(LCA):
!"#"$"#%!&%'
(Eco-product)
..
Director, Focus Center on Life Cycle Assessment and ecoProduct development,
(FC eco-LCA), National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)
Director, CT & EcoDesign Research Unit, Kasetsart University
Executive Committee, Thailand Network for Eco-efficiency and Cleaner Production (TNEC)
Executive Committee, Industrial Environment Institute, Federation of Thai Industry (IEI-FTI)
18 2551 “
” 1
TOPICS
1. !"#!
$%& ' $%&%(
)% (Green Purchasing vs. LC thinking)
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- +,?
- ,?
3. %
.
LCA !
/!0&.%
4. LCA 1"+, $&+ “National
Life Cycle Inventory Database”
2
&!,!
1
"+) (/&)
.1: (>8 &)
0&: ($&/-%)
'"& (&/ "@)
1) (109 &'../ "@)
"B, ( ''"@ C1950)
)
(&%)
"&D CO2 (/& "@)
"& CFC (:H!
1/&%)
2493 2515 2540 2593
2.5
2
1980
1.9
1300
100
6.0
1.6
--
3.8
9
2450
58.0
2600
85
2.0
4.9
1.4
5.8 12.0
25
2770
91.0
4200
70
0.6
7.0
3.0
3
Ref: C.C.Chao, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan
Introduction
Environmental Impacts
Global/ Regional/ Local Impacts
•
•
Global Warming
Gaseous compounds adsorb infrared light and trap heat radiation
Ozone Depletion
Ozone can be destroyed by chemicals that react with it directly
Acidification
Emission of acid can degrade some material
Photochemical Smog Formation
CO, VOCs, and NOX with UV-light can form O3, peroxyacetyl
nitrate and peroxybenzoyl nitrate
Oxygen Depletion
Emission of organic matter to the water environment
Human Health
Heavy Metal – Cd, Pb, Hg, etc
4
Wastewater, hazardous wastes, etc.
World pays high price for
environmental disasters
Crippling droughts, torrential floods and other
environmental disasters will cost the world more than
$70 billion in 2002, the United Nations Environment
Program said.
“Over the next three to four decades the world could
witness a year in which losses from droughts, storms
surges, hurricanes and floods hit one trillion dollars”,
source: UNEP Nov.2006
the More details see:
www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=485&ArticleI
D=5422&l=en
5
From Acceleration to Runaway Global Warming?
Increase of the Earth’s Surface Temperature compared to the Preindustrial level (Earth-Simulator prediction)
0.80C 1.50C
20C
30C
(20C)
(~2016)
(~2028)
(~2052)
melt of Greenland
1-2.8 billion people collapse of climate, such as in-stabilization
Ice Sheet
suffered from water shortage of West Antarctic Sheet, etc.
Our worst fears are exceeded by reality
(1) Artic sea ice is rapidly decreasing
(2) Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback
to climate warming
(3) Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978-2003
(4) The intermediate water temperature in the western part of the Sea of
Okhotsk increased 0.680C/50 yr. (which may stabilize Methane
hydrates)
Since the climate system has a thermal inertia, 10 years are left to the
point of no return for runaway global warming??
6
Source: Prof. Ryoichi YAMAMOTO, Univ.of Tokyo, 7 March 2008
7
EU M+''!
$%&'!0&/.," EU "#++N
2545
2548
ELV
ELV
WEEE
WEEE
22
3445&
7
2549
RoHS
RoHs
2550
EuP
EuP
2561
REACH
3445&
D/ D/
./
7 ./E
!./
2
! !
Reuse/
Reuse/ 6 /
Recycle/
Recycle/
Recovery
Recovery
!./!0
! 4 /
99
/ 0
92
:
:;< 0
2=>=? DF
./
/
@?ABC
: B0 “2DH:
E@>D!32.@@A2.I0
929@!AE2D”
8
0&+' Supply Chain 1"+
M+''
!
$%&
Customer
Manufacturer
%X'/)%
Green
Procurement
Local supplier 1
Supply chain
.0
:>P2
Local supplier 2
Local supplier 3
Local supplier 4
Local supplier 5
Oversea company
who can meet Green
procurement
9
: B0 “2DH:
E@>D!32.@@A2.I0
929@!AE2D”
Trend of eco-label product
TESCO UK. Green Grocer ?
Tesco, Carbon and the Consumer
18 January 2007
• Carbon footprint : climate change
• Leader helping to create a lowcarbon economy
• Reduce carbon footprint :
Business driver
• Deliver Green Consumption ;
Green Product label : Price and
Information
CO2 label on Tesco product shelf
for consumer choice
10
5!2@2DH:
"+,"#c&
.
ASEAN 1
0&b!
$%&
c&
," EU
/!.H&+ 10
b%$'
&c&
5.9 $&'
3 "@
5 "@
10 "@
: B0 “2DH:
E@>D!32.@@A2.I0
929@!AE2D”
Q
11
Definitions of SD and SC
Sustainable Development (SD)
“Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.”
(Brundtland Commission, 1987).
Sustainable Consumption (SC)
“Sustainable production and consumption is the use of goods
and services that respond to basic needs and bring a better
qualify of life, while minimizing the use of natural
resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and
pollutants over the life cycle, so as not to jeopardize the
needs of future generations.”
(Symposium: Sustainable Consumption. Oslo, Norway; 19-20 January 1994)
12
Source: Ozawa, Research Center for LCA, AIST, Japan
Environmental Management Tools
for Sustainable Development
Methods to decrease
the pollutants before
production activity
Before
Production
To deal with the pollutants generated through the production
process
During
Production Process
Environment Assessment
Software
Environment Assessment
（Prediction）
Analysis/Measurement Technology
(Sampling，Monitoring）
LCA
Cleaner
DfE
End of Pipe
Technology
Energy
Conservation
Management
Pollution Prevention
Technology
－Prevent emission of the pollutants－
（exhaust gas/ wastewater,
sludge treatment, etc.)
Hardware
Energy
Conservation
Technology
Institution
Pollution Control Officer
Preparations for Law / Regulations
Source: JETRO GPP policy dialogue meeting, 25 Apr 2006
Solid Waste
Measures
Road Map - ISO 14000
Evaluation &
Auditing Tools
Environmental
Performance
Evaluation (EPE)
ISO 14031 guidelines
Environmental
Auditing (EA)
14010 general principles
14011-1 audit procedures
14012 qualification criteria
for environmental
auditors
Source: Thailand Environment Institute
Product-Oriented
Support Tools
Management
Systems
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
ISO 14004 (EMS)
general guidelines
on principles, systems
& supporting
techniques
ISO 14001 (EMS)
specification with
guidance for use
14040 LCA principles & framework
14041 Life cycle inventory analysis
14042 Life cycle impact assessment
14043 Interpretation of LCA results
14044 Requirements & guidelines
14047 Examples of LCIA application
14048 LCA data documentation format
14049 Examples of 14041 application
Environmental Labeling (EL)
14020 basic principles for all
environmental labeling
14021 terms & definitions
14022 symbols
14023 testing & verification
14024 guiding principles, practices
& criteria for certification programs
ISO/TR 14062:2002 environmental14
aspects in product design and development
Market Impact of Green
Purchasing in Japan
GPN 2001
74% @?P? 9 Z2@2@ green
products E@=. 2 Q? ]
75% @?P? 3? green products#$%&''()*
@22@ green purchasing ?09
22 @0
:F D_
By Green Purchasing Network(GPN)
15
Principles of Green Purchasing
! 1 a .
! 2 a EB?09@
?ABC!D@ b/
a EB 8 0
7F
! 3 a 0
0
@?P?
! 4 a 9@P@
0@?P?
By Green Purchasing Network(GPN)
16
Consideration of Life-Cycles of
the Products and Services
〈Principles of green purchasing 2〉
/f0&+'!
$%&.
0&gfh:
. &%()% $,%X' XH
.
!
:1)
① Reduction of environmental pollutants, etc.
② Resource and energy saving
③ Sustainable use of natural resources
④ Long-term use
⑤ Reusability
⑥ Recyclability
⑦ Use of recycled raw material
⑧ Ease of treatment or disposal
By Green Purchasing Network(GPN)
Life Cycle Perspective
18
Gade and Mortensen, 2003
TOPICS
1. !"#!
$%& ' $%&%(
)% (Green Purchasing vs. LC thinking)
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- +,?
- ,?
3. %
.
LCA !
/!0&.%
4. LCA 1"+, $&+ “National
Life Cycle Inventory Database”
19
What is LCA? (continued)
International Organisation of Standard (ISO) 14040
ISO 14040 series (Environmental Management – Life
Cycle Assessment):
ISO 14040 - A standard of principles and framework (2006)
ISO 14041 - A standard of life cycle inventory analysis (1998)
ISO 14042 - A standard of life cycle impact assessment (2000)
ISO 14043 - A standard of life cycle interpretation (2000)
ISO 14044 – Requirements and guidelines for LCA (2006)
ISO 14047 - Examples of application of ISO 14042 (2003)
ISO 14048 - A standard of data documentation format (2002)
ISO 14049 - Examples of application of ISO 14041 to goal and scope
definition and inventory analysis (2000)
20
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
LCA ! "# $
% & '
(
&) !* ( + , - ./. - - *%
*(+,$.- . *% - 012&
, -$ !"#
$
% & - . 0( . &) $. +, +, 3-) ) ( 4
536 &
(SETAC: www.setac.org)
21
4 Phases of LCA: ISO 14040
LCA Framework
1. $&+.'.
.
"q:
2. %+:').c&
(Inventory Analysis)
3. "+0&+'
(Impact Assessment)
4. $"&%
:.
0&&/
(Interpretation)
"0&
%'0&
"+%,$
$&+"&!$"&
"+
/s$&+
"'"
0&gfh
%
$0&
:'
&
!N
22
Phase 1: :"q:$&+.'.
• "q: (Goal)
– The goal of an LCA study shall unambiguously
state the intended application, the reasons for
carrying out the study and the intended
audience, i.e. to whom the results of the study
are intended to be communicated
• .'. (Scope)
•
•
•
•
•
ISO 14040
System boundary (scope of the study)
Functional unit (subject of the study)
Environmental impacts
Data requirement
Assumptions and limitations
23
:%:! (Functional Unit)
• To ensure that the different ways of
providing a service are comparable, the
service must be defined and precisely
quantified. So, the functional unit is
made up by:
– "f (Quantity)
– % (Durability)
– fg/ (Quality)
24
Functional Unit
Serve as drink container for 200 cc of hot
beverages three times a day for one year
Polystyrene mug
1095 units per year
(365x3)
Ceramic mug
1/4 unit per year +
hot water and detergent
(4 yrs life time)
China pottery
1/2 unit per year
+ dishwasher and detergent
25
Phase 2: t'').c&
– Calculation model
• Are the inputs and outputs to the process terminated?
• Inventory per functional unit
T
Qi = T ⋅ ∑ Qi ,up + ⋅ ∑ Qi , p
L p
up
Qi
T
L
Q i,p
= sum of terminal exchanges (i) per functional unit
= duration of functional unit (years)
= life span of the product (years)
= terminal exchange from the process (p);
p designates all processes except the use process
Q i,up = terminal exchange per year from the use process (up)
26
Example of data collection in each unit process
0(
(Scrap)
0( Lime (CaO)
Dolomite
SiMn
FeSi
FeMn
Fluorspar (CaF2)
Carbon/Coke
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Electrodes
Refractory
*,%- *
@AAB
LPG
L
!/'6% M
Process Water
1.165
Unit
Ton
!"#
EAF
29.182
17.269
7.038
1.249
1.803
0.348
32.551
53.300
1.308
2.739
3.064
Unit
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
J
Slag (EAF)
Electric Arc Furnace
(EAF)
K
123 (dust)
CO
CO2
SO2
NOx
dust (PM10)
1.000
Unit
Ton
114.119
Unit
Kg
24.470
0.320
117.881
0.508
0.408
0.000010
Unit
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Kg
Unit
554.698 KW-Hr
3.878 Kg
1.206
Unit
Ton
27
Phase 3: "+0&+'
"+g.
0&+'
0&+'!%,"
g%+!&.H
c
%"#
%t
%$:
$&
%:&:&
)%g/
g%+/)0"
0&+'u/+!
c/)%g/
$&+g/
%"#/b+''%
%"#/bb
SMOG
28
Phase 3: "+0&+'
The impact assessment phase may include:
• Classification: a process of assignment
and initial aggregation of the data from the
LCIA
'
'
• Characterisation: analysis and estimation
of the magnitudes of potential impacts
• Normalization: change each impact to the
ISO14040
same unit
• Grouping: group each impact
% • Weighting: assignment of relative values or
1
weights to different impacts
29
The Flow of Life Cycle Impact Assessment
Optional
Mandatory
Def. impact
category
Classification Characterization
Normalization
Grouping
Inventory item
Impact category
CFC
Ozonelayer depletion
Cont. to OD
Cd
Pb
Dust
VOC
CO2
Human toxicity
Cont. to Human tox.
Ecotoxicity
Cont to Ecotoxicity
Global warming
Cont. to GW
SO2
NOx
P
Oil
Land
Weighting
Human health
Ecosystem
Photo. oxidant
Cont. to PO
Acidification
Cont. to Acidification
Eutrophication
Cont. to EU
Resource consumption
Cont. to RC
Land use
Cont. to Land use
Single index
Resourcce
30
Refer to ISO14042
Characterisation
– In such trade-off situations (CO2 vs CH4), it
is difficult to come to a clear decision
– Assess the magnitude of the contribution
which each individual exchange will be
able to make to known environmental
impacts – Characterisation
∑ Impact potentials = ∑ Quantity of substance x substance' s impact potential
EP( j ) = ∑ EP ( j )i = ∑ ( Qi ⋅ EF ( j )i )
RC(j) = Qi
31
GWP(100years)
IPCC,1995
(CO2 equiv. kg)
CO2
1
CH4
21
N2O
310
HFC-23
11700
HFC-41
150
HydrofluoroHFC-134a
1300 carbons
HCFC 141b 630
CF4
6500 (Perfluorocarbon)
SF6
23900
NH3
NO
NO2
PO4
(PO4 equiv. kg)
0.33
0.2
0.13
1
NP
ODP
Heijungs et al., CML 1992
(CFC equiv. kg)
CFC-11
1
HALON-1201
1.4
HCFC-123
0.02
HCFC-141b
0.11
HCFC-22
0.055
AP
Heijungs et al., CML 1992
NH3
HCl
HF
NO
NO2
NOX
SO2
SOX
(SO2 equiv. kg)
1.88
0.88
1.6
1.07
0.7
0.7
1
1 32
Normalisation
– The impact potentials (and resource consumptions)
need to be compared to a common reference to
show which ones are 'relatively' large
– Unit: Person-equivalent
– Impact potential per person per year
• Normalisation reference
Normalisation reference =
Impact potential in reference year
Population in reference year
NEP( j ) = EP( j ) ⋅
1
T ⋅ ER( j ) 90
1
NR ( j ) = RC ( j ) ⋅
T ⋅ RR( j ) 90
T = duration of product’s service (years)… defined in functional unit
33
ER = normalisation reference for 1 year
Phase 4: $"&0&$&+"'"
(LC Interpretation: Improvement Analysis)
– To evaluate the need and opportunities of
reducing the impact identified
– Interpretation is the phase of LCA in which the
findings from the inventory analysis and the
impact assessment are combined together,
consistent with the goal and scope in order to
reach conclusions and recommendations.
– The interpretation phase may involve the
iterative process of reviewing and revising the
scope of the LCA, as well as the nature and
quality of the data collected consistent with the
defined goal.
34
ISO 14040
Benefits of the life cycle approach
The complete life cycle has to be considered …
... to avoid the shifting of
burdens among life cycle
phases
Illustrating example:
Use phase
250 GJ
Materials
and production
End-of-life
better!
worse?
70 GJ
180 GJ
100 GJ
10 GJ
10 GJ
Burden of a car
Burden of a car
(conventional
concept)
(light-weight
construction with
aluminium, polymercompounds ..)
Source: Marc Wolf, Joint Research Center
35
Design Process & DfE Support Tools
Degree of Freedom
on Design
LCA
l
Initia
idea
QFD for Environment
DfE
DfE support
support tools
tools
DfE checklist
Design for Disassembly
LCA C
ompa
re
perfo
rmanc
e
Conceptual design → Detailed design → Process design
Early Stage
Design Process
36
Modify from Source: Masui and Inaba, REAJ Journal, Reliability Engineering Association of Japan, 2001, vol. 23, No.8
LCA of Washing Machine: indicate
hot spots for Design
100
Percentage Contribution of Life Cycle Stages
to Total Environment Impact
90
80
70
60
Energy savings
Water savings
Noise reduction
En e rgy
C ri tical Ai r Vol u m e
C ri tical W ate r Vol u m e
50
S ol i d W aste
40
W ate r C on su m pti on
30
20
Recyclability
10
0
Produ cti on
Di stribu ti on
Use
Di sposal
37
Ref: PA Consulting Group, 1992
fhu&.% :'!
0
• good washing performance
• electricity consumption for normal cycle not
exceed 0.04 kWh / kg of wash load (' 5)
• water consumption for normal cycle not exceed
35 liters/kg of wash load
• noise level not exceed 65 dB A
• use mark/ symbol to identify plastic types
38
Source: Thailand Environment Institute
Case Study: LCA comparison of Conventional
vs. Water-saving Washing Machines
• Objective:
– Comparison of 2 types of machines :
“water-saving” and “conventional”
• Scope:
– CO2 emissions within the life cycle of
washing machines
• Assumption:
: NIRE, MITI / TEI
–No. of Machine Usage/day = 1.4 times/day
–Lifetime of Machine = 9 years
–Calculation
(1.4 times/day) X (365 days/yr) X 9 yr
39
= 4,600 times
CO2 emissions (kg)
1000
Production
Usage
Disposal
800
600
400
200
0
Conventional
: NIRE, MITI/ TEI
Water-saving
Type of Washing
Machine
40
LCA
• Realistic
associated
environmental
impacts: resource depletion, ecological and
human health
• Maximum possible impacts
• Product-oriented
performance assessment
environmental
• Best available scientific-based tool in
comparisons between products/alternatives
in
order
to
identify
environmentallypreferred choice
41
The Use of LCA by Industry
42
Ref: Bishop, 2000
1,"+) LCA
4)
• ( / '
"4(6-
"$%&
• 24(6&
• ',!-
!
• • !
"#
• $%&'"!(
)!
"$%&(*+
!
• ',-"."!(/
!((* 1 3
• ',)!22 / # /
4! 25)2 '!
("-26,
!
(7
43
TOPICS
1. !"#!
$%& ' $%&%(
)% (Green Purchasing vs. LC thinking)
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- +,?
- ,?
3. %
.
LCA !
/!0&.%
4. LCA 1"+, $&+ “National
Life Cycle Inventory Database”
44
"+1) LCA
Industry
Voluntary
Improvement
EcoDesign
Eco-Products
Process improvement
(ex.Recycle process)
Marketing
Self assertion
Comparative assertion
Env. Label
Env. Report
LCA
EMS
Env. administration
(ex.Support for recycle)
Economic & Social
Administration
Env. Education
Lifestyle Review
Green purchasing
Society
Consumption
（Consumer’s mind)
45
Source: Inaba, AIST, Japan
LCA 1"+"
! B
• Use of LCA in Industries
- Environmental Report
- Eco-Leaf; Trial(2000), Start(2002)
• Applications of LCA
- Eco Efficiency
Establishment of Japan Forum(2004)
- Life Cycle Costing, Full Cost Analysis
- LCA for Local Government
- EcoProducts Promotion
46
3.1 Use of LCA in Industries, Eco-Leaf
TypeⅠ
TypeⅠ(ISO14024)
EcoEco-Label
TypeⅡ
TypeⅡ(ISO14021)
TypeⅢ
TypeⅢ(ISO･
(ISO･TR14025)
Using LCA
47
Source: AIST, Japan
3.1 Use of LCA in Industries, Eco-Leaf
48
Source: JEMAI, Japan
3.2 Application of LCA, Eco-Efficiency
What is Eco-fficiency ?
Value,
Long Life,
Aesthetic,
Safeness,
Convenience…
Performance
Eco=
efficiency
Impact
CO2 Emission,
Energy
Consumption,
Land Use,
Toxicity…
49
Source: AIST, Japan
3.2 Application of LCA, Eco-Efficiency
Toyota Motor Corp. [Company level]
Resource : Toyota Environmental & Social Report 2005
Source: AIST, Japan
50
Lion Corp. [Company level]
51
Resource : Lion CSR Report 2005
3.2 Application of LCA, Eco-Efficiency
Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc. [Company level]
(*)”Total environmental load + consumption of fossil fuels” is a total
of the various environmentally burdensome materials and fossil fuel
consumption weighted by the degree of environmental impact of
each substance or fuel. The weighting coefficient is determined
based on "Life-cycle Impact assessment Method based on
Endpoint modeling," or LIME, a typical integrated method.
Resource : Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Sustainability Report 2005
Source: AIST, Japan
52
Result of FCA
350000
317,000JY
300000
303,000JY
LCIA
T ransportation(LCIA)
Disposal(LCIA)
250000
Use(LCIA)
200000
Manufacturing(LCIA)
LCC
150000
Disposal(LCC)
Collection(LCC)
100000
Use(LCC)
50000
Manufacturing（LCC）
0
Using1CFCs
Using Alternatives
2
53
Source: AIST, Japan
Eco-Products Exhibition in Tokyo
Exhibitors and visitors are increasing year by year
５００
502
416
305
140,
140 , 461
３００
２００
88,
88 , 604
100,
100 , 483
114,
114 , 060
124,
124 , 829
120
80
67,
67 , 838
１００
160
Visitors
Exhibitors
288
453
370
350
４００
200
Unit:1000
：Exhibitors
40
47,
47 , 449
：Visitors
０
０
1999
2000
2001
2002
Adapted from: METI, Japan
2004
2005
Date
Host City
Exhibitors
Visitors
2-4 Sep. 2004
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
76
11,493
6-9 Oct. 2005
Eco-Products Int’l Fairs
2003
（６ economies）
）
Bangkok
Thailand
59
25,476
（４ economies）
）
31 Oct.- 2 Nov.
2006
Singapore
Singapore
107
(14 economies)
34,516
1-4 Mar. 2008
Hanoi
Vietnam
?
(? economies)
~ 98,000
54
INAX Corporation: 1) LCA )% Product
improvement A
55
)%
1)
(Use Phase)
INAX Corporation
!2D./
PP
56
B'CDE (Strategic planning)
McDonald change packaging from polystyrene to paper on Nov 2, 1990
Can reduce amount of packaging materials by 90% and also reduce energy, air pollution and
wastewater (Source: Svoboda and Hart, 1993)
Packaging
Type
Total
Incineration Net Energy
Air
Waste
Energy
Energy
(MM BTU) Pollution Water
(MM BTU) (MM BTU)
(lb)
(lb)
Solid
(lb)
Waste
(ft3)
Std. Paper
1.5
0.1
1.4
4.5
0.8
63.7
2.0
Corrugated
Paper
3.5
0.2
3.3
9.7
1.4
129.5
4.1
Polystyrene
Foam
6.5
0.4
6.1
13.8
2.5
159.8
16.5
Hard
Paper
9.2
0.5
8.8
25.7
4.3
382.4
11.7
Hard
paper, rim
only
2.7
0.1
2.5
8.3
1.4
117.1
3.5
57
fHb1"+,: EcoDesign
%X"+
To study the design and improvement of an
electrical & electronic equipment by using
Economic and ecological design (or
EcoDesign) concept to make it comply with
WEEE directive
Project at: Sharp Appliances (Thailand), Ltd.
Implemented by: KU-CTED and CTAP/MTEC +EEI + TEI
Supported by: Department of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Commerce
58
&0&gfh
• Product selected : Air Conditioner
• Split type: 12,000 BTU
• Criteria
–
–
–
–
Export Value
Environmental Impact
Future trend
The ability to change design
59
Product Assessment: EcoDesign Checklist
1. Product Design Review
5
8. End of Life
4
2. Materials Usage
3
2
1
7. Initial Lifetime
0
3. Low Impact Materials
Weak
point
6. Impact During Use
4. Production Technique
5. Distributions
Source: UNEP Strategy Wheel, UNEP manual, Brezet and Van Hemel (1997)
60
Comparison of Options for Improvement
Greenhouse
1.2
Summer smog
Winter smog
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Carcinogens
Old Model (AH/AU-A127C)
Ozone layer
Present Model (AH/AU-MP13)
Use of R410A
Acidification
Eutrophication
Use of a DC Fan Motor
Use of an AC Twin Rotary
Compresser
Use of a DC Twin Rotary
Compressor
Use of a DC Twin Rotary
Compressor + R410A
Heavy metals
61
CO2 Emission Comparison
10000
9000
8,960
8,670
8,710
7,820
Greenhouse Gas (kg CO2)
8000
7000
6,140
6000
4,860
5000
4,430
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
(0) Old Model (1) Present
(AH/AU-A127C) Model (AH/AUMP13)
(2) Use of
R410A
(a) Use of a (b) Use of an (c) Use of a DC (d) Use of a
DC Fan Motor AC Twin Rotary Twin Rotary DC Twin Rotary
Compresser Compressor Compressor
62
with R410A
!
"#$
Cleaner Technology and Eco-Design Research Unit ; KU
% %
('.- .. .&)
%&' ..)
& *
63+
Raw Materials
Scope Definition
")
)'#
$0'
-) %
1)
64
8
Methodology
Allocation Method
1,750,000 7
Allocation Factor = 0.95
* 100,224 7
)'#
()
-
Allocation Factor = 0.08
1) 1.05×
×106 7
%
% 4.40×
×105 7
1,750,000 7
1)%11.4×
×107 7
Allocation Factor = 1.00
-
1)
-
1,750,000 7
Allocation Factor = 0.91
%
; Main Product
-
; Co - Product
% 170,796 7
#*% / 100,000 65
25
Result
kg CO2 / 100,000 4.E+04
Env. Impact : Greenhouse gas
Life Cycle
44%
51%
3.E+04
55%
55%
44%
1.E+04
47%
0.E+00
-1.E+04
)'#
'0
Fig 3:
!*
1)
/1)
%
66
'*%FGH!
48
Conclusion
'%%1
3 NEG:
NEG:
6.E+06
%% >
>))'#
'#
>1
>1))
Cost
CostAnalysis:
Analysis:
))'#
'#
>> 1
1))
>> %%
5.E+06
3.E+06
Environmental
EnvironmentalImpact:
Impact:
))'#
'#
>> %% >> 1
1))
2.E+06
1))
>>))'#
'#
%% >> 1
0.E+00
#*%:
NEG: MJ/ 100,000 Cost: / 100,000 Env. : ×103 Person eq./ year/ 100,000 )'#
NEG
1)
Cost analysis
%
Env. impact
67
Fig 43 : '%%$"'J*
K $
95
Average CO2 Emissions from
Household Consumption per Annum
Food
1,361
Housing
57
Water, Gas, Electricity
4,171
Furniture and Household Appliances
122
Clothing and Shoes
270
Medical and Insurance
123
Transportation
1,454
Communication
97
Education
203
Hobby and Leisure
218
Going out
250
Allowances
507
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
（ kg-CO2/Year)
CO2 Emission（
＊CO2 emission was calculated by multiplying the consumption data of Survey of Household Economy (labor household in
2001) from the Statistics Bureau, Japan, with the CO2 intensities calculated from Embodied Energy and Emission Intensity Data
for Japan Using Input-Output Tables (3EID)-Inventory Data for LCA (1995).
68
Source: Ozawa, Research Center for LCA, AIST, Japan
& CO2 0 LCA
Do you
know your
carbon
footprint?
LCA can
help you!
69
TOPICS
1. !"#!
$%& ' $%&%(
)% (Green Purchasing vs. LC thinking)
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- +,?
- ,?
3. %
.
LCA !
/!0&.%
4. LCA 1"+, $&+ “National
Life Cycle Inventory Database”
70
LCA Situation in Thailand
• Since 1997
– as a component of the ISO 14000 series
(at TEI)
• ISO 14040-14043
• 2000 Teaching & Research at AIT, KU
• 2002 : Thai LCA Forum (initiated at CMU)
http://www.Thailca.net
• LCA Group at MTEC, TEI and partners
organizations (+several Universities)
• TRF, DIW, PCD, EEI, THTI,…..
71
LCI/LCA Projects in Thailand
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Electricity grid mixes
Coal
Residential water supply
Audiocassette tape
Refrigerator, TV
Air conditioner
Rotary compressor
EE products
Paperboard packaging
NG, Refinery Products,
Petrochemical Products
Steel, Aluminium, Copper
Cement, Glass, Paint
Building materials
Basic chemicals
etc.
• Textile products
• Biodegradable plastics
(vs. Conventional HDPE)
• Kratong (PS Foam vs. Banana
vs. KU green products)
• Bio-fuels/ Biomass
• Solar cell
• Natural rubber
• Shrimp products, Dried squid
• Rice
• Frozen vegetables
• Waste management
• LCI Software
(for paper industry)
72
• etc.
ct
?
E
!7
P
2
CFC
3
0;
z.c&.
ct
./
/2
Butane
ABS
Butadiene
PS
Styrene
Butene
PP
Acrylonitrile
Toluene
PE
Electricity
3445
PVC
Heavy oil
PET
3
Steam
PUR
Percoated steel sheet
Hot-dip zinc-coated carbon steel sheet
Electrolytic zinc-coated carbon steel sheet
Stainless steel sheet
Flat rolled magnetic steel sheet
Cold rolled steel sheet
oH/
p
ABS: Acrylonitrile-
Styrene-Butadiene
copolymer resin
PS: Polystyrene
PP: Polypropylene
PE: Polyethylene
PVC:Polyvinylchloride
PET: Poluethylene
terephthlalte
PUR: Polyurethane
73
Source: Yagita, AIST, Japan
5 Organizations join hand to
drive the National LCI Database
Federation of Thai Industry
Ministry of Industry
(Department of Industrial Works)
National Metal and Materials
Technology Center
Thai Environment Institute
Thailand Research Fund
74
(sign MOU on 30 March 2007)
Thailand National LCI Database
Basic Materials
Infrastructure
Energy, Utilities
and Transportation
Coal
Petroleum
Electric power
Transportation system
Water supply (surface / ground)
Recycle and Waste
Management
Recycle
Landfill
Anaerobic digestion
Incineration
Industrial materials
Agriculture
Plastics (PS, PE, PP, etc.)
Non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Aluminum
Fibers
Synthetic rubber (SBR, BR)
Paper
Petrochemicals (7)
Commodity
chemicals
NaOH
H2SO4
HCl
Cl2
Lime
Na2CO3
Sulfur
Cassava
Cotton
Corn
Natural rubber
Vegetable oil
livestock
Animal feed
Sugar cane
rice
Building and Construction
materials
Steel
Gypsum
Cement
Glass
Wood
Tiles
75
National LCI database operation structure
Steering Committee
Avg.data
Central LCI
Database
Avg.data
PTIT and FTI
2006
First stage
(MTEC)
Technical
Committee#1
Technical
advices
Input-Output data
(actual, estimate, theory)
WG1:
Petrochemicals
WG2:
Natural gas
WG3:
Refinery
Technical
Committee#2
2007- 2008
Second stage
Technical advices
Industrial Specific Institutions
WG4:
WG5:
WG6:
Ferrous/non
-ferrous
Basic Chemicals
Building
materials
WG7:
Transportation
system
WG8:Agriculture
(i.e. Natural fiber)
WG9:
Recycle &
Waste
management
76
%%:.
National LCI Database
Working Group
Targeted Products
Implementing Status
Organization
WG1: Natural Gas
- Natural gas, Methane, Ethane, Propane, LPG,
and CO2
PTIT/MTEC
WG2: Refinery
-LPG, Gasoline, Kerosene/Jet oil, Diesel/
Gas oil, Naphtha, Fuel Oil, Asphalt
PTIT/MTEC
WG3: Petrochemicals
- Ethylene, Propylene, Benzene, Toluene,
P-Xylene, VCM, PVC, LDPE, LLDPE/MDPE, PP,
ABS
-HDPE, PU, PC, SM, PS, EPS, PTA, Polyol/ ED/
EG, Polyester/ PET, Nylon 6, SAN (very soon)
PTIT/MTEC
WG4: Ferrous (Iron &
Steel) and
Non-ferrous
Ferrous: Slab, Billet, Steel bar, Wire rod, Hotrolled flat steel, Cold-rolled flat steel,
Galvanized sheet, Stainless steel
Non-ferrous: Zinc, Copper, Aluminum, Tin,
Lead
Note: finished
♣ on-going
♣
♣
TEI/
Iron& Steel
Assoc/MTEC
TEI/DIW
♣
77
Working Group
WG5: Basic Chemicals
• Paints
• Other Basic
Chemicals
WG6: Construction
Materials
• Ceramics
• Glass
Targeted Products
Implementing
Organization
Status
♣
Emulsion Paint, Coating Paint, Paint for EE and
Automotive, Cellulose Paint, Epoxy Paint
TEI/ Paint
Assoc./MTEC
NaOH, Cl2,HCl, H2SO4, Fertilizer N P K, Carbon
black, Calcium carbonate, Silicon dioxide,
Hydrogen peroxide, Sodium sulfite
CU/ FTI
/Chemicals
Assoc./MTEC
- Floor tiles, Wall tiles, Wash basin, Water
closet bowls, Bathroom accessories
- Float Glass, Mirror, Safety Glass, Glass Bottle,
Insulating Glass, Heat Reflective Glass
MTEC/
Ceramic
Assoc.
FTI / Glass
Assoc./MTEC
78
♣
♣
♣
%%:.
National LCI Database
Working Group
WG7:
Transportation
• Truck
• Train and Ship
Targeted Products
Implementing Status
Organization
CMU
MTEC
♣
♣
WG8: Agriculture - Shrimp, Rubber, Oil Palm, Sugar Cane, Cassava,
etc.
TRF/ KU/ TEI/
MTEC
♣
WG9: Waste
Management
-Incineration (Municipal and Industrial Waste)
-Landfill (soon)
JGSEE/ PCD/
DIW/MTEC
♣
WG10: Others
- Reviewing of LCI, LCA, EIA, and CT situation in
Thailand
- Textile Ind.: Cotton, Silk, Nylon, Polyester, Rayon,
Acrylic
- Wood Furniture: Plywood, MDF, Particle Board
TEI/MTEC
TEI/DIW
♣
- 6 Types of truck defined by Department of Land
Transport
- Train and Ship
Note: finished
♣ on-going
79
'
• In-house funding within MTEC (since 2003-present)
• Government funding through Ministry of Industry
(2008-2010.. extendable to 2012 and/or 2017) for
- LCI database project
- Center of excellence (CoE)
on eco-Product development
'
• Japanese Govt. thru Green Partnership Plan
(GPP) since Jan 2003
80
(Thai Green Design Network: TGDN)
Thai Green Design Network
(ThaiGDN.net)
81
789:
;<=>?78 ;@AB 1 787D 2551
(1st Thailand EcoDesign Award: EcoDesign 2008)
(Thai
Green Design Network: TGDN) ,-./
012
1 3 4425 4 267278 9 0: 6 . (; <
) 9=8
>8?9.3274425
6 . (9.)
7 9.3 27
4425 <
8 7: . 96
< 1 3
9 / 9 3 (TCDC) 9= 8 8<.5 80B2 C7
0
D2.,8EF3
6C7 8G
5H 1 C7=CJ 2551 (1st Thailand EcoDesign
Award: EcoDesign 2008) >/<CR05S8H
43
8D2.,8EF3,-./0 T
>H:E,>5.279H02/<U
E 2V; 8 2 3 0 1 3 / V; 8 2
82
203 <H85H 22 .>. 2551
Thai
Sustainable Society
Sustainable Consumption
(PCD/DEQP/TISI/TEI/etc.)
$0
,"
Sustainable Production
(MTEC/FTI/DIW/TEI/TRF)
Thai Industry
(Green Products + CSR)
ASEAN
eco-LCA Network
FC eco-LCA at MTEC
LCA/ EcoDesign Applications to industries (Eco-efficiency, Eco-label,…)
Regional Activities (disseminate & networking with neighboring countries)
+
Expansion of Thai National LCI Database
Thai National LCI Database
Capability Building at MTEC, Partner Organizations & Industries
2008-2010
2005-2008
2003-2005
83
Project idea submitted for GPP 2008 (by MTEC/ DIW/ TRF/ FTI/ TEI)
Examples of LCA software
LCA software
Country of origin
Company and website
ECO-it
Netherlands
Pré Consultant
www.pre.nl
SimaPro
Netherlands
Pré Consultant
www.pre.nl
EPS
Sweden
Access Ecostrategy Scandinavia AB
www.assess.se
LCA-iT
Sweden
Chalmers Industrieteknik
www.lcait.com
GaBi
Germany
PE Product Engineering GmbH
www.gabi-software.com
Umberto
Germany
Institut für Umweltinformatik Hamburg GmbH
& ifeu, Institue für Energies- und
Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH
www.umberto.de
PEMS
UK
Pira International
www.pira.co.uk
TEAMTM
France
Ecobian SA/PriceWasterhouseCoopers
www.ecobian.com
JEMAI-Pro
Japan
84
Japan Environmental Management
Association for Industry, www.jemai.or.jp
LCA resources:
International LCA discussion forums
•
SETAC, NORDIC, CHAINET, ISO14040
•
Eco-indicator list (subscribe by sending an
email to lyris@lists.net)
Thai LCA, EcoDesign Network
•
MTEC, TEI, DIW,….
•
EEI, THTI, ……
•
AIT, KU, KMUTT, CMU, CU, TU, etc.
•
http://www.thaiLCA.net/
•
http://www.ThaiGDN.net/
85
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Thumrongrut Mungcharoen
CT & Ecodesign Research Unit
Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University
Tel: (662)942-8555 ext.1203,1204
Fax: (662)561-4621
or Focus Center on LCA and eco-Product development
National Metal and Materials Technology Center
National Science and Technology Development Agency
Tel: (662) 564-6500-80 ext. 4586-90 Fax: (662) 564-6500 ext. 4593
E-mail: fengtrm@ku.ac.th
or
thumrong@mtec.or.th
86