Name:
Date:
Period:
Charge Those Particles Part I: “Getting Charged”
Read PP 127 -128, Answer the following questions
P. 127
1. What causes electrical forces in the interactions of atoms and molecules? PLUS & MINUS CHARGE
2. An ion is the name given when an entire atom or molecule is charged. TRUE or False?
3. When a section of a molecule is charged positive on one end and negative on another, you call that
section a? POLAR/DIPOLE
4. Atoms are composed of charged particles called ELECTRONS and PROTONS
5. When the sum of the positive and negative charges in an atom is equal to zero, what is it called?
NEUTRAL CHARGE
SEE Figure 3.15 Periodic Table of Elements
6. Complete the table below:
Element
Symbol
Atomic
Number
Sodium
Na
11
Chlorine
Cl
17
Number of
Protons
11
17
Number of
Electrons
11
17
7. Rows in a periodic table are called PERIODS, columns are called FAMILIES.
8. Give the names for the following groups:
Group #
Group 1
Group 2
Groups 3-12
Group 17
Group 18
Group Name
ALKALI METAL
ALKALINE EARTH METAL
TRANSISTION METALS
HALOGENS
NOBLE GAS
9. Looking at the periodic table on page 127,
Where are metals generally located? MIDDLE TO LEFT SIDE
Non-metals? RIGHT SIDE
10. When a sodium atom becomes an ion Na1+, it has one more POSITIVE charge than it has
NEGATIVE charge.
11. Protons do not LEAVE ATOMS in everyday chemical reactions!
12. Sodium of charge 1+ has _____11____ protons and ____10_____ electrons.
13. When a neutral atom becomes an ion, it is due to the loss or gain of? ELECTRONS
Do the following as shown in Figure 3.16, P. 128
14. A neutral calcium atom, Cao, becoming a 2+ calcium ion.
15. A neutral fluorine atom, Fo, becoming a 1- fluorine ion.
de
.
to
s
of
m.
c
n
e–
e–
e
In ionic compounds, ionization took place to on the periodic table
Code: 1Inquiry130
form the solid ionic crystal. Sodium chloride is
an example with its positive sodium ions and
energy negative
for chlorine
is ions. Ionic crystals can then
NaCl(s)
Na1+(aq) + Cl1–(aq)
chloride
2.5 times
greater
Charge
Those
Particles
PartAsII: “IONIZATION vs. DISSOCIATION”
interact
withthan
water
molecules
to dissociate.
! Figure 3.19 Symbol representation of
Topic: ionization energy
that foryou
sodium.
Notice
from
previous
Read remember
PP 129 -130,
Answer
theactivities,
followingthe
questions
Go to: www.scilinks.org
dissociation.INQ.PS9SE2.021.eps
Sodium chloride solid (NaCl)
on theDissociation
periodic
1Inquiry130
is the process
when the
ions in a crystal lattice, a solid, are separated.
result
is atable
solution
thatCode:
conducts
electricity.
dissociates in water to form sodium ions (Na1+) and
YouFigure
can represent
the Write
microscopic
view representation
of
1. See
3.19 P.130,
the symbol
of the
table
salt in water.
chloride ions
(Cl1–dissociation
) in an aqueousof(aq)
solution.
ionization
with
simple
symbols.
Figure
3.18
NaCl(s)
Na1+(aq) + Cl1–(aq)
shows one way. Notice how energy must be
Ionization
the
process
when
electrons
being separated
from protons.
added3.19
to is
the
neutral
atom
to remove
anare
elecwhere sodium
and chlorine reside. In contrast,
! Figure
Symbol
representation
of
INQ.PS9SE2.021.eps
2.
ENERGY
must
be
added
to
a
neutral
atom
to
remove
electrons
from
protons.
tron from
protons.
Assolid
you (NaCl)
might expect, the
the ionization energy
for oxygen is only 1.2
dissociation.
Sodium
chloride
1+type of atom.
amount
of
energy
depends
on
the
times
that
of
carbon.
Notice
position
of these
dissociates
in water
to form
sodium
ions (Na
) and necessary to remove an electron
Ionization
energy
is the
amount
of energy
from the
an atom.
Thus,
it
1–
That
element
has
a characteristic
elements
on the
periodic
table in figure
3.15.
indicates
how
strongly
an atom
holds
on to its outermost
electrons.
When
the ionization
energy
is low,
chloride
ionsmeans
(Cl
) ineach
an aqueous
(aq)
solution.
the
atom is more
likelyFor
to example,
lose one or
electrons becoming
an ion.also
Weinvolves
are going
to call ionization
ionization
energy.
themore
ionization
Dissociation
separating
oppoenergy “electron greed”
sitely charged particles. The particles are ions,
where sodium and chlorine reside. In contrast,
parts of atoms
like protons
3. See Figure 3.18, P.130, Write the representationnot
of ionization
of sodium
(Na). and electrons.
the ionization
energy
for
oxygen
is
only
1.2
0
1+
–
For example, you can represent dissociation of
+ I.E.
+ e
Na
Na
times that of carbon. Notice the position of these
sodium chloride in water with different symbols
elements on the periodic table in figure 3.15.
than you used for ionization. Dissociation
Dissociation
also involves separating 10e
oppo–
11e–
occurs because of solvation, which requires
+ ionization
+ e–
sitely charged
ions,
+
11p+ particles. The particles are11p
interaction of charged particles with similar
energy
not parts of atoms like
protons and electrons.
electrical properties.
4. Trueyou
or FALSE.
Each element
has the
energy.
For example,
can represent
dissociation
of same ionization
Ionization
depends on factors inside the
! Figure 3.18 Representation of ionization of
sodium
chloride
in
water
with
different
symbols
5.sodium
The ionization
energy
for
chlorine
(Cl)
is
2.5
time
greater
than
that
fordepends
sodium (Na).
This makes
atom. Dissociation
on factors
between
Forming a sodium ion, Na1+, from a
than you chlorine
used (Na).
forgreedier
ionization.
Dissociation
than
sodium. See p. 182 Figuremolecules.
4.12
Together
these
factors
help
explain
Na is
atom
requires
energy.
The electron
the
INQ.PS9SE2.020.eps
Where
chlorine
onwhich
the periodic
table?onRIGHT
occurs neutral
because
of
solvation,
requires
important macroscopic properties such as soluright of the arrow can transfer to another particle.
interaction
of charged
particles
similar
Where
is sodium
on thewith
periodic
table? LEFT
bility, hardness, and conductivity.
electrical properties.
6. How do the ionization energies of the elements of the third period change as the atomic numbers
Ionization
depends on factors inside the
increase?
atom. Dissociation depends on factors between
IONIZATION
molecules. Together
these INCREASES
factors help explain
3. as
Share
the contents of your T-table with your partner and add
important
macroscopic
solu7. The
ionizationproperties
energy forsuch
oxygen
(O) is 1.2 times greater than that for carbon (C).
to your table what you learned from your partner.
bility, hardness, and conductivity.
This makes Oxygen greedier than carbon. See P 182 Figure 4.12
Consult with another team or your teacher regarding any unanswered questions.
Where is oxygen on the periodic table in relation to carbon? RIGHT
4. Make a Venn diagram in your notebook to illustrate the simi-
9. Ionization depends on factors INSIDE
an atom,
while dissociation
dependsand
on factors
BETWEEN
larities and
differences
between ionization
dissociation.
molecules.
ontents of your T-table with your partner
Useand
youradd
previous T-table to complete this new diagram. Remember to place sim10.
As
you
move
across
a
row
in
the
table for section
any period,
sizes
of the atoms decrease.
e what you learned from your partner. ilarities periodic
in the overlapping
of yourthe
Venn
diagram.
Knowing that, can you provide an explanation for the ionization energy trend within a period?
er team or your teacher regarding any unanswered questions.
IONIZATION INCREASES (MORE e- IN OUTER SHELL)
nn diagram in your notebook to illustrate the simidifferences11.
between
and
dissociation.
a column
in the periodic table for any group, the sizes of the atoms increase.
130As you
Unitionization
1move
Matter Isdown
Marvelous
Knowing
predict
how the
ionization
T-table to complete
this newthat,
diagram.
Remember
to place
sim- energies of the elements of Group 1 change as the atomic
numbers
increase.
apping section of your Venn diagram.
IONIZATION DECREASES (e- GET TOO FAR FROM THE NUCLEUS)
12. Provide an explanation for the ionization energy trend within a group.
INCREASE AS YOU MOVE UP AND TO THE RIGHT
ut
e
gy
e
nd,
is
al.”
ons
Name:
Date:
Charge Those Particles Part III: Electronegativity
Read p.132-133, Answer the following questions
1. When two atoms of the same element bond, they form a COVALENT BOND molecule.
2. The molecule is covalent because IT’S ATOMS SHARE ELECTRONS EQUALLY.
3. When two different atoms share electrons, the sharing IS UNEQUAL.
atoms
share electrons with one another, they
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a chemical bond to attract electrons to itself. We are going
share electrons
equally. The bond
that is formed
to call electronegativity
“electron
hunger”
is called a covalent bond (see figure 3.20).
(F) is the most
electronegative
element and is assigned a value of 4.0. This makes it the
If4.theFLUORINE
atoms are somewhat
different
in
hungriest element.
strength (electronegativity), one atom pulls the
Where
fluorine
on the
periodic
table See Figure 3.15 p.127. UPPER RIGHT SIDE
rope5.more
thanisthe
other.(F)
Neither
wins,
but more
of the
toFALSE
one side.There
Which
side
wins?
The that can attract an electron better than Fluorine.
6. rope
Trueisor
are
other
elements
side 7.
withWhat
the greatest
electronegativity wins.
is the electronegativity value for Hydrogen? 2.1
See Figure 3.15 p.127
8. Sketch figure 3.20 and describe who wins. NEITHER HYDROGEN WINS THEY SHARE
ganed
is
s
er
H
H
_C03_126-147 7/11/05 1:57 PM Page 133
ng
harity.
Period:
2.1
2.1
Neither one wins because they have equal
electronegativity numbers.
9. What is the bond formed between atoms that share electrons equally? NONPOLAR COVALENT
Sketch
figure
3.21 and describe
who wins. CHLORINE ATTRACTS ELECTRONS BETTER
!10.Figure
3.20
Representation
of hydrogen
atomsH
competing for electrons. Two hydrogen
Cl
atoms compete
for
electrons
in
a
sort
of
tug-of3.0
2.1
war. Which atom wins and why?
Cl
Na
They will both still share, but there will be
3.0
0.9
more positive
charge on H and more
negative on Cl. H cannot give up it’s
electron b/c then it will have none!
This unequal sharing of electrons represents
a polar covalent bond. A polar covalent bond
results
a molecule
that has
regions
positive
11.in
What
is the bond
formed
fromofthe
unequal sharing of electrons? POLAR COVALENT
s
charge, +, and negative charge, –. Do you
12.
molecule
has electronegativity
separation
charge,
of + and
a region
of -, is
called
remember
what3.21
thisthat
separation
of chargeofwithin
a a region
! Figure
3.22
Ions result
from
largePOLAR.
elec! A
Figure
Unequal
amolecule
istocalled?
For
instance,
when a compete
hydrotronegativity
differences.
Chlorine wins BETTER
the tugleads
dipole.
Chlorine
and hydrogen
13.
Sketch
figure
3.22
and
describe
who wins. CHLORINE
ATTRACTS
ELECTRONS
vity gen atom
and a chlorine
atom combine,
the
of-war for electrons over sodium. How does this
for electrons
in a tug-of-war.
This time chlorine
Cl posiNa
rm
region
around
the
hydrogen
atom
has
some
affect the properties of sodium chloride?
attracts electrons better than hydrogen does.
The chlorine will win b/c it has the
3.0
0.9
on,
tive charge.
The
around
the chlorine atom greatest electronegativity charge-it will
How does
thisregion
affect the
molecule?
.
has some negative charge (see figure 3.21).
take the e-. It’s “hungriest”.
to
If the atoms have drastically different values
ions, one positive
and one
The
used interchangeably. Both terms refer to the
oftwo
electronegativity,
the atom
withnegative.
the greater
attraction between
charged
same concept. A molecule is the smallest unit of
ne
electronegativity
will the
wintwo
the oppositely
electron. The
elecions
is
an
ionic
bond
(see
figure
3.22).
a covalently
bonded
compound.
What is the
bond formed
attraction
oppositely
charged
ions?Whenever
IONIC you
e or tron 14.
is essentially
transferred
fromby
thethe
atom
with between
You
are probably wondering
where
the
lines
see the term molecule, you know that the bonds
be the low
electronegativity
to theions
atom
with
the high
15.
Briefly
describe
how
are
formed.
! Figure
3.22
Ionsvarious
result from
large
elecy
are drawn
between
types
of bonds.
between atoms within that molecule are formed
electronegativity.
Thisthe
results
in the
formation
of
WHEN
AN ATOM
EITHERChlorine
GIVES
UP the
ORtugTAKES
AN ELECTRON(S),
MAKING
THEM
+ OR tronegativity
wins
mpete What
difference
indifferences.
electronegativity
values
through
covalent bonding.
Covalently
bonded
of-war
electrons
over
sodium.
How does
this
orine
results
in a for
nonpolar
(no
dipole)
covalent
bond?
substances can be called molecules or comof sodium
s.
Whataffect
aboutthea properties
polar covalent
bondchloride?
and an ionic
pounds. Substances formed from ionic bonds,
bond? The table in figure 3.23 indicates the valon the other hand, are simply called ionic com-
16. What difference in electronegativity values results in a (Use the table in Figure 3.23)
a) Nonpolar (no dipole) covalent bond? ____< 0.4__(< 0.5)_
b) Polar covalent bond? __0.4 – 2.1_(0.5 – 1.6) ___
c) Ionic bond? ___> 2.1__(> 1.6)___
17. Define molecule
COVALENTLY BONDED SUBSTANCES
18. What are substances formed from ionic bonds called? IONIC COMPOUNDS
19. Compare and Contrast Electronegativity to Ionization by filling out the Venn Diagram below.
Electronegativity
Ionization
Attraction for
electrons
Removal of
electrons
Not a
measure of
energy
Requires
energy input
Focus is on
electrons
Calculated,
not measured
directly
Measurement
scale relative
to standard
unit of energy
20. Study the electronegative values of the periodic table, Figure 3.15 p.127 and try to find the trends.
a. Where are the electronegativity values the lowest?
BOTTOM LEFT
b. Where are the electronegativity values the highest?
UPPER RIGHT
c. What is the trend in the electronegativity values as you go across a period?
INCREASES
d. What is the trend in the electronegativity values as you go down a family?
DECREASES