamp Terms
 Efficacy
– Lumens per Watt or LPW or
lpw
 Efficiency
– Average Rated Life or
Service Life
 Lumen Maintenance
– Lamp Lumen Depreciation
Percent Initial
Lumens
– Percentage or %
 Lamp Life
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 46
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Percent Rated Life
ELECTRICAL LANGUAGE:
Electrical Terms
Concept
Electrical Energy Consumption
Measure
kilowatt – hours (kWh)
Unit used by Utility Companies to bill the electricity they provide.
Power Factor
% (PF)
How efficiently an electrical device converts the power supplied (VA) into usable
power (W). Value between 0 and 1 (0-100%)
Ballast Factor
% (BF)
lumen output of the same lamp on a reference ballast.
Values between 0.7 and 1.2 (70-120%)
Lighting Power Density
Watts per sq. ft (W/ft2)
Determines the lighting power limits developed in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 47
LIGHT SOURCES:
Types
Why so many types?
 All Electric Sources have different levels of
– Efficiency
– Life
– Lighting Quality – color
– Size
– Cost
– Operational requirements
 No one Perfect Lamp or Source
 Application requirements will dictate which one will be used
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 48
48
LIGHT SOURCES:
Incandescent and Halogen Types
Halogen
Electric Light Sources
 Incandescent
 Halogen
Incandescent
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 49
49
LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen
Anatomy
Directional Lamps
Lens
Reflector
Halogen
Capsule
Base
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 50
50
 General Illumination
Lamps
LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen
Anatomy – Lamp Shapes
Beam Type (Beam Angle)
 Very Narrow Spot (5°)
 Narrow Spot (6° to 13°)
 Spot (9° to 12°)
 Wide Spot (12°)
 Narrow Flood (25° to 30°)
 Flood (30° to 40°)
 Wide Flood (40° to 60°)
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 51
51
LIGHT SOURCES: Halogen
Lamp Basic Operation
Filament Incandesces – just like an incandescent lamp
Light
Heat
Heat
Electrical current passes
through a filament which is
heated to incandescence.
Current
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 52
52
LIGHT SOURCES:
Fluorescent Types
Electric Light Sources
Compact Fluorescent
 Linear Fluorescent
 Compact Fluorescent
Linear
Fluorescent
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 53
53
LIGHT SOURCES: Linear Fluorescent
Anatomy
Bulb
Phosphor
T5
Base
T8
Mercury
Gas Fill
Cathode
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 54
54
T12
LIGHT SOURCES: Fluorescent
Lamp Operation
Electrical current passes
through a mercury vapor
generating UV energy
Phosphor
which is converted to
visible light by a
phosphor coating.
Cathode
Glass Tube
Electron
Visible Light
Argon
Ultraviolet Radiation
Mercury Atom
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 55
55
LIGHT SOURCES: Linear Fluorescent
Correlated Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index

CCT
CRI
2700-6500K
48-90
The apparent color of a
light source
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 56
 How “true” the colors of an
object appear when illuminated by a
light source
56
LIGHTING LANGUAGE:
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
COLOR
Color Rendering Index or _____
CRI is a measure of
_____________________
color accuracy, expressed as a number on a scale from 0
to 100, with 0 being “poor” and 100 being “excellent”.
60
Poor
Fair
70
Good
80
90
100
Excellent
The higher the number, the more likely the light source will render object colors well.
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 57
57
LIGHT SOURCES:
Ballasts Types
Ballast Types
 Magnetic
 Electronic
Ballast Families
 Fluorescent
– Linear
– Compact
– Specialty
 HID
– Mercury Vapor
– Metal Halide
– High-Pressure Sodium
– Low-Pressure Sodium
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 58
58
LIGHT SOURCES: Ballasts
Operation – Fluorescent Types
Magnetic Ballast
Electronic Ballast
 Preheat
 Instant Start (IS)
 Trigger Start
– Single Pin
 Instant Start (IS)
– Bi Pin
 Rapid Start (RS)
 Rapid Start (RS)
 Programmed Rapid Start (PS)
 Dimming
– Line Voltage
– 0-10V
– DALI
– Powerline Carrier
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 59
59
LIGHT SOURCES: Ballasts
Fluorescent Operation – Starting Type
GOOD
Instant Start
Cathode Voltage
GOOD
Rapid Start
4V
0V
600V
Starting Voltage
250V
BEST
Programmed Start
6V
3V
heating
delay .....
600V
Start Cycles
5 - 20k
5 - 20k
50k +
Start Temp
0 deg F
50 deg F
0 deg F
59W
63W
60W
Parallel
Series
Series
50k
55K
Input Power (2L)
Wiring
Lamp Life (12hrs/start)50k
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 60
60
LIGHT SOURCES:
HID Types
Electric Light Sources
Low-Pressure Sodium
 High Intensity Discharge
– Mercury Vapor
– Metal Halide
– High-Pressure Sodium
 Low-Pressure Sodium
Mercury Vapor
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 61
High-Pressure Sodium
Metal Halide
61
LIGHT SOURCES: Metal Halide
Anatomy
Metal Halide
Spacer
Getter
Return
Lead
Bulb
Starting
Probe
End Paint
Electrode
Arc Tube
Arc Tube
Starting
Resistor
Strap
Stem
Base
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 62
62
LED Systems
January 11, 2011
What is an LED?
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 64
How LED’s Work !
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 65
65
Benefits of LED Technology Over Conventional Light
Sources
Basic differences between conventional Light sources and LEDs are
shown as follows:
No glass bulbs to replace or break
 LEDs contain no fragile filaments or glass that can shatter. This
solid–state technology results in an extremely rugged light, which
will last for many years in the application.
Fragile Glass
Fragile Filament
Shock-Prone
Support Wires
95% in heat losses
Heat
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 66
Low Flux LED
66
LED A-Line 810 Lumen
 LED high quality replacement for 60W A-line incandescent lamps
• Dimmable
 80% energy savings and 12x longer lifetime
 High CRI
A-Line Lamp
LED A-Line
INC
Wattage
8W
60 W
Rated Life
25K hrs (L70)1
2K hrs
Lumen Output
810
770-850
Efficacy
67 LPW
12.8 - 14
LPW
CRI
90
100
CCT
2700 K
2700 K
Target Launch – Fall 2010
1
Average Rated Life (L70): Mean time to 70% initial lumen output, in hours when operated at nominal
lamp voltage, current and temperature. Higher ambient operating cycles will affect life.
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 67
LED Modules
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 68
Comparison of LED with Conventional White Light Sources
Incandescent
Avg. Life
(hours)
Halogen
750 –
3,000
2,000 –
6,000
Compact FL
White LED
9,000 –
55,000
6,000 –
20,000
20,000 –
100,000
Fluorescent
CCT
(Kelvin)
2500 – 3000
2800 – 3150
2700 – 7500
2700 – 6500
2700 –
10000
CRI
 95
100
70 - 90
70 - 90
70 - 90
Efficacy
(Lumen/Watt)
7 – 16
13 – 25
Light Output
(Lumens)
800 –
2,000
150 –
4,500
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 69
50 – 110
40 – 60
17 – 100+
1,000 –
3,000
200 –
3,000
25 – 400
The Benefits of LED’s
 Free of hazardous materials
 Last 10 times longer than
the average light bulb
Reduced maintenance
 Emit less heat
 Use less power
 Minimal wasted light
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 70
Federal
Legislation and
Rulemaking
Update
Federal Lighting Legislation
1992: Energy Policy Act eliminates F40T12CW lamps by 10/31/95
2001: All states mandated to adopt ASHRAE 90.1-1999 or better for new construction
2005: Elimination of Fluorescent T12 magnetic ballasts by July, 2010
2008: Sale of ballasts for Mercury Vapor lamps prohibited
2009: EISA new metal halide luminaires have to exceed prescriptive ballast efficiency
2012: 100 Watt general purpose incandescent must switch to <72W (lower output)
2012: Elimination of underperforming T12 and T8 fluorescent lamps
Visit: www.sylvania.com
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 72
High Intensity
Discharge
Legislation
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Description: The Act amends the Energy Policy and Conservation Act to create new
efficiency standards and labeling rules for metal halide lamp fixtures.
Efficiency rules: Starting January 1, 2009 lighting fixtures manufactured for operation of
metal halide lamps >150W but less than 500W must meet:
– Ballast Minimum ballast efficiency
• Pulse-start metal halide ballast
88%
• Magnetic probe-start ballast
94%
• Electronic ballast (not pulse-start) 90% if <250W
92% if >250W
Ballast efficiency:
• For the purpose of the Act, efficiency is measured using this formula:
• Efficiency = Pout/Pin
• Where …
• Pout = the measured operating wattage of the lamp
Pin = the measured operating input wattage
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 74
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Exemptions:
The standards do not apply to:
• Fixtures with regulated lag ballasts;
• Fixtures that use electronic ballasts that operate at 480V; or
• Fixtures rated only for 150W lamps, for use in wet locations, and contain a ballast
rated to operate at ambient air temperatures above 50°C.
Compliance: A review of metal halide ballasts from a major manufacturer suggests
that probe-start metal halide magnetic ballasts will be virtually eliminated from new
lighting fixtures after January 1, 2009
Just the fixture, not the ballast: This provision covers only newly manufactured
fixtures featuring metal halide ballasts, not the ballasts themselves. (Nor does it
appear to prohibit sale of existing inventories.) The replacement market is therefore
not covered by this law, so owners will not be required to retrofit existing fixtures, but
instead be able to continue purchasing probe-start magnetic metal halide ballasts with
lower efficiencies after the enactment of this provision.
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 75
Fluorescent
Legislation
The Energy Policy Act of 2005: Lighting Products
Per 2000 Ballast Rule:
BEF Standards
for operation of
full-wattage
T12 Lamps
Per 2005 EPAct:
BEF Standards
for operation of
energy- saving
T12 Lamps
Ballast manufacturers can no longer make
ballasts that do not pass the new
requirements for use in new fixtures.
April 1, 2005
July 1, 2009
Ballast manufacturers cannot sell ballasts
that do not pass the new requirements
to U.S. fixture manufacturers.
July 1, 2005
October 1, 2009
Fixture manufacturers cannot sell fixtures
that include ballasts that do not pass
the new requirements.
April 1, 2006
July 1, 2010
Ballast manufacturers cannot
manufacture replacement ballasts
that do not pass the new
requirements.
July 1, 2010
July 1, 2010
Action
2005 EPAct Ballast Regulations, added to 2000 Federal Ballast Rule
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 77
New 2012 Standards for General Service
Fluorescent Lamps (GSFL)
Issued by the US Department of Energy June 29, 2009
Lamp Type
Correlated Color
Temperature
Energy Conservation
Standard
lm/W
4-Foot (T8-T12)
Medium Bi-pin ≥25W
≤ 4,500K
89
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
88
≤ 4,500K
84
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
81
≤ 4,500K
97
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
93
≤ 4,500K
92
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
88
≤ 4,500K
86
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
81
≤ 4,500K
76
> 4,500K and ≤ 7,000K
72
2-Foot (T8-T12)
U-Shaped ≥25W
8-Foot (T8-T12)
Slimline ≥52W
8-Foot (T8-T12)
High Output
4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin
Standard Output ≥26W
4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin
High Output ≥49W
Effective Date of new standards: July 14, 2012 (3 years after published in Fed. Register)
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 78
Impact for T12 Lamps ≤ 4500K and > 4,500K through ≤ 7,000K
T12 4-ft. & 2-ft U-lamps with medium bi-pin bases
- Majority of F40 and F34T12 lamps and all FB40 and FB34T12 U-lamps fail.
- 4-ft. requires 3560 lumens @ 40W and 3030 lumens @ 34W to pass @ 89 LPW.
- 2-ft. U-lamps require 3360 @ 40W and 2856 @ 34W to pass @ 84 LPW.
- CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI.
T12 8-ft. Slimline with single pin bases
- All 75W F96T12 lamps fail.
- All 60W F96T12/ES fail except for the 800/SPX Series & some 700/SP XL Series.
- CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI.
T12 8-ft. 800mA HO with RDC bases
- All 110W F96T12 HO lamps fail. Requires 10,120 lumens to pass.
- All 95W F96T12/ES/HO fail. Requires 8740 lumens to pass.
- CWX/DX/DSGN50/C50 are exempt due to CRI; CW/CT & D/CT are exempt.
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 79
Impact for T8 Lamps ≤ 4500K and > 4,500K through ≤ 7,000K
T8 4-ft. & 2-ft. U-lamps with medium bi-pin bases
- All 4-ft. T8 basic 700 Series lamps @ 2800 lumens fail.
Requires 2850 lumens to pass.
- All other 4-ft. pass.
- All 2-ft. 800/SPX Series U-lamps pass. Some 700/SP Series pass.
T8 8-ft. Slimline with single pin bases
- All pass except some 700/SP Series. Requires 5723 lumens @ 59W to pass.
T8 8-ft. HO with RDC bases
- All pass except some 700/SP Series. Requires 7912 lumens @ 86W to pass.
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 80
Incandescent
Legislation
General Service Incandescent Lamp
New Federal Standards EISA 2007
Current Wattage
Rated Lumen Ranges
New Maximum Rated
Wattage
100
1490 - 2600
72
1,000 hours
1/1/2012
75
1050 - 1489
53
1,000 hours
1/1/2013
60
750 - 1049
43
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
40
310 - 749
29
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
Modified spectrum (Daylight™) lumen ranges are 25% lower, same max watts
Minimum 80 CRI except for modified spectrum, which is a minimum of 75 CRI
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 82
Minimum Rated
Lifetime
Effective Date
(Manufactured on or
after)
Federal Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 (EISA)
Incandescent Impact
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
January 4, 2008
Over
the next
years,six
the most
common
base incandescent
household
(A-line)
bulbs will
“Over
thesixnext
years,
thestandard
mostscrew
common
standard
screw
base
be phased out in the U.S. Clear, frosted, soft white, and Daylight bulbs are included, but specialty colors
incandescent
and
shapes are not. household (A-line) bulbs will be phased out in the U.S.
Clear, frosted, soft white, and Daylight bulbs are included, but
specialty colors and shapes are not.” *
 Phase-out is accomplished by setting standards that today’s bulbs cannot meet
 After January 1, 2012, today’s common 100W incandescent bulb cannot be manufactured
or imported for sale
 The 75W bulb is next, beginning January 2013; 60W and 40W bulbs follow in January 2014
* OSRAM SYLVANIA Summary of the
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 83
New 2012 Standards for General Service
Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL)
Issued by the US Department of Energy June 29, 2009
Lamp Wattage
40W - 205W
40W - 205W
Lamp Type
Diameter
Voltage
> 2.5 inches
(PAR30, PAR38, BR30 & ER30,
BR40 & ER40)
≥ 125
(130V)
6.8 X lamp watts0.27
18.4 to 31.9 LPW
< 125
(120V)
5.9 X lamp watts0.27
16.0 to 27.6 LPW
≤ 2.5 inches
(R20 & PAR20)
≥ 125
(130V)
5.7 X lamp watts0.27
15.4 to 26.7 LPW
< 125
(120V)
5.0 X lamp watts0.27
13.5 to 23.4 LPW
Standard
Spectrum
Modified
Spectrum
Minimum LPW; expressed here
as a range for 40W through
205W, as LPW is derived from a
formula based on lamp watts
Standards are approximately 17% less stringent than for Standard Spectrum Lamps
Exemptions to IRL Standards:
Lamps that are 50W or less: ER30, BR30, BR40, and ER40
Lamps that are 65W exactly: BR30, BR40, and ER40
Lamps that are 45W or less: R20
Exemptions should remain intact until July 1, 2013, per pending federal energy legislation
Effective Date of new standards: July 14, 2012 (3 years after published in Fed. Register)
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 84
Impact for Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL)
Impact
Only a few of today's halogen reflector lamps, e.g. PAR20, PAR30 and PAR38, can
meet the standards in the Final Rule. In order to meet the new standards, reflector
lamps will need to use new technologies such as advanced infrared (IR) coatings
and optimized reflector coatings. IR coatings redirect wasted heat energy emitted
by the lamp filament back to the filament, increasing the temperature of the
filament, and thus enabling it to produce more light without increasing wattage.
Optimized reflector coatings will more efficiently direct light produced by the lamp
out of the lamp and into the space being illuminated.
The few existing lamps that meet the new standards are more expensive than the
standard halogen lamps on the market today. While the initial cost of the new
higher efficiency reflector lamps will be higher, the consumer should see a
payback through reduced electrical bills depending on the amount of time the
lamps are "on".
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 85
Existing and Known Energy & Labeling Related
Lighting Legislation, Regulations, and Specifications
Color Coding
Input into Rulemaking
2009
2010
Adjust Manufacturing
2011
2012
2013
2014
Effective Date
2015
2016
2017
2018
Energy & Labeling
IRL Rules, DOE
Tier 1 (LPW)
Tier 2 (all technologies))
GSFL Rules, DOE
Tier 1 (LPW)
Tier 1 (Task LPW)
Tier 2 (LPW)
Outdoor Lighting Leg.**
HID Lamp Rules, DOE
Probe Start MH lamps targeted
MH Luminaire Rules, DOE
Ballast Efficiency
GS Incan. Leg., US
Tier 1 (100W out)
Energy Star, CFLi
v4.0
Energy Star, LEDr
v1.0
(45 LPW, all techs)
60, 40 out
3.0
2.0
4.0
LPW
ER/BR Exemptions End
2010
2013
Buildings, CA Title 24
FTC Labeling Rule
75 out
v1.1
Energy Star, Tech, Neutral
Applications, savings, CA
Tier 1 (LPW)
T12, T8, T5 (efficiency)
Fluor. Ballast Rules, DOE
Buildings, ASHRAE 90.1
Tier 2 (Task LPW)
2011
2016
2014
2019
2017
Energy reduction targets for Commercial Interior, Residential, and Outdoor; work with CEC
GS Lamps
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 86
** This outdoor lighting legislation will also eliminate
MV lamps in 2016, and set LPW for high wattage
linear halogen to need IR in 2016
Existing and Known Energy & Labeling Related
Lighting Legislation, Regulations, and Specifications
Color Coding
Input into Rulemaking
2009
2010
Adjust Manufacturing
2011
2012
2013
2014
Effective Date
2015
2016
2017
2018
Energy & Labeling
IRL Rules, DOE
Tier 1 (LPW)
Tier 2 (all technologies))
GSFL Rules, DOE
Tier 1 (LPW)
Tier 1 (Task LPW)
Tier 2 (LPW)
Outdoor Lighting Leg.**
HID Lamp Rules, DOE
Probe Start MH lamps targeted
MH Luminaire Rules, DOE
Ballast Efficiency
GS Incan. Leg., US
Tier 1 (100W out)
Energy Star, CFLi
v4.0
Energy Star, LEDr
v1.0
(45 LPW, all techs)
60, 40 out
3.0
2.0
4.0
LPW
ER/BR Exemptions End
2010
2013
Buildings, CA Title 24
FTC Labeling Rule
75 out
v1.1
Energy Star, Tech, Neutral
Applications, savings, CA
Tier 1 (LPW)
T12, T8, T5 (efficiency)
Fluor. Ballast Rules, DOE
Buildings, ASHRAE 90.1
Tier 2 (Task LPW)
2011
2016
2014
2019
2017
Energy reduction targets for Commercial Interior, Residential, and Outdoor; work with CEC
GS Lamps
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 87
** This outdoor lighting legislation will also eliminate
MV lamps in 2016, and set LPW for high wattage
linear halogen to need IR in 2016
LIGHTING LANGUAGE:
QUESTIONS?
Lighting Essentials | January 2011 | Page 88