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This report does not cover issues pertaining to medical or recreational marijuana. For other information, see CRS
Report R43034, State Legalization of Recreational Marijuana: Selected Legal Issues, and CRS Report R43435,
Marijuana: Medical and Retail²Selected Legal Issues, among other related CRS reports.
2
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$FFRUGLQJWR$PSOLILHG)UDJPHQW/HQJWK3RO\PRUSKLVPV´Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 51, no. 2 (2006).
Congressional Research Service
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Mississippi, 2008. Based on sample tests of illegal cannabis seizures (December 16, 2007, through March 15, 2008).
5
(6PDOODQG'0DUFXV³+HPS$1HZ&URSZLWK1HZ8VHVIRU1RUWK$PHULFD´LQ Trends in New Crops and New
Uses, ed. J. Janick and A. Whipkey (Alexandria, VA: American Society for Horticultural Science [ASHS] Press, 2002).
6
(6PDOODQG'0DUFXV³7HWUDK\GURFDQQDELQRO/HYHOVLQ+HPS ( Cannabis sativa *HUPSODVP5HVRXUFHV´
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Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, vol. 39 (2006).
Congressional Research Service
2
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Figure 1.Trait Variation in Cannabis Phenotype
(marijuana and industrial hemp)
Source: George Weiblen, University of Minnesota, presentation at the 2013 Annual HIA Conference,
Washington, DC, November 17, 2013.
Notes: 3KRWRJUDSKVFRQWUDVWLQJPDULMXDQDDQGLQGXVWULDOKHPSDUHDYDLODEOHDW9RWH+HPS·VZHEVLWH´'LIIHUHQW
Varieties of Cannabisµhttp://www.votehemp.com/different_varieties.html).
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8
CRS communication with Anndrea Hermann, Hemp Oil Canada Inc., December 2009. Pollen is present at a very
early plant development stage.
9
D. 3:HVW³+HPSDQG0DULMXDQD0\WKV5HDOLWLHV´)HEUXDU\http://www.gametec.com/hemp/
hempandmj.html$OVRVHHLQIRUPDWLRQSRVWHGE\9RWH+HPS,QF³'LIIHUHQW9DULHWLHVRI&DQQDELV´QRdate),
http://www.votehemp.com/different_varieties.html.
10
,QQYLVWD³Hemp %LRORJ\´September 25, 2012, http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/hemp/hemp-biology/.
Congressional Research Service
3
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity DQGIORZHULQJ7KHSHULRGRIVHHGLQJWRKDUYHVWUDQJHVIURPWRGD\VGHSHQGLQJRQWKH
SXUSRVHFXOWLYDURUYDULHW\DQGFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQV7KHVWDONDQGVHHGLVWKHKDUYHVWHGSURGXFW
7KHVWDONRIWKHSODQWSURYLGHVWZRW\SHVRIILEHUVWKHRXWHUSRUWLRQRIWKHVWHPFRQWDLQVWKHEDVW
ILEHUVDQGWKHLQWHULRURUFRUHILEHURUKXUGV
,QGXVWULDOKHPSSURGXFWLRQVWDWLVWLFVIRU&DQDGDLQGLFDWHWKDWRQHDFUHRIKHPS\LHOGVDQDYHUDJH
RIDERXWSRXQGVRIJUDLQZKLFKFDQEHSUHVVHGLQWRDERXWJDOORQVRIRLODQGSRXQGV
RIPHDO117KDWVDPHDFUHZLOODOVRSURGXFHDQDYHUDJHRISRXQGVRIVWUDZZKLFKFDQEH
WUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDERXWSRXQGVRIILEHU
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IORZHUVRIGLRHFLRXVGUXJVWUDLQVDUHVHOHFWHGWRSUHYHQWWKHUHWXUQRIVHSDUDWHPDOHDQGIHPDOH
SODQWV127KHIHPDOHIORZHUVDUHVKRUWDQGWLJKWO\FOXVWHUHG,QPDULMXDQDFXOWLYDWLRQJURZHUV
UHPRYHDOOWKHPDOHSODQWVWRSUHYHQWSROOLQDWLRQDQGVHHGVHW6RPHJURZHUVZLOOKDQG-SROOLQDWHD
IHPDOHSODQWWRJHWVHHGWKLVLVGRQHLQLVRODWLRQRIWKHUHVWRIWKHIHPDOHSODQWV7KH
LQFRUSRUDWLRQDQGVWDELOL]DWLRQRIPRQRHFLVPLQFDQQDELVFXOWLYDWLRQUHTXLUHVWKHVNLOORID
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,IPDULMXDQDLVJURZQLQRUDURXQGLQGXVWULDOKHPSYDULHWLHVWKHKHPSZRXOGSROOLQDWHWKHIHPDOH
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UHVXOWLQDKDUYHVWWKDWLVVHHG\DQGORZHULQ7+&DQGGHJUDGHWKHYDOXHRIWKHLUPDULMXDQDFURS
0DULMXDQDLVFXOWLYDWHGWRHQFRXUDJHWKHSODQWWREHFRPHEXVK\ZLWKPDQ\OHDYHVZLWKZLGH
EUDQFKLQJWRSURPRWHIORZHUVDQGEXGV7KLVUHTXLUHVWKDWSODQWVEHZHOO-VSDFHGE\DVPXFKDV
DERXW-SODQWVSHUVTXDUH\DUG137KHIORZHUDQGOHDYHVDUHWKHKDUYHVWHGSURGXFWV
Ž–™ȱ›˜žŒ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱœŽ ˜––Ž›Œ’Š•ȱœŽœȱ˜ȱ
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LQSXWVDUHLPSRUWHGDQGVROGIRUXVHLQPDQXIDFWXULQJIRUDZLGHUDQJHRISURGXFWFDWHJRULHV
)LJXUH+HPSILEHUVDUHXVHGLQDZLGHUDQJHRISURGXFWVLQFOXGLQJIDEULFVDQGWH[WLOHV\DUQV
DQGVSXQILEHUVSDSHUFDUSHWLQJKRPHIXUQLVKLQJVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQPDWHULDOVDXWR
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11
Agriculture and Agri-)RRG&DQDGD³,QGXVWULDO+HPS´QRGDWHhttp://www4.agr.gc.ca/.
H. van Bakel et al.³7KH'UDIW*HQRPHDQG7UDQVFULSWRme of Cannabis sativa ´ Genome Biology, vol. 12, issue 10,
2011. In botany, dioecious is a term describing plant varieties that possess male and female flowers or other
reproductive organs on separate, individual plants.
13
,QQYLVWD³Hemp %LRORJ\´September 25, 2012, http://www.innvista.com/health/foods/hemp/hemp-biology/.
14
Different varieties have been developed may be better suited for one use or the other. Cultivation practices also differ
depending upon the variety planted.
15
For additional information, see U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Industrial Hemp in the
United States: Status and Market Potential , ERS Report AGES001E, January 2000.
12
Congressional Research Service
4
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity LQSXWVSDSHUPDNLQJDQGFRPSRVLWHV+HPSVHHGDQGRLOFDNHDUHXVHGLQDUDQJHRIIRRGVDQG
EHYHUDJHVDQGFDQEHDQDOWHUQDWLYHIRRGSURWHLQVRXUFH2LOIURPWKHFUXVKHGKHPSVHHGLVXVHG
DVDQLQJUHGLHQWLQDUDQJHRIERG\-FDUHSURGXFWVDQGQXWULWLRQDOVXSSOHPHQWV16+HPSVHHGLV
DOVRXVHGIRULQGXVWULDORLOVFRVPHWLFVDQGSHUVRQDOFDUHSURGXFWVDQGSKDUPDFHXWLFDOVDPRQJ
RWKHUFRPSRVLWHV
Figure 2. Flowchart of Potential Hemp Products
Source: &56DGDSWHGIURP'*.UDHQ]HOHWDO´,QGXVWULDO+HPSDVDQ$OWHUQDWLYH&URSLQ1RUWK'DNRWDµ
AER-402, North Dakota State University, July 23, 1998.
6RPHHVWLPDWHWKDWWKHJOREDOPDUNHWIRUKHPSFRQVLVWVRIPRUHWKDQSURGXFWVLQQLQH
VXEPDUNHWVDJULFXOWXUHWH[WLOHVUHF\FOLQJDXWRPRWLYHIXUQLWXUHIRRGQXWULWLRQEHYHUDJHV
SDSHUFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVDQGSHUVRQDOFDUH)RUFRQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVVXFKDVKHPSFUHWHD
PL[WXUHRIKHPSKXUGVDQGOLPHSURGXFWVKHPSLVXVHGDVDOLJKWZHLJKWLQVXODWLQJPDWHULDO17
+HPSKDVDOVREHHQSURPRWHGDVDSRWHQWLDOELRGLHVHOIHHGVWRFN18DOWKRXJKVRPHDQDO\VWV
VXJJHVWWKDWFRPSHWLQJGHPDQGVIRURWKHUSURGXFWVPLJKWPDNHLWWRRFRVWO\WRXVHDVD
IHHGVWRFN19
16
Some have suggested similarities between hempseed oil and hash oil. However, there is evidence suggesting
differences regarding initial feedstock or input ingredients (hash oil requires high-THC marijuana, whereas hempseed
oil uses low-THC industrial hemp); how they are produced (hash oil is extracted often using a flammable solvent,
whereas hempseed oil is expeller-pressed or extracted mechanically, generally without chemicals or additives); and
how they are used (hash oil is used as a psychoactive drug, whereas hempseed oil is used as an ingredient in hempbased foods, supplements, and body care products). For more background information, contact the author of this report.
17
³+HPS+RPHV$UH&XWWLQJ(GJHRI*UHHQ%XLOGLQJ´ U S A Today6HSWHPEHUDQG³&RQVWUXFWLRQ3ODQW´
F inancial Times, January 22, 2010.
18
Manitoba Agriculture, National Industrial Hemp Strategy, March 2008S-/DQH³Hemp Makes Comeback as
Biofuels Feedstock in 43-Acre California Trial´ Biofuels Digest$XJXVWDQG+-HVVHQ³Hemp Biodiesel:
When the Smoke Clears´ Biodiesel Magazine, February 2007.
19
1RUWK'DNRWD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\³Biofuel Economics: Biocomposites²New Uses for North Dakota Agricultural
(continued...)
Congressional Research Service
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity 7KHVHW\SHVRIFRPPHUFLDOXVHVDUHZLGHO\GRFXPHQWHGLQDUDQJHRIIHDVLELOLW\DQGPDUNHWLQJ
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PDUNHWVIRUKHPS-EDVHGSURGXFWV²DVZHOODVIRUUHVWDXUDQWVKHPSLQGXVWU\DQDO\VWVKDYH
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(...continued)
Fibers and Oils´QRGDWH
20
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21
HIA³+HPS)DEULF*RHV+LJK)DVKLRQ´)HEUXDU\(VWLPDWHUHIOHFWVEHVWDYDLODEOHcurrent information
based on personal communication between CRS and HIA.
22
SPINS tracks data and market trends on natural product industry sales (http://www.spins.com/).
23
CRS communication with representaWLYHVRI9RWH+HPS,QF0D\6HHDOVR+,$¶VSUHVVUHOHDVH³Growing
Hemp Food and Body Care Sales is Good News for Canadian Hemp Seed and Oil Producers´$SULO
24
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25
+,$³Hemp Milk Products Boosted Growth of Hemp Food Market in 2007´0DUFK
Congressional Research Service
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity *LYHQWKHVHGDWDOLPLWDWLRQVDYDLODEOHWUDGHVWDWLVWLFVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHYDOXHRI86LPSRUWVXQGHU
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Congressional Research Service
7
Table 1. Value and Quantity of U.S. Imports of Selected Hemp Products, Selected Years, 1996-2013
Units
Hemp Seeds (HS 1207990220)a
$1000
Hemp Oil and Fractions
(HS 1515908010)
$1000
Hemp Seed Oilcake and Other
Solids (HS 2306900130)
$1000
True Hemp, raw/processed not
spun (HS 5302)
$1000
True Hemp Yarn (HS 5308200000)
$1000
True Hemp Woven Fabrics
(HS 5311004010)
$1000
Total
Hemp Seeds (HS 1207990220)a
metric ton
Hemp Oil and Fractions
(HS 1515908010)
metric ton
Hemp Seed Oilcake and Other
Solids (HS 2306900130)
metric ton
True Hemp, raw/processed not
spun (HS 5302)
metric ton
True Hemp Yarn (HS 5308200000)
metric ton
Subtotal
True Hemp Woven Fabrics
(HS 5311004010)
m2 (1000)
1996
2000
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
³
³
271
3,320
5,154
6,054
13,057
26,710
³
³
3,027
1,042
1,833
1,146
1,098
2,264
³
³
³
1,811
2,369
2,947
4,388
6,279
100
577
228
114
94
181
157
78
25
640
904
568
296
580
496
478
1,291
2,258
1,232
894
1,180
1,363
1,363
1,057
1,416
3,475
5,662
7,749
10,926
12,271
20,559
36,866
³
³
92
602
711
623
1,237
2,272
³
³
287
128
215
157
208
450
³
³
³
201
240
298
441
601
53
678
181
83
42
89
66
72
6
89
113
76
42
86
88
70
59
767
673
1,090
1,250
1,253
2,040
3,465
435
920
478
263
284
270
319
224
Source: Compiled by CRS using data from the U.S. International Trade Commission, http://dataweb.usitc.gov. Data are by Harmonized System (HS) code. Data shown as
´³µLQGLFDWHGDWDDUHQRWDYDLODEOHDVEUHDNRXWFDWHJRULHV or, for some product subcategories, were established only recently.
a. Data for 2007-2011 were supplemented by reported Canadian export data for hemp seeds (HS 12079910, hemp seeds, whether or not broken) as reported by Global
Trade Atlas, http://www.gtis.com/gta/. Official U.S. trade data reported no imports during these years for these HS subcategories. The Canadian export data as
reported by Global Trade Atlas also differ for hemp seed oilcake (15159020, hemp oil and its fractions, whether or not refined but not chemically modified) but were
not similarly substituted since other countries exported product to the United States.
CRS-8
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PDQ\UHPDLQLQJXQNQRZQVDQGIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVDQGSURGXFWLRQUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHG
*LYHQWKHDEVHQFHVLQFHWKHVRIDQ\FRPPHUFLDODQGXQUHVWULFWHGKHPSSURGXFWLRQLQWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSUHGLFWWKHSRWHQWLDOPDUNHWDQGHPSOR\PHQWHIIHFWVRIUHOD[LQJ
FXUUHQWUHVWULFWLRQVRQ86KHPSSURGXFWLRQ:KLOHH[SDQGHGPDUNHWRSSRUWXQLWLHVPLJKWH[LVWLQ
VRPHVWDWHVRUORFDOLWLHVLIFXUUHQWUHVWULFWLRQVRQSURGXFWLRQDUHOLIWHGLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRSUHGLFW
WKHSRWHQWLDOIRUIXWXUHUHWDLOVDOHVRUHPSOR\PHQWJDLQVLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVHLWKHUQDWLRQDOO\RU
ZLWKLQFHUWDLQVWDWHVRUUHJLRQV/LPLWHGLQIRUPDWLRQLVDYDLODEOHIURPSUHYLRXVPDUNHWDQDO\VHV
WKDWKDYHEHHQFRQGXFWHGE\UHVHDUFKHUVDW86'$DQGODQGJUDQWXQLYHUVLWLHVDQGVWDWHDJHQFLHV29
•˜‹Š•ȱ›˜žŒ’˜— —Ž›—Š’˜—Š•ȱ›˜žŒ’˜—ȱ $SSUR[LPDWHO\FRXQWULHVLQ(XURSH$VLDDQG1RUWKDQG6RXWK$PHULFDFXUUHQWO\SHUPLW
IDUPHUVWRJURZKHPS6RPHRIWKHVHFRXQWULHVQHYHURXWODZHGSURGXFWLRQZKLOHVRPHFRXQWULHV
EDQQHGSURGXFWLRQIRUFHUWDLQSHULRGVLQWKHSDVW&KLQDLVDPRQJWKHODUJHVWSURGXFLQJDQG
H[SRUWLQJFRXQWULHVRIKHPSWH[WLOHVDQGUHODWHGSURGXFWVDVZHOODVDPDMRUVXSSOLHURIWKHVH
SURGXFWVWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV7KH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ(8KDVDQDFWLYHKHPSPDUNHWZLWK
SURGXFWLRQLQPRVWPHPEHUQDWLRQV3URGXFWLRQLVFHQWHUHGLQ)UDQFHWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP
5RPDQLDDQG+XQJDU\30
26
75)RUWHQEHU\DQG0%HQQHWW³2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRU&RPPHUFLDO+HPS3URGXFWLRQ´ Review of Agricultural
Economics, vol. 26, no. 1 (2004), pp. 97-117.
27
Ibid.
28
University of Kentucky, Department of Agricultural Economics, Economic Considerations for Growing Industrial
+HPS,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU.HQWXFN\¶V)DUPHUVDQG$JULFXOWXUDO(FRQRP\, July 2013.
29
For more information, see CRS Congressional Distribution Memorandum³Potential U.S. Market Effects of
Removing Restrictions on Growing Industrial Hemp´0DUFKDYDLODEOHIURP5HQpH-RKQVRQ-9588).
30
Other EU producing countries include Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Slovenia, and Spain.
Congressional Research Service
9
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity $FUHDJHLQKHPSFXOWLYDWLRQZRUOGZLGHKDVEHHQPRVWO\IODWWRGHFUHDVLQJUHSRUWHGDWDERXW
DFUHVJOREDOO\LQ31$OWKRXJKYDULDEOH\HDUWR\HDUJOREDOSURGXFWLRQKDVLQFUHDVHG
RYHUDOOIURPDERXWPLOOLRQSRXQGVLQWRPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSRXQGVLQPRVWO\
GXHWRLQFUHDVLQJSURGXFWLRQRIKHPSVHHG)LJXUH8SZDUGWUHQGVLQJOREDOKHPSVHHG
SURGXFWLRQURXJKO\WUDFNVLPLODUXSZDUGWUHQGVLQ86LPSRUWVRIKHPSVHHGDQGRLOPRVWO\IRU
XVHLQKHPS-EDVHGIRRGVVXSSOHPHQWVDQGERG\FDUHSURGXFWV7DEOH
0DQ\(8FRXQWULHVOLIWHGWKHLUEDQVRQKHPSSURGXFWLRQLQWKHVDQGXQWLOUHFHQWO\DOVR
VXEVLGL]HGWKHSURGXFWLRQRI³IOD[DQGKHPS´XQGHUWKH(8¶V&RPPRQ$JULFXOWXUDO3ROLF\32(8
KHPSDFUHDJHZDVUHSRUWHGDWDERXWDFUHVLQZKLFKZDVEHORZSUHYLRXV\HDUVZKHQ
PRUHWKDQDFUHVRIKHPSZHUHXQGHUSURGXFWLRQ330RVW(8SURGXFWLRQLVRIKXUGVVHHGV
DQGILEHUV2WKHUQRQ-(8(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVZLWKUHSRUWHGKHPSSURGXFWLRQLQFOXGH5XVVLD
8NUDLQHDQG6ZLW]HUODQG2WKHUFRXQWULHVZLWKDFWLYHKHPSJURZHUDQGRUFRQVXPHUPDUNHWVDUH
$XVWUDOLD1HZ=HDODQG,QGLD-DSDQ.RUHD7XUNH\(J\SW&KLOHDQG7KDLODQG
Figure 3. Hemp Fiber and Seed, Global Production (1999-2011)
Source: FAOSTAT, http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor.
&DQDGDLVDQRWKHUPDMRUVXSSOLHURI86LPSRUWVSDUWLFXODUO\RIKHPS-EDVHGIRRGVDQGUHODWHG
LPSRUWHGSURGXFWV&DQDGD¶VFRPPHUFLDOKHPSLQGXVWU\LVIDLUO\QHZ&DQDGDEHJDQWRLVVXH
OLFHQVHVIRUUHVHDUFKFURSVLQIROORZHGE\FRPPHUFLDOOLFHQVHVVWDUWLQJLQ
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRI&DQDGD¶VKHPSPDUNHWIROORZHGD-\HDUSURKLELWLRQDQGLVVWULFWO\
UHJXODWHG34,WVSURJUDPLVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\WKH2IILFHRI&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHVRI+HDOWK&DQDGD
ZKLFKLVVXHVOLFHQVHVIRUDOODFWLYLWLHVLQYROYLQJKHPS8QGHUWKHUHJXODWLRQDOOLQGXVWULDOKHPS
JURZQSURFHVVHGDQGVROGLQ&DQDGDPD\FRQWDLQ7+&OHYHOVQRPRUHWKDQRIWKHZHLJKW
31
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, FAOSTAT crop data, http://faostat.fao.org/.
)RULQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH(8¶VSULRUDJULFXOWXUDOVXSSRUWIRULQGXVWULDOKHPSVHHWKH(8¶VQRWLILFDWLRQ to the World
Trade Organization regarding its domestic support for agricultural producers (G/AG/N/EEC/68; January 24, 2011).
33
0&DUXVHWDO³7KH(XURSHDQ+HPS,QGXVWU\´0D\$OVRVHH(XURSHDQ,QGXVWULDO+HPS$VVRFLDWLRQ
³(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ+HPSDQG)OD[$*5,&´)HEUXDU\
34
Industrial Hemp Regulations (SOR/98-156), as part of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.
32
Congressional Research Service
10
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity RIOHDYHVDQGIORZHULQJSDUWV&DQDGDDOVRKDVVHWDPD[LPXPOHYHORISDUWVSHUPLOOLRQSSP
IRU7+&UHVLGXHVLQSURGXFWVGHULYHGIURPKHPSJUDLQVXFKDVIORXUDQGRLO357RREWDLQDOLFHQVH
WRJURZKHPS&DQDGLDQIDUPHUVPXVWVXEPLWH[WHQVLYHGRFXPHQWDWLRQLQFOXGLQJEDFNJURXQG
FULPLQDOUHFRUGFKHFNVWKH*OREDO3RVLWLRQLQJ6\VWHP*36FRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHLUILHOGVDQG
VXSSRUWLQJGRFXPHQWVIURPWKH&DQDGLDQ6HHG*URZHUV¶$VVRFLDWLRQRUWKH&DQDGLDQ)RRG
,QVSHFWLRQ$JHQF\UHJDUGLQJWKHLUXVHRIORZ-7+&KHPSVHHGVDQGDSSURYHGFXOWLYDUVDQGWKH\
PXVWDOORZJRYHUQPHQWWHVWLQJRIWKHLUFURSIRU7+&OHYHOV366LQFHKHPSFXOWLYDWLRQZDV
OHJDOL]HGLQ&DQDGDSURGXFWLRQKDVEHHQYDULDEOH\HDUWR\HDU)LJXUHUDQJLQJIURPDKLJKRI
DFUHVSODQWHGLQWRDERXWDFUHVLQ-WRDUHSRUWHGQHDUO\
DFUHVLQ&DQDGD¶VKHPSFXOWLYDWLRQVWLOODFFRXQWVIRUOHVVWKDQRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VDYDLODEOH
IDUPODQG7KHQXPEHURIFXOWLYDWLRQOLFHQVHVKDVDOVRYDULHGIURP\HDUWR\HDUUHDFKLQJDKLJKRI
OLFHQVHVLQIROORZHGE\DORZRIOLFHQVHVLQZLWKOLFHQVHVLQ37
’œ˜›’ŒŠ•ȱǯǯȱ›˜žŒ’˜— +HPSZDVZLGHO\JURZQLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVIURPWKHFRORQLDOSHULRGLQWRWKHPLG-VILQH
DQGFRDUVHIDEULFVWZLQHDQGSDSHUIURPKHPSZHUHLQFRPPRQXVH%\WKHVODERU-VDYLQJ
PDFKLQHU\IRUKDUYHVWLQJFRWWRQPDGHWKHODWWHUPRUHFRPSHWLWLYHDVDVRXUFHRIIDEULFIRU
FORWKLQJDQGWKHGHPDQGIRUFRDUVHQDWXUDOILEHUVZDVPHWLQFUHDVLQJO\E\LPSRUWV,QGXVWULDO
KHPSZDVKDQGOHGLQWKHVDPHZD\DVDQ\RWKHUIDUPFRPPRGLW\LQWKDW86'$FRPSLOHG
VWDWLVWLFVDQGSXEOLVKHGFURSUHSRUWV38DQGSURYLGHGDVVLVWDQFHWRIDUPHUVSURPRWLQJSURGXFWLRQ
DQGGLVWULEXWLRQ39,QWKHHDUO\VKHPSFRQWLQXHGWREHJURZQDQGUHVHDUFKHUVDW86'$
FRQWLQXHGWRSXEOLVKLQIRUPDWLRQUHODWHGWRKHPSSURGXFWLRQDQGDOVRUHSRUWHGRQKHPS¶V
SRWHQWLDOIRUXVHLQWH[WLOHVDQGLQSDSHUPDQXIDFWXULQJ406HYHUDOKHPSDGYRFDF\JURXSV
LQFOXGLQJWKH+HPS,QGXVWULHV$VVRFLDWLRQ+,$DQG9RWH+HPS,QFKDYHFRPSLOHGRWKHU
KLVWRULFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGKDYHFRSLHVRIRULJLQDOVRXUFHGRFXPHQWV41
%HWZHHQDQGLQDQHIIRUWWRVWHPWKHXVHRI&DQQDELVIORZHUVDQGOHDYHVIRUWKHLU
SV\FKRWURSLFHIIHFWVVWDWHVSDVVHGODZVUHVWULFWLQJOHJDOSURGXFWLRQWRPHGLFLQDODQGLQGXVWULDO
SXUSRVHVRQO\427KH0DULKXDQD7D[$FWGHILQHGKHPSDVDQDUFRWLFGUXJUHTXLULQJWKDW
IDUPHUVJURZLQJKHPSKROGDIHGHUDOUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGVSHFLDOWD[VWDPSHIIHFWLYHO\OLPLWLQJ
IXUWKHUSURGXFWLRQH[SDQVLRQ
,Q86KHPSSURGXFWLRQUHDFKHGPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQSRXQGVPLOOLRQSRXQGV
KHPSILEHUPLOOLRQSRXQGKHPSVHHGRQKDUYHVWHGDFUHV7KLVFRPSDUHGWRSUH35
$JULFXOWXUH&DQDGD³&DQDGD¶V,QGXVWULDO+HPS,QGXVWU\´0DUFKhttp://www4.agr.gc.ca.
See +HDOWK&DQDGD¶V)$4VRQ its hemp regulations and its application for obtaining permits (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/
). Other information is at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency website (http://www.inspection.gc.ca/).
37
+HDOWK&DQDGD,QGXVWULDO+HPS6HFWLRQ³&XOWLYDWLRQ/LFHQVHV´2FWREHU
38
See, for example, editions of USDA Agricultural Statistics. A compilation of U.S. government publications is
available from the Hemp Industries Association (HIA) at http://www.hempology.org/ALLARTICLES.html.
39
See, for example, USDA¶VVKRUWILOP ³+HPSIRU9LFWRU\´DQG8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ¶V([WHQVLRQ6HUYLFH
Special Circular, ³:KDW$ERXW*URZLQJ+HPS´1RYHPEHU
40
Regarding papermaking, see L. H. Dewey and J. L. Merrill³+HPS+XUGVDV3DSHU-0DNLQJ0DWHULDO´86'$
Bulletin No. 404, October 14, 1916. A copy of this document is available, as posted by Vote Hemp Inc., at
http://www.votehemp.com/17855-h/17855-h.htm. Other USDA and state documents from this period are available at
http://www.hempology.org/ALLARTICLES.html.
41
See links at http://www.thehia.org/history.html and http://www.hemphistoryweek.com/timeline.html.
42
R. J. Bonnie and C. H. Whitebread, The Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United
States (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974), p. 51.
36
Congressional Research Service
11
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity ZDUSURGXFWLRQOHYHOVRIDERXWPLOOLRQSRXQGV$IWHUUHDFKLQJDSHDNLQSURGXFWLRQ
VWDUWHGWRGHFOLQH%\SURGXFWLRQKDGGURSSHGEDFNWRPLOOLRQSRXQGVRQKDUYHVWHG
DFUHVZLWKQRUHFRUGHGSURGXFWLRQDIWHUWKHODWHV43
&XUUHQWO\LQGXVWULDOKHPSLVQRWJURZQFRPPHUFLDOO\LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV1RDFWLYHIHGHUDO
OLFHQVHVDOORZ86FRPPHUFLDOFXOWLYDWLRQDWWKLVWLPH
Figure 4. Canadian Hemp Acreage, 1998-2011
60,000
50,000
Acres
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1998
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Source: Agriculture and Agri-)RRG&DQDGD´,QGXVWULDO+HPS6WDWLVWLFVµhttp://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/
display-afficher.do?id=1174420265572&lang=eng.
Note: The downturn in 2007 LVYLHZHGDVDFRUUHFWLRQRIRYHUSURGXFWLRQLQIROORZLQJWKH´VXFFHVVRIWKH
court case against the DEA in 2004, and continued improvements in breeding, production, and proFHVVLQJµ
ZKLFKUHVXOWHGLQSDUWLQD´GUDPDWLFUHGXFWLRQLQKHPSDFUHDJHSODQWHGµLQ7KHGRZQWXUQLVDOVR
DWWULEXWHGWR´LQFUHDVLQJO\SRVLWLYHHFRQRPLFVRIJURZLQJRWKHUFURSVµManitoba Agriculture, National Industrial
Hemp Strategy, March 2008, prepared for Food and Rural Initiative Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada).
ŽŠ•ȱŠžœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ—’ŽȱŠŽœ ŽŽ›Š•ȱŠ ȱŠ—ȱŽšž’›Ž–Ž—œ ˜—›˜••Žȱž‹œŠ—ŒŽœȱŒȱ˜ȱŗşŝŖ ,Q&RQJUHVVSDVVHGWKHILUVWIHGHUDOODZWRGLVFRXUDJHFDQQDELVSURGXFWLRQIRUPDULMXDQD
ZKLOHVWLOOSHUPLWWLQJLQGXVWULDOXVHVRIWKHFURSWKH0DULKXDQD7D[$FW6WDW8QGHUWKLV
VWDWXWHWKHJRYHUQPHQWDFWLYHO\HQFRXUDJHGIDUPHUVWRJURZKHPSIRUILEHUDQGRLOGXULQJ:RUOG
:DU,,$IWHUWKHZDUFRPSHWLWLRQIURPV\QWKHWLFILEHUVWKH0DULKXDQD7D[$FWDQGLQFUHDVLQJ
43
USDA Agricultural Statistics, various years through 1949. A summary of data spanning 1931-1945 is available in
WKHHGLWLRQ6HH³7DEOH²+HPS)LEHUDQG+HPSVHHG$FUHDJH<LHOGDQG3URGXFWLRQ8QLWHG6WDWHV´
Congressional Research Service
12
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity SXEOLFDQWL-GUXJVHQWLPHQWUHVXOWHGLQIHZHUDQGIHZHUDFUHVRIKHPSEHLQJSODQWHGDQGQRQHDW
DOODIWHU
6WULFWO\VSHDNLQJWKH&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHV$FWRI&6$86&†HWVHTGRHVQRW
PDNHJURZLQJKHPSLOOHJDOUDWKHULWSODFHVVWULFWFRQWUROVRQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIKHPSPDNLQJLW
LOOHJDOWRJURZWKHFURSZLWKRXWD'($SHUPLW
7KH&6$DGRSWHGWKHVDPHGHILQLWLRQRI&DQQDELVVDWLYDWKDWDSSHDUHGLQWKH0DULKXDQD
7D[$FW7KHGHILQLWLRQRI³PDULKXDQD´86&†UHDGV
The term marihuana means all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not;
the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of such plant; and every compound,
manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation of such plant, its seeds or resin. Such
term does not include the mature stalks of such plant, fiber produced from such stalks, oil or
cake made from the seeds of such plant, any other compound ... or preparation of such mature
stalks (except the resin extracted therefrom), fiber, oil, or cake, or the sterilized seed of such
plant which is incapable of germination.
7KHVWDWXWHWKXVUHWDLQVFRQWURORYHUDOOYDULHWLHVRIWKHFDQQDELVSODQWE\YLUWXHRILQFOXGLQJWKHP
XQGHUWKHWHUP³PDULMXDQD´DQGGRHVQRWGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQORZ-DQGKLJK-7+&YDULHWLHV7KH
ODQJXDJHH[HPSWVIURPFRQWUROWKHSDUWVRIPDWXUHSODQWV²VWDONVILEHURLOFDNHHWF²LQWHQGHG
IRULQGXVWULDOXVHV6RPHKDYHDUJXHGWKDWWKH&6$GHILQLWLRQH[HPSWVLQGXVWULDOKHPSXQGHULWV
WHUPH[FOXVLRQVIRUVWDONVILEHURLODQGFDNHDQGVHHGV44'($UHIXWHVWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ45
ȱŽ›–’ȱŽšž’›Ž–Ž—œ )HGHUDOODZSURKLELWVFXOWLYDWLRQZLWKRXWDSHUPLW'($GHWHUPLQHVZKHWKHUDQ\LQGXVWULDOKHPS
SURGXFWLRQDXWKRUL]HGXQGHUDVWDWHVWDWXWHLVSHUPLWWHGDQGLWHQIRUFHVVWDQGDUGVJRYHUQLQJWKH
VHFXULW\FRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKHFURSPXVWEHJURZQ,QRWKHUZRUGVDJURZHUQHHGVWRJHW
SHUPLVVLRQIURPWKH'($WRJURZKHPSRUIDFHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIIHGHUDOFKDUJHVRUSURSHUW\
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$OWKRXJKPDQ\VWDWHVKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGSURJUDPVXQGHUZKLFKDIDUPHUPD\EHDEOHWRJURZ
LQGXVWULDOKHPSXQGHUFHUWDLQFLUFXPVWDQFHVDJURZHUZRXOGVWLOOQHHGWRREWDLQD'($SHUPLW
DQGDELGHE\WKH'($¶VVWULFWSURGXFWLRQFRQWUROV7KLVUHODWLRQVKLSKDVUHVXOWHGLQVRPHKLJKSURILOHFDVHVZKHUHLQJURZHUVKDYHDSSOLHGIRUDSHUPLWEXW'($KDVQRWDSSURYHGRUGHQLHGD
SHUPLWWRJURZKHPSHYHQLQVWDWHVWKDWDXWKRUL]HFXOWLYDWLRQXQGHUVWDWHODZV
,QWKHSDVWWKHUHKDVEHHQRQJRLQJWHQVLRQEHWZHHQIHGHUDODQGVWDWHDXWKRULWLHVRYHUVWDWHKHPS
SROLFLHV$IWHUSDVVLQJLWVRZQVWDWHODZDXWKRUL]LQJLQGXVWULDOKHPSSURGXFWLRQLQ47
UHVHDUFKHUVLQ1RUWK'DNRWDUHSHDWHGO\DSSOLHGIRUEXWGLGQRWUHFHLYHD'($SHUPLWWRFXOWLYDWH
KHPSIRUUHVHDUFKSXUSRVHVLQWKHVWDWH48$OVRLQWZR1RUWK'DNRWDIDUPHUVZHUHJUDQWHG
VWDWHKHPSIDUPLQJOLFHQVHVDQGLQ-XQHILOHGDODZVXLWLQ86'LVWULFW&RXUW1RUWK
'DNRWDVHHNLQJ³DGHFODUDWRU\MXGJPHQW´WKDWWKH&6$³GRHVQRWSURKLELWWKHLUFXOWLYDWLRQRI
44
See, for example, Hemp Industries Association v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 357 F.2d (9th Circuit 2004).
45
66 Federal Register 51530, October 9, 2001.
46
Registration requirements are at 21 C.F.R. 823. See also DEA¶VUHJLVWUDWLRQSrocedures and applications at
http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drugreg/process.htm.
47
The North Dakota Department of Agriculture issued final regulations in 2007 on licensing hemp production. For
iQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHVWDWH¶VUHTXLUHPHQWVVHHhttp://www.agdepartment.com/Programs/Plant/HempFarming.htm.
48
See, for example, letter from North Dakota State University to the DEA, July 27, 2007.
Congressional Research Service
13
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity LQGXVWULDOKHPSSXUVXDQWWRWKHLUVWDWHOLFHQVHV´497KHFDVHZDVGLVPLVVHGLQ1RYHPEHU50
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0RVWUHSRUWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH'($FRQWLQXHVWREHUHOXFWDQWWRJUDQWOLFHQVHVWRJURZKHPSHYHQ
IRUUHVHDUFKSXUSRVHV57+RZHYHUPRUHUHFHQWO\WKHUHDUHLQGLFDWLRQVWKDWVRPHODQGJUDQW
XQLYHUVLW\UHVHDUFKHUVPD\KDYHEHHQJUDQWHGOLFHQVHVWRFRQGXFWKHPSUHVHDUFKXQGHUFHUWDLQ
FRQGLWLRQV58
49
David Monson and Wayne Hauge v. Drug Enforcement Administration and United States Department of Justice,
Complaint for Declaratory Judgment, U.S. District Court for the District of North Dakota, June 18, 2007. For an
overview, see Vote Hemp Inc. website: http://www.votehemp.com/legal_cases_ND.html#overview.
50
Monson v. DEA, 522 F. Supp. 2d 1188 (D.N.D. 2007).
51
Monson v. DEA, 589 F.3d 952 (8th Cir. 2009).
52
S. Roesler, ³1')DUPHUV)LOH$QRWKHU,QGXVWULDO+HPS$SSHDOLQ'LVWULFW&RXUW´ F arm & Ranch Guide, June 4,
2010.
53
University of Kentucky &RRSHUDWLYH([WHQVLRQ6HUYLFH³,QGXVWULDO+HPS²/HJDO,VVXHV´6HSWHPEHU
54
65DDEH³)LUVW0DMRU+HPS&URSLQ<HDUV,V3ODQWHGLQ6RXWKHDVW&RORUDGR´ Denverpost.com, May 13, 2013.
55
DEA, ³Statement from the Drug Enforcement Administration on the Industrial Use of Hemp´0DUFK
56
0%URZQ³)LUVW/icense Issued to Montana Hemp Grower´ Missoulian, October 27, 2009.
57
65DDEH³)LUVW0DMRU+HPS&URSLQ<HDUV,V3ODQWHGLQ6RXWKHDVW&RORUDGR´ Denverpost.com, May 13, 2013.
58
6HHIRUH[DPSOH%%DNVW³0LQQHVRWDWR*R6ORZRQ,QGXVWULDO+HPS3LORW3URMHFW)UXVWUDWLQJ)DUPHUV(DJHUWR
*URZ&URS´Star Tribune, August 8, 2015.
Congressional Research Service
14
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity ‘Ž›ȱȱ˜•’Œ¢ȱŠŽ–Ž—œ 2WKHU'($GRFXPHQWDWLRQLOOXVWUDWHVKRZ'($KDVUHYLHZHGLQTXLULHVDERXWWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRI
KHPS-EDVHGSURGXFWVVXFKDVWKRVHVKRZQLQ)LJXUHLQFOXGLQJLQTXLULHVIURP86&XVWRPV
LQVSHFWRUVUHJDUGLQJWKHQHHGIRUJXLGDQFHUHJDUGLQJLPSRUWHGKHPSSURGXFWV59
DEA took the position that it would follow the plain language of the Controlled Substances
Act (CSA), which expresVO\VWDWHVWKDWDQ\WKLQJWKDWFRQWDLQV³DQ\TXDQWLW\´RIPDULMXDQDRU
THC is a schedule I controlled substance. However, as a reasonable accommodation, DEA
exempted from control legitimate industrial products that contained THC but were not
intended for human consumption (such as clothing, paper, and animal feed).
'($¶VSRVLWLRQWKDW³DQ\WKLQJWKDWFRQWDLQVµDQ\TXDQWLW\¶RIPDULMXDQDRU7+&´VKRXOGEH
UHJDUGHGDVDFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHLVIXUWKHUVXSSRUWHGE\UHSRUWVSXEOLVKHGE\WKH1DWLRQDO
,QVWLWXWHRQ'UXJ$EXVH1,'$ZKLFKLVSDUWRIWKH1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHVRI+HDOWK$OWKRXJK
1,'$GRHVQRWKDYHDIRUPDOSRVLWLRQDERXWLQGXVWULDOKHPS1,'$¶VUHVHDUFKWHQGVWRFRQIODWH
DOOFDQQDELVYDULHWLHVLQFOXGLQJPDULMXDQDDQGKHPS)RUH[DPSOH1,'$UHSRUWV³$OOIRUPVRI
PDULMXDQDDUHPLQG-DOWHULQJSV\FKRDFWLYH´DQG³WKH\DOOFRQWDLQ7+&GHOWD-WHWUDK\GURFDQQDELQROWKHPDLQDFWLYHFKHPLFDOLQPDULMXDQD´607KH'($IXUWKHUPDLQWDLQVWKDW
WKH&6$GRHVQRWGLIIHUHQWLDWHEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWYDULHWLHVRIFDQQDELVEDVHGRQ7+&FRQWHQW61
5HJDUGLQJ'($¶VLVVXDQFHRILWVUXOHVDQGWKHLPSRUWGLVSXWHWKDWIROORZHGGLVFXVVHGLQWKH
SUHYLRXVUHSRUWVHFWLRQVWKHDJHQF\FRQWLQXHVWRPDLQWDLQWKDWWKHFRXUWVKDYHH[SUHVVHG
FRQIOLFWLQJRSLQLRQVRQWKHVHLVVXHV62
DHVSLWHWKHSODLQODQJXDJHRIWKHVWDWXWHVXSSRUWLQJ'($¶VSRVLWLRQWKHQLQWKFLUFXLWUXOHGLQ
2004 that the DEA rules were impermissible under the statute and therefore ordered DEA to
refrain from enforcing them. Subsequently, in 2006, another federal court of appeals (the
HLJKWFLUFXLWWRRNDGLIIHUHQWYLHZVWDWLQJDV'($KDGVDLGLQLWVUXOHV³7KHSODLQODQJXDJH
of the CSA states that schedule I(FLQFOXGHVµDQ\PDWHULDOZKLFKFRQWDLQVDQ\TXDQWLW\RI
7+&¶ DQG WKXV VXFK PDWHULDO LV UHJXODWHG´«63 Thus, the federal courts have expressed
conflicting views regarding the legal status of cannabis derivatives.
5HJDUGLQJLQWHUHVWDPRQJJURZHUVLQVRPHVWDWHVWRFXOWLYDWHKHPSIRULQGXVWULDOXVH'($FODLPV
WKDWWKHFRXUWVKDYHVXSSRUWHGWKHDJHQF\¶VFXUUHQWSROLF\WKDWDOOKHPSJURZHUV²UHJDUGOHVVRI
ZKHWKHUDVWDWHSHUPLWKDVEHHQLVVXHGDQGRIWKH7+&FRQWHQW²DUHVXEMHFWWRWKH&6$DQGPXVW
REWDLQDIHGHUDOSHUPLW64
Under the CSA, anyone who seeks to grow marijuana for any purpose must first obtain a
DEA registration authorizing such activity. However, several persons have claimed that
growing marijuana to produce so-FDOOHG³KHPS´ZKLFKSXUSRUWHGO\FRQWDLQVDUHODWLYHO\ORZ
percentage of THC) is not subject to CSA control and requires no DEA registration. All such
claims have thus far failed, as every federal court that has addressed the issue has ruled that
any person who seeks to grow any form of marijuana (no matter the THC content or the
purpose for which it is grown) must obtain a DEA registration.
59
'($³'($+LVWRU\LQ'HSWK´-2003, and other DEA published resources.
1,'$³0DULMXDQD)DFWVIRU7HHQV´http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/marijuana-facts-teens/letter-to-teens.
61
'($³'($+LVWRU\LQ'HSWK´-2003, and other DEA published resources.
62
Ibid.
63
DEA-cited court case: United States v. White Plume, 447 F.3d 1067, 1073 (8th Cir. 2006).
64
'($³'($+LVWRU\LQ'HSWK´-2003, and other DEA published resources. DEA-cited court cases: New
Hampshire Hemp Council, Inc. v. Marshall, 203 F.3d I (1st Cir 2000); United States v. White Plume, supra; Monson v.
DEA, 522 F.Supp.2d 1188 (D. N.D. 2007), No. 07-3837 (8th Cir. 2007).
60
Congressional Research Service
15
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity 5HJDUGLQJVWDWHVWKDWKDYHHQDFWHGODZVOHJDOL]LQJFDQQDELVJURZQIRULQGXVWULDOSXUSRVHV³WKHVH
ODZVFRQIOLFWZLWKWKH&6$ZKLFKGRHVQRWGLIIHUHQWLDWHIRUFRQWUROSXUSRVHVEHWZHHQPDULMXDQD
RIUHODWLYHO\ORZ7+&FRQWHQWDQGPDULMXDQDRIJUHDWHU7+&FRQWHQW´65
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HQIRUFHD]HUR-WROHUDQFHVWDQGDUGIRUWKH7+&FRQWHQWRIDOOIRUPVRILPSRUWHGKHPSDQGKHPS
IRRGVLQSDUWLFXODU'HYHORSPHQWRI'($¶VUXOHVWRVXSSRUWLWVDFWLRQVVSDUNHGDILHUFHEDWWOHRYHU
WKHSHUPLVVLELOLW\RILPSRUWHGKHPS-EDVHGIRRGSURGXFWVWKDWODVWHGIURPXQWLO
7KH'($IROORZHGXSLQ2FWREHUZLWKSXEOLFDWLRQRIDQLQWHUSUHWLYHUXOHLQWKH)HGHUDO
5HJLVWHUH[SODLQLQJWKHEDVLVRILWV]HUR-WROHUDQFHVWDQGDUG66,WKHOGWKDWZKHQ&RQJUHVVZURWHWKH
VWDWXWRU\GHILQLWLRQRIPDULMXDQDLQLW³H[HPSWHGFHUWDLQSRUWLRQVRIWKH&DQQDELVSODQW
IURPWKHGHILQLWLRQRIPDULMXDQDEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQQRZUHIXWHGWKDWVXFKSRUWLRQVRIWKH
SODQWFRQWDLQQRQHRIWKHSV\FKRDFWLYHFRPSRQHQWQRZNQRZQDV7+&´
,Q0DUFK'($LVVXHGWZRILQDOUXOHVDGGUHVVLQJWKHOHJDOVWDWXVRIKHPSSURGXFWVGHULYHG
IURPWKHFDQQDELVSODQW7KH'($IRXQGWKDWKHPSSURGXFWV³RIWHQFRQWDLQWKHKDOOXFLQRJHQLF
VXEVWDQFHWHWUDK\GURFDQQDELQROV7+&WKHSULPDU\SV\FKRDFWLYHFKHPLFDOIRXQGLQWKH
FDQQDELVPDULMXDQDSODQW´67$OWKRXJKWKH'($DFNQRZOHGJHGWKDW³LQVRPHFDVHVD6FKHGXOH,
FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHPD\KDYHDOHJLWLPDWHLQGXVWULDOXVH´VXFKXVHZRXOGRQO\EHDOORZHGXQGHU
KLJKO\FRQWUROOHGFLUFXPVWDQFHV7KHVHUXOHVVHWIRUWKZKDWSURGXFWVPD\FRQWDLQ³KHPS´DQG
DOVRSURKLELW³FDQQDELVSURGXFWVFRQWDLQLQJ7+&WKDWDUHLQWHQGHGRUXVHGIRUKXPDQ
FRQVXPSWLRQIRRGVDQGEHYHUDJHV´68
%RWKWKHSURSRVHGUXOHZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHGFRQFXUUHQWO\ZLWKWKHLQWHUSUHWLYHUXOHDQGWKHILQDO
UXOHJDYHUHWDLOHUVRIKHPSIRRGVDGDWHDIWHUZKLFKWKH'($FRXOGVHL]HDOOVXFKSURGXFWV
UHPDLQLQJRQVKHOYHV2QERWKUXOHVKHPSWUDGHDVVRFLDWLRQVUHTXHVWHGDQGUHFHLYHGFRXUWRUGHUHGVWD\VEORFNLQJHQIRUFHPHQWRIWKDWSURYLVLRQ7KH'($¶VLQWHUSUHWDWLRQPDGHKHPSZLWK
DQ\7+&FRQWHQWVXEMHFWWRHQIRUFHPHQWDVDFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFH
+HPSLQGXVWU\WUDGHJURXSVUHWDLOHUVDQGDPDMRU&DQDGLDQH[SRUWHUILOHGVXLWDJDLQVWWKH'($
DUJXLQJWKDWFRQJUHVVLRQDOLQWHQWZDVWRH[HPSWSODQWSDUWVFRQWDLQLQJQDWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJ7+&DW
QRQ-SV\FKRDFWLYHOHYHOVWKHVDPHZD\LWH[HPSWVSRSS\VHHGVFRQWDLQLQJWUDFHDPRXQWVRI
QDWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJRSLDWHV69,QGXVWU\JURXSVPDLQWDLQWKDWQDWXUDOO\RFFXUULQJ7+&LQWKH
OHDYHVDQGIORZHUVRIFDQQDELVYDULHWLHVJURZQIRUILEHUDQGIRRGLVDOUHDG\DWEHORZSV\FKRDFWLYHOHYHOVFRPSDUHGZLWKGUXJYDULHWLHVWKHSDUWVXVHGIRUIRRGSXUSRVHVVHHGV
DQGRLOFRQWDLQHYHQOHVVDQGDIWHUSURFHVVLQJWKH7+&FRQWHQWLVDWRUFORVHWR]HUR86
DQG&DQDGLDQKHPSVHHGDQGIRRGPDQXIDFWXUHUVKDYHLQSODFHDYROXQWDU\SURJUDPIRUFHUWLI\LQJ
ORZLQGXVWU\-GHWHUPLQHGVWDQGDUGVLQKHPS-FRQWDLQLQJIRRGV%DFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH
7HVW3OHGJH3URJUDPLVDYDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZ7HVW3OHGJHFRP7KHLQWHQWRIWKHSURJUDPLVWR
DVVXUHWKDWFRQVXPSWLRQRIKHPSIRRGVZLOOQRWLQWHUIHUHZLWKZRUNSODFHGUXJWHVWLQJSURJUDPVRU
SURGXFHXQGHVLUDEOHPHQWDORUSK\VLFDOKHDOWKHIIHFWV
65
'($³'($+LVWRU\LQ'HSWK´-2003, and other DEA published resources.
66 Federal Register 51530, October 9, 2001.
67
'($³'($+LVWRU\LQ'HSWK´-2003, and other DEA published resources.
68
Ibid.
69
21 U.S.C. §802 (19) and (20).
66
Congressional Research Service
16
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity 2Q)HEUXDU\WKH86&RXUWRI$SSHDOVIRUWKH1LQWK&LUFXLWSHUPDQHQWO\HQMRLQHGWKH
HQIRUFHPHQWRIWKHILQDOUXOH707KHFRXUWVWDWHGWKDW³WKH'($¶VGHILQLWLRQRIµ7+&¶FRQWUDYHQHV
WKHXQDPELJXRXVO\H[SUHVVHGLQWHQWRI&RQJUHVVLQWKH&6$DQGFDQQRWEHXSKHOG´71,QODWH
6HSWHPEHUWKH%XVK$GPLQLVWUDWLRQOHWWKHILQDOGHDGOLQHSDVVZLWKRXWILOLQJDQDSSHDO
ŘŖŗřȱȱž’Š—ŒŽȱž•’—Žȱ’—ȱȃ˜•ŽȱŽ–˜Ȅ ,Q$XJXVWWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH'2-XSGDWHGLWVIHGHUDOPDULMXDQDHQIRUFHPHQW
SROLF\IROORZLQJVWDWHEDOORWLQLWLDWLYHVLQ:DVKLQJWRQDQG&RORUDGRWKDW³OHJDOL]HGXQGHU
VWDWHODZWKHSRVVHVVLRQRIVPDOODPRXQWVRIPDULMXDQDDQGSURYLGHIRUWKHUHJXODWLRQRI
PDULMXDQDSURGXFWLRQSURFHVVLQJDQGVDOH´727KHJXLGDQFH²FRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRDVWKH³&ROH
PHPR´²RXWOLQHV'2-¶VSROLF\FODULI\LQJWKDW³PDULMXDQDUHPDLQVDQLOOHJDOGUXJXQGHUWKH
&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHV$FWDQGWKDWIHGHUDOSURVHFXWRUVZLOOFRQWLQXHWRDJJUHVVLYHO\HQIRUFHWKLV
VWDWXWH´'2-LGHQWLILHGHLJKWHQIRUFHPHQWDUHDVWKDWIHGHUDOSURVHFXWRUVVKRXOGSULRULWL]H
7KHVHLQFOXGH73
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JDQJVDQGFDUWHOV
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PDULMXDQD
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SUHYHQWLQJWKHJURZLQJRIPDULMXDQDRQSXEOLFODQGVDQGWKHDWWHQGDQWSXEOLF
VDIHW\DQGHQYLURQPHQWDOGDQJHUVSRVHGE\PDULMXDQDSURGXFWLRQRQSXEOLF
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$OWKRXJKWKH&ROHPHPRGRHVQRWVSHFLILFDOO\DGGUHVVLQGXVWULDOKHPSEHFDXVH'2-UHJDUGVDOO
YDULHWLHVRIWKHFDQQDELVSODQWDV³PDULMXDQD´DQGGRHVQRWGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQORZ-DQGKLJK7+&YDULHWLHVWKH$XJXVWJXLGDQFHDSSHDUVWRFRYHULQGXVWULDOKHPSSURGXFWLRQDVZHOO
$FFRUGLQJO\VRPHDUHLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHJXLGDQFHDVDOORZLQJVWDWHVWRSURFHHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKHLU
ODZVUHJXODWLQJDQGDXWKRUL]LQJWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIKHPS74
,QDGGLWLRQDOWKRXJKPDQ\VWDWHVKDYHHVWDEOLVKHGSURJUDPVXQGHUZKLFKDIDUPHUPD\EHDEOHWR
JURZLQGXVWULDOKHPSXQGHUFHUWDLQFLUFXPVWDQFHVVHH³6WDWH/DZV´DJURZHUVWLOOQHHGVWR
REWDLQD'($SHUPLWDQGDELGHE\WKH'($¶VVWULFWSURGXFWLRQFRQWUROV)RUH[DPSOHFKDQJHVWR
70
68 Federal Register 14113, March 21, 2003.
Hemp Industries Association v. Drug Enforcement Administration, 357 F.2d (9th Circuit 2004).
72
Letter providing guidance regarding marijuana enforcement from Deputy U.S. Attorney General James Cole to all
U.S. States Attorneys, August 29, 2013, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/August/13-opa-974.html.
73
Ibid.
74
Letter to interested parties from Joe Sandler, counsel for Vote Hemp, November 13, 2013.
71
Congressional Research Service
17
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity &RORUDGR¶VVWDWHODZVLQ1RYHPEHUQRZDOORZIRULQGXVWULDOKHPSFXOWLYDWLRQ,QGXVWULDO
KHPSZDVUHSRUWHGDVEHLQJJURZQLQ&RORUDGRLQ75+RZHYHUJURZHUVDQGVWDWHDXWKRULWLHV
FRQWLQXHWRIDFHDQXPEHURIFKDOOHQJHVLPSOHPHQWLQJ&RORUDGR¶VODZLQFOXGLQJVDPSOLQJ
UHJLVWUDWLRQDQGLQVSHFWLRQVHHGDYDLODELOLW\DQGVRXUFLQJGLVSRVLWLRQRIQRQ-FRPSO\LQJSODQWV
DQGODZHQIRUFHPHQWFRQFHUQVDVZHOODVSURGXFWLRQLVVXHVVXFKDVKHPSDJURQRPLFVFRVWO\
HTXLSPHQWDQGOLPLWHGPDQXIDFWXULQJFDSDFLW\DPRQJRWKHUJURZHUDQGSURFHVVRUFRQFHUQV76,W
UHPDLQVXQFOHDUKRZIHGHUDODXWKRULWLHVZLOOUHVSRQGWRSURGXFWLRQLQVWDWHVZKHUHVWDWHODZV
SHUPLWJURZLQJDQGFXOWLYDWLQJKHPS
,Q1RYHPEHUVWDWHDXWKRULWLHVLQ&RORUDGRZURWHDOHWWHUWR'2-UHTXHVWLQJFODULILFDWLRQ
DERXWKRZIHGHUDOHQIRUFHPHQWDXWKRULWLHVPLJKWUHVSRQGWRLWVQHZO\HQDFWHGODZVDQG
IRUWKFRPLQJUHJXODWLRQV776LQFHIHGHUDOODZUHJDUGVDOOYDULHWLHVRIWKHFDQQDELVSODQWDV
³PDULMXDQD´PDQ\FRQWLQXHWRUHJDUG'2-¶V$XJXVWJXLGDQFHDVDOVROLNHO\DSSOLFDEOHWR
WKHUHJXODWLRQRILQGXVWULDOKHPS78,Q1RYHPEHU&RORUDGR¶V6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI
$JULFXOWXUHRIILFLDOVIXUWKHUFRQWDFWHG86'$UHTXHVWLQJFODULILFDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRI
LQGXVWULDOKHPSVSHFLILFDOO\79,WLVQRWNQRZQZKHWKHUHLWKHUIHGHUDODJHQF\KDVUHVSRQGHGWRWKH
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,Q6HSWHPEHU5HSUHVHQWDWLYH%OXPHQDXHUVHQWDOHWWHUWR2UHJRQVWDWHRIILFLDOVXUJLQJWKHP
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³µLQGXVWULDOKHPS¶LVPDULMXDQDXQGHUWKH&6$WKHVHHLJKWHQIRUFHPHQWSULRULWLHVDSSO\WRKHPS
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ZKHQLWFRPHVWRSURWHFWLQJWKHVHHLJKWSULRULWLHV817KH\IXUWKHULQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\GRQRWLQWHQG
WRLQWHUIHUHZLWKWKHLUVWDWH¶VKHPSSURGXFWLRQDVORQJDVLWLVZHOO-UHJXODWHGDQGVXEMHFWWR
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KHPS83
Ȃœȱ•˜Œ”’—ȱ˜ȱ–™˜›Žȱ’Š‹•Žȱ
Ž–™ȱŽŽœ ,QUHVSRQVHWRWKHHQDFWPHQWRIWKHIDUPELOOSURYLVLRQDOORZLQJIRUWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRI
LQGXVWULDOKHPSE\UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGVWDWHGHSDUWPHQWVRIDJULFXOWXUHVHH³)DUP
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75
65DDEH³)LUVW0DMRU+HPS&URSLQ<HDUV,V3ODQWHGLQ6RXWKHDVW&RORUDGR´ Denverpost.com, May 13, 2013;
DOVRVHH(+XQWHU³,QGXVWULDO+HPSLQ&RORUDGR´1RYHPEHUSUHVHQWDWLRQDWWKH+,$conference).
76
5&DUOHWRQ³5HJXODWLQJ,QGXVWULDO+HPS7KH&RORUDGR([SHULHQFH´)HEUXDU\SUHVHQWDWLRQDWWKH
1DWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWH'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH>1$6'$@ZLQWHUPHHWLQJDQG(+XQWHU³,QGXVWULDO+HPS
LQ&RORUDGR´1RYember 17, 2013 (presentation at the 2013 HIA conference).
77
Letter to Eric Holder, Jr., U.S. Attorney General, from the governor and attorney general of the state of Colorado,
November 13, 2012.
78
Letter to interested parties from Joe Sandler, counsel for Vote Hemp, November 13, 2013.
79
Letter to Tom Vilsack, Secretary of Agriculture, from the commissioner of the Colorado Department of Agriculture,
November 13, 2013.
80
Letter from Rep. Earl Blumenauer to Oregon Department of Agriculture and State Board of Agriculture officials,
September 17, 2013.
81
Letter to Rep. Earl Blumenauer, from S. Amanda Marshall, U.S. Attorney, District of Oregon, November 7, 2013.
82
,ELG6HHDOVR1&URPELH³865HS(DUO%OXPHQDXHU8UJHV2UHJRQWR,PSOHPHQW,QGXVWULDO+HPS/DZ´ The
Oregonian, September 18, 2013.
83
CRS communication with representatives of Vote Hemp, Inc., January 2014.
Congressional Research Service
18
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity )RUH[DPSOHWKH6WDWHRI.HQWXFN\DQQRXQFHGSODQVIRUVHYHUDOSLORWSURMHFWVWKURXJKWKH
.HQWXFN\'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH84+RZHYHULQ0D\WKHGHSDUWPHQW¶VVKLSPHQWRI
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([SRUW$FW&6,($´85DQGWRWKHLPSOHPHQWLQJUHJXODWLRQVZKLFKUHVWULFWSHUVRQVIURP
LPSRUWLQJYLDEOHFDQQDELVVHHGXQOHVVWKHSHUVRQLVUHJLVWHUHGZLWK'($DQGKDVREWDLQHGWKH
QHFHVVDU\6FKHGXOH,UHVHDUFKSHUPLWDPRQJRWKHUUHTXLUHPHQWV
9LDEOHVHHGVUHIHUWRVHHGVWKDWDUHDOLYHDQGKDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWRJHUPLQDWHDQGGHYHORSLQWR
QRUPDOUHSURGXFWLYHO\PDWXUHSODQWVXQGHUDSSURSULDWHJURZLQJFRQGLWLRQV7KH'($KDV
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JURZLQGXVWULDOKHPSDUHDXWKRUL]HGXQGHUERWKVWDWHDQGIHGHUDOODZDQGWKDWWKH'($VKRXOG
QRWVHHNWRLPSRVH³DGGLWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWVUHVWULFWLRQVDQGSURKLELWLRQV´RQKHPSSURGXFWLRQ
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OHJLVODWLRQWRVWRS'($IURPWDNLQJVLPLODUDFWLRQVLQWKHIXWXUH6HHGLVFXVVLRQLQ³)<DQG
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‘Ž›ȱŽŽ›Š•ȱŒ’˜—œȱ—Ÿ˜•Ÿ’—ȱ ,Q3UHVLGHQW&OLQWRQLVVXHG([HFXWLYH2UGHUHQWLWOHG³1DWLRQDO'HIHQVH,QGXVWULDO
5HVRXUFHV3UHSDUHGQHVV´ZKLFKZDVLQWHQGHGWRVWUHQJWKHQWKH86LQGXVWULDODQGWHFKQRORJ\
EDVHIRUPHHWLQJQDWLRQDOGHIHQVHUHTXLUHPHQWV7KHRUGHULQFOXGHGKHPSDPRQJWKHHVVHQWLDO
DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVWKDWVKRXOGEHVWRFNHGIRUGHIHQVHSUHSDUHGQHVVSXUSRVHV886RPHKHPS
VXSSRUWHUVKDYHDUJXHGWKDWWKHH[HFXWLYHRUGHUJLYHVKHPSDUHQHZHGYDOXHDVDVWUDWHJLFFURS
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84
6HHIRUH[DPSOH.HQWXFN\'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH³,QGXVWULDO+HPS3URJUDP´http://www.kyagr.com/
marketing/hemp-pilot.html.
85
21 U.S.C. §§951-971. Letter from Joseph T. Rannazzisi, Deputy Assistant Administrator, DEA Office of Diversion
Control, to Luke Morgan, counsel for Kentucky Department of Agriculture, May 13, 2014.
86
Kentucky Department of Agriculture v. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S.
Justice Department, and Eric Holder (Western District of Kentucky, Louisville Division), May 2014,
http://media.kentucky.com/smedia/2014/05/14/16/44/X9Fs3.So.79.pdf.
87
-3DWWRQ³+HPS6HHGV3ODQWHGLQ&HQWUDO.HQWXFN\IRU)LUVW7LPHLQ'HFDGHV´ Lexington Herald-Ledger , May 27,
2014.
88
Hemp is included under thHFDWHJRU\RI³IRRGUHVRXUFHV´ZKLFKis GHILQHGWRPHDQLQSDUW³DOOVWDUFKHVVXJDUV
vegetable and animal or marine fats and oils, cotton, tobacco, wool, mohair, hemp, flax, fiber and other materials, but
not any such material after it loses its identity as an agricultural commodity or prodXFW´
89
-%.DKQ³+HPS:K\1RW"´%HUNHOH\(OHFWURQLF3UHVVEHSUHVV/HJDO6HULHV3DSHU
Congressional Research Service
19
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity 86'$KDVVXSSRUWHGUHVHDUFKRQDOWHUQDWLYHFURSVDQGLQGXVWULDOXVHVRIFRPPRQFRPPRGLWLHV
VLQFHWKHODWHV6RPHDOWHUQDWLYHFURSVKDYHEHFRPHHVWDEOLVKHGLQFHUWDLQSDUWVRIWKH
8QLWHG6WDWHV²NHQDIIRUILEHULQ7H[DVMRMREDIRURLOLQ$UL]RQDDQG&DOLIRUQLDDQGDPDUDQWK
IRUQXWULWLRXVJUDLQLQWKH*UHDW3ODLQVVWDWHV0DQ\KDYHEHQHILWVVLPLODUWRWKRVHDVFULEHGWR
KHPSEXWDUHQRWFRPSOLFDWHGE\KDYLQJDSV\FKRWURSLFYDULHW\ZLWKLQWKHVDPHVSHFLHV
7KH&ULWLFDO$JULFXOWXUDO0DWHULDOV$FWRI3/-86&†VXSSRUWVWKH
VXSSOHPHQWDODQGDOWHUQDWLYHFURSVSURYLVLRQVRIWKHDQGRPQLEXVIDUPDFWVDQGRWKHU
DXWKRULWLHVDQGIXQGVUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWRQDOWHUQDWLYHFURSVDW86'$DQGVWDWH
ODERUDWRULHV,Q86'$UHFRPPHQGHGPLOOLRQIRUSURJUDPVXQGHUWKHDFW90,Q
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$FWRI86&†GFDXWKRUL]HV86'$WRPDNHFRPSHWLWLYHJUDQWVWRZDUGWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIQHZFRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWVGHULYHGIURPQDWXUDOSODQWPDWHULDOIRULQGXVWULDO
PHGLFDODQGDJULFXOWXUDODSSOLFDWLRQV91,Q86'$UHFRPPHQGHGIRUWKH
SURJUDP927RGDWHWKHVHDXWKRULWLHVKDYHQRWEHHQXVHGWRGHYHORSKHPSFXOWLYDWLRQDQGXVH
7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVLVDVLJQDWRU\RIWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV6LQJOH&RQYHQWLRQRQ1DUFRWLF'UXJV
DVDPHQGHGE\WKH3URWRFRO$PHQGLQJWKH6LQJOH&RQYHQWLRQRQ1DUFRWLF'UXJV
937KHSULQFLSDOREMHFWLYHVRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQDUHWR³OLPLWWKHSRVVHVVLRQXVHWUDGHLQ
GLVWULEXWLRQLPSRUWH[SRUWPDQXIDFWXUHDQGSURGXFWLRQRIGUXJVH[FOXVLYHO\WRPHGLFDODQG
VFLHQWLILFSXUSRVHVDQGWRDGGUHVVGUXJWUDIILFNLQJWKURXJKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQWRGHWHUDQG
GLVFRXUDJHGUXJWUDIILFNHUV´947KHFRQYHQWLRQUHTXLUHVWKDWHDFKSDUW\FRQWUROFDQQDELV
FXOWLYDWLRQZLWKLQLWVERUGHUVKRZHYHU$UWLFOHRIWKHFRQYHQWLRQVWDWHV³7KLV&RQYHQWLRQ
VKDOOQRWDSSO\WRWKHFXOWLYDWLRQRIWKHFDQQDELVSODQWH[FOXVLYHO\IRULQGXVWULDOSXUSRVHVILEUH
DQGVHHGRUKRUWLFXOWXUDOSXUSRVHV´957KXVWKHFRQYHQWLRQQHHGQRWSUHVHQWDQLPSHGLPHQWWRWKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIDUHJXODWHGKHPSIDUPLQJVHFWRULQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV
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VXFKDVWREDFFRRUZKHDWKDYHVKRZQLQWHUHVWLQKHPS¶VSRWHQWLDODVDKLJK-YDOXHDOWHUQDWLYH
FURSDOWKRXJKWKHHFRQRPLFVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGVRIDUSDLQWDPL[HGSURILWDELOLW\SLFWXUH
%HJLQQLQJDURXQGDQLQFUHDVLQJQXPEHURIVWDWHOHJLVODWXUHVEHJDQWRFRQVLGHUDYDULHW\RI
LQLWLDWLYHVUHODWHGWRLQGXVWULDOKHPS0RVWRIWKHVHKDYHEHHQUHVROXWLRQVFDOOLQJIRUVFLHQWLILF
HFRQRPLFRUHQYLURQPHQWDOVWXGLHVDQGVRPHDUHODZVDXWKRUL]LQJSODQWLQJH[SHULPHQWDOSORWV
XQGHUVWDWHVWDWXWHV1RQHWKHOHVVWKHDFWXDOSODQWLQJRIKHPSHYHQIRUVWDWH-DXWKRUL]HG
H[SHULPHQWDOSXUSRVHVUHPDLQVUHJXODWHGE\WKH'($XQGHUWKH&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHV$FW
)ROORZLQJHQDFWPHQWRIWKHIDUPELOOSURYLVLRQDOORZLQJIRUJURZLQJKHPSXQGHUFHUWDLQ
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90
86'$¶V([SODQDWRU\1RWHVhttp://www.obpa.usda.gov/17nifa2011notes.pdf.
For information, see USDA, http://www.csrees.usda.gov/funding/rfas/pdfs/10_alt_crops.pdf.
92
6HH86'$¶V([SODQDWRU\1RWHVhttp://www.obpa.usda.gov/17nifa2011notes.pdf.
93
United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 (as amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single
Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961), Article 28.
94
Information posted on International Narcotics Control Board website.
95
Ibid.
91
Congressional Research Service
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity FXOWLYDWLRQ)LJXUH7KHUHTXLUHPHQWVGLIIHUDPRQJWKHVWDWHVDQGVRPHVWDWHV²,OOLQRLV
,QGLDQD.HQWXFN\0DLQH1HEUDVND1HZ+DPSVKLUH9LUJLQLD²KDYHHQDFWHGODZVWKDWDUHPRUH
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Figure 5. State Laws Related to Industrial Hemp
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), State Industrial Hemp Statutes (http://www.ncsl.org/
research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx).
Notes: 'DUNHUVKDGHLQGLFDWHV´Dllows cultivation of hemp for commercial, research or pilot programsµ1RQshaded states LQGLFDWH´Goes not allow cultivation of hemp.µ
96
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,VVXH´2FWREHUhttp://nationalaglawcenter.org/consortium/webinars/industrialhemp/.
97
Resources for updated information include the National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) (State Industrial
Hemp Statutes, http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/state-industrial-hemp-statutes.aspx),
and the advocacy group Vote Hemp (Vote Hemp, http://www.votehemp.com/state.html#2014).
Congressional Research Service
21
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity 6RPHFRPPRQSURYLVLRQVDFURVVWKHVHVWDWHODZVLQFOXGH98
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98
Ibid. NCSL, State Industrial Hemp Statutes (http://www.ncsl.org/research/agriculture-and-rural-development/stateindustrial-hemp-statutes.aspx).
99
Based on information provided by Brittany Dement, State Analyst.
100
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101
1RUWK'DNRWD'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH³*RHKULQJ$FFHSWV3URSRVDOVIRU,QGXVWULDO+HPS3LORW3URJUDP´
January 20, 2016, http://www.nd.gov/ndda/news/goehring-accepts-proposals-industrial-hemp-pilot-program.
102
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,QGXVWULDO+HPS5HVHDUFK3URJUDP´November 1, 2015.
Congressional Research Service
22
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity Š›–ȱ’••ȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž›ȱŽ’œ•Š’ŸŽȱŒ’˜—œ ŘŖŗŚȱŠ›–ȱ’•• 7KHWK&RQJUHVVFRQVLGHUHGYDULRXVFKDQJHVWR86SROLFLHVUHJDUGLQJLQGXVWULDOKHPSGXULQJ
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DJULFXOWXUHLVORFDWHG7KHIDUPELOODOVRHVWDEOLVKHGDVWDWXWRU\GHILQLWLRQRI³LQGXVWULDOKHPS´DV
³WKHSODQW&DQQDELVVDWLYD/DQGDQ\SDUWRIVXFKSODQWZKHWKHUJURZLQJRUQRWZLWKDGHOWD-
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103
For more detailed information on the farm bill, see CRS Report R43076, The 2014 F arm Bill (P.L. 113-79):
Summary and S ide-by-S ide.
104
P.L. 113-79, §7606 (7 U.S.C. 5940).
105
P.L. 113-79 (§7606).
106
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Congressional Research Service
23
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity LQGLYLGXDODXWKRUL]DWLRQVLQWKHIDUPELOOVSHFLILFDOO\KDYHSURYLVLRQVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH\H[SLUH
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6WDWHV7KHELOOVZRXOGDPHQG6HFWLRQRIWKH&RQWUROOHG6XEVWDQFHV$FW86&
WRH[FOXGH³LQGXVWULDOKHPS´DQGVSHFLI\WKDWWKHWHUP³PDULMXDQD´GRHVQRWLQFOXGHLQGXVWULDO
KHPSZKLFKWKHELOOZRXOGGHILQHEDVHGRQDGHWHUPLQDWLRQRILWV7+&FRQWHQWQRWPRUHWKDQ
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107
H.R. 4660, §560; and S. 2437, §220.
P.L. 113-235, Division B²Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015, Title V,
General Provisions, §539.
109
P.L. 114-113, §543.
110
H.R. 4660, §557 (FY2015); H.R. 2578, §557 (FY2016).
111
S. 1800, §739.
112
P.L. 114-113, §763.
108
Congressional Research Service
24
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity FRXOGJUDQWDXWKRULW\WRDQ\VWDWHSHUPLWWLQJLQGXVWULDOKHPSSURGXFWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJWR
GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUDQ\VXFKFDQQDELVSODQWVPHWWKHOLPLWRQ7+&FRQFHQWUDWLRQDVVHWIRUWKLQ
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&RQJUHVV,QWKHWK&RQJUHVV6HQDWRU5RQ:\GHQLQWURGXFHG6LQWKH6HQDWH113
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HPSOR\PHQWJDLQVLQVRPHVWDWHVDQGUHJLRQV114
Ž’œ•Š’˜—ȱŽŠ›’—ȱ˜œœ’‹•ŽȱŽ’ŒŠ•ȱ™™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ȱ
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IRURWKHUSXUSRVHV´%RWKELOOVZRXOGDOVRDPHQGWKH&6$WRGHILQHD³FDQQDELGLRO-ULFKSODQW´WR
PHDQ³WKHSODQW&DQQDELVVDWLYD/DQGDQ\SDUWRIVXFKSODQWZKHWKHUJURZLQJRUQRWZLWKD
WHWUDK\GURFDQQDELQROFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIQRWPRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRQDGU\ZHLJKWEDVLV´DQGVR
ZRXOGEHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHVWDWXWRU\GHILQLWLRQIRULQGXVWULDOKHPS7KHWZRELOOVDUHUHODWHGEXW
DUHQRWLGHQWLFDO2QHZD\WKHWZRELOOVGLIIHULVWKDWWKH+RXVHELOO&KDUORWWH¶V:HE0HGLFDO
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SURYLVLRQLVQRWSDUWRIWKH6HQDWHELOO7KHUDSHXWLF+HPS0HGLFDO$FFHVV$FWRI6
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DQGRWKHUGLVRUGHUV1150RVWRIWKH&%'H[WUDFWVFXUUHQWO\EHLQJPDUNHWHGIRUFHUWDLQWKHUDSHXWLF
SXUSRVHVDUHJHQHUDOO\IRUPXODWHGIURPVWUDLQVRIFDQQDELVZLWK7+&OHYHOVKLJKHUWKDQEXW
113
Previous versions of the bill differ. Section 3 of the 2009 bill would apply when a state has an industrial hemp
regulatory scheme, whereas tKHELOOVZRXOGDSSO\ZKHQHYHUVWDWHODZSHUPLWV³PDNLQJLQGXVWULDOKHPS,´ZKLFKD
state might do by exempting hemp making from its controlled substance regulatory scheme. Section 3 of the 2009 bill
ZRXOGKDYHDIIRUGHGVWDWHRIILFLDOV³H[FOXVLYHDXWKRULW\´WRFRQVWUXHWKHSURSRVHGKHPSH[FOXVLRQIURPWKHGHILQLWLRQ
of marijuana (amending 21 U.S.C. §802(16)(B)), whereas the 2011 bills would include within the proposed industrial
hemp exclusion (amending 21 U.S.C. §802(57)) any industrial hemp grown or possessed in accordance with state law
relating to making industrial hemp.
114
6HHIRUH[DPSOH%6FKUHLQHU³6HQDWH&RPPLWWHH$SSURYHV+HPS/HJLVODWLRQ´Associated Press, February 11,
2013; also press release of Senate Minority Leader, Mitch McConnell³,QGXVWULDOL]HG+HPS:LOO+HOS6SXU(FRQRPLF
*URZWKDQG&UHDWH-REVLQ.HQWXFN\´-DQXDU\
115
Named after Charlotte Figi, who suffers from a rare pediatric seizure disorder and who reportedly has experienced
relief from seizures with this strain of medical marijuana that is high in CBD and low in THC.
Congressional Research Service
25
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity JHQHUDOO\OHVVWKDQ7+&1166RPHKHPS-EDVHG&%'SURGXFWVKDYHDOVREHHQPDUNHWHGDV
EHLQJULFKLQ&%'DQGDVKDYLQJFRPSDUDEOHWKHUDSHXWLFXVHVWR&%'H[WUDFWVUHVXOWLQJLQWKH
)RRGDQG'UXJ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ)'$LVVXLQJZDUQLQJOHWWHUVWRVHYHUDOFRPSDQLHV117)RUPRUH
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LQGXVWULDOKHPS-GHULYHG&%'118
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ZKLFKLQGXVWULDOKHPSLQLWLDWLYHVZHUHHOLJLEOHIRU86IHGHUDOJUDQWDZDUGVERWK86'$DQG
QRQ-86'$SURJUDPIXQGV,QSDUWWKLVVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQLQUHVSRQVHWRPL[HGPHVVDJHV
UHFHLYHGE\VRPHODQGJUDQWXQLYHUVLWLHVDERXWZKHWKHUWKH\ZRXOGTXDOLI\IRU86'$FRPSHWLWLYH
JUDQWVWRGRLQGXVWULDOKHPSUHVHDUFKDQGLQLWLDOLQGLFDWLRQVWKDWWKH\ZRXOGEHGHQLHGVXFK
VXSSRUW6RPHJURXSVIHDUHGWKH\FRXOGMHRSDUGL]HHOLJLELOLW\IRURWKHUJUDQWVLIWKH\SXUVXHG
UHVHDUFKLQWRLQGXVWULDOKHPS
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LQGXVWULDOKHPSDQGIHGHUDOJUDQWVDQGORDQVWRVXSSRUWUHVHDUFKRILQGXVWULDOKHPSZLWKOLPLWHG
VXFFHVV,QIRUPDWLRQSURYLGHGIURP86'$ZDVQRWDOZD\VFRQVLVWHQWDQGRIWHQFRQIOLFWLQJ120
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LQGLFDWHWKDW1,)$IRUPXOD-IXQGHGJUDQWVZHUHXVHGDW&RORUDGR6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\IRUXQGHU
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FRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQ86'$DQGYDULRXVFRQJUHVVLRQDOVWDIIVXJJHVWVWKDW86'$KDVQR
UHFRUGRIDQ\DSSOLFDWLRQIRULQGXVWULDOKHPSUHVHDUFKEHLQJGHQLHG1RDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQLV
DYDLODEOHRQZKHWKHUDQ\VXFKDSSOLFDWLRQVKDGEHHQSURSRVHGRUZRXOGRUFRXOGEHDSSURYHG
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KHPSUHVHDUFKDVORQJDVWKDWUHVHDUFKPHHWVH[LVWLQJVWDWHUHTXLUHPHQWVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH
116
CRS communication with Project CBD representatives, September 22, 2014.
)'$³Warning Letters and Test Results´ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm435591.htm.
118
6HHIRUH[DPSOH.HQWXFN\+HPS,QGXVWULHV&RXQFLO³,ndustrial Hemp-Derived Cannabidiol (Hemp CBD´
119
This section written with contributions from Jim Monke (jmonke@crs.loc.gov; 7-9664), who handles issues
UHJDUGLQJ86'$¶VUHVHDUFKSURJUDPV
120
CRS FRPPXQLFDWLRQVGXULQJZLWK86'$LQFOXGLQJWKH'HSDUWPHQW¶V Office of Congressional Relations and
SURJUDPRIILFHVZLWK86'$¶VNational Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and Rural Development agencies.
121
CRS communications with USDA, September 2015. NIFA provides funding for programs and grants to researchers
and land grant universities that advance agriculture-related sciences. For more information on USDA research
programs, see CRS Report R40819, Agricultural Research: Background and Issues.
122
86'$¶VVHDUFKDEle CRIS database is at http://cris.nifa.usda.gov/search.html.
123
IQFOXGHV³5HVHDUFKDQG(GXFDWLRQWo Enhance the Sustainability of Farming in Southwestern Colorado´
(COL00615ADQG³)LHOG&URS7esting and Management in Southwestern Colorado´COL00615). The Hatch Act
of 1887 provides for multistate research funding is to conduct agricultural research programs at State Agricultural
Experiment Stations across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories.
117
Congressional Research Service
26
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity UHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKHIDUPELOO3/-†86&124+RZHYHU86'$VWDII
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LQGLFDWHVWKDWUHVHDUFKHUVZRUNLQJRQLQGXVWULDOKHPSPD\FDUU\RQZLWKWKLVZRUNDWOHDVWRQ
WKHLURZQDFFRUGLQJWRUHTXLUHPHQWVVSHFLILHGLQWKHIDUPELOOZLWKRXWWKUHDWHQLQJWKHLU
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*HQHUDO&RXQVHOWRUHYLHZZKHWKHUWKHLQGXVWULDOKHPSLQGXVWU\FRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\EHVXSSRUWHG
E\LWVSURJUDPV1267KHUHGRHVQRWDSSHDUWREHDQ\OHJDOUHDVRQZK\86'$ZRXOGQRWEHDEOHWR
SURYLGHJUDQWIXQGLQJIRUUHVHDUFKDFWLYLWLHVRQLQGXVWULDOKHPSZLWKLQWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH
IDUPELOOSURYLVLRQDQGWKHTXHVWLRQUHPDLQVDERXWZKHWKHU86'$ZLOOIXQGVXFKDSSOLFDWLRQVLQ
WKHIXWXUH
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ZKLOHDGGUHVVLQJWKHOHJDOLW\RIDFWLYLW\DQGHQIRUFHPHQWRISHQDOWLHVKDYHQRWVXIILFLHQWO\
DGGUHVVHGIHGHUDOIXQGLQJRIJUDQWV7KHVHFLUFXPVWDQFHVPLJKWVXJJHVWWKHQHHGWRREWDLQD
FRQVLVWHQWVWDWHPHQWSUHIHUDEO\LQZULWLQJIURP86'$RQZKHWKHULQGXVWULDOKHPSUHVHDUFK
SURMHFWVDUHHOLJLEOHIRU86'$FRPSHWLWLYHJUDQWVIRUH[DPSOHXQGHU86'$¶V$JULFXOWXUHDQG
)RRG5HVHDUFK,QLWLDWLYHSURJUDPDQGRUIRU+DWFK$FWIRUPXODIXQGVDVZHOODVFODULILFDWLRQ
DERXWZKHWKHUKHPSSURGXFHUVDUHHOLJLEOHIRURWKHUW\SHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOVXSSRUWIURPRWKHU
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,Q1RYHPEHUVHYHUDO0HPEHUVRI&RQJUHVVVHQWDOHWWHUWR86'$UHTXHVWLQJFODULILFDWLRQ
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6RPHKDYHVXJJHVWHGWKDWSHUKDSVLQGXVWULDOKHPSPLJKWTXDOLI\XQGHUFHUWDLQRWKHU86'$JUDQW
SURJUDPVVXFKDV1,)$¶V6SHFLDOW\&URS5HVHDUFK,QLWLDWLYH+RZHYHULQGXVWULDOKHPSLVQRW
LQFOXGHGDPRQJWKHFURSVWKDWDUHFRQVLGHUHG³VSHFLDOW\FURSV´DQGWHFKQLFDOO\ZRXOGQRWTXDOLI\
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124
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Agriculture Experiment Station Directors, December 23, 2014.
125
CRS communications with USDA, October 2015.
126
CRS communications with USDA, August 201586'$¶VRural Development agency administers both business
loans and grants.
127
Letter to USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack signed by 37 Representatives and 12 Senators, November 20, 2015.
128
³6SHFLDOW\FURSV´ are defined in statute as ³fruits and vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, and horticulture and nursery
crops (including floriculture)´ (7 U.S.C. §1621 note). This definition was originally defined in the Specialty Crops
Competitiveness Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-465, Section 3). See USDA, ³USDA Definition of Specialty Crop,´
http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5082113. Appendix F lists ineligible crops,
including hemp and other fiber crops. Industrial hemp LVFRQVLGHUHGDPRQJWKH³/LVWRI,QHOLJLEOH&RPPRGLWLHV´
(http://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/scbgp/specialty-crop).
Congressional Research Service
27
Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity ŽŽ›Š•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ˜ȱŠ——Š‹’’˜•129 &DQQDELGLRO&%'LVDQRQ-SV\FKRDFWLYHFRPSRXQGLQ&DQQDELV³SURGXFHGHLWKHUGLUHFWO\IURP
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WKDWKDVEHHQPDUNHWHGDVDGLHWDU\VXSSOHPHQW6XFKSURGXFWVKDYHEHHQPDUNHWHGDVKHOSLQJWR
DGGUHVVYDULRXVDLOPHQWVLQFOXGLQJQHXURSDWKLFSDLQHSLOHSV\SRVW-WUDXPDWLFVWUHVVGLVRUGHU
QDXVHDDVDUHVXOWRIFKHPRWKHUDS\DQGRWKHUGLVRUGHUV131
7RGDWH)'$KDVQRWDSSURYHGDQ\GUXJSURGXFWFRQWDLQLQJ&%'IRUDQ\LQGLFDWLRQDQGKDV
LVVXHGZDUQLQJOHWWHUVWRVHYHUDOFRPSDQLHVWKDWPDUNHW&%'SURGXFWVWRWUHDWKHDOWKFRQGLWLRQV
IRUERWKKXPDQVDQGSHWV$VUHSRUWHGE\)'$132
In late February 2015, FDA issued several warning letters to firms that market
unapproved drugs for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of diseases.
Some of these firms claim that their products contain cannabidiol (CBD). FDA has tested
those products and, in some of them, did not detect any CBD. It is important to note that
these products are not approved by FDA for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or
prevention of any disease, and often they do not even contain the ingredients found on the
label. Consumers should beware purchasing and using any such products.
$FFRUGLQJWR)'$WKHVHSURGXFWVDUHQRW³JHQHUDOO\UHFRJQL]HGDVVDIHDQGHIIHFWLYH´DQGWKH
FRPSDQLHVPDUNHWLQJWKHVHSURGXFWVDUHHQJDJLQJLQLOOHJDOLQWHUVWDWHFRPPHUFH133
)'$IXUWKHUKDVGHWHUPLQHGWKDWSURGXFWVFRQWDLQLQJ&%'FDQQRWEHVROGDVGLHWDU\VXSSOHPHQWV
DQGDUHH[FOXGHGIURPWKHGLHWDU\VXSSOHPHQWGHILQLWLRQLQWKH)HGHUDO)RRG'UXJDQG&RVPHWLF
$FW134$VVXFK)'$PD\FRQVXOWZLWKLWVIHGHUDODQGVWDWHSDUWQHUVDERXWZKHWKHUWRLQLWLDWHD
IHGHUDOHQIRUFHPHQWDFWLRQDJDLQVWWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUVRI&%'SURGXFWVWKDWDUHPDUNHWHGDV
GLHWDU\VXSSOHPHQWV
7KHUHLVJURZLQJFRQFHUQWKDWKHPS-EDVHG&%'SURGXFWVGHULYHGIURPLQGXVWULDOKHPSDUH
EHLQJPDUNHWHGDVEHLQJULFKLQ&%'DQGDVKDYLQJFRPSDUDEOHWKHUDSHXWLFXVHVWR&%'H[WUDFWV
+RZHYHU&%'LVQRWSURGXFHGRUSUHVVHGIURPKHPSVHHGV+HPSVHHGRLOPDUNHWHGDV³KHPS
RLO´LVPDGHE\SUHVVLQJKHPSVHHGVWKDWFRQWDLQORZOHYHOVRI&%'W\SLFDOO\OHVVWKDQSDUWV
SHUPLOOLRQ>SSP@$VQRWHGE\+,$135
CBD is not a product or component of hemp seeds, and labeling to that effect is
misleading.... Hemp seed oil does not contain any significant quantity of CBD. Hemp
fiber and seed cultivars contain relatively minimal CBD and CBD production from such
129
For more information on the role of CBD within U.S. drug industry, as regulated by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), contact Erin Bagalman (ebagalman@crs.loc.gov, 7-5345).
130
³+HPS,QGXVWULHV$VVRFLDWLRQ3RVLWLRQRQ&%'([WUDFWV0LVEUDQGHGDQG0DUNHWHGDV³+HPS2LO´-XQH
http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf.
131
Named after Charlotte Figi, who suffers from a rare pediatric seizure disorder and who reportedly has experienced
relief from seizures with this strain of medical marijuana that is high in CBD and low in THC.
132
)'$³Warning Letters and Test Results´ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm435591.htm.
133
Comments attribuWHGWR)'$DVUHSRUWHGE\61HOVRQ³FDA Brings Down Hammer on CBD Companies´ U.S.
News and World Report, March 11, 2015.
134
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, §II%LL)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHH)'$³)'$DQG0DULMXDQD
Questions and AnswerV´6HSWHPEHUhttp://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm421168.htm.
135
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http://www.thehia.org/Resources/PressReleases/HIA-position-CBD-FINAL.pdf.
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity plants should not be considered a primary product. There are high CBD cultivars that
PD\ TXDOLI\ DV ³KHPS´ under federal law, however the genetics for such cultivars are
closely held by various parties, and generally hemp cultivars available to American
farmers are not suitable for producing CBD.
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136
CRS communication with Project CBD representatives, September 22, 2014.
6HHIRUH[DPSOH³5HVHDUFKRQ,QGXVWULDO+HPS&RQWLQXHVWR3URJUHVV´3+<6RUJZHEVLWH$XJXVW6HHDOVR
³7KH.HQWXFN\'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH,QGXVWULDO+HPS3LORW3URMHFWV±6XPPDU\´LQFOXGHV.'$&%'
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FRQWDLQLQJFDQQDELGLRO&%'DQGHYDOXDWHLWVKHDOWKEHQHILWV´
138
6HHIRUH[DPSOH.HQWXFN\+HPS,QGXVWULHV&RXQFLO³,ndustrial Hemp-Derived Cannabidiol (Hemp CBD´
139
Opening Statement of Senator Chuck Grassley of Iowa Chairman Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control
Committee, Committee on Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control hearing, June 24, 2015.
140
See, for example, letter dated January 5, 2015 to Sen. Feinstein from the DOJ and letter dated May 13, 2015, to Sen.
Grassley from HHS. See also letter from DOJ to Sens. Grassley and Feinstein, June 23, 2015.
141
3UHVVUHOHDVHE\6HQ)HLQVWHLQ³Feinstein, Grassley Announce New Federal Policy on Cannabidiol Research´ June
23, 2015.
137
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity x
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1)8³Policy of the National Farmers Union´March 2-5, 2013.
1)8³National Farmers Union Adopts New Policy on Industrial Hemp´0DUFK$OVRVHH1)8³3ROLF\
of thH1DWLRQDO)DUPHUV8QLRQ´HQDFWHGE\GHOHJDWHVWRWKHth annual convention, Rapid City, SD, March 14-16,
2010.
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145
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146
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147
1')8³2010 Program of Policy & Action´SDOVRVHHhttp://www.ndfu.org.
148
50)8³Policy ´ http://www.rmfu.org/pdfs/RMFUPolicy10.pdf, p. 6, pp. 15-16, and p. 24.
143
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity x
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149
1DWLRQDO*UDQJH³/HJLVODWLYH3ROLFLHV´http://www.nationalgrange.org/legislation/policy/policy_ag.htm; also see
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150
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151
Letters of support for SB 678 to California State Senator Mark Leno from the Imperial County Farm Bureau (June
16, 2011), Office of Sheriff, Kings County (July 19, 2011), and Office of Sheriff, Kern County (July 21, 2011).
152
6HHIRUH[DPSOH'UXJ:DWFK,QWHUQDWLRQDO³3RVLWLRQ6WDWHPHQWRQ+HPS Cannabis sativa /´1RYHPEHU
153
Letter from the California Narcotic Officers¶ Association to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, September 18, 2007.
154
CRS conversation with John Coleman, August 22, 2011.
155
Information provided to CRS by Jeanette McDougal, National Alliance for Health and Safety, August 22, 2011.
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity WKRVHWROHJDOL]HPHGLFDOPDULMXDQD²DUHDIURQWIRULQGLYLGXDOVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVZKRVHUHDODLP
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156
For more information on legislative and executive branch actions concerning illegal drugs, see CRS Report
RL32352, War on Drugs: Reauthorization and Oversight of the Office of National Drug Control Policy . For
information on issues pertaining to medical marijuana, see CRS Report RL33211, Medical Marijuana: Review and
Analysis of Federal and State Policies.
157
T. R. Fortenbery and M. %HQQHWW³2SSRUWXQLWLHVIRU&RPPHUFLDO+HPS3URGXFWLRQ´Review of Agricultural
Economics, vol. 26, no. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 97-117. The time period covered in this study ends with the year 2000.
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity Appendix. ’œ’—ȱ˜ȱŽ•ŽŒŽȱ
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Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity x
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ž‘˜›ȱ˜—ŠŒȱ—˜›–Š’˜— Renée Johnson
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
rjohnson@crs.loc.gov, 7-9588
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