PRESENT AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON MUNICIPAL
GROUND WATER RESOURCES
IN NORTH CAROLINA
Donald Huisingh
Division of University Studies
North Carolina State University
and
Janet R. Hatley
Department of Biology
Louisburg College
June 1983
-
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA
PRESENT AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ON MUNICIPAL GROUND WATER RESOURCES
IN
NORTH CAROLINA
BY
Donald Huisingh
and
Janet R. Hatley
Division of University Studies
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, N. C. 27650
and
Department of Biology
Louisburg College
Louisburg, N. C. 27549
Project No. 70019
June 1983
The work upon which this publication is based was supported by funds provided
by the Water Resources Research Institute of The University of North Carolina.
ACKNOGiLEDGrnNTS
W
e w i s h t o e x p r e s s o u r s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e many s t a t e government
o f f i c i a l s from t h e Departments of A g r i c u l t u r e , Human R e s o u r c e s , and N a t u r a l
R e s o u r c e s and Community Development f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l n e s s i n p r o v i d i n g t h e
d a t a upon which t h i s r e p o r t i s b a s e d and f o r a n s w e r i n g o u r numerous q u e s t i o n s .
Thanks t o t h e p e r s o n n e l of LZIS and t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r
t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e maps w i t h i n t h i s r e p o r t .
Thanks t o t h e COG and County E n v i r o n m e n t a l A f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s f o r t h e
h e l p f u l information they provided.
We a r e g r a t e f u l t o t h e Water R e s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e f o r
u n d e r w r i t i n g t h i s p r o j e c t and t o t h e I n s t i t u t e ' s s t a f f f o r i t s g r a c i o u s and
t i r e l e s s cooperation throughout t h i s s t u d y .
Our s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e t o X r . L a r r y h r t i n f o r h i s a b l e a s s i s t a n c e d u r i n g
t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e m a n u s c r i p t and g r a p h i c s .
Our a p p r e c i a t i o n t o Ms. J e a n n e Adams f o r h e r e x c e l l e n t p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e
f i n a l manuscript.
F i n a l l y , o u r most s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o o u r f a m i l i e s f o r t h e i r p a t i e n t
support during t h e project.
+
D ISCLXI3EX STXTE>BNT
C o n t e n t s of t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n d o n o r n e c e s s a r i l y reflect t h e views and
p o l i c i e s of t h e Water R e s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e n o r d o e s m e n t i o n of
t r a d e names o r commercial. p r o d u c t s c o n s t i t u t e t h e i r endorsement o r recom, m e n d a t i o n f o r u s e by t h e I n s t i t u t e o r t h e S t a t e of North C a r o l i n a .
ABSTRACT
PRESENT AND POTENTIAL, IMPACTS OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
ON MUNICIPAL GROUND WATER RESOURCES
IN
NORTH CAROLINA
The locations of approximately 2,000 toxic substances and hazardous waste
problem sites in North Carolina are presented graphically in relation to the
locations of the 260 towns and municipalities dependent upon ground water.
It
i s estimated that approximately 480,000 North Carolina residents utilize
6 4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 gallons of ground water daily through municipal wells.
The ground
water of some of these municipalities is especially vulnerable to
contamination from toxic substances that are or may emanate from the sites
identified.
Recommendations are made for increased monitoring for the
presence of toxic substances in water from municipal and private wells in the
vicinity of the toxic and hazardous waste sites identified.
An integrated and
comprehensive ground water and surface water management strategy that will
help ensure these resources for future generations is urgently needed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
iii
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TAGLES
SumARY AND RECOmNDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
SECTION ONE
~ o r t h C a r o l i n aM u n i c i p a l i t i e s Dependent Upon
Ground Water
SECTION TWO
North C a r o l i n a ' s Top S e v e n t y P r i o r i t y Ground Water
Pollution Sites
SECTION THREE
S p i l l s of Toxic and Hazardous S u b s t a n c e s
Summary of S p i l l s S e c t i o n
SECTION FOUR
Pesticide Related Issues
A.
P e s t i c i d e C o n t a i n e r Dump S i t e S t u d y
B.
P e s t i c i d e D i s p o s a l Cases
C.
A J d i c a r b Ground Water S u r v e y P i l o t P r o j e c t
\
SECTION FIVE
S u r f a c e Impoundments Assessment
A.
A g r i c u l t u r a l S u r f a c e Impoundments
B.
Mining S u r f a c e Impoundments
C.
H u n i c i p a l S u r f a c e Impoundments
D.
I n d u s t r i a l S u r f a c e Impoundments
E.
S u r f a c e Impoundment I n v e n t o r y Summary
SECTION SIX
North C a r o l i n a P e r m i t t e d S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l s
SECTION SEVEN
Abandoned Hazardous Waste S i t e s
SECTION EIGHT
-.
Water Q u a l i t y I s s u e s I d e n t i f i e d by O f f i c i a l s from
t h e C o u n c i l s o f Government and by County
Environmental A f f a i r s O f f i c i a l s
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
North Carolina Municipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
15
North Carolina's Top Seventy Priority
Ground Water ?ollution Sites by NRCD Region
19
Pesticide Container Dump Sites in Relation
to North Carolina Yunicipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
43
Figure 4:
Agricultural Surface Impoundments in Relation
to North Carolina Municipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
Figure 5:
Mining Surface Impoundments in 3elation to
North Carolina ?lunicipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
Figure 6:
Hunicipal Surface Impoundments in Re1 at ion
to North Carolina Hunicipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
55
Industrial Surface Impoundments in Relation
to North Carolina Xunicipalities Dependent
Upon Ground Water
59
North Carolina Perfitted Sanitary Landfills
in Relation to North Carolina Hunicipalities
Dependent Upon Ground Water
65
Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites in Relation to
North Carolina Hunicipalities Dependent Upon
Ground Water
71
Figure 7:
Figure 8:
Figure 9:
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Tab1 e 1:
N o r t h C a r o l i n a X u n i c i p a l i t i e s Dependent
Upon Ground W a t e r , P o p u l a t i o n S e r v e d , and
Q u a n t i t i e s of Water U t i l i z e d i n M i l l i o n s
of G a l l o n s p e r Day (MGD)
Table 2:
D e s c r i p t i o n s of Top S e v e n t y P r i o r i t y
Ground Water P o l l u t i o n S i t e s , Ten from
Each of t h e Seven NRCD Regions
Table 3:
L i s t i n g of 1981 S p i l l s Grouped by
S u b s t a n c e and Amount ( G a l l o n s )
( D a t a from EERS of NRCD)
SLMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
I n North C a r o l i n a t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 7 7 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e i n 260
m u n i c i p a l i t i e s withdrawing 6 4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of ground w a t e r each d a y .
In
t h i s r e p o r t we have i d e n t i f i e d approximately2,OOO s i t e s a s p r e s e n t a n d / o r
p o t e n t i a l s o u r c e s of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n .
The p o t e n t i a l impact of t h e s u b s t a n c e s from t h e s e s i t e s upon t h e h e a l t h
o f i n d i v i d u a l s dependent on m u n i c i p a l w e l l s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e l a r g e r u r a l
p o p u l a t i o n u t i l i z i n g p r i v a t e w e l l s c a n n o t be i g n o r e d .
The p u b l i c may be exposed t o t o x i c m a t e r i a l s t h r o u g h a v a r i e t y of
O f a l l t h e avenues of c o n t a c t , t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of ground w a t e r
pathways.
u s e d a s d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l y may be t h e most i n s i d i o u s .
The long-term h e a l t h
e f f e c t s r e s u l t i n g from s u c h e x p o s u r e s a r e u n c e r t a i n , b u t t h e y may be q u i t e
serious.
For example, i n one c a s e of c o n t a m i n a t e d d r i n k i n g w a t e r ( a s s o c i a t e d
w i t h a h a z a r d o u s w a s t e dump i n Hardeman County, T e n n e s s e e ) , t h e l e v e l s of
c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e exceeded t h e proposed w a t e r q u a l i t y c r i t e r i a by a f a c t o r
of 10,000.
T h i s i s o n l y one of many s u c h c a s e s .
"EPA r e p o r t e d t h a t of 418
u n c o n t r o l l e d h a z a r d c u s w a s t e s i t e s i n t h e n a t i o n t h a t need p r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n ,
347 p o s e d i r e c t t h r e a t s t o d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l i e s and c o u l d c a u s e b i r t h
d e f e c t s , c a n c e r , and o t h e r d i s e a s e s " (OTX, 1 9 8 3 ) .
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p o t e n t i a l impact on human h e a l t h t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of
an a q u i f e r can have s i g n i f i c a n t f i n a n c i a l r a m i f i c a t i o n s .
The s t a t e of H i c h i g a n h a s i d e n t i f i e d 268 c a s e s of c o n f i r m e d ground w a t e r
pollution.
The Department of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s e s t i m a t e s t h a t t h e t e s t s t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t of c o n t a m i n a t i o n w i l l c o s t $12.9-$46.1
l98P).
m i l l i o n (CEQ,
T h i s does n o t i n c l u d e t h e c o s t of a t t e m p t i n g t o c l e a n t h e a q u i f e r o r
r e p l a c e i t w i t h a new s o u r c e of d r i n k i n g w a t e r .
A t l a n t i c C i t y , New J e r s e y i s p r o p o s i n g t o u t i l i z e a new ground w a t e r
s u p p l y a t a c o s t of $ 7 m i l l i o n b e c a u s e i t s e x i s t i n g w e l l s y s t e m i s i n imminent
d a n g e r of c o n t a m i n a t i o n by a t o x i c plume from an abandoned l a n d f i l l .
Rockaway, New J e r s e y i s s p e n d i n g $120,000 a y e a r t o i n t e r c e p t and f i l t e r i t s
c o n t a m i n a t e d ground w a t e r ( J a c k s o n , 1 9 8 2 ) .
xiii
S e c t i o n Two
X o r t h C a r o l i n a ' s t o p 70 p r i o r i t y g r o u n d w a t e r p o i i u c i o n s i t e s a s i d e n t i f i e d e a r l y i n 1 9 8 3 by t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s p e c i a l i s t s i n e a c h of NRCD's s e v e n
r e g i o n a l f i e l d o f f i c e s a r e d e s c r i b e d a n d mapped.
We recommend t h a t t h e s e
70 s i t e s b e g i v e n prompt a t t e n t i o n .
S e c t i o 2 Three
S p i l l s of a w i d e a r r a y o f s u b s t a n c e s h a v e b e e n o c c u r r i n g a n n u a l l y t h r o u g h o u t
North Carolina.
evident.
Yo c l e a r p i c z u r e o f f r e q u e n c y o f s p i l l s i n p a r r L c u l a r a r e a s i s
The p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s o f s p i l l e d ' F t e r L a l s a r e , of c o u r s e , d e p e n d e n t
'
upon f a c t o r s such a s :
,'
hydrogeology of t h e ' k e g i o n , type of s u b s t a n c e ( s ) s p i l l e d ,
volume of m a t e r i a l s p i l l e d , l e n g t h of t i m e b e f o r e clean-up e f f o r t s a r e i n i t i a t e d ,
and s u c c e s s of clean-up
effarts.
Ground w a t e r c o n t a r n i n a ~ i o nf r o m s p i l l s was
h i g h l i g h t e d by XRCD r e g i o n a l s p e c i a l i s t s i n a l m o s t e v e r y r e g i o n .
We recommend
t h a t e d u c a t i o n a l programs on s p i l l p r e v e n t i o n , d e t e c t i o n and clean-up b e d e v e l o p e d
and p r o v i d e d t o p e r s o n n e l of t h e c o u n t y , r e g i o n a l
agencies.
a n d s t a t e emergency r e s p o n s e
Leaks of p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s and i n d u s t r i a l s o l v e n t s from underground
s t o r a g e tanks pose a major t h r e a t t o N . C . ' s
ground water r e s o u r c s s .
The D e p a r t -
n e n c s o f A g r i c u l t u r e a n d NRC3 d e a l w i z h s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s o f u n d e r g r o u n d s t o r a g e
t a n k s , b u t n e i t h e r d e p z r t n e n z h a s a u ~ h o r i t yt o p r o v i d e g u i d e l i n e s f o r u n d e r ground s tor age tanks.
S e c t i o n Four
.A number of pesticide-related
issues are a d d r e s s e d i n S e c r i o n F o u r .
P e s t i c i d e c o n t a i n e r dump s i t e s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n c e n t r a t e d i n f i v e c o u n t i e s .
Those c o u n t i e s , t h e number o f dun? s i t e s a n d :he
number o f p e o p l e s e r v e d b y
m u n i c i p a l w e l l s a r e as f o l l o w s :
'
1.
S c o t l a n d County w i t h 4 1 s i t e s a n d 1 4 , 5 0 0 p e o p l e d e p e n d e n t upon
municipal well water
2.
H a r n e t t County w i t h 3 1 s i t e s a n d 3 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e d e p e n d e n t upon
municipal well water
3.
C a s w e l l County x i t h 29 s i t e s a n d 235 p e o p l e d e p e n d e n t upon
m u n i c i p a l ground w a t e r
4. Columbus County w i t h 23 s i t e s a n d 1 3 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e d e p e n d e n t upon
m u n i c i p a l ground w a t e r
5.
Edgecornbe County w i t h 1 2 s i t e s a n d 2,jjO p e o p l e d e p e n d e n t upon
ground water
Section Seven
While the data on abandoned hazardous waste sites are imprecise and have
many errors in terms of specific locations, generally the large number of
sites in the Piedmont industrial crescent and Coascal Plain warrant careful
scrutiny. The Department of Human Resources is in the process of performing
detailed studies of these sites.
Containment and site clean-up will probably
be necessary at many of these sites.
Section Eight
Many general and specific zecommendations ate made by COG and county
environmental affairs personnel.
We refer the reader to that section and
recommend that those suggestions be given serious attention.
General Recommendations
"High quality ground water
- especially
that used for domestic drinking
water is an imperiled resource in many locations today.
Once contaminated, it
say rernain so for hundreds of years, perhaps longer" (CEQ, 1981).
It is with
this perspective that we make the following recommendations for North Carolina
officials :
-
-
-
-
A closer working relationship should be forged between and among
various state government departments and agencies in order to more
adequately protect and manage our ground water.
A closer working relationship should be developed among the COGs 2nd
between the COGs and state government departments and agencies.
More attention should be directed to the water quality of private
wells. While the prime focus of this project has been upon municipal
wells, we have become increasingly aware of the potential for
contamination of private wells by these toxic/hazardous materials.
There is a need for further research into the nature of ground water
and pollutant movement in the several hydrogeological regions of the
state.
Development and implementation of a ground water classification
system is a high priority item. The management approach that is
developed should also recognize the interrelationships between the
surface and ground waters.
1
'
Improved regulations for the safe storage and disposal of pesticides
and pesticide containers are needed.
INTRODUCTION
Ground water is one of our state's least understood and most valuable
natural resources.
It serves as the source of drinking water for more than
half our state's human population and is utilized extensively for agricultural
and industrial activities. Furthermore, ground water emerges naturally from
the ground and mixes with the surface waters of ponds, lakes, rivers and the
oceans and is therefore an integral component of the entire hydrologic cycle.
The critical importance of ground water was underscored recently in an
international survey of "Ground Water Use and Future Requirements," conducted
by the International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO.
Results of the survey
showed that present designs for a productive future and the present well-being
in Europe and North America "depend to a significant extent on the
availability of sufficient quantities of ground water of adequate quality."
A
clear need for effective ground water management is indicated by the
increasing incidence of contaminants being detected in the aquifers serving
major population areas (Jackson, 1982).
Pye (1982), commenting upon the human health implications of
contamination of ground water, said, "The lack of comprehensive nationwide
surveys of the extent and severity of ground water contamination, and the
paucity of data on the carcinogenicity of ground water contaminants make it
impossible to assess the national risks of drinking polluted water."
While the health risks of drinking contaminated water are not clear and
much more research is needed to ascertain safe exposure limits, instances are
being documented that our activities have caused and are causing ground water
contamination in many places in the nation.
In 1974, 148 wells in Dover, New Jersey, were closed due to contamination
from a landfill containing 6,000 barrels of liquid chemical wastes.
In 1977,
16 private wells in Gray, Maine, were closed.
Trichlorethylene (TCE),
trichlorethane, acetone, xylene, freon, dimethyl sulfite and several alcohols
leaked from an industrial site that handled waste oil from an ocean oil
spill.
In May 1978, wells supplying 80% of the drinking water for Bedford,
Massachusetts, were found to be contaminated with the toxic organic chemicals
dioxane and trichlorethylene.
In January 1980, California closed wells that
supplied 400,000 people due to contamination of trichloroethylene. Hundreds
of w e l l s s u p p l y i n g w a t e r t o m i l l i o n s of p e o p l e t h r o u g h o u t t h e U.
S . have b e e n
c l o s e d b e c a u s e of t o x i c o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w e l l above 1 0
ppb ( C X Q , 1 9 8 1 ) .
C u r r e n t l y , t h e U. S. Congress i s d e b a t i n g amendments t o t h e S a f e D r i n k i n g
Water Act (SDWA) p a s s e d i n 1974.
They a r e d o i n g t h i s amid mounting e v i d e n c e
t h a t many p u b l i c w a t e r s y s t e m s and i n d i v i d u a l w e l l s have been c o n t a m i n a t e d
w i t h i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e s , p e s t i c i d e s and e x o t i c c h e m i c a l s e m a n a t i n g from a wide
v a r i e t y of s o u r c e s .
Nearly 1 , 0 0 0 v o l a t i l e m g a n i c c h e m i c a l s have been
i d e n t i f i e d i n t r e a t e d d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l i e s around t h e n a t i o n , and e v e n low
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of some of t h e s e o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s a r e s u s p e c t e d of c a u s i n g
c a n c e r , b i r t h d e f e c t s and o t h e r s e r i o u s h e a l t h problems.
The E n v i r o n m e n t a l
P r o t e c t i o n Agency's 1982 s t u d y of d r i n k i n g w a t e r t a k e n from ground w a t e r found
o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s i n 2 9 p e r c e n t of t h e community w e l l s sampled.
And f r o m Long
I s l a n d t o t h e San G a b r i e l V a l l e y i n C a l i f o r n i a , hundreds of m u n i c i p a l w e l l s
s e r v i g g m i l l i o n s of consumers h a v e b e e n c l o s e d b e c a u s e of t o x i c c h e m i c a l s
(Hopkins
, 1983).
As s u b s e q u e n t s e c t i o n s of t h i s r e p o r t document, t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y
2 , 0 0 0 s i t e s t h r o u g h o u t North C a r o l i n a t h a t a r e o r may be c o n t a m i n a t i n g o u r
ground w a t e r .
F e d e r a l , s t a t e and l o c a l government u n i t s working w i t h academic
r e s e a r c h e r s must i n c r e a s e t h e a t t e n t i o n t h e y p r o v i d e t o t h e s e problem s i t e s .
While t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of s u r f a c e w a t e r s c r e a t e s many p r o b l e m , and much
n e e d s t o be done t o c l e a n u p s a n d / o r t o p r e v e n t t h e c o n t a m i f l a t i o n of s u r f a c e
w a t e r s , o u r ground w a t e r i s even more v u l n e r a b l e .
I n b o t h r e l a t i v e and a b s o l u t e t e r m s , t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of
d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l i e s by t o x i c o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s i s worse
f o r ground w a t e r s u p p l i e s t h a n f o r s u r f a c e w a t e r s u p p l i e s
(CEQ, 1 9 8 1 ) .
\
Once t h e ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e of a n a r e a i s p o l l u t e d i t may be v i r t u a l l y
i m p o s s i b l e t o c l e a n i t up a g a i n ; o r i f i t i s p o s s i b l e , i t w i l l b e v e r y
e x p e n s i v e and t a k e many y e a r s t o c o m p l e t e t h e d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n .
This
u n d e r s c o r e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e of p r e v e n t i n g t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of ground w a t e r i n
the f i r s t place.
S e c o n d l y , i f s u b s t a n c e s are a l r e a d y c o n t a m i n a t i n g a n a r e a ,
i t i s c r i t i c a l t h a t c o n t a i n m e n t and c l e a n up be implemented a s soon a s t h e
n a t u r e and e x t e n t of t h e problems have b e e n a s c e r t a i n e d .
Contamination of an a r e a ' s water may have many f a r - r e a c h i n g human h e a l t h
and economic impacts upon a community.
EPA has s a i d t h a t of t h e 418 u n c o n t r o l l e d hazardous waste
s i t e s i n t h e n a t i o n t h a t need p r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n , 374 pose
d i r e c t t h r e a t s t o d r i n k i n g water s u p p l i e s and could cause
b i r t h d e f e c t s , c a n c e r , and o t h e r d i s e a s e s (OTA, 1983).
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e human s u f f e r i n g and economic c o s t s due t o t h e s e d i r e c t
human h e a l t h consequences of d r i n k i n g contaminated w a t e r , North C a r o l i n a ' s
eminent p o s i t i o n a s a s t a t e t o which t o u r i s t s f l o c k by t h e m i l l i o n s c o u l d b e
j e o p a r d i z e d by t h e image of having contaminated w a t e r .
An example drawn from New York S t a t e i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s p o i n t .
Niagara
F a l l s , New York, has t r a d i t i o n a l l y a t t r a c t e d l a r g e numbers of t o u r i s t s ,
however, more r e c e n t l y , s i n c e t h e "Love Canal" s i t u a t i o n o c c u r r e d , a more
s i n i s t e r v i s i o n of u n c o n t r o l l e d hazardous w a s t e d i s p o s a l s i t e s e n d a n g e r i n g
p u b l i c h e a l t h i s d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t i n g tourism.
T h i s new r e p u t a t i o n spawned i n l a r g e p a r t by t h e h i g h l y
p u b l i c i z e d Love Canal i n c i d e n t has s i g n i f i c a n t l y overshadowed
t h e more romantic p e r c e p t i o n of t h e F a l l s , much t o t h e
d e t r i m e n t of t h e l o c a l t o u r i s t i n d u s t r y . . .
This image of
dangerous chemical dumps h a s been extended i n t h e p u b l i c mind
t o be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a l l of w e s t e r n New York. T h i s
e x t e n s i o n i s r e f l e c t e d f o r example by SUNY-Buffalo o f f i c i a l s
who found p r o s p e c t i v e J a p a n e s e s t u d e n t s h e s 5 t a n t t o s t u d y i n
B u f f a l o f o r f e a r of b e i n g exposed t o hazardous m a t e r i a l s
(Owen, 1982).
I f North C a r o l i n a i s t o avoid t h e economic consequences of s u c h n e g a t i v e
p r e s s , work must b e done t o c l e a n up p r e s e n t l y e x i s t i n g s i t e s and t o p r e v e n t
c o n t a m i n a t i o n from o t h e r s i t e s .
The q u a l i t y of ground w a t e r , i n l a r g e p a r t ,
depends on t h e q u a l i t y of w a t e r p e r c o l a t i n g through t h e r e c h a r g e zone.
Once
p o l l u t e d , ground w a t e r can remain t a i n t e d f o r hundreds o r thousands of
years.
R e c o g n i t i o n of t h i s f a c t should prompt communities t o i n c o r p o r a t e
ground w a t e r p r o t e c t i o n i n t o land-use p l a n s .
groups i n Long I s l a n d , New York.
This has been done by c i t i z e n
(Greenberg, e t a l . ,
1982).
North C a r o l i n a
s h o u l d do s o d s o .
These examples of documented c o n t a m i n a t i o n of ground water due t o human
a c t i v i t i e s have been o b t a i n e d c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t l y because t h e r e a r e major
d i f f i c u l t i e s i n d e t e c t i n g ground w a t e r c o n t a n i n a n t s s i n c e t h e y o c c u r o u t of
s i g h t , underground.
The p o l l u t i o n s o u r c e s a r e n o t e a s i l y o b s e r v e d , n o r a r e
c h e i r e f f e c t s s e e n u n t i l o f t e n i r r e v e r s i b l e damage h a s been done.
There a r e
no o b v i o u s immediate w a r n i n g s i g n a l s s u c h a s f i s h k i l l s , d i s c o l o r a t i o n o r
s t e n c h t h a t a r e o f t e n e a r l y i n d i c a r o r s of s u r f a c e w a t e r p o l l u t i o n .
Where
c o n t a m i n a t i o n a f f e c t s pumping w e l l s , s u c h i n d i c a t o r s may o c c u r , a l t h o u g h many
commonly found c o n t a m i n a n t s a r e b o t h c o l o r l e s s and o d o r l e s s and o c c u r i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a t may c a u s e l o n g - t e r m c h r o n i c e f f e c t s a f t e r i n g e s t i o n r a t h e r
than acute poisoning.
The t a n g i b l e e f f e c t s of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n
u s u a l l y come t o l i g h t l o n g a f t e r t h e i n c i d e n t c a u s i n g t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n h a s
occurred.
The l o n g t i m e l a g between o c c u r r e n c e s and d e t e c t i o n i s a major
p r o b l e m , a s i r r e v e r s i b l e damage may o c c u r b e f o r e t h e i n c i d e n t i s d i s c o v e r e d
(Pye, 1982).
With t h e s e and many o t h e r p r e s e n t l y unanswered q u e s t i o n s i n mind, we h a v e
performed t h i s s t u d y t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r i n one document i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m
e x i s t i n g d a t a b a s e s i n a number of d e p a r t m e n t s and a g e n c i e s i n s t a t e and l o c a l
governments i n North C a r o l i n a .
We hope t h e c o m p i l a t i o n of t h e s e d a t a w i l l
h e l p t o i d e n t i f y p r e s e n t and p o t e n t i a l s i t e s of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n
N o r t h C a r o l i n a and w i l l h e l p c a t a l y z e t h e performance of d e t a i l e d ground w a t e r
q u a l i t y studies i n c r i t i c a l regions.
F u r t h e r , we s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t t h i s
s t u d y w i l l heap r e g u l a t o r y o f f i c i a l s , l e g i s l a t o r s and t h e p u b l i c t o s e e t h e
i m p o r t a n c e of p r ~ t e c t i n go u r ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e .
I n a s s e m b l i n g t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n and i n p e r f o r m i n g t h i s s t u d y , we h a v e
emphasized g r a p h i c a l l y t h e g e o g r a p h i c r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e l o c a t i o n s of
m u n i c i p a l w a t e r w e l l s and t h e s i t e s t h a t c o n t a i n ' t o x i c o r h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s
t h a t may a l r e a d y have c o n t a m i n a t e d o r may p o t e n t i a l l y c o n t a m i n a t e t h e
m u n i c i p a l ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e s .
I n many of t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,000 t o x i c
s u b s t a n c e and h a z a r d o u s w a s t e s i t e s mapped, d e t a i l e d chemical a n a l y s e s of t h e
ground w a t e r have n o t b e e n p e r f o r m e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t must be done i n t h e
future.
F u r t h e r , t h e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e r i s k from e a c h s i t e must a d d r e s s t h e
n a t u r e of t h e c o n t a m i n a n t s , t h e pathway between t h e c o n t a m i n a n t s o u r c e and
w a t e r s u p p l y , t h e v e l o c i t y and d i r e c t i o n of ground w a t e r movement, and t h e
d i s p e r s i o n of c o n t a m i n a n t s i n the a q u i f e r ( J a c k s o n , 1 9 8 2 ) .
T h i s p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y s h o u l d be u s e f u l as North C a r o l i n a p r o c e e d s i n t h e
development and e n f o r c e m e n t of ground w a t e r s t a n d a r d s .
P r e s e n t l y , t h e ground
w a t e r c a n n o t b e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y p r o t e c t e d i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a by t h e D i v i s i o n of
E n v i r o n m e n t a l Management (DEM) under s t a t e l a w u n t i l t h e grdund w a t e r s have
b e e n c l a s s i f i e d (NRCD,
1980).
ground w a t e r i s a n e c e s s i t y .
" E s t a b l i s h i n g a means t o p r o t e c t t h e s t a t e ' s
Having a ground w a t e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m w i l l
e n a b l e t h e Ground Water Branch of DEM t o t a k e a more a c t i v e r o l e i n v a r i o u s
permitting processes."
( N e l s o n , 1983).
Now t h e s e o f f i c i a l s a r e a b l e t o
r e s p o n d o n l y a f t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n of t h e ground w a t e r h a s o c c u r r e d ; t h e i r
e a r l i e r involvement i n t h e p e r m i t t i n g process could e f f e c t i v e l y prevent o r
minimize f u t u r e i n c i d e n c e s of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n .
It i s e n c o u r a g i n g
t h a t N o r t h C a r o l i n a i s a d d r e s s i n g t h i s need w i t h a p r o p o s a l f o r t h e
development and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a ground w a t e r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m .
W h i l e , t o d a t e , N o r t h C a r o l i n a h a s n o t documented l a r g e - s c a l e
aquifer
c o n t a m i n a t i o n a s h a s o c c u r r e d i n many o t h e r p a r t s of t h e w o r l d , t h e p o t e n t i a l
c e r t a i n l y e x i s t s f o r such contamination.
T h i s r e p o r t documents a number of
l o c a t i o n s w a r r a n t i n g prompt d e t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n s .
Looking t o t h e f u t u r e , w i t h
r i s i n g p o p u l a t i o n and a g g r e s s i v e i n d u s t r i a l r e c r u i t m e n t , t h e demands f o r and
t h e p o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s upon t h e ground w a t e r w i l l c e r t a i n l y i n c r e a s e .
North
C a r o l i n a h a s a n o p p o r t u n i t y and a n o b l i g a t i o n t o manage t h i s v u l n e r a b l e
resource wisely.
SECTION ONE
North Carolina Munici~alities De~endentU ~ o nGround Water
Towns and municipalities in North Carolina derive their water from an
array of sources, including:
a.
surface water from protected watersheds
b.
surface water from unprotected watersheds
c.
ground water
This report addresses the North Carolina municipal populations dependent upon
groundwater ,*
Approximately 260 North Carolina municipalities containing 477,000 people
withdraw 64,000,000 gallons of water from the ground each day (Table 1).
The
geographic distribution of these municipalities is presented in Figure 1.
Ground water is more frequently utilized for municipal purposes in the eastern
and central parts of the state than in the western part; however, with only a
few exceptions, every county contains towns and municipalities dependent on
ground water.
It should be remembered that in addition to the municipal populations
served by ground water, essentially the entire rural population is dependent
upon ground water withdrawn by their private wells.
This fact should be kept
in mind as we address, in the following sections of this report, an array of
sites throughout North Carolina that may be contaminating the ground water
resource.
In some instances the municipal supplies may be threatened by
substances that have already rendered private wells unusable.
Therefore, in
any monitoring efforts that are done, water from private wells can serve as a
ready source of ground water samples for preliminary assessment of the nature
and extent of contaminant migration from the site of a surface impoundment, a
landfill, a spill or a leak from an underground storage facility or from
buried pipes.
Obviously, additional monitoring wells will be needed, but
analyses performed on water from private and municipal wells can be an
important starting point.
*A companion study addressing the North Carolina populations deriving their
water from unprotected surface waters is being performed by Drs. DiGiano and
Turner at UNC Chapel Rill.
7
Table 1
N o r t h C a r o l i na Mun I c i pa l i t I es Dependent Upon ~ r o ; n d Water,
P o p u l a t i o n s Served and Q u a n t i t i e s of Water U t l i l i z e d I n
M l l l l o n s o f Gal I o n s P e r Day (MGD)
Y
COUNN
MUNlClPALlTY
POPULATION
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
GROUND WATER
POPULATION
WITHDRAWAL
(MGD)
ALAMANCE
None
(MGD)
BLADEN
B l adenboro
C1 a r k t o n
ALEXANDER
Beth Iehem
ALLEGHANY
Sparta
*,
.042
1687
.080
588
762
.040
.040
1086
.095
.007
.I30
ANSON
BRUNSW I CK
Bol l v l a
252
Ft. C a s w e i l Seasonal
Long Beach
Lllesville
Pol kton
ASHE
Lans l ng
194
822
Jefferson
AVERY
Banner E l k
Crossnore
E l k Park
New l and
Plneola
1087
297
535
722
-
.I00
.060
.030
.I00
.005
698
207
2430
644
8418
.085
.045
.300
,045
.I75
BEAUFORT
Aurora
Bath
Be 1 haven
ChocowlniYy
Washington
BERT IE
Au i ander
Coleraln
Ke 1 f o r d
RoweIIsviIIe
Rox be l
Wl n d s o r
1214
284
254
320
278
2126
Woodvl l i e
-
.I15
.028
.022
.031
.024
.I30
.055
1844
Ocean I s l e Beach 143
Sha l l o t t e
680
Southport
2824
Sunset Beach
Jef f erson
W.
ElIzabethtown
Wh l t e Lake
1428
664
3551
9 68
BUNCOMBE
Barradsville
B l a c k Min.
Rl d g e c r e s t
Weaverv i l l e
BURKE
Chesterfield
Oak H I I I
CABARRUS
Harrisburg
CALDWELL
Oak H I I I
CALDWELL
Warr Io r
304
.I00
.I00
.ZOO
.lo0
.I00
.080
.200
.500
.I00
.250
.015
4083
-
1495
-
.200
,300
,100
-
,100
.225
1433
.095
-
,225
-
.050
1929
.055
941
3826
1901
36
4359
.350
,300
.215
,045
.638
CAMDEN
South Mi l I s
CARTERET
A t l e n t i c Beach
Beau f o r t
Harkers I s l a n d
I n d i a n Beach
Morehead C i t y
*data n o t a v a i l a b l e
Source: Department o f N a t u r a l Resources and C m u n i t y Development, D i v i s i o n o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l
Management, Ground Water Branch
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
POPULATION
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
GROUND WATER
POPULATION
(%Dl
CARTERET
Newport
( MGD )
CUMBERLAND
Hope M i l I s
Otway
S p r i n g Lake
Pine Knoll
Shores
Salterpath
5412
6273
CURR I TUCK
None
CASWELL
Mi l t o n
DARE
Cape H a t t e r a s C o r p o r a t i o n
-
Avon
Buxton
CATAWBA
Conover
Newton
F r isco
Dare County System
Duck
Moncure
-
K I I 1 Devi I
Hill
CHEROKEE
~exa"a
1796
849
902
Manteo
Nags Head
1020
S o u t h e r n Shores 395
K i t t y Hawk
CHDWAN
Edenton
CLAY
DAV 1 DSON
none
Hayesvi 1 l e
CLEVELAND
B o i l i n g S p r i n g s 2381
Grover
Stubbs
COLUMBUS
Brunsw i c k
Chad bourn
Fair Bluff
Lake Waccamaw
Tabor C i t y
Whltevlile
597
-
.I50
.O6O
.I00
Cherry P o i n t
James C i t y
New Bern
Vanceboro
223
1975
1095
1133
2710
5565
.050
,100
.080
.090
.200
.220
nohe
DUPL l N
Calypso
Chinquapin
Fa i son
Kenansv i I 1 e
Magnol l a
Rose H i l l
Teachey
Wa i l a c e
-
1 .OOO
500
600
17,718
2953
14,557
833
.310
.055
.37O
.lo2
3.130
.070
,p o p u l a t i o n s s e r v e d f r a same ground
water source
DAV i E
Beulaviile
CRAVEN
Cove Cl t y
Dover
Havelock
-
DARE
CHATHAM
WITHDRAWAL
Warsaw
DURHAM
Parkwood
3420
EDGECOMBE
B a t t Ieboro
Conetoe
P ln e t o p s
Speed
323
215
1465
95
Wh l t a k e r s
492
-
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
POPULATION
WOUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
POPULATION
(MGD
FORSYTH
( MGD
HERTFORD
Rural Hal I
Walkertown
1336
-
.090
Ahoskle
.095
486
.010
Cof i e l d
Harrellsville
Murfreesboro
W In t o n
4887
645
15 1
3007
825
HOKE
Lumber B r l dge
Raeford
3630
FRANKL l N
Youngsville
GASTON
None
GATES
Gatesville
GRAHAM
363
-
HYDE
Eng l ehard
.
Swan Q u a r t e r
1098
None
l REDELL
GRANV l LLE
None
GREENE
Hookerton
Snow H i l l
Wa l s t o n b u r g
Cool S p r i n g s
Harmony
410
JACK SON
460
1347
181
Dl I Isboro
Webster
179
280
JOHNSTON
GU l LFORD
Gibsonville
HAL l FAX
Enf l e l d
Hal l t a x
Hobgood
L i tt l e+on
S c o t l a n d Neck
Selma
2995
253
483
820
2834
HARNETT
Ang I er
Coats
Benson
C l ay t o n
Ken l y
2865
1709
1385
JONES
Maysvl I l e
Pollocksville
LEN0 l R
Deep Run
K I ngston
LaGrange
North Lenoir
HAYWCQD
None
HENDERSON
Etowah
Water Assoc.
P i n k Hi I I
L l NCOLN
Denver
MACON
None
2792
4091
1433
4762
877
318
25,234
3147
644
-
-
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
POPULATION
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
COUNTY
MUNlClPALlrY
GROUND WATER
P-OPULAT I ON
W I THDRAwAL
( MGD )
MAD 1 SON
None
ONSLOW
H o l l y Ridge
MART l N
Ham 1 l t o n
Jamesvilie
Oak C i t y
Robersonvi l l e
Williamston
638
604
475
1981
6159
.050
.050
,043
.600
.900
752
.300
MCDOWE LL
Old F o r t
373
.050
Southern Pines
Whispering
P i nes
PAML 1 co
Bay b o r o
El izabeth
City
PERQUIMANS
Hertf ord
NONE
Jackson S p r i n g s
Pinebluff
ORANGE
None
PASQUOTANK
MONTGOMERY
MOORE
Cameron
Sneads F e r r y
O r lental
MECKLENBURG
None
MI TCHELL
Bakersville
Jacksonville
R i c h lands
Swansboro
225
232
935
8620
.050
.I00
,400
-300
1160
.500
PENDER
Burgaw
Pender 1 ea
Surf C i t y
T o p s a i l Beach
PERSON
Longhurst
NASH
Bal ley
Middlesex
Nashvi I l e
S p r i n g Hope
NEW HANOVER
C a r o l i n a Beach
K u r e Beach
685
837
2678
254
a480
2000
61 1
.750
.080
678
883
720
1057
687
309
.I50
.O8O
.080
,100
.067
.070
.020
.095
.I70
\
NORTHAMPTON
Conway
Gaston
Jackson
R i c h Square
Sea b o a r d
Severn
PITT
Ayden
Bethel
B l a c k Jack
Bruce
Farmvi I l e
Founta I n
Greenvl I l e
Grifton
Grimeslend
POLK
None
RANDOLPH
Liberty
Seagrove
.I00
3.000
.zoo
.I90
.050
COUNTY
MUNICIPALIlY
POPULAT 1 ON
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
COUNTY
MUNICIPALITY
(MGD)
RI CHMOND
Cordova
El lerbe
ROBESON
Fa l rmont
Lumber B r i d g e
Maxton
Pembroke
Red Springs
Row land
S t . Pauls
ROCKINGHAM
Stonevllle
1415
2685
171
RUTHERFORD
Bost i c
Carol een
E l lenboro
Lake Lure
.
SCOTLAND
Gi bson
Laur Inburg
.200
.062
.030
.I85
.030
.050
.O6O
.I20
WAKE
Fuquay Var l na
Garner
Rolesvllle
Wendel l
WARREN
L l t t leton
Nor l Ina
WASHINGTON
Creswel I
Plymouth
Westover
1.50
.I50
.200
.200
.200
.I00
1.750
\
STANLY
Oakboro
UN 1 ON
None
.070
-
SAMPSON
CI i n t o n
El i i o t t
Garland
Newton Grove
Roseboro
Sa 1 emburg
TYRELL
Columbia
VANCE
Klttrel I
ROWAN
China Grove
C l eve 1 and
Faith
Rockwel l
Cherokee
TRANSYLVANIA
Rosman
.3 10
1.250
,600
.500
.600
.200
,300
.050
STOKES
Dan bury
Walnut Grove
.050
-090
SURRY
Dobson
.250
GROUND WATER
WITHDRAWAL
( MGD )
SWA l N
.280
.I80
POPULATION
WATAUGA
Foscoe
WAYNE
Best
Emory
Eureka
Fremont
Go I ds boro
Mount O l i v e
Plkesvllle
Sau l s t o n
Seven S p r i n g s
W l LKES
Oakwoods
SECTION TWO
North Carolina's Top Seventy Priority Ground Water Pollution Sites
In early 1983 environmental specialists within each of the seven NRCD
regional field offices were asked to identify the ten most important sites of
confirmed or potential ground water contamination.
The specialists responded
by submitting brief descriptions of their regions' top ten sites ranked in
order of importance.
The decisions involving selection and prioritization of sites were made
solely by the field personnel based on observation and study of the respective
sites.
Since prioritization was an individual process for different people,
the determinization of "importance of sites" could have included various
parameters such as the severity of present confirmed pollution; suspicion of
present unconfirmed pollution; likelihood of potential contamination or need
for immediate attention.
Although this material is not standardized, and the type of information
submitted varies from region to region, it is an important data base since it
originates from the regional offices with individuals having direct day-to-day
knowledge of ground water problems in their regions.
.
-
Descriptions of the top ten priority sites for each of the seven regions
are listed in Table 2.
A careful reading of the descriptions of these 70
sites reveals that substantial ground water contamination has occurred, is
occurring or is suspected of occurring.
of types and sources of contaminants.
necessary and has been implemented.
It is instructive to note the array
In some cases remedial action is
In many other instances, the exact nature
and extent of the contamination are not known, and additional studies are
needed.
i
The geographic locations of each of the 70 priority sites is depicted in
Figure 2.
The municipalities dependent upon ground water are also shown.
Region 5 in the Coastal Plain, in Brunswick and New Hanover counties, has a
clustering of priority sites and a significant number of municipalities
reliant upon ground water.
Based upon the hydrology of the region, the
evidence of ground water contamination and the extent and nature of
c o n t a m i n a t i o n a l r e a d y r e l e a s e d , i t seems t o us t h a t t h i s r e g i o n ' s d r i n k i n g
w a t e r s h o u l d be a n a l y z e d on a r e g u l a r b a s i s .
Analyses should i n c l u d e t o x i c
o r g a n i c s s u c h a s p e s t i c i d e s , s o l v e n t s and i n o r g a n i c s u b s t a n c e s .
Additionally,
t h e d r i n k i n g w a t e r from m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and from p r i v a t e w e l l s i n c l o s e
p r o x i m i t y t o o t h e r p r i o r i t y s i t e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e s h o u l d be a n a l y z e d on a
periodic basis,
These 70 p r i o r i t y s i t e s c e r t a i n l y a r e among t h e o n e s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a
t h a t d e s e r v e a t t e n t i o n b e f o r e more e x t e n s i v e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of o u r v a l u a b l e
ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e o c c u r s .
Table 2.
D e s c r i p t i o n of N o r t h C a r o l i n a ' s Top S e v e n t y
P r i o r i t y Ground Water P o l l u t i o n S i t e s Ten From Each of t h e Seven NRCD Regions
Reeion I :
1.
Asheville
Site Identification:
C h e m t r o n i c s , 1nc.--Buncombe
County
Chemtronics i s l o c a t e d i n Swannanoa. The company m a n u f a c t u r e s o r h a s
manufactured p y r o t e c h n i c s , e x p l o s i v e s , rocket f u e l , t e a r g a s , e t c . There a r e
s e v e n abandoned w a s t e a c i d s and o r g a n i c s p i t s on t h e p r o p e r t y a s w e l l as a
p r e t r e a t m e n t f a c i l i t y . They a r e b e i n g m o n i t o r e d by e i g h t m o n i t o r w e l l s .
Ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d w i t h o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s and h e a v y
metals being detected.
2,
Site Identification:
B e n f i e l d Chemical Co.--Haywood
County
B e n f i e l d Chemical Co. i s l o c a t e d i n Hazelwood. The company s p e c i a l i z e d i n
p r o c e s s i n g s o l v e n t s and p a i n t s .
S o i l s a m p l e s on t h e p r o p e r t y i n d i c a t e d h e a v y
c o n t a m i n a t i o n by o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s . The b u i l d i n g h a s s i n c e burned b u t
chemicals remain i n t h e s o i l .
3.
Site Identification:
O l i n Corporation--Transylvania
County
O l i n C o r p o r a t i o n i s l o c a t e d i n P i s g a h F o r e s t . The company makes f i n e p a p e r
and c e l l o p h a n e , The a r e a of c o n c e r n i s a 78 a c r e , u n l i n e d , a e r a t e d
s t a b i l i z a t i o n basin.
No m o n i t o r w e l l s a r e a t t h e f a c i l i t y .
4.
Site Identification:
Champion I n t e r n a t i o n a l Corp.--Haywood
County
Champion I n t e r n a t i o n a l Corp. i s l o c a t e d i n Canton. It h a s t h r e e i n d u s t r i a l
s l u d g e d i s p o s a l l a n d f i l l s . Ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d by
moni t o r we1 l s
.
5.
Site Identification:
Buncombe County S a n i t a r y Landfill--Buncombe
County
Buncombe County S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l i s l o c a t e d o f f NC 191 n e a r Woodfin.
L e a c h a t e s a m p l i n g v e r i f i e s ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n .
6.
Site Identification:
F i b e r I n d u s t r i e s , 1nc.--Cleveland
County
F i b e r I n d u s t r i e s i s l o c a t e d o f f NC 198 n e a r E a r l . The w a s t e g e n e r a t e d i s from
t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of p o l y e s t e r and blow down w a t e r from t h e b o i l e r c l e a n i n g
p r o c e s s , which c o n t a i n s chromium. The a r e a of c o n c e r n i s t h e l a n d a p p l i c a t i o n
o f s l u d g e on 21 a c r e s and t h e u n l i n e d t r e a t m e n t b a s i n s . Monitor w e l l s a r e
l o c a t e d on t h e s i t e , b u t i n s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e t o v e r i f y a n y
possible pollution.
7.
Site Identification:
Old F o r t F i n i s h i n g C o , , 1nc.--McDowell
County
Old F o r t F i n i s h i n g i s l o c a t e d o f f 1-40 a t Old F o r t . The a r e a of c o n c e r n i s a
2.5 m i l l i o n g a l l o n e q u a l i z a t i o n b a s i n and a 200 X 450 f o o t a e r a t i o n b a s i n .
Both a r e u n l i n e d .
* I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h i s t a b l e was e x t r a c t e d d i r e c t l y from NRCD Regional o f f i c e
reports.
21
8.
Site Identification: Cranston Print Works, 1nc.--Henderson County
Cranston print works is located off U.S. 25 in Fletcher. Abandoned waste
disposal wells on the property were used to dispose of a waste containing a
high chromium content. Some pollution has been verified by monitor wells.
9.
Site Identification: General Electric, 1nc.--Henderson County
General Electric is located in Flat Rock. Waste generated is from a metalfinishing process. Industrial sludge is applied on the property and there are
unlined treatment lagoons on the property. There are monitor wells on the
site.
10. Site Identification: American Enka--Buncombe County
American Enka is located off U.S. 19-23 at Enka. Waste is generated from the
manufacture of synthetic fibers. The area of concern is an unlined
equalization basin and lagoon.
Renion 2 : Wins ton-Salem
1.
Site Identification:
Sprague Electric Co.--Ashe
County
Sprague Electric Company is located off NC 194 near Lansing. Lagoons receive
electroplating waste water containing aluminum, copper, nickel. There is no
confirmation of contamination, just highly suspect.
2.
Site Identification: Dupont Chemical Company--Davidson County
Dupont is located off NC 8 at Healing Springs. Industrial chemicals are
manufactured. Spills and accidents are the main concern. Spray irrigation of
boiler and cooling tower blow down also pose serious problems.
3.
Site Identification: Thaden Metals Company--Guilford County
Thaden Metals is located off US 29A-70A i'n Jarnestown in Guilford County. The
area of concern is a metal-plating waste lagoon, with contamination of ground
water found in monitor well. Lagoon drained and filled.
4. Site Identification: Worth Chemical Corp.--Guilford County
Worth Chemical is located off Segal Blvd. in Greensboro in Guilford County.
Lagoon of chemical container wash-down earthen construction, no liner. No
confirmation of ground water contamination.
5.
Site Identification: Old High Point Landfill--Guilford County
Old High Point Landfill is located beside SR 1158 near High Point in Guilford
County. Abandoned landfill that was dry almost to or below bedrock. No known
contamination verified.
.
6.
Site Identification:
Watts R e t r e a t Farm--Wilkes
County
Watts R e t r e a t Farm l o c a t e d o f f SR 1300 n e a r P u r l e a r c o n t a i n s -a low l e v e l
r a d i o a c t i v e w a s t e b u r i a l s i t e . No ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n was d e t e c t e d a s
of 2 / 1 / 8 2 .
7.
Site Identification:
A b i t i b i Corp.--Wilkes
County
A b i t i b i Corp. i s l o c a t e d o f f NC 268 n e a r R o a r i n g R i v e r . Lagoons and s l u d g e
s p r e a d i n g . Wood p r o c e s s i n g and a d h e s i v e w a s t e s . No c o n t a m i n a t i o n d e t e c t e d .
8. S i t e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
County
W i l l i a m S m i t h ' s Bog P a r l o r Waste Lagoon--Randolph
W i l l i a m S m i t h ' s Hog P a r l o r Waste Lagoon i s l o c a t e d o f f SR 2459 n e a r L i b e r t y .
Animal w a s t e l a g o o n dug c l o s e t o b e d r o c k i n v o l c a n i c r o c k . S u s p e c t t h i n c l a y
c o v e r a t b o t t o m of l a g o o n . P o t e n t i a l t o l e a k i n t o ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e s .
9. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
County
B i l l ' s Truck S t o p (Sunoco G a s o l i n e S p i l l ) - - D a v i d s o n
B i l l ' s Truck S t o p i s l o c a t e d b e s i d e 1-85 n e a r Linwood. Loss of 140,000 t o
150,000 g a l l o n s of g a s o l i n e o c c u r r e d i n 1976-1977.
Recovery was i n i t i a t e d
under Narkunas' d i r e c t i o n .
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
iU1 s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n
A l l s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e w i t h underground m e t a l t a n k s .
D i s c o v e r y of l e a k a g e from f u e l s t o r a g e t a n k s i n t o ground w a t e r r e s o u r c e s i s
i n c r e a s i n g . There i s p o t e n t i a l f o r a s e v e r e s i t u a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n .
Region 3:
1.
Raleigh
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , C i t y of Durham on SR 1637
T h i s l a n d f i l l may be i n t h e ground w a t e r , and l e a c h a t e from t h i s l a n d f i l l
e i t h e r i s o r w i l l e v e n t u a l l y e n t e r E l l e r b e Creek. I have c a l c u l a t e d t h e s i t e
t o b e a h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e s i t e and have no i n f o r m a t i o n t o i n d i c a t e t h a t
p o l l u t a n t s are not i n t h e ground water and the s t r e a m .
Site Identification:
2.
L a n d f i l l , C i t y of Durham on SR 1669
T h i s l a n d f i l l i s of c o n c e r n f o r t h e same r e a s o n s l i s t e d i n "1" above b u t i s
a b o u t 1 , 0 0 0 f e e t from E l l e r b e Creek i n s t e a d of r i g h t on t h e c r e e k .
i
3.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , C i t y of Durham on SR 1671
T h i s l a n d f i l l i s of c o n c e r n f o r t h e same r e a s o n s a s "1" above b u t i s a b o u t
2,000 f e e t from E l l e r b e Creek. A w a s t e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t on E l l e r b e Creek l i e s
between s i t e " 2 " and t h i s s i t e .
4.
Site Identification:
Chemical S p i l l , IBM i n Durham County
T h i s s p i l l p r o b a b l y c o v e r s one s q u a r e m i l e t o a d e p t h of 300 f e e t and i s a
c o n c e r n b e c a u s e n e a r l y a y e a r went by b e f o r e we were n o t i f i e d w h i l e s e v e r a l
hundred w e l l s were c o n s t r u c t d t o m o n i t o r f o r t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s i n t h e ground
w a t e r . At p r e s e n t I do n o t know t h e l e v e l s of f r e o n i n t h e ground w a t e r of
t h e a r e a and n e i t h e r do p e o p l e u s i n g t h e w a t e r .
5,
Site Identification:
G a s o l i n e T e r m i n a l Exxon i n J o h n s t o n County
T h i s i s of c o n c e r n b e c a u s e we know t h a t s p i l l s have o c c u r r e d and e n t e r e d t h e
e n v i r o n m e n t and t h e w a t e r s of t h e s t a t e b u t we do n o t know how ~ u c hmay be i n
t h e ground w a t e r t h a t may show up i n w e l l s i n t h e f u t u r e .
6.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , Lee County on 4 2 1 N
T h i s i s of p r i m a r y c o n c e r n f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . P r i m a r i l y t h e s i t e i s h i g h l y
s u s c e p t i b l e t o p o l l u t a n t s e n t e r i n g t h e ground w a t e r and s e c o n d l y t h e o p e r a t i o n
of t h e dump a t t h i s s i t e i n t h e p a s t h a s n o t b e e n v e r y w e l l h a n d l e d .
7.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , Rocky Mount o f f 1544
T h i s i s of c o n c e r n b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a f a i r l y good c h a n c e t h a t p o l l u t a n t s a r e
i n d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e ground w a t e r and w i l l e v e n t u a l l y show up b o t h i n
w e l l s and t h e Tar R i v e r .
8.
.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , Orange County a t Eubanks
T h i s i s of c o n c e r n b e c a u s e b o t h sewage s l u d g e and r e f u s e have b e e n p u t i n
d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h f r a c t u r e d w e a t h e r e d r o c k , a l l o w i n g no f i l t r a t i o n b e f o r e
leachat? reaches the water t a b l e .
9. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
Wake Co .)
L a n d f i l l , Rolands L a n d f i l l ( a t Gresham's Lake i n
T h i s i s of prime c o n c e r n b e c a u s e more t h a n j u s t s o l i d s s u c h a s stumps a r e .
i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e ground w a t e r of t h e s i t e . Empty drums w i t h r e s i d u e of', no
one knows w h a t , a r e a l s o p u t i n t h i s l a n d f i l l .
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
L a n d f i l l , Northampton County
This i s of c o n c e r n b e c a u s e t h e r e f u s e i s p r o b a b l y i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e ground
w a t e r and w i l l e v e n t u a l l y p o l l u t e t h e w a t e r a r o u n d t h e s i t e ,
Reiion 4 :
1.
Washington
Site Identification:
C. F. I n d u s t r i e s P l a n t S i t e , T u n i s , H e r t f o r d County
The CFI p l a n t s i t e i s l o c a t e d o n t h e b l u f f a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e f l o o d of t h e
As a
Chowan R i v e r . The p l a n t , now d i s m a n t l e d , p r o d u c e d n i t r o g e n f e r t i l i z e r s .
p a r t of t h e p r o c e s s , w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g n i t r o g e n compounds was s t o r e d i n t h r e e
u n l i n e d h o l d i n g ponds; l e a k a g e from t h e s e ponds i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h r e j e c t
p r o d u c t which was b u r i e d on s i t e and dumped from t h e b l u f f i n t o f l o o d p l a i n
swamp of t h e Chowan c o n t a m i n a t e d t h e u n c o n f i n e d a q u i f e r .
2.
Site Identification:
Craven County
L a n d f i l l , Cherry P o i n t Marine Corps Air S t a t i o n ,
S i n c e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e a i r s t a t i o n d u r i n g WW 11, w a s t e p r o d u c t s ,
r e s u l t i n g from t h e o p e r a t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e and r e f u r b i s h i n g of m i l i t a r y
a i r c r a f t , have b e e n l a n d f i l l e d i n a s i t e a d j a c e n t t o Slocum Creek. While no
q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a a r e y e t a v a i l a b l e , a s t u d y by t h e Marine C o r p s , t h e USGS and
t h e DEM i s underway t o d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r e and e x t e n t of t h e p o l l u t i o n .
Q u a l i t a t i v e l y i t i s assumed t h a t o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s , p a i n t w a s t e s , metalt r e a t i n g w a s t e s , f o u n d r y w a s t e s and p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s have b e e n d i s p o s e d of
i n the site.
3.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , VOA S i t e , B e l l A r t h u r , P i t t County
A s t h e r e s u l t of a f i r e i n J u n e of 1971, which d e s t r o y e d a warehouse owned by
t h e R o y s t e r Company a t F a r m v i l l e , 100,000 g a l l o n s of w a t e r used i n f i g h t i n g
t h e f i r e , d e b r i s from t h e warehouse and i t s c o n t e n t s , and t h e upper s i x i n c h e s
of s o i l from t h e a r e a a r o u n d t h e warehouse were l a n d f i l l e d on s i t e a t t h e
V o i c e of America f a c i l i t y n e a r B e l l A r t h u r . The w a t e r was t r e a t e d t o d e s t r o y
t h e organophosphate p e s t i c i d e s i t c o n t a i n e d , but t h e c h l o r i n a t e d hydrocarbon
p e s t i c i d e s r e m a i n e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e w a t e r and d e b r i s d i s p o s e d of i n t h e
l a n d f i l l c e l l s c o n t a i n an u n d e t e r m i n e d amount of c o n t a m i n a t i o n . Monitor w e l l s
a r o u n d t h e p e r i m e t e r of t h e c e l l s a r e sampled on an a n n u a l b a s i s , and t o d a t e ,
no c h l o r i n a t e d h y d r o c a r b o n p e s t i c i d e s have been d e t e c t e d .
4.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , A l l e n Road S i t e , G r e e n v i l l e , P i t t County
As a r e s u l t of a f i r e which d e s t r o y e d a warehouse a t t h e C o a s t a l Chemical
Company n e a r G r e e n v i l l e i n F e b r u a r y 1979, b u i l d i n g d e b r i s , c h e m i c a l
c o n t a i n e r s , fire-damaged p e s t i c i d e s and p e s t i c i d e - c o n t a m i n a t e d f e r t i l i z e r were
l a n d f i l l e d i n a c e l l a t P i t t C o u n t y ' s A l l e n Road S o l i d Waste L a n d f i l l .
C a u s t i c s o d a and l i m e were l a y e r e d w i t h i n t h e c e l l and w i t h i n t h e l o a d s of
d e b r i s transported t o t h e s i t e i n order t o destroy the p e s t i c i d e s . Monitoring
of s u r f a c e and ground w a t e r c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e l a n d f i l l i s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d by
t h e s o l i d and h a z a r d o u s w a s t e b r a n c h of DHR and E a s t C a r o l i n a U n i v e r s i t y .
5.
Site Identification:
bee c r e e k Mine, A u r o r a , B e a u f o r t County
Texas Gulf ( T G ) I n c o r p o r a t e d ' s Lee Creek Mine, l o c a t e d on t h e s o u t h s h o r e of
t h e Pamlico R i v e r n e a r A u r o r a , h a s e x p e r i e n c e d a number of o i l and a c i d s p i l l s
s i n c e , b e g i n n i n g o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e mid 60s. TG h a s s t o r e d m i l l i o n s of t o n s of
a c i d c o n t a m i n a t e d gypsum, a b y p r o d u c t of n i t r i c a c i d p r o d u c t i o n , o n - s i t e and
s i t e between South and Bonds C r e e k s ,
h a s l o c a t e d , on a two-square-mile
"slimes" ponds c o n t a i n i n g amino a c i d - c o n t a m i n a t e d c l a y s from t h e i r o r e b e n e f i c a t i o n p l a n t . While t h e r e i s some ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n , t h e
g r e a t e s t t h r e a t i s t o s u r f a c e w a t e r s of t h e Pamlico R i v e r and i t s t r i b u t a r i e s .
6.
Site Identification:
Encee Chemical Company, B r i d g e t o n , Craven County
L o c a t e d on US-17 a t i t s j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e N o r f o l k and S o u t h e r n R a i l r o a d i n
B r i d g e t o n , Encee Chemical Company i s a r e p a c k a g i n g f a c i l i t y . They buy
i n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l s i n t a n k e r and c a r l o a d l o t s and r e p a c k a g e them f o r s a l e .
A l a r g e number of damaged drums c o n t a i n i n g 2,4-D were s t o r e d on t h e s i t e a t
one t i m e .
S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e h e r b i c i d e was t r a n s f e r r e d t o s e c u r e drums and t h e
empty drums and c o n t a m i n a t e d s o i l from t h e s i t e were removed t o an a p p r o v e d
h a z a r d o u s w a s t e l a n d f i l l . The s u b s u r f a c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n a t t h e s i t e was
l i m i t e d t o t h e s o i l p r o f i l e , and ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n , ' w h i l e s u s p e c t e d ,
has n o t been confirmed.
7.
Site Identification:
NC S a l v a g e Company, G o l d s b o r o , Wayne County
The NC S a l v a g e Company was f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 y e a r s a b a t t e r y s a l v a g e
f a c i l i t y and c o n t i n u e s t o s a l v a g e o t h e r m e t a l s - c o n t a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s .
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f i r o n , aluminum, z i n c , c o p p e r and o t h e r metals g r e a t l y e x c e e d
b a s e l i n e ground w a t e r q u a l i t y f o r t h e a r e a . Wells a d j a c e n t t o t h e f a c i l i t y
c o m p l e t e d i n t h e u n c o n f i n e d and s e m i c o n f i n e d a q u i f e r s t o a d e p t h of 65 f e e t
have b e e n i m p a c t e d . L i t i g a t i o n by one of t h e w e l l owners h a s b e e n
i n i t i a t e d . The homes a r e on c i t y w a t e r s u p p l y s o t h e wells a r e o n l y u s e d f o r
non-po t a b l e p u r p o s e s .
8.
Site Identification:
L a n d f i l l , T r a n t e r s Creek S i t e , B e a u f o r t County
L o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o T r a n t e r s C r e e k , c l a s s i f i e d A-2, j u s t west of SR 1427, t h i s
s o l i d w a s t e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t y o p e r a t e d from J a n u a r y of 1974 u n t i l t h e s p r i n g
of 1978. C o n s t r u c t e d i n a n abandoned borrow p i t and a d j a c e n t t o a n a c t i v e
borrow p i t , t h e l a n d f i l l has experienced l e a c h a t e m i g r a t i o n i n t o T r a n t e r s
C r e e k , w a t e r s u p p l y f o r t h e C i t y of Washington, and i n t o t h e n e i g h b o r i n g
borrow p i t s i n c e t h e f i r s t y e a r a f t e r i t s o p e n i n g . A d i s c h a r g e of l e a c h a t e c o n t a m i n a t e d waters from t h e a d j a c e n t borrow p i t i n t o Maple Run, and
s u b s e q u e n t l y i n t o T r a n t e r s C r e e k , c a u s e d a f i s h k i l l a l o n g some s i x m i l e s of
b o t h s t r e a m s . A c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e c o u n t y i s i n p r o g r e s s and m o n i t o r i n g of t h e
s i t e continues.
9.
Site Identification:
County
Washington WWTP S l u d g e P i t s , Washington, B e a u f o r t
Due t o a n e x c e s s i v e g e n e r a t i o n of s l u d g e and l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y i n t h e d r y i n g
b e d s , t h e c i t y ' s WWTP c o n s t r u c t e d 4 p i t s t o h a n d l e t h e e x c e s s s l u d g e , The
s l u d g e p i t s , l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o Kennedy Creek n e a r i t s c o n f l u e n c e w i t h t h e
P a m l i c o R i v e r , w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d a t o p a n o l d s o l i d w a s t e dump and p e n e t r a t e
below t h e water t a b l e . The c i t y h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n g r a n t e d a p e r m i t f o r t h e
l a n d d i s p o s a l of t h e s l u d g e ; t h e p e r m i t c o n t a i n s a p r o v i s i m t h a t t h e p i t s are
t o be pumped o u t and c l e a n e d up b e f o r e 1 J a n u a r y 1984.
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
C o a s t a l Chemical F i r e S i t e , G r e e n v i l l e , P i t t County
A f i r e a t t h e C o a s t a l Chemical Company i n F e b r u a r y of 1979 d e s t r o y e d a
w a r e h o u s e c o n t a i n i n g t o x i c a g r i c u l t u r d c h e m i c a l s . The d e b r i s and f i r e damaged c h e m i c a l s were l a n d f i l l e d a t P i t t C o u n t y ' s A l l e n Road L a n d f i l l .
Water
u s e d i n f i g h t i n g t h e f i r e was c o n t a i n e d i n d i t c h e s on t h e s i t e , t r e a t e d t o
d e s t r o y t h e c h e m i c a l s and r e l e a s e d i n t o S w i f t Creek Basin.
The f i r e s i t e and
l a n d s a d j a c e n t were s u b j e c t e d t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t o x i c p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r
f r o m t h e smoke column from t h e f i r e . These f a c t o r s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e p o t e n t i a l
f o r t o x i c substances e n t e r i n g t h e unconfined a q u i f e r .
Region 5:
1.
Wilmington
Site Identification:
Diamond Shamrock Company, New Hanover County
E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1971 n e a r C a s t l e Hayne, New Hanover C o u n t y , t h e company
p r o c e s s e s c h r o m i t e o r e i n t o s o l u t i o n s of chromic a c i d , sodium b i c h r o m a t e and
sodium c h r o m a t e . I n 1975, t h e company d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e s e p r o d u c t s had
l e a k e d from u n d e r g r o u n d sumps i n t o t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r . L a t e r , i n
1978, h e x a v a l e n t chromium c o n t a m i n a t i o n was found i n two n e a r b y p r o d u c t i o n
w e l l s , and s u b s e q u e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s proved t h a t t h e c o n t a m i n a n t plume
( h e x a v a l e n t chromium) had moved from t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r ( t h r o u g h
unabandoned 100 f o o t b o r e h o l e s d r i l l e d f o r f o u n d a t i o n s t u d i e s ? ) i n t o t h e
limestone aquifer
.
S i n c e 1975, t h e company h a s removed 379,000 g a l l o n s of t h e s p i l l e d p r o d u c t ( a s
100% sodium b i c h r o m a t e ) from t h e two a q u i f e r s . A s a r e s u l t of t h i s a q u i f e r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e f f o r t , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of h e x a v a l e n t chromium h a s d e c l i n e d
f r o m 52,000 mg/l t o 6000 mg/l i n t h e w o r s t - c a s e w e l l .
2.
Site Identification:
Flemington L a n d f i l l , New Hanover County
Located n e a r Wilmington, New Hanover County, t h i s 71-acre " m u n i c i p a l " l a n d f i l l
was a r e s p o s i t o r y f o r t h e c o u n t y ' s s o l i d w a s t e from 1973 t o 1979. T h i s
l a n d f i l l , o p e r a t e d a s a n u n s e c u r e d l a n d f i l l , was s i t e d c l o s e t o and up
g r a d i e n t from a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a and was c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r a s u r f i c i a l s a n d
a q u i f e r known f o r i t s h i g h v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l p e r m e a b i l i t y .
I n 1978, r e s i d e n t s c l o s e s t t o t h e l a n d f i l l complained t h a t t h e i r w e l l s had
b e e n p o l l u t e d by l e a c h a t e from t h e l a n d f i l l . S u b s e q u e n t s t u d i e s performed by
NRCD c o n f i r m e d t h a t l e a c h a t e , i n f a c t , was p r e s e n t i n f o u r r e s i d e n t i a l
w e l l s . I n 1979, s t u d i e s performed by t h e EPA showed t h a t t h i s c o n t a m i n a n t
plume was p r e s e n t i n s e v e n r e s i d e n t i a l w e l l s and t h a t t h e plume c o n t a i n e d
o r g a n i c and m e t a l c o n s t i t u e n t s b e l i e v e d t o be h a z a r d o u s t o human h e a l t h . I n
e a r l y 1 9 8 0 , t h e EPA d e c l a r e d t h e F l e m i n g t o n L a n d f i l l a h a z a r d o u s w a s t e s i t e ,
Although t h e i m p a c t e d r e s i d e n t s now s e c u r e w a t e r from a n u n p o l l u t e d s o u r c e and
t h e l e g a l q u e s t i o n s a p p e a r r e s o l v e d ( ? ) , t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n problem s t i l l
e x i s t s , b u t c o s t - e f f e c t i v e r e m e d i e s do n o t .
3.
Site Identification:
Georgetown, Onslow County
T h i s s i t e - i s l o c a t e d n e a r J a c k s o n v i l l e i n Onslow County.
I n 1 9 7 8 , NRCD
performed s t u d i e s t o i d e n t i f y t h e n a t u r e and l o c a t i o n of a p o l l u t a n t s o u r c e
t h a t s i n c e 1 9 6 1 h a s i m p a c t e d f i v e r e s i d e n t i a l wells i n Georgetown.
The s t u d y
showed t h a t a l l f i v e w e l l s w i t h d r e w w a t e r from t h e s u r f i c i a l sand a q u i f e r ,
t h a t e a c h was l o c a t e d down-gradient from an abandoned g a s o l i n e f i l l i n g s t a t i o n
and t h a t t h e 23 o r g a n i c compounds i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e w o r s t - c a s e w e l l were
w e a t h e r e d b y p r o d u c t s of g a s o l i n e ,
The s u t f i c i a l sand a q u i f e r r e m a i n s p o l l u t e d . The r e s i d e n c e s i n t h e Georgetown
community w e r e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c o u n t y w a t e r s y s t e m i n J a n u a r y 1981.
4.
Site Identification:
H e r c o f i n a , New Brunswick County
E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1968 n e a r Wilmington, New Hanover County, H e r c o f i n a p r o d u c e s
o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s used i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r e of p o l y e s t e r f i b e r s . From May 1968
t o December 1972, t h e company i n j e c t e d i t s w a s t e w a t e r e f f l u e n t i n t o f o u r
wells.
During t h i s p e r i o d , 377,341,000 g a l l o n s of w a s t e w a t e r (5-10% d i s s o l v e d
o r g a n i c a c i d s ) w e r e i n j e t e d . The company c o u l d n o t i n j e c t t h e w a s t e w a t e r
w i t h o u t exceeding t h e i n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e s p e c i f i e d i n i t s permit.
NRCD would
n o t renew t h e company's p e r m i t .
NRCD s t i l l m o n i t o r s t h e abandoned i n j e c t i o n
s y s t e m . The upward movement of c o n t a m i n a t e d w a t e r i s a f u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t y .
5.
Site Identification:
Sunmark, Brunswick County
Sunmark (now Koch) i s l o c a t e d n e a r Wilmington. The company a b u l k s t o r a g e
f a c i l i t y t h a t r e c e i v e s , s t o r e s , and d i s p e n s e s o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s and p e t r o l e u m
products.
I n F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 1 , t h e C i t y of Wilmington d i s c o v e r e d t h e p r e s e n c e of
p a r a - x y l e n e i n i t s S o u t h s i d e sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t ( i t had k i l l e d t h e
m i c r o b e s i n t h e f i l t e r s y s t e m ) . DNRCD i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e m a t t e r . Sunmark
(Koch) c o u l d n o t a c c o u n t f o r a l o s s of 270,000 g a l l o n s of p a r a - x y l e n e .
S u b s u r f a c e s t u d i e s showed t h a t t h i s p a r a - x y l e n e had l e a k e d o n t o t h e s u r f i c i a l
s a n d a q u i f e r . To d a t e , 239,000 g a l l o n s of t h e s p i l l e d p a r a - x y l e n e h a s b e e n
r e c o v e r e d from t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r
.
6.
Site Identification:
Seaboard System Company, New Hanover County
The company i s l o c a t e d i n Wilmington. The company o p e r a t e s a b u l k s t o r a g e
f a c i l i t y t h a t r e c e i v e s , s t o r e s , and d i s p e n s e s d i e s e l f u e l , I n J a n u a r y 1 9 8 2 ,
one of t h e two s t o r a g e t a n k s r u p t u r e d and 2 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of d i e s e l f u e l
s p i l l e d i n t o t h e c o n t a i n m e n t a r e a . The s u r f a c e s p i l l was c l e a n e d u p , b u t
d i e s e l f u e l c o n t i n u e d t o s e e p i n t o t h e c i t i e s s t o r m sewer and s a n i t a r y sewer
S u b s u r f a c e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s performed by t h e company showed t h a t up t o
lines.
500,000 g a l l o n s of d i e s e l f u e l had l e a k e d o u t . To d a t e , 90,000 g a l l o n s of t h e
s p i l l e d p r o d u c t have b e e n r e c o v e r e d from t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r .
7.
Site Identification:
C a r o l i n a Power and L i g h t , New Hanover County
L o c a t e d n e a r Wilmington, New Hanover County. Apex Company ( f o r CP&L) o p e r a t e s
a b u l k s t o r a g e f a c i l i t y t h a t r e c e i v e s ; s t o r e s and d i s p e n s e s #2 f u e l o i l .
Unable t o a c c o u n t f o r an i n v e n t o r y l o s s of 2 6 0 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of f u e l o i l from
t a n k #9, CP&L i n September 1979 c o n d u c t e d s u b s u r f a c e s t u d i e s t h a t c o n f i r m e d
t h e p r e s e n c e of f u e l o i l on t o p of t h e s u r f i c i a l a q u i f e r . The company
implemented r e c o v e r y o p e r a t i o n s . From September 1979 t o A p r i l 1980, t h e y
r e c o v e r e d 195,000 g a l l o n s .
8. ' s i t e
Identification:
Sunny P o i n t Motsu, Brunswick County
T h i s s i t e i s l o c a t e d on t h e Cape F e a r R i v e r n e a r S o u t h p o r t i n Brunswick
County. At t h i s s i t e t h e U. S. Army r e c e i v e s , s t o r e s and d i s p e n s e s
ammunitions. The c h a n n e l and t u r n i n g b a s i n s a r e d r e d g e d on a f r e q u e n t
basis.
S i n c e 1955, t h e s p o i l m a t e r i a l from t h i s d r e d g i n g h a s been pumped
i n l a n d and d i s p o s e d i n t o l a r g e " u n s e c u r e d " s u r f a c e impoundments. I n 1977, i t
was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t b r a c k i s h w a t e r had l e a k e d f r o m impoundment # 2 and had
e n t e r e d t h e s u r f i c i a l . sand a q u i f e r .
The c h l o r i d e - c o n t a m i n a t e d w a t e r h a d , i n
f a c t , i m p a c t e d t h e f r e s h w a t e r ecosystem.
L a t e r i t was found t h a t a l l t h r e e
.
impoundments a t t h e f a c i l i t y had c a u s e d e x t e n s i v e c h l o r i d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of
b o t h t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d and t h e l i m e s t o n e a q u i f e r s and t h a t - : h e c o n t a m i n a n t
plume c o v e r e d a two-mile a r e a .
9.
Site Identification:
P f i z e r Company, Brunswick County
E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1975 n e a r S o u t h p o r t , Brunswick County, P f i z e r c o n v e r t s c r u d e
m o l a s s e s , p a r a f f i n and s u g a r i n t o c i t r i c a c i d . One of t h e w a s t e b y - p r o d u c t s
mycelium, a s o l i d w a s t e h i g h i n n i t r o g e n and i n o r g a n i c c o n s t i t u e n t s .
C u r r e n t l y , t h e company h o l d s a n NRCD p e r m i t t o l a n d f a r m t h i s mycelium on
1 , 1 0 0 a c r e s of l a n d . It i s t h e Ground Water S e c t i o n ' s c o n c e r n t h a t t h i s
p r a c t i c e may i m p a i r t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r and t h e l i m e s t o n e a q u i f e r
underneath the disposal s i t e .
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company, New Hanover County
E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1966 n e a r C a s t l e Hayne, New Hanover County, G.E. m a n u f a c t u r e s
n u c l e a r r e a c t o r components, a i r p l a n e componehts and uranium f u e l s . I n 1976,
G.E. r e c e i v e d a n NRCD p e r m i t t o remove s l u d g e from i t s t r e a t m e n t l a g o o n s and
d i s p o s e i t o n t o a " s e c u r e d impoundment". I n 1977, p o l l u t a n t s e s c a p e d f r o m
t h i s " s e c u r e d " l a g o o n and e n t e r e d t h e s u r f i c i a l s a n d a q u i f e r . The c o n t a m i n a n t
plume c o n s i s t s m o s t l y of n i t r a t e s . On s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s , however, s a m p l e s
from one m o n i t o r w e l l showed t h e p r e s e n c e of t r a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of u r a n i u m
(0.01-0.04 m g / l ) .
Region 6:
1.
Fayetteville
Site Identification:
Maxton O i l and F e r t i l i z e r Company, S c o t l a n d County
L o c a t e d i n S c o t l a n d County, t h e o p e r a t i o n p r o d u c e s a w a s t e (pH of 2 ) d e r i v e d
from t h e p r o d u c t i o n of a c o o k i n g - t y p e o i l from c o t t o n s e e d . U n t i l December
1982, t h e w a s t e was d i s p o s e d of i n a n u n p r o t e c t e d impoundment r e s u l t i n g i n
g r o u n d water p o l l u t i o n . The w a s t e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g produced i s s t o r e d i n a
clay-lined lagoon. ,
2.
Site Identification:
Farm Chemicals of Aberdeen, Hoke County
Minor amounts of 2,4-D and A l a c h l o r a r e p r e s e n t i n a 55-foot w e l l n e a r where
c h e m i c a l s a r e s t o r e d and t r u c k s c a r r y i n g t h e c h e m i c a l s a r e washed.
3.
Site Identification:
C a r o l i n a G a l v a n i z i n g Company, Moore County
A s h a l l o w w e l l , a b o u t 20 f e e t d e e p and l o c a t e d a b o u t 15-20 f e e t from an " a c i d
pond" i s showing e v i d e n c e of c h e m i c a l w a s t e p o l l u t i o n ( m e t a l s and a c i d s ) .
4.
Site Identification:
Veeder R o o t , Bladen County
Ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n ( m e t a l s and o r g a n i c s ) i s o c u r r i n g a s a r e s u l t of
i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e t h a t was b u r i e d i n a t r e n c h s e v e r a l y e a r s ago. T h i s t r e n c h
i s no l o n g e r i n u s e .
5.
Site Identification:
M r . C h a r l i e Macon, Richmond County
T h e r e a r e 10-12 l a g o o n s c o n t a i n i n g u s e d o i l .
29
Some of t h e s e l a g o o n s a r e
p l a s t i c - l i n e d , some a r e n o t . A l s o , t h e r e a r e 5 0 - g a l l o n drums c o n t a i n i n g
v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l s i n d i f f e r e n t s t a g e s of d e t e r i o r a ~
c 'l o n .
6.
S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n : P e o p l e s O i l and Gas Company, Robeson County
About 10,000-15,000 g a l l o n s of u n c o n t a i n e d g a s o l i n e r e m a i n u n a c c o u n t e d f o r a t
E a s t e r l i n ' s Quick S t o p i n t h e Town of Rowan.
7.
Site Identification:
H o l t O i l Company, Cumberland County
About 8 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of u n c o n t a i n e d g a s o l i n e r e m a i n u n a c c o u n t e d f o r a t t h e
Amoco s t a t i o n , Bordeaux Shopping C e n t e r i n t h e C i t y of F a y e t t e v i l l e .
8.
Site Identification:
Texaco T e r m i n a l , Cumberland County
About 2 7 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of d i e s e l f u e l w e r e s p i l l e d when a s t o r a g e t a n k
o v e r f l o w e d . The a r e a was c l e a n e d u p , b u t two w e l l s s e r v i n g a s u b d i v i s i o n a r e
located f a i r l y close to the s p i l l s i t e .
9.
Site Identification:
Seaboard C o a s t l i n e R a i l r o a d , Richmond County
I n d u s t r i a l w a s t e w a t e r , d e r i v e d f r o m w a s h i n g t r a i n c a r s , and d o m e s t i c w a s t e are
s t o r e d i n l a g o o n s , c a u s i n g ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n .
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
C a t e s P i c k l e s , Robeson County
W a s t e w a t e r from p i c k l i n g o p e r a t i o n i s s t o r e d i n an u n l i n e d l a g o o n .
A p p a r e n t l y , l e a k a g e from t h e l a g o o n h a s r e s u l t e d i n ground w a t e r p o l l u t i o n as
e v i d e n c e d by h i g h c h l o r i d e i n w e l l s a m p l e s .
Region 7:
Mooresville
1. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
County
Amoco O i l Company, Paw Creek T e r m i n a l , Mecklenburg
1 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o 150,000 g a l l o n s u n l e a d e d g a s r e p o r t e d s p i l l e d i n t o ground w a t e r v i a
l e a k i n g underground l i n e . O c c u r r e d a b o u t o r p r i o r t o A p r i l 1981. R e p o r t e d t o
24 o b s e r v a t i o n w e l l s d e l i n e a t e d d i s t a n c e of m i g r a t i o n , a b o u t
s t a t e 11/8/82.
450-500 f e e t a t p r e s e n t . Data f r o m o b s e r v a t i o n w e l l s a l s o show d i e s e l f u e l i n
g r o u n d w a t e r ; s o u r c e unknown a t t h i s t i m e . Clean-up a c t i o n s t a r t e d 1110183.
A 20-foot-deep,
5-foot-wide t r e n c h i s b e i n g dug a c r o s s a b o u t 600 f e e t of Amoco
p r o p e r t y . A minimum of 3 w e l l s w i l l be p l a c e d i n t h e g r a v e l - f i l l e d t r e n c h .
Dual-pumping pumps w i l l be i n s t a l l e d i n w e l l s . Pumping of p r o d u c t and ground
w a t e r should s t a r t about 2/1/83.
Clean-up may t a k e s e v e r a l y e a r s ( 3 o r 4 ) .
2.
Site Identification:
Mecklenburg County
G l i d d e n C o a t i n g s , Glenwood D r i v e , C h a r l o t t e ,
On o r a b o u t 6 / 4 / 7 6 , p o s s i b l y a s much a s 50,000 g a l l o n s of v i n y l a c e t a t e
s p i l l e d i n t o t h e ground w a t e r from a b r o k e n underground l i n e a t t h e C e l a n e s e
p r e s e n t owner, G l i d d e n C o a t i n g s
on
C o r p o r a t i o n ' s S t e i n Hall Company
Glenwood D r i v e , C h a r l o t t e , N. C. M o n i t o r i n g and r e c o v e r y w e l l s were d r i l l e d
i n t h e f a l l of 1976. R e a c t i o n of d r i l l i n g w a t e r w i t h t h e a c e t a t e c a u s e d a n
a c i d t o f o r m and t h e h e a t b u i l d - u p c a u s e d t h e l a n d s u r f a c e t o b u c k l e . The
-
--
-
p r o d u c t was, and r e p o r t e d l y i s , pumped, t r e a t e d t o pH of 6.0
9.0 and
d i s p o s e d of i n t h e CMUD 'WTP - System. A t e l e p h o n e c a l l on -1/14/83 r e v e a l e d
t h a t t h e p r o d u c t was s t i l l b e i n g removed and t h e r e s u l t s were t h e same a s 8
y e a r s ago. DHR and t h i s o f f i c e w i l l s t a r t t o c o o r d i n a t e a s a m p l i n g program a t
once.
3.
Site Identification:
Sodyeco, Div. of Zandoz, I n c . , Mecklenburg County
Company s t a r t e d i n 1936. They produce c h e m i c a l d y e s f o r t e x t i l e
m a n u f a c t u r e r s , e t c . Over t h e y e a r s s e v e r a l l a n d f i l l s (dumps) were u s e d on t h e
1,000-acre p r o p e r t y . D u r i n g t h e p a s t 5-6 y e a r s , numerous s p i l l s h a v e o c c u r r e d
on s i t e t h a t d i d n o t d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s u r f a c e w a t e r s . However, o r g a n i c s :
t o l u e n e , x y l e n e , b e n z e n e , e t c . , have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e ground w a t e r s
u n d e r t h e company's and a d j o i n i n g p r o p e r t y . Four m o n i t o r i n g w e l l s a r e sampled
by company b u t no clean-up i n i t i a t e d . EPA and DHR a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s
problem under t h e S u p e r f u n d l a w . MRO h a s asked t h a t we be s e n t c o p i e s of t h e
a n a l y s e s . Mecklenburg County H e a l t h Department i s a l s o i n v o l v e d . Sodyeco
h a s b u i l t s e v e r a l c a t c h b a s i n s , and s e v e r a l p i e c e s of a d j o i n i n g p r o p e r t y h a v e
b e e n p u r c h a s e d . MRO w i l l c o n t i n u e t o work w i t h DHR and>EPA. T h i s i s a b i g
problem.
4:
Site Identification:
P r o c t o r Chemical Co,, S a l i s b u r y , Rowan County
P l a n t b u i l t 1972. U n t i l 1977 s l u d g e - h o l d i n g l a g o o n s were u s e d .
I n J u l y 1977,
s u r f a c e w a t e r i n G r a n t s Creek became c o n t a m i n a t e d from ground w a t e r f l o w from
I n 1978
t h e l a g o o n s . T h i s was proven by c o n s t r u c t i o n of m o n i t o r i n g w e l l s .
t h e Department s a i d no NPDES p e r m i t needed s i n c e w a s t e w a t e r a t t h a t t i m e was
p u t i n t o a new l i n e t o t h e S a l i s b u r y WWTF. Sludge c o n t i n u e d t o b e p u t i n t o
t h e t r e n c h e s . M o n i t o r i n g w e l l s a r e on s i t e b u t s a m p l i n g h a s n o t b e e n done
s i n c e 1977. Samples showed h i g h c o n t e n t of COD and o r g a n i c a c i d s p l u s m e t a l s .
MRQ s a m p l i n g t o s t a r t i n n e a r f u t u r e .
5.
Site Identification:
Long B r o t h e r s Roofing Company, Gaston County
The Carver b r o t h e r s own t h e r o o f i n g company. We have d e a l t w i t h L u t h e r
C a r v e r . Problem b r o u g h t t o MRO's a t t e n t i o n by Gaston County H e a l t h Department
i n J u l y ' 1978.. Problem i s an unknown q u a n t i t y of g a s o l i n e s p i l l e d i n t o t h e
ground w a t e r s . The t i m e i s unknown. S i t e was f o r m e r l y a g a s o l i n e s t a t i o n .
About 10 y e a r s a g o , a n underground t a n k was r e p l a c e d . We c a n ' t f i n d o u t
why. P r e s e n t company s a y s t h a t t h e y n e v e r l o s t any g a s . I n f a c t t h e y h a v e
moved t h e i r g a s pumping a r e a and now have t a n k s and l i n e s above ground
s u r f a c e . However, g a s o l i n e was i d e n t i f i e d i n a n e i g h b o r ' s w e l l , and t h e
company ( 1 ) had a new w e l l d r i l l e d A f t e r i t t o o had g a s c o n t a m i n a r i o n , t h e y
had a c i t y w a t e r l i n e r u n t o t h e n e i g h b o r ' s house. We have had t h e g a s i n a
we31 a t t h e company a n a l y z e d and i t does c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e company's g a s .
Who i s t o blame? Old s t o r e owner i s dead. Where d i d t h e s p i l l o r i g i n a t e ?
Can we prove a n y t h i n g e x c e p t t h a t t h e r e i s g a s o l i n e i n t h e ground w a t e r a t
this site?
6.
Site Identification:
Bingham's Exxon Grocery, L i n c o l n County
I n December 1 9 8 1 , a b o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of unleaded gas were s p i l l e d from a n
underground l i n e a t t h i s s t a t i o n - s t o r e .
W
e were n o t i f i e d i n l a t e summer,
1 9 8 2 , by t h e L i n c o l n County H e a l t h Department. The p r o d u c t h a s m i g r a t e d i n t o
one w e l l ( a t t h e s t o r e ) a d i s t a n c e of about 50 f e e t . A t l e a s t 2 p a r t i e s a r e
i n v o l v e d : Mrs. Bingham, owner of t h e s t o r e , who had c o n t r o l of t h e p r o d u c t ,
and F i s h e r Pump Company of Conover, t h e c o n t r a c t o r who i n s t a l l e d t h e l i n e .
The MRO has s e n t Mrs. Bingham a l e t t e r t e l l i n g her t o c l e a n up t h e s p i l l . She
i t i s understood t h a t Bingham has i n i t i a t e d a law s u i t
h a s not responded.
a g a i n s t Exxon, t h e company h i r e d F i s h e r t o do t h e l i n e work. MRO w i l l f o l l o w
up a t t h e proper t i m e .
7.
Site Identification:
C. A. Hughes p r o p e r t y , Gaston County
Hughes ( f o r m e r l y J a d c o ) s t o r e d b a r r e l s and unpackaged magnesium on p r o p e r t y i n
t h e headwaters of a t r i b u t a r y t o F i t e s Creek. Company a l s o had a small
d i s t i l l a t i o n u n i t on s i t e . The b a r r e l s c o n t a i n e d l i q u i d i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e
( p a i n t , v a r n i s h ) . A f t e r s e v e r a l y e a r s t h e s t a t e and EPA, through t h e c o u r t s ,
were a b l e t o have b a r r e l s removed t o an approved l a n d f i l l i n Gaston County.
Many b a r r e l s had l e a k e d on s i t e . Also 2 l a r g e ground t a n k s c o n t a i n i n g l i q u i d
and s l u d g e were l e f t i n p l a c e on s i t e . PCBs were found i n t h e s e t a n k s . EPA
i s u s i n g Superfund f o r clean-up.
No m o n i t o r i n g w e l l s have been d r i l l e d .
Samples from t h e s p r i n g a r e a and s u r f a c e s t r e a m w i l l be taken on r e g u l a r b a s i s
i n near f u t u r e .
8.
Site Identification:
Caldwell L a n d f i l l , Caldwell County
B a r r e l s of o r g a n i c s ( v a r n i s h e s , p a i n t s , e t c . ) had been s t a c k e d a t Caldwell
Systems1 i n c i n e r a t o r a d j a c e n t t o a w e l l a t t h e Caldwell County L a n d f i l l i n May
1979. S e v e r a l of t h e s e b a r r e l s b u r s t o r were s p i l l e d and t h e product
s o l i d i f i e d on t h e ground. Well i s contaminated. No m o n i t o r i n g w e l l s have been
d r i l l e d t o our knowledge and no c l e a n - u p a c t i o n done. DHR r e p o r t s t h a t t h e y
monitored l a n d f i l l b u t d i d n o t seem t o know about t h i s s p i l l . W i l l check
f u r t h e r w i t h DHR and u p d a t e i n f o r m a t i o n i n n e a r f u t u r e .
9.
Site Identification:
H a r r i s b u r g L a n d f i l l , Mecklenburg County
This i s one of t h e l a r g e s t l a n d f i l l s i n Mecklenburg County. It s e r v e s p a r t s
of Mecklenburg County and C h a r l o t t e .
I n 1974 w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e of MRO
ground water s e c t i o n s e v e r a l m o n i t o r i n g w e l l s were c o n s t r u c t e d . DEM and
Mecklenburg County have a n a l y s e s made on samples p e r i o d i c a l l y ( a t l e a s t
yearly).
DEM augered s e v e r a l w e l l s on s i t e i n 1980-81 f o r water a n a l y s e s .
i r o n , z i n c , and a h i g h c o n d u c t i v i t y were noted a t times i n some of t h e
w e l l s . Another t e s t a few months l a t e r i n d i c a t e s t h e c o n t a m i n a t i o n has been
d i l u t e d . DHR may be d o i n g some m o n i t o r i n g . A check on t h i s w i l l be made and
o u r work c o o r d i n a t e d . USGS i s r e p o r t e d t o be p l a n n i n g a s t u d y of t h i s
landfill.
10. S i t e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n :
Republic F o i l , S a l i s b u r y , Rowan County
A s u r f a c e water s p i l l i n 1976 r e s u l t e d i n an i n v e s t i g a t i i o n of a c h l o r i d e and
a c i d s p i l l i n t o t h e ground w a t e r s . The s p i l l was caused by l e a k a g e of a
lagoon on t h e company's p r o p e r t y .
S e v e r a l w e l l s were contaminated by t h i s
b r i n e s o l u t i o n . S a l i s b u r y water l i n e s were i n s t a l l e d and houses t i e d o n t o
t h e s e l i n e s . The s t a t e augered s e v e r a l h o l e s around t h e s i t e t o d e l i n e a t e t h e
s p i l l a r e a . The company changed t h e i r d i s p o s a l system and p r e s e n t l y s e l l s t h e
No clean-up was done and no m o n i t o r i n g has been done s i n c e
by-products.
1978. P r e c i p i t a t i o n may have washed t h e a r e a and t h i s may no l o n g e r be a
problem a r e a . M o n i t o r i n g w i l l be done i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e .
SECTION THREE
S ~ i l l sof T o x i c and Hazardous S u b s t a n c e s
c h y e a r , a c c i d e n t a l s p i l l s of s u b s t a n c e s b e i n g t r a n s p o r t e d v i a t r u c k s ,
t r a i n s a n d / o r s h i p s and b a r g e s t h r e a t e n s u r f a c e and ground w a t e r q u a l i t y w i t h
p o t e n t i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n from a wide a r r a y of t o x i c and h a z a r d o u s m a t e r i a l s .
The Enforcement and Emergency Response S e c t i o n (EERS) w i t h i n t h e N a t u r a l
R e s o u r c e s and Community Development Department (NRCD) has t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y
f o r p r o v i d i n g l e a d e r s h i p i n c o n t a i n m e n t and clean-up i n a l l a c c i d e n t a l s p i l l s
.
I n September 1 9 8 0 , t h e EERS began k e e p i n g r e c o r d s of s p i l l s and of t h e i r
r e s p o n s e s t o them.
The r e c o r d s i n c l u d e a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s
t h a t l e d t o t h e s p i l l a s w e l l a s t h e i d e n t i t y of t h e s u b s t a n c e s t h a t s p i l l e d , t h e
q u a n t i t y i n v o l v e d , t h e l e n g t h of t i m e on t h e ground and t h e n a t u r e of c l e a n - u p
e f f o r t s pursued.
F i v e examples of r e p o r t e n t r i e s f o l l o w :
WILMINGTON, N E W HANOVER COUNTY; S p i l l e d o i l and water removed from t h e
SCL r a i l r o a d f u e l t a n k d i k e were p l a c e d i n a containment d i k e a t D a v i s
Yard i n Brunswick County. Leaks d e v e l o p e d , c a u s i n g a second minor
s p i l l . The o i l / w a t e r m i x t u r e i s c u r r e n t l y s t o r e d i n t a n k c a r s a t Davis
Yard. A l l s p i l l e d d i e s e l f u e l h a s b e e n removed a t t h e s p i l l s i t e . Ground
w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s s t i l l a problem i n t h e a r e a , a f f e c t i n g s a n i t a r y
sewers.
A delivery truck operator
LOWESVILLE, LINCOLN COUNTY (12-14-81):
o v e r f i l l e d a s t o r a g e t a n k a t t h e Roy James r e s i d e n c e , s p i l l i n g 200 g a l l o n s
of d i e s e l f u e l . He l e f t w i t h o u t a t t e m p t i n g c l e a n u p . The s p i l l d i d n o t
i n v o l v e s u r f a c e w a t e r s , but d i d o c c u r n e a r t h e o w n e r ' s w e l l .
No ground
w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n h a s been o b s e r v e d a s y e t . L o w e s v i l l e i s i n t h e
M o o r e s v i l l e Region.
,
THRIFT, MECKLENBURG COUNTY ( 12-12-81) : A Sodeyco Chemical employee
t r a n s f e r i n g c a u s t i c s o d a from a d i l u t i o n t a n k i n t o a t a n k t r u c k q u i t work
when h i s s h i f t ended a t 5:00 pm. He l e f t t h e pumps r u n n i n g and t h e t a n k
t r u c k o v e r f l o w e d , s p i l l i n g 3 , 0 0 0 g a l l o n s of 50% c a u s t i c i n t o a n e a r b y
swamp. The swamp d r a i n s i n t o Long Creek. No c l e a n u p was a t t e m p t e d .
Thurnan Horne i n v e s t i g a t e d f o r t h e M o o r e s v i l l e Regional O f f i c e .
R O S W , BUNCOMBE COUNTY (10-16-81):
B i l l Anderson of t h e A s h e v i l l e
Regional O f f i c e r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e underground o i l s t o r a g e t a n k s a t t h e
Company S t o r e i n Rosman a r e s u s p e c t e d of l e a k i n g g a s o l i n e i n t o t h e ground
w a t e r and a r e b e i n g pumped o u t by t h e owner.
t
MINT HILL, MECKLENBURG COUNTY (10-23-81): Carolina Well Services reported
a fuel spill near a water supply well in the Farmwood Subcfivision had
contaminated the ground water and had been drawn into the water
distribution system. The company has attempted flushing the water mains,
but residents still are unable to drink the water. The Mooresville
Regional Office will investigate.
These incidents are illustrative of a few of the types of spills encountered.
Table 3 groups the information of approximately 230 spills that occurred
during 1981 (data for 1982 were not available at the time this report was
written) according to the substances and volumes spilled.
and D included 144 spills of petroleum derivatives.
from one gallon to 13,500 gallons.
Categories A, B, C
Volumes spilled ranged
These categories of spills are the most
frequent; other categories of spills involved pesticides, a number of other
organic substances and heavy metals.
In some cases the spills were contained
and cleaned up promptly with little or no resultant surface water or ground
water contamination. In a few cases moderate to extensive contamination
occurred; in other instances, it was difficult or impossible to predict the
impact a spill or leak would have at some future time.
While most of the spills were transportation-related, leakage from
underground storage tanks (mainly petroleum products and industrial solvents)
represented additional important sources of ground water contamination.
Two agencies of State government are involved with issues related to
underground storage of substances.
The Consumer Standards Division of the
Department of Agriculture is called in when petroleum or other products are
contaminated with water, whereas EERS is called in when the ground water is
/
contaminated with petroleum or other substances.
Neither department has authority to provide guidelines for new
underground storage facilities; only a county building permit is required.
There are no state-wide requirements for monitoring, tank maintenance or
rep&irs and clean-up when spills or leaks occur.
The Department of Agriculture reports that there are 12,237 retail
outlets for petroleum products and each outlet has a minimum of two
underground storage tanks.
'
In addition there is an unknown number of tanks
that contain industrial solvents and other materials.
sites with leaking tanks is not accurately known.
The actual number of
Summary of Spills Section
Spills involving a wide array of substances of varying toxicity occur
annually throughout the state. EERS is working currently on the development
of procedures for evaluating and monitoring the consequences of spills and
leaks.
Other states are actively addressing these issues also.
An example drawn
from a 1978 New York report includes information about 255 separate
incidents. From these incidents, 2,032,697 gallons were spilled, while only
50,000 gallons were recovered.
Thus, 1,982,297 gallons were unaccounted for.
The New York Department of Health investigated eight separate incidences
involving PCBs, trichloroethylene, tetrachlorethylene and 1,1,1
trichloroethane contamination on Long Island. Additionally, up to 150
instances of gasoline contamination of public and private wells were reported
(New York State Dept, of Environmental Conservation, 1979).
It is not known how severely leaks and spills may impact North Carolina
ground water.
These issues deserve additional attention.
Table 3
L i s t i n g of 1981 S p i l l s
Grouped by Substance and Amount ( G a l l o n s )
-
(Data from EERS of NRCD)
A.
D i e s e l Fuel ( # 2 ) :
54 s p i l l s
minor; l O ( 2 ) ; 1 5 ; 20; 30; 35; 5 0 ( 9 ) ; 55; 6 0 ( 3 ) ; 7 5 ( 4 ) ; 80; 90;
1 0 0 ( 5 ) * ; 1 5 0 ; 2 0 0 ( 3 ) ; 400; 500; 550; 750; 925; 1,OOO(4); 1 , 1 0 0 ; l,5OO(Z);
1 , 6 0 0 ; 1 , 7 5 0 ( 2 ) ; 2,500; 1 3 , 5 0 0 ; unknown(2).
B.
G a s o l i n e : 39 s p i l l s
l e a k ; seepage; 1 0 ; 1 5 ; 20; 30; 40; 5 0 ( 6 ) ; 60; 65; 75;
loo*;
-
200; 250;
500; 560; 600; 800; 1 , 0 0 0 ; 1 , 2 0 0 ; 1 , 4 0 0 ; 1 , 5 0 0 ; 2,000; 4,000(20;
5 , 0 0 0 ; 8,250; 9,000; 1 0 , 0 0 0 ; unknown(5).
Other Fuel O i l : 250 s p i l l s
J e t F u e l : 1 0 ; 50; 60; 1 0 0 ; 300; 500
Kerosene:
25; 5 0 ( 2 ) ; 200*
#6 Fuel O i l :
5; 250; 1 , 0 0 0 ; 3,000; 40,OOQ
#5 Fuel O i l :
250; 2,500; 4,500
#4 Fuel O i l :
75
Naptha:
2,800
Other O i l and D e r i v a t i v e s :
spills
Transformer O i l (PCB-contaminated):
1 ; 2; 6 ; 1 0 ; 1 5 ; 25; l e a k i n g
t r a n s f o r m e r s ; minor amount on ground
.\
Transformer O i l (no PCBs):
*Median amounts a r e u n d e r l i n e d
5 ; 1 5 ; 25
O t h e r O i l and D e r i v a t i v e s ( C o n t i n u e d )
Hydraulic Fluid:
350; l e a k i n g from c r u s h e r ; s p i l l e d o n - r i v e r bank
Crankcase O i l :
Motor O i l :
20; 30
1 0 ; unknown
Mineral O i l :
6,000
Machine O i l :
100
Waste Cooking M I :
O i l on Beach:
8,000
500-foot
patch; s e v e r a l small patches ( 2 )
O i l S l i c k i n Cape F e a r R i v e r
O i l S l i c k i n Cape F e a r R i v e r
Asphalt:
Creosote:
50; 400; 5 , 3 0 0 ; unknown
550; 4 , 0 0 0
Hydrocarbon D e r i v a t i v e s :
E.
9 ; 20; 35; 300
Trichloroethane:
Xylene;
Toluene:
13 s p i l l s
1 0 0 ; 200,000
1 0 0 ; 300
Trichlorobenzene:
300
Butyl Benzoate:
900
I s o b u t y l Ketone:
2
P e t r o s o l v e n t and P l a s t i c i z e r ;
Hydrocarbon Dye C a r r i e r :
330
25 s p i l l s
Other Chemicals:
F.
5,000
C a u s t i c Soda (Sodium h y d r o x i d e ) ;
200; 210; 400; 850; 1 , 0 0 0 ; 2 , 0 0 0 ;
3,000(2)
40; 60; 200; 240; 285*; 600; 1 , 8 0 0 ; 7 , 5 0 0
S u l f u r i c Acid:
H y d r o c h l o r i c Acid:
P h o s p h o r i c Acid:
1
N i t r i c Acid;
M u r i a t i c Acid:
Chromic Acid:
40; 1 0 0 ; 250; 1 4 abandoned drums
10,000; 12,000
125
1; 5
6
Acid S o l u t i o n ( 7 0 % N i t r i c ; 30% S u l f u r i c ) :
550
G.
Paints/Lacquers/Solvents: 10 spills
Paint Solution: minor amount
Lacquer Thinner and Solvents: 400
400
Furniture Laquer :
Lacquer: 150
small amount
Industrial Cleaner :
Corrosive Cleaning Solvent:
Solvents (Lenoir, N.C.):
90
1,000 drums
Cleaning Solvents
Dry Cleaning Solvent
Varsol:
H.
unknown
~esticides/Herbicides/Fertilizers: 15 spills
Sodium Chlorate/Calcium Chloride Herbicide:
le
Spilled a l ~ n ~ l / ~ m iof
railroad track
80% Dithane M-45 Solution (Fungicide):
5
Chlordane & Aldrin Contaminating School Well
Glycosin herbicide (Round-up):
Maleic Hydrazide:
400
50
Diluted Pesticide: 1
Herbicide :
10
Liquid Nitrogen
15,000;
(Ammonium Nitrate):
150; 9,500; 10,000(2);
Leachate from old spill
5-10-30 Fertilizer:
Aqueous Ammonium:
1,000
50
I. Miscellaneous Incidents: 21 incidents
Municipal Sewage Bypasses:
250; 200,000; unknown volume (3)
Drying & Finishing Wastewaters from Sanford Finishing:
'Unknown Chemical Slug in Morganton Water System
Lignin (Water-reducing Concrete Additive):
Spent Brewers Yeast:
1.4 million
Black Liquor : 1,000
Latex Ammonia:
40
Toxic Substance: few gallons
Brine Solution:
small amount
2,800
100,000
Miscellaneous I n c i d e n t s (continued)
G r e a s e T r a p Dump
Abandoned Drums i n Lower Creek
Unknown Drums i n L a n d f i l l
Unknown White Powder i n Small P a t c h e s on Road
Unknown Met a1 s
SECTION FOUR
P e s t i c i d e - R e l a t ed I s s u e s
A.
Pesticide-Container
Dump S i t e Study
A s t a t e w i d e m o n i t o r i n g program was u n d e r t a k e n by t h e P e s t i c i d e S e c t i o n of
t h e North C a r o l i n a Department of A g r i c u l t u r e d u r i n g 1981-1982 t o d e t e r m i n e t h e
m a g n i t u d e of open dumping of p e s t i c i d e c o n t a i n e r s w i t h i n t h e s t a t e and t o make
a q u a l i t a t i v e a s s e s s m e n t of t h e a c t u a l o r p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l
i m p a c t s from s u c h s i t e s .
A r o a d s u r v e y was c o n d u c t e d by t h e i r f i e l d s t a f f
( p e s t i c i d e i n s p e c t o r s ) i n e a c h of t h e 1 0 0 c o u n t i e s t o l o c a t e d i s p o s a l s i t e s .
Once l o c a t e d , a d i s p o s a l f o r m was completed f o r e a c h s i t e .
The i n f o r m a t i o n
r e c o r d e d on e a c h d i s p o s a l form i s l i s t e d i n Appendix A .
The d e t a i l e d r e p o r t on t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y i s b e i n g w r i t t e n by
s t a f f members w i t h i n t h e P e s t i c i d e S e c t i o n of t h e N o r t h C a r o l i n a Department of
A g r i c u l t u r e and w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e by t h e f a l l of 1 9 8 3 .
For p u r p o s e s of t h i s r e p o r t , we have mapped t h e more t h a n 350 p e s t i c i d e c o n t a i n e r dump s i t e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e North C a r o l i n a m u n i c i p a l i t i e s
d e p e n d e n t upon ground w a t e r ( F i g . 3 ) .
and i n low-lying
Many dump s i t e s were found n e a r b r i d g e s
swampy r e g i o n s .
From t h e map i t i s c l e a r t h a t c l u s t e r s of p e s t i c i d e - c o n t a i n e r
a r e p r e s e n t i n some c o u n t i e s .
The f o l l o w i n g c o u n t i e s and t h e number of dump
s i t e s i n each i l l u s t r a t e t h i s point:
(29),
dump s i t e s
S c o t l a n d ( 4 1 ) , H a r n e t t ( 3 1 ) , Caswell
Columbus ( 2 3 ) , Edgecombe ( 1 6 ) and P e r s o n ( 1 2 ) .
Based upon t h e s e
c l u s t e r s and t h e h y d r o g e o l o g y of t h e r e g i o n s , a n a l y s e s of s u n i c i p a l and
p r i v a t e w e l l water f o r p e s t i c i d e contamination i n those c o u n t i e s i s
warranted.
Many a d d i t i o n a l s i t e s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e C o a s t a l P l a i n r e g i o n e a s t
of t h e c l u s t e r s r e f e r r e d t o above.
Perhaps w a t e r f r o m r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r i v a t e
a n d m u n i c i p a l wells i n t h o s e r e g i o n s s h o u l d a l s o be a n a l y z e d f o r p e s t i c i d e s .
The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e e x t e n t and n a t u r e of c o n t a m i n a t i o n from p e s t i c i d e
c o n t a i n e r dump s i t e s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d soon.
Also,
perhaps p e s t i c i d e manufacturers should s e l l t h e i r products i n r e f i l l a b l e
c o n t a i n e r s s o t h a t such pesticide-container
s i t e s do n o t c o n t i n u e t o b e u s e d .
The a b s e n c e of p o i n t s i n t h e w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e s t a t e may be
misleading.
T h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y dump s i t e s i n t h a t r e g i o n b u t t h e y may be v e r y
d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e c t i n mountainous t e r r a i n and t h e r e f o r e may have gone
unreported i n t h i s survey.
B.
P e s t i c i d e D i s p o s a l Cases
Between J u n e 1974 and May 1 9 7 7 , 1 2 4 a p p l i c a t i o n s t o d i s p o s e of p e s t i c i d e s
i n l a n d f i l l s were r e c e i v e d and e v a l u a t e d by t h e North C a r o l i n a P e s t i c i d e
While i n a few c a s e s a l t e r n a t i v e u s e s were recommended by t h e Board,
Board.
p e r m i s s i o n was g r a n t e d i n most c a s e s t o b u r y an a r r a y of p e s t i c i d e s i n c l u d i n g
Quantities
DDT, l e a d a r s e n a t e , m a l a t h i o n and many o t h e r s ( s e e Appendix B).
i n v o l v e d v a r i e d from a f e w ounces t o s e v e r a l t o n s .
Burial occurred i n
m u n i c i p a l and c o u n t y l a n d f i l l s o r on p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y .
The D i v i s i o n of H e a l t h S e r v i c e s i n t h e Department of Human R e s o u r c e s i s
a c t i v e l y m o n i t o r i n g t h e s e l a n d f i l l s and a s of t h i s d a t e no ground w a t e r
c o n t a m i n a t i o n by p e s t i c i d e s h a s b e e n d e t e c t e d .
C.
A l d i c a r b Ground Water Survey P i l o t P r o j e c t
The p e s t i c i d e s e c t i o n of t h e North C a r o l i n a Department of A g r i c u l t u r e
r e c e n t i y r e l e a s e d a r e p o r t on r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from a p i l o t p r o j e c t d e s i g n e d
t o d e t e r m i n e i f d e t e c t a b l e q u a n t i t i e s of a l d i c a r b (Temik) were p r e s e n t i n
ground w a t e r .
Aldicarb i s a highly t o x i c carbamate i n s e c t i c i d e - n e m a t i c i d e
and m a r k e t e d by Union C a r b i d e u n d e r t h e t r a d e name of Temik.
exclusively as a soil-incorporated granular formation.
North C a r o l i n a i n c l u d e c o t t o n , p e c a n s , f l u e - c u r e d
manufactured
It i s used
Registered uses i n
tobacco, potatoes, peanuts,
s o y b e a n s and o r n a m e n t a l s .
Under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , a l d i c a r b a n d / o r c e r t a i n of i t s m e t a b o l i t e s do
not l e a c h through t h e s o i l p r o f i l e .
sandy s o i l
,
However, a c o m b i n a t i o n of a c i d i c and
s h a l l o w w a t e r t a b l e and heavy r a i n £ a l l a t o r s h o r t l y a f t e r
a p p l i c a t i o n may r e s u l t i n d e t e c t a b l e l e v e l s of a l d i c a r b i n ground w a t e r .
c o m b i n a t i o n of f a c t o r s i s p r e s e n t i n a number of N o r t h C a r o l i n a l o c a t i o n s .
A t o t a l of 1 3 8 w e l l - w a t e r
wells.
s a m p l e s were a n a l y z e d from 1 0 4 d i f f e r e n t
The w e l l s s e l e c t e d were from t h e f o l l o w i n g eight c o u n t i e s , l o c a t e d
This
mainly i n t h e Coastal P l a i n :
Northampton, P i t t and S c o t l a n d .
Cumberland, Edgecombe, G a t e s , H a l i f a x , M a r t i n ,
V a r y i n g q u a n t i t i e s of a l d i c a r b were d e t e c t e d
i n w e l l s i n S c o t l a n d arid H a l i f a x C o u n t i e s .
S i n c e t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s
p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y were i n c o n c l u s i v e , o f f i c i a l s f r o m t h e Departments of
A g r i c u l t u r e , Human R e s o u r c e s and N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s and Community Development
w i l l b e m e e t i n g i n J u l y 1 9 8 3 t o p l a n f o r a d d i t i o n a l , more d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s t o
d e t e r m i n e i f a l d i c a r b i s p r e s e n t i n ground w a t e r i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a t may
pose h e a l t h r i s k s t o people d r i n k i n g i t .
A s i m i l a r s t u d y prepared f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Science Foundation
examined
ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n by a l d i c a r b i n S u f f o l k County, New York.
It w a s
n o t d e t e c t e d i n t h e ground w a t e r t h e r e u n t i l i t was a l r e a d y b e i n g i n g e s t e d by
The r e s u l t s of a c o m p l e t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t y showed
humans i n 1979.
t h a t 13.5% of t h e w e l l s ( 1 211 ) examined e x c e e d e d state-recommended g u i d e l i n e s
of 7 ppb.
N e a r l y one-half
of more t h a n 20 ppb.
of t h e t e s t w e l l s e x c e e d e d t h e s t a n d a r d by a m a r g i n
When i n i t i a l l y t e s t e d by Union C a r b i d e , a l d i c a r b was
shown i n l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d t e s t s t o be no t h r e a t a t all t o ground w a t e r
(Wolman, 1 9 8 3 ) ; however t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e e v i d e n c e t o t h e c o n t r a r y from
several studies.
I n a n o t h e r p e s t i c i d e - r e l a t e d c o n t a m i n a t i o n of a n a q u i f e r , 30 s q u a r e m i l e s
of t h e s h a l l o w a q u i f e r t a b l e u n d e r l y i n g t h e Rocky Mountain A r s e n a l n e a r
Denver, C o l o r a d o , a r e . p o l l u t e d by t h e c h e m i c a l b y - p r o d u c t s
from t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e of p e s t i c i d e s , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e abandonment of a number of
wells.
(USEPA, 1 9 8 0 ) .
P e s t i c i d e s are s e l e c t e d f o r t h e i r b i o c i d a l p r o p e r t i e s .
These s u b s t a n c e s ,
u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , have b e e n found t o be p r e s e n t i n ground w a t e r i n
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s c o n s i d e r a b l y above t h a t deemed t o be s a f e f o r human
consumption.
C o n t i n u e d v i g i l a n c e i s needed t o minimize o r t o p r e v e n t g r o u n d
w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n by p e s t i c i d e s .
SECTION FIVE
S u r f a c e Impoundments Assessment
Introduction
I n A p r i l 1 9 8 0 , t h e North C a r o l i n a Department of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s and
Community Development, w i t h s u p p o r t f r o m t h e U.
S. EPA, p u b l i s h e d t h e N o r t h
C a r o l i n a S u r f a c e Impoundment Assessment ( S I A ) R e p o r t ,
The r e s u l t of t h i s
e f f o r t i s a n u p d a t e d i n v e n t o r y and a s s e s s m e n t of t h e s t a t e ' s l i q u i d w a s t e
impoundments
.
During t h e s t u d y , 657 p i t s , ponds and l a g o o n s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l ,
i n d u s t r i a l , m u n i c i p a l and m i n i n g c a t e g o r i e s were a s s e s s e d .
A t t h e t i m e of t h e
s t u d y , 28 of t h e s i t e s ( 1 m u n i c i p a l and 27 i n d u s t r i a l impoundments) e x h i b i t e d
ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n , and 1 9 7 had t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r s e v e r e ground w a t e r
pollution.
N e a r l y 65% of t h e s e impoundments a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e C o a s t a l P l a i n ,
t h e r e g i o n of t h e s t a t e most d e p e n d e n t on ground w a t e r a s a d r i n k i n g s u p p l y
(NRCD, 1 9 8 0 ) .
A.
A g r i c u l t u r a l S u r f a c e Impoundments
I n d i v i d u a l a g r i c u l t u r a l impoundments a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o have a r e l a t i v e l y
low h a z a r d p o t e n t i a l .
However, t h e a c t u a l i m p a c t of t h e s e s i t e s a s a g r o u p
may b e c o n s i d e r a b l e s i n c e a g r i c u l t u r a l impoundments outnumber a l l o t h e r
c a t e g o r i e s by a r a t e of 8 t o 1.
A g r i c u l t u r a l w a s t e impoundments were c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y by t h e N o r t h
C a r o l i n a SIA p r o j e c t s t a f f .
They e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e r e were 7 , 5 0 0 i n
e x i s t e n c e , b u t a s s e s s e d o n l y 99 s i t e s . D e s c r i p t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n was d i f f i c u l t
t o o b t a i n , and i n d i v i d u a l p e r m i t s a r e n o t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s .
About 7 5 % of t h e s e a r e t h o u g h t t o o c c u r i n t h e C o a s t a l P l a i n .
The p r o x i m i t y
\
of t h e s e 99 a g r i c u l t u r a l impoundments i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e m u n i c i p a l g r o u n d w a t e r
w e l l s i s shown i n F i g u r e 4.
( I n f o r m a t i o n on t h e l o c a t i o n s of t h e o t h e r 7 , 4 0 0
a g r i c u l t u r a l impoundments was n o t a v a i l a b l e t o u s . )
Many a g r i c u l t u r a l impoundments i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a were b u i l t i n a r e a s
where t h e s o i l s a r e s a n d y and t h e water t a b l e i s v e r y n e a r t h e s u r f a c e .
Under
t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e b o t t o m s of t h e impoundments a r e o f t e n below t h e w a t e r
table.
The cases of agricultural impoundments confirmed as points of ground
water contamination involved nutrient material (primarily nitrogen) seeping
into ground water supplies (NRCD, 1980).
Although the agricultural impoundment data which have been mapped
represent
only a small portion of the existing sites, the concentration of 21
impoundments in the Gates-Perquimans County area is of interest.
These sites
and other nonevaluated impoundments in that entire region may be contributing
to the algal bloom problems in the Chowan River and Albemarle Sound.
B.
Mining Surface Im~oundments
The North Carolina SIA project staff located 22 mining impoundments and
actually inventoried 21 (NRCD, 1980).
The
of these mining
impoundments to municipal ground water wells is shown in Figure 5. No serious
ground water contamination problems were detected at the time of the study.
On a separate but related issue, a member of the Region G COG recently
expressed concern about the possible impact upon the ground water of
Rockingham County from the proposed uranium mining and processing that may
soon be initiated in Pittsylvania County in southern Virginia.
He urged the
state to collect and analyze surface and ground water samples for
radioisotopes now, before mining is initiated, so that a good baseline can be
established.
He recommended that regular monitoring should be performed
thereafter.
C.
Municipal Surface Impoundments
Municipal surface impoundments are located throughout the state.
The
relationship of these impoundments to municipal water wells can be seen in
Figure 6. It is noteworthy that in Onslow County, in the vicinity of
Jacksonville, there are 13 municipal impoundments. In light of the hydrology
of 'that
region, careful analyses of the water in the area is warranted.
A
similar situation exists in New Hanover County where seven municipal surface
impoundments are present.
Attention to ground water quality in the vicinity
of other such impoundments throughout the state may prove necessary.
D.
Indust r i a1 Im~oundnent
s
Industrial impoundments accounted for the greatest nunber of sites
assessed in the state's SIA study.
The majority of the 28 sites exhibiting
ground water pollution are industrial impoundments.
The contaminants
represent a wide array of substances, including metals (copper, nickel, zinc,
iron, etc.) and organic chemicals.
Sixty-five percent of these industrial impoundments are located in the
Piedmont (NRCD, 1980).
The relationship between industrial impoundments and
municipal ground water sources is shown in Figure 7.
The industrial impoundments are distributed throughout the state with
concentrations in the Coastal Plain, particularly near Wilmington, in New
Hanover County.
However, the largest concentration is in the Piedmont
A substantial number of industrial surface impoundments in the
crescent.
Coastal Plain are located in the vicinity of municipal water wells and perhaps
within the recharge zones of these wells.
Regular detailed chemical analyses
of drinking water in both the coastal and Piedmont regions should be
performed
E.
.
Surface Impoundment Inventory Summary
Personnel in other states are beginning to understand the impact of
surface impoundments on ground water quality. Virginia state officials are
concerned that "surface and subsurface coal mining operations and coal
processing plants and lagoons appear to have potential to cause serious ground
water problems in the Cumberland Plateau" (Giles, 1981).
Kentucky's SIA
project provided the Division of Water with some new information regarding the
true magnitude of the state's ground water problems.
The data showed that
approximately 50% of the 690 surface impoundments assessed were having some
impact on ground water quality (Thornton, 1981).
A recent study of industrial
impoundments in New Jersey estimates that these facilities leak 6 billion
gallons of liquid per year into the state's ground waters.
Like surface
impoundments in North Carolina, the vast majority are unlined and
unmonitored.
Some have had serious impact on ground water.
lined facilities is not uncommon.
like clay, are not impermeable"
"Leakage from
Artificial liners break and natural liners,
(Tucker, 1983). .
-
"An u n r e l e a s e d EPA s t u d y , i n p r o g r e s s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , i n d i c a t e s t h a t
t h e r e a r e 8 0 , 2 6 3 s i t e s i n t h e n a t i o n w i t h c o n t a m i n a t e d s u r f a c e impoundments
( p i t s , ponds and l a g o o n s ) .
N i n e t y p e r c e n t a r e b e l i e v e d t o pose a t l e a s t a
p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n . "
(OTA, 1 9 8 3 ) .
The SIA e f f o r t s i n t h e 50 s t a t e s and 4 U n i t e d S t a t e s t e r r i t o r i e s produced
a n e x t e n s i v e l i s t of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n c a s e s .
A t o t a l of 562 c a s e s
( 3 5 8 c o n f i r m e d and 204 s u s p e c t e d ) of c o n t a m i n a t i o n have been r e p o r t e d .
All
t h e s t a t e s and t e r r i t o r i e s had n o t r e s p o n d e d , b u t t h e f i g u r e i s e x p e c t e d t o
r i s e t o more t h a n 600 c a s e s by t h e t i m e a l l t h e d a t a a r e s u b m i t t e d .
As i s t h e c a s e f o r North C a r o l i n a ' s impoundment d a t a , most s i t e s of
confirmed contamination i n v o l v e i n d u s t r i a l chemicals.
One c a s e s t u d y d e t e c t e d
1 5 0 d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i c c h e m i c a l s i n t h e ground w a t e r sampled.
Summary d a t a
from t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g s t a t e s l i s t t h i r t y - s e v e n d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i c
contaminants.
"Halogenated a r o m a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n s were r e p o r t e d i n 63% of t h e c a s e s ( 2 5 %
of which were p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s and 1 3 % p h e n o l s ) , and n o n a r o m a t i c s were
r e p o r t e d i n 22% of t h e c a s e s .
Heavy m e t a l s were r e p o r t e d 1 2 8 times w i t h
t h i r t e e n s p e c i f i c m e t a l s d e t e c t e d ; chromium b e i n g t h e most f r e q u e n t a t 2 5 % . "
( S i l k a , 1980).
More t h a n o n e - t h i r d
contamination.
of t h e s e c a s e s have been l i n k e d w i t h ground w a t e r
Most of t h e s e were d i s c o v e r e d when u s e r s complained a b o u t
polluted drinking water.
Since monitoring w e l l s a r e v i r t u a l l y absent a t
s u r f a c e impoundment s i t e s , c o n t a m i n a t i o n i s seldom d i s c o v e r e d u n t i l i t r e a c h e s
an advanced s t a g e and c a u s e s g r o s s e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t ( S i l k a , 1 9 8 0 ) .
It i s
l i k e l y t h a t many more i n s t a n c e s of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n from s u r f a c e
impoundments a r e w a i t i n g t o be d i s c o v e r e d .
For t h i s r e a s o n , i n c r e a s e d
s a m p l i n g of ground w a t e r impoundments i n t h i s s t a t e i s needed.
This i s
e s p e c i a l l y s o s i n c e , a s one s t a t e government o f f i c i a l r e c e n t l y o b s e r v e d , v e r y
l i t t l e h a s been done t o follow-up s i n c e 1 9 8 0 when t h e SIA r e p o r t was r e l e a s e d .
SECTION S I X
North C a r o l i n a P e r m i t t e d S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l s
P r i o r t o 1 9 7 1 , N o r t h C a r o l i n a had no l a w s r e g u l a t i n g d i s p o s a l
facilites.
More t h a n 400 open dumps were i n v e s t i g a t e d and c l o s e d d u r i n g t h e
S i n c e J u l y 1 , 1 9 7 1 , s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s have been s u b j e c t t o
l a t e 1960s.
p e r m i t r e q u i r e m e n t s by t h e D i v i s i o n of H e a l t h S e r v i c e s i n t h e Department of
Human R e s o u r c e s under t h e a u t h o r i t y of G.S.
130-166.16
t o G.S. 130-166.21F.
T h i r t y s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s have been c l o s e d s i n c e 1971 b e c a u s e t h e y were
f i l l e d t o capacity.
A t p r e s e n t t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5 0 approved s a n i t a r y
l a n d f i l l s i n o p e r a t i o n . The d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e e x i s t i n g s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s i n
r e l a t i o n t o m u n i c i p a l ground w a t e r s u p p l i e s i s shown i n F i g u r e 8.
S a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d a c r o s s t h e s t a t e , i n many c a s e s i n
c l o s e proximity t o municipal w e l l s .
Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t are some of t h e
c o a s t a l c o u n t i e s , s u c h a s Brunswick, which have more t h a n one l a n d f i l l l o c a t e d
n e a r municipal wells i n very low-lying,
flood-prone a r e a s .
The s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s a r e m o n i t o r e d r e g u l a r l y and l e a c h a t e i s c o l l e c t e d
f o r analyses.
We do n o t have i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e s u l t s of t h e
a n a l y s e s of t h e l e a c h a t e s a m p l e s .
However, i f t h e e x p e r i e n c e from o t h e r
s t a t e s i s any i n d i c a t i o n of t h e way North C a r o l i n a l a n d f i l l s a r e f u n c t i o n i n g ,
c a r e s h o u l d be t a k e n i n t h e s i t i n g and o p e r a t i o n of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s s o a s n o t
t o c o n t a m i n a t e t h e r e c h a r g e a r e a s of m u n i c i p a l w e l l s .
The l e a c h a t e from m u n i c i p a l l a n d f i l l s i s o f t e n r i c h i n d i s s o l v e d
organics.
The c o m p o s i t i o n i s , of c o u r s e , v a r i a b l e , d e p e n d i n g on t h e n a t u r e of
t h e m a t e r i a l b u r i e d , t h e s o i l , t h e c l i m a t e and t h e a g e of t h e f i l l (McDuffie,
1982).
T y p i c a l l e a c h a t e from m u n i c i p a l l a n d f i l l s c a n be d e s c r i b e d a s h i g h i n
o r g a n i c m a t t e r , r i c h i n d i s s o l v e d s a l t s , a n a e r o b i c and s l i g h t l y a c i d i c .
G r i f f i n ( 1 9 8 0 ) found t h a t o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s may be c o n s i d e r a b l y more s o l u b l e
i n leachate than i n surface water.
For example, PBB i s more t h a n 200 t i m e s
more s o l u b l e i n l a n d f i l l l e a c h a t e t h a n i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r .
Ogner and
S c h n i t z e r ( 1 9 7 0 ) add t h a t many o r g a n i c p o l l u t a n t s a r e l e s s e a s i l y a b s o r b e d on
s o i l f r o m l e a c h a t e t h a n from s u r f a c e w a t e r .
This tendency allows t h e s e
c h e m i c a l s t o m i g r a t e f a s t e r t h r o u g h s o i l l a y e r s i n t o t h e ground w a t e r .
S t a t e - p e r m i t t e d s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s , by l a w , a c c e p t h o u s e h o l d t r a s h ,
commercial t r a s h and nonhazardous i n d u s t r i a l c h e m i c a l s .
These f a c i l i t i e s a r e
not p e r m i t t e d t o accept l i q u i d s o r hazardous m a t e r i a l s .
P r o h i b i t i n g hazardous
i n d u s t r i a l m a t e r i a l from t h e l a n d f i l l s does n o t p r e v e n t t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s f r o m
e n t e r i n g t h e l a n d f i l l , a s i s e v i d e n c e d by t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n l a n d f i l l l e a c h a t e
samples.
Dunlap a n a l y z e d l e a c h a t e from m u n i c i p a l l a n d f i l l s i n Oklahoma and n o t e d
t h a t most of t h e compounds p r e s e n t were commonly u s e d i n i n d u s t r i a l
operations.
However, t h e l a n d f i l l s under i n v e s t i g a t i o n had n o t r e c e i v e d
a p p r e c i a b l e amounts of i n d u s t r i a l w a s t e s .
The r e s e a r c h e r s s p e c u l a t e d t h a t t h e
compounds had l e a c h e d from f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t s ( i . e . h o u s e h o l d t r a s h ) ( D u n l a p ,
1976).
K r u g e r ' s s t u d y h a s l e d h e r t o s a y , " L e a c h a t e from e v e r y s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l
i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n U.S. i s p r o b a b l y c o n t a m i n a t i n g ground w a t e r . "
1982).
(Kruger,
I n r e f e r e n c e t o h e r work i n New J e r s e y , s h e s t a t e s t h a t i n e v e r y c a s e ,
s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l l e a c h a t e t h a t was t e s t e d c o n t a i n e d t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s .
A n o t h e r u n r e l e a s e d EPA s t u d y r e p o r t s t h a t t e s t i n g of underground d r i n k i n g
w a t e r s u p p l i e s i n 954 c i t i e s found c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n 29%.
had p o p u l a t i o n s of more t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0 .
"All afflicted areas
L e a c h i n g of t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s from w a s t e
l a n d f i l l s i s b e l i e v e d t o be a c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r i n t h e s e c a s e s . "
1983).
(OTA,
Although t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s a r e n o t l i c e n s e d t o a c c e p t h a z a r d o u s
m a t e r i a l s , t h e y do p o s e a t h r e a t t o ground w a t e r q u a l i t y .
T h i s i s of s p e c i a l
c o n c e r n i n a r e a s w i t h p o r o u s s o i l and s h a l l o w w a t e r t a b l e s , s u c h a s t h o s e i n
t h e Coastal Plain.
C o n s i d e r i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s t o i m p a c t on
g r o u n d w a t e r , l o c a t i n g l a n d f i l l s n e a r m u n i c i p a l w a t e r w e l l s s h o u l d be a v o i d e d
(Farmer, 1982).
P r o p e r s i t i n g of t h e l a n d f i l l s and r e g u l a r m o n i t o r i n g of t h e
l a n d f i l l leachate are essential.
SECTION SEVEN
Abandoned Hazardous Waste Sites
As a recent California study on the land disposal of hazardous waste
indicates, "There is a growing concern throughout the United States regarding
the adequacy of landfills for the safe disposal of hazardous wastes.
In the
introduction to its proposed regulations for hazardous waste landfills, the
Environmental Protection Agency states:
The essence of the problems faced in the regulation of the land disposal
of hazardous waste is the inevitable long-term potential for the wastes or
their hazardous constituents to leak out of the facility. If it were
technically and institutionally possible to contain wastes and their
constituents in land disposal facilities forever or until degradation
mechanisms rendered them non-hazardous, then the problem of regulating
such land disposal would be comparatively simple and straightforward. ..unfortunately, at the present time, it is not technologically
and institutionally possible to contain wastes and constituents forever or
for the long time periods that may be necessary to allow adequate
degradation to be achieved. Consequently the regulation of hazardous
waste land disposal must proceed from the assumption that migration of
hazardous wastes and their constituents and by-products from a land
disposal facility will inevitably occur. (Federal Register Vol 46, #24,
(Toxic Waste Assessment Group, 1981).
February 5, 1981)."
.
If those are the true sentiments of the agency responsible for overseeing
our nation's hazardous waste in the present and future, then North Carolina
should be especially concerned about the directions it takes with regard to
permitting any future hazardous waste landfill.
Additionally, if all land disposal facilities eventually leak, even those
expressly designed to contain hazardous substances, then it is essential that
work be initiated as soon as possible to determine the exact nature of
contaminants and the extent of contamination emanating from the approximately
627 abandoned hazardous waste dump sites throughout North Carolina (Figure 9).
Those sites in close proximity to municipal wells warrant earliest attention.
The data for this map were derived from the Emergency and Remedial
Response Information System (ERRIS) list, which is a collection of several
individual U. S. EPA data bases that identify notifications of hazardous waste
activities.
Those data bases consist of the Hazardous Waste Data Management
System, the Site Tracking System, the CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental
-
Response Compensation and Liability Act,known as Superfund) site notification
program and facilities currently regulated under RCRA (Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act).
Due to the composite nature of the ERRIS list, many
duplications and erroneous notifications are known to exist.
Many
notifications have already been investigated and appropriate responses made.
The United States Congress has allocated monies for individual states to
conduct surveys of the ERRIS lists and conduct preliminary assessments of
those sites where some investigation is necessary to determine potential
public health/environmental hazards.
North Carolina is currently applying for
its share of these monies to fund a two-year project for just such a
purpose.
The study will be performed by the Environmental Health Section of
the Department of Human Resources.
We found the ERRIS data to be very inprecise as to location of the
abandoned hazardous waste sites and that a number of very obvious errors were
present.
Therefore, caution should be taken in drawing conclusions about the
sites' exact locations and about the relative risks that are present at any of
them.
The soon-to-be-initiated, detailed investigation of these sites will
address a very significant set of potential ground and surface water
contamination sources.
It will be at least two years before that study will be completed and
there is at this time no useful estimate of the percentage of the 627 sites
that are polluting the water. However, "EPA estimates that 75% of all active
and inactive waste disposal sites are leaking contaminants into the ground and
its underlying water.
Of the 100,000 active and 75,000 abandoned landfills
throughout the nation, some 50,000 are believed to contain potentially
dangerous amounts of toxic wastes." (Singer, 1982).
It would be prudent to perform water quality analyses as soon as possible
in the regions of the Piedmont industrial crescent and the Coastal Plain where
the'slargest preponderance of abandoned hazardous waste sites exist.
SECTION EIGHT
Water Q u a l i t y I s s u e s I d e n t i f i e d by O f f i c i a l s from
C o u n c i l s of Government and County E n v i r o n m e n t a l A f f a i r s
To t h i s p o i n t we have r e p o r t e d i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d from s t a t e
agencies.
I n t h i s s e c t i o n , we r e l a t e i n f o r m a t i o n we have o b t a i n e d from
members of North C a r o l i n a ' s 1 8 m u l t i - c o u n t y C o u n c i l s of Government (COG) and
from c o u n t y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s .
C o u n c i l s of Government and County E n v i r o n m e n t a l A f f a i r s O f f i c i a l s
W
e c o n t a c t e d e a c h of t h e e i g h t e e n COGS by phone and i n s e v e r a l c a s e s a l s o
conferred with t h e i r s t a f f a t t h e i r offices.
I n a d d i t i o n , we c o n f e r r e d w i t h
c o u n t y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s from t h e Winston-Salem r e g i o n .
We
a s k e d them t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n s :
1.
What i s your COG p r e s e n t l y d o i n g i n r e l a t i o n t o ground w a t e r problems
i n your multi-county
2.
planning region?
What, i n your b e s t judgment, would you l i k e t o have your COG d o i n g
with respect t o water-related issues?
T h e i r r e s p o n s e s a r e summarized a s f o l l o w s :
1.
Most r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e i r COG h a s done v e r y l i t t l e t o a d d r e s s w a t e r
q u a l i t y i s s u e s i n g e n e r a l a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , had done l i t t l e o r n o t h i n g w i t h
r e s p e c t t o ground w a t e r q u a l i t y o r q u a n t i t y p l a n n i n g .
Most i n d i c a t e d l a c k of
funds and l a c k of e x p e r t i s e a s t h e main r e a s o n s t h e y had n o t worked on ground
w a t e r problems.
2.
Many acknowledged t h a t a s t h e i r p o p u l a t i o n s were i n c r e a s i n g o r were
p r o j e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e due t o t h e a r r i v a l of new i n d u s t r i e s a n d / o r due t o
e x p a n d i n g r e c r e a t i o n a l and s u b u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e y r e a l i z e d s u r f a c e and
ground w a t e r q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y i s s u e s would become more u r g e n t .
C o n s e q u e n t l y , many e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e i r COG s h o u l d p l a c e w a t e r
q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y i s s u e s h i g h on t h e i r a g e n d a s .
c o o r d i n a t i o n i s needed among t h e COGS of t h e s t a t e .
They b e l i e v e more
They a l s o s t a t e d
r e p e a t e d l y t h a t t h e y n e e d e d more c o o r d i n a t e d a s s i s t a n c e from t h e s t a t e
Departments of Human R e s o u r c e s , N a t u r a l Resources and Community Development
and A g r i c u l t u r e .
They s t a t e d r e p e a t e d l y t h a t t h e c u r r e n t f r a g m e n t a t i o n of
a u t h c r i t y on w a t e r i s s u e s among t h e s e s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t s o f t e n l e d t o
s i t u a t i o n s i n which one d e p a r t m e n t ' s recommendations w e r e t o t a l l y o p p o s i t e
from t h o s e of one of t h e o t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s .
They s a i d t h a t w a t e r q u a l i t y and
p u b l i c c o n f i d e n c e i n s t a t e government a r e d i m i n i s h e d b e c a u s e of t h i s
fragmentation.
3.
S e v e r a l o f f i c i a l s e x p r e s s e d t h e need f o r e d u c a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e s and
workshops f o r County, COG and S t a t e o f f i c i a l s w i t h t h e p u r p o s e of e d u c a t i n g
a l l on t h e p o t e n t i a l problems from t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s and h a z a r d o u s w a s t e s and
what s h o u l d be done t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e t o d e v e l o p a c o o r d i n a t e d w a t e r
qua1 i t y management p l a n .
4.
S p e c i f i c q u o t a t i o n s from l e t t e r s i l l u s t r a t e f u r t h e r t h e s e n t i m e n t s of
COG and c o u n t y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s c o n t a c t e d .
a . " P l e a s e be a d v i s e d t h a t we f e e l i t would be a p p r o p r i a t e t o have a
s t u d y of t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y i n t h e r e g i o n , e s p e c i a l l y t o x i c m a t e r i a l s i n
ground w a t e r . "
b.
"As I s t a t e d , v e r y l i t t l e h a s been done i n s t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t s of
I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s i s due
ground w a t e r and c o n t a m i n a t i o n i n t h i s r e g i o n .
l a r g e l y t o o u r r u r a l n a t u r e and t h e l a c k of what may b e c o n s i d e r e d
s i g n i f i c a n t ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t o r s . When we r e f e r e n c e s i g n i f i c a n t
c o n t a m i n a t o r s , we u s u a l l y t h i n k of heavy i n d u s t r y o r t h e l i k e .
"Having worked i n t h i s a r e a f o r t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s , I have become
more e n l i g h t e n e d a s t o t h e v a r i e t y of ground w a t e r c o n t a m i n a t o r s and t h e i r
i n c r e a s e d t h r e a t t o t h i s Region. With a predominance of a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e
u s e of p e s t i c i d e s and h e r b i c i d e s poses a s i g n i f i c a n t t h r e a t t o ground
w a t e r . The t e n d e n c y , however, i s t o i g n o r e t h i s t h r e a t a s
insignificant.
O t h e r ' i n s i g n i f i c a n t ' t h r e a t s i n c l u d e b a c t e r i a from
u n t r e a t e d sewage i n s e p t i c t a n k s , s e e p a g e from l a n d f i l l s and new
i n d u s t r i a l growth.
"The need f o r e d u c a t i o n i n t o t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r c o n t a m i n a t i o n by any
,of t h e above s o u r c e s , p l u s o t h e r s , i s needed f o r t h i s Region as w e l l as
t h e r e s t of t h e s t a t e . T h i s s i g n i f i c a n c e i s i n c r e a s e d f o r t h i s Region
b e c a u s e of t h e u s e of g r o u n d w a t e r a s a predominant w a t e r s u p p l y by t h e
major towns a s w e l l as by i n d i v i d u a l homeowners ( w e l l s ) . G i v i n g t h i s a r e a
a t o p p r i o r i t y now may h e l p p r e v e n t undue problems i n t h e f u t u r e . Any
work i n t h i s a r e a by y o u r g r o u p may s t i m u l a t e l o c a l t h i n k i n g a l o n g t h i s
line."
"A S t a t e - w i d e p o l i c y i s needed c o n c e r n i n g t h e l o c a t i o n of w a s t e w a t e r
c.
d i s c h a r g e s above i n t a k e s f o r p o t a b l e w a t e r s u p p l i e s . "
d.
" S i l t a t i o n and c o n t a m i n a t i o n by p e s t i c i d e s and f e r t i l i z e r s from
a g r i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s a r e p o l l u t i n g s u r f a c e w a t e r and l i t t l e i s b e i n g
done.
"
e.
"Package t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s i n g e n e r a l a r e p r o b l e m s , The S t a t e r e v i e w
d i s c o u n t s f u t u r e o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e problems. Concern t h r o u g h o u t
o u r r e g i o n h a s b e e n e x p r e s s e d a b o u t t h e i n c r e a s i n g number of package
p l a n t s i n t h e Yadkin R i v e r B a s i n . L a r g e r combined m u n i c i p a l s y s t e m s would
b e more d e s i r a b l e . F a y e t t e v i l l e , Kentucky i s a prime example of problems
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a p r o l i f e r a t i o n of s m a l l package p l a n t s . "
f.
"Wetlands a r e b e i n g d i s t u r b e d w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e S t a t e r e v i e w a s
r e q u i r e d under S e c t i o n 404 of t h e Clean Water Act. A s p e c i f i c example i s
t h e R. J . Reynolds Tobacco Company T o b a c c o v i l l e F a c i l i t y i n F o r s y t h
County."
" P u b l i c h e a r i n g s on w a t e r i s s u e s s h o u l d be mandatory r a t h e r t h a n by
g.
r e q u e s t t h r o u g h t h e D i r e c t o r of DEM."
h.
"There i s a g e n e r a l l a c k of d a t a on w e l l s and s e p t i c t a n k s .
The d a t a
a r e n e c e s s a r y t o p r e d i c t t h e i m p a c t of f u t u r e development on t h e ground
water supply."
"Many s o u r c e s s u b j e c t t o NPDES r e g u l a t i o n s a r e n o t r e c e i v i n g a d e q u a t e
i.
r e v i e w and c o n t i n u e d c o m p l i a n c e i s q u e s t i o n a b l e .
School s y s t e m p a c k a g e
p l a n t s a r e one s p e c i f i c example."
"The Salem Lake w a t e r s h e d i n Winston-Salem i s of p a r t i c u l a r c o n c e r n
i n t h i s a r e a . Salem Lake i s p a r t of t h e m u n i c i p a l w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m f o r
t h i s a r e a . Many homes and b u s i n e s s e s around t h e w a t e r s h e d a r e n o t on a
s a n i t a r y sewer s y s t e m . These s e p t i c t a n k d i s c h a r g e s c o u l d c o n t a m i n a t e t h e
Lake. "
j.
k.
"Damming of s m a l l s t r e a m s r e c e i v e s i n a d e q u a t e r e v i e w r e s u l t i n g i n
p o l l u t i o n problems downstream. A s p e c i f i c example i s t h e R . J. Reynolds
T o b a c c o v i l l e F a c i l i t y ' s damming of B a r k e r ' s Creek f o r c o o l i n g o r o t h e r
p u r p o s e s . T h i s a f f e c t s Jarnestown's sewage d i s p o s a l p r a c t i c e s due t o
r e d u c t i o n of f l o w i n t h e c r e e k . "
'
1. ."Lack of c o o r d i n a t i o n e x i s t s between a g e n c i e s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e same
i s s u e . One example i s t h e Bermuda Run package p l a n t p e r m i t . DHR was
q u o t e d a s s a y i n g t h e p l a n t c o u l d n o t be l o c a t e d s o c l o s e t o a d r i n k i n g
w a t e r i n t a k e , y e t DNRCD i s s u e d t h e p e r m i t . Another example i s t h e A r a r a t
R i v e r i n H t . Airy. The Corps of E n g i n e e r s i s p r o p o s i n g a d i k e s y s t e m
a r o u n d t h e t e x t i l e p l a n t s t o r e d u c e p o l l u t i o n w h i l e t h e S t a t e and o t h e r
a g e n c i e s a r e now w o r k i n g t o dam t h e r i v e r above t h o s e p l a n t s . "
"Acid r a i n and i t s i m p a c t on w a t e r r e s o u r c e s b o t h s u r f a c e and g r o u n d
m.
w a t e r i s f e l t t o be a problem of i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e r n . "
n.
"Area s o u r c e s s h o u l d be t r e a t e d as p o i n t s o u r c e s . I f n e c e s s a r y , t h e y
s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d i n t o an a r e a where t h e y c o u l d be m o n i t o r e d , t r e a t e d and
controlled."
o.
"Technology advancement i s needed i n t u r b i d i t y measurement t o a s s u r e
standardization."
" S t a t e l a v a l l o w s economic c o n c e r n s t o be a m i t i g a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e
p.
The C l e a n Water Act d o e s n o t r e q u i r e c o s t
i n c o n t r o l l i n g water p o l l u t i o n .
t o be a d d r e s s e d . Less e m p h a s i s s h o u l d be p u t on c o s t and more s h o u l d be
put on b e t t e r c o n t r o l . "
q.
" A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o r e v i e w of t h e H o r i z o n 2000 summary as
i t r e l a t e s t o w a t e r q u a l i t y management."
r.
" A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o long-range w a t e r s u p p l y p l a n n i n g f o r
municipalities."
s.
" A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o f u n d i n g mechanisms and t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
of f u n d i n g f o r f u t u r e w a t e r and sewer p r o j e c t s . "
"Much c o n c e r n was e x p r e s s e d about t h e l a c k of s y n e r g i s m and
t.
i n t e g r a t i o n i n t h e S t a t e r e v i e w p r o c e s s d e a l i n g w i t h w a t e r i s s u e s . Too
o f t e n , r e v i e w s a r e done i n a vacuum d e a l i n g w i t h s i n g l e i s s u e s and t o t a l l y
d i s c o u n t i n g s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s . One s p e c i f i c way of d e a l i n g w i t h t h e s e
problems mentioned was t o combine a l l w a t e r - r e l a t e d f u n c t i o n s under NRCD,
i n c l u d i n g d r i n k i n g w a t e r and h a z a r d o u s and s o l i d w a s t e c o n t r o l . "
" A t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o development t r e n d s i n t h e h e a d w a t e r
u.
a r e a s of t h e Yadkin R i v e r . Major development c o u l d a f f e c t t h e WinstonSalem d r i n k i n g w a t e r s u p p l y . "
"Insufficient a t t e n t i o n i s being given t o s i t i n g construction/
v.
d e m o l i t i o n w a s t e s i t e s . These s i t e s a r e u s u a l l y l o c a t e d i n a r e a s of
n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e , b u t r e c e i v e l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o c o n t r o l of
m a t e r i a l d i s p o s e d o r m o n i t o r i n g of l e a c h a t e . "
" I n s u f f i c i e n t a t t e n t i o n i s b e i n g g i v e n t o c o n t r o l and m o n i t o r i n g of
w.
s i t e s where a c c i d e n t a l o r i l l e g a l d i s p o s a l p r a c t i c e s have o c c u r r e d i n t h e
past.
S p e c i f i c examples a r e t h e Carolawn c h e m i c a l d i s p o s a l s i t e i n
K e r n e r s v i l l e , North C a r o l i n a . Waste m a t e r i a l i r o n a c h e m i c a l s p i l l was
b u r i e d on s i t e w i t h i n 200 f e e t of d r i n k i n g w a t e r w e l l s o v e r t h e o b j e c t i o n s
of S t a t e ground w a t e r p e r s o n n e l . The second example i s t h e Robbins
l a n d f i l l on Highway 1 0 9 i n Winston-Salem.
T h i s s i t e h a s been used f o r
y e a r s t o d i s p o s e of a l l t y p e s of w a s t e , i n c l u d i n g t o x i c and h a z a r d o u s
materials.
It was under c o u r t o r d e r t o c l o s e , b u t i s s t i l l a c c e p t i n g
waste material
."
" I t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e t h a t s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s a r e b e i n g s i t e d and
m o n i t o r e d p r o p e r l y due t o t h e i n a d e q u a t e r e s o u r c e s i n DHR d e v o t e d t o t h i s
activity
x.
."
" I n s u f f i c i e n t a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o o n - s i t e d i s p o s a l of t o x i c s
y.
r e s u l t i n g from s p i l l s , a c c i d e n t s and r u n o f f . These a r e small s o u r c e s n o t
r e q u i r e d t o have s p i l l p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l p l a n s and g e t l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n
f r o m DHR due t o i n a d e q u a t e r e s o u r c e s t o d e a l w i t h them."
z.
"Urban l a k e s a r e d y i n g . They a r e b e i n g used f o r sediment c o n t r o l and
s u f f e r i n g from p o l l u t i o n due t o r u n o f f and s e p t i c t a n k s . They w i l l a l l be
u s e l e s s soon u n l e s s t h e y a r e p r o t e c t e d .
P r e s e n t l y , no S t a t e agency w i l l
c l a i m j u r i s d i c t i o n over t h e small ones."
COG and c o u n t y o f f i c i a l s c o n t a c t e d e x p r e s s e d t h e need f o r t e c h n i c a l and
f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e development of c o o r d i n a t e d e f f o r t s t o minimize w a t e r
q u a l i t y degradation.
The i s s u e s r a i s e d by t h e COGS and c o u n t y e n v i r o n m e n t a l
a f f a i r s o f f i c i a l s a r e u n d e r s c o r e d by t h e c u r r e n t d e b a t e o v e r t h e need f o r
p r o p e r p l a n n i n g t o p r o t e c t t h e F a l l s of t h e Neuse Lake and o t h e r w a t e r s u p p l y
l a k e s i n North C a r o l i n a .
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.
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-
Related Relevant References
4 Anderson, J. R., and J, N. Dornbush (1967) "Influence of Sanitary Landfill on
Ground k'ater Quality ." Journal of American Water Works Association. Vol.
16.
Bowner, Heraan, (1981). "Protecting the Quality of Our Ground Water: What Can
We Do?" Ground Water Hanagement Review, Summer, 1981.
Cadwgan, R. M., and A. G. Lazarus, (1982) "A Basic Approach to Ground Water
Monitoring." Ground Water Age. April.
Cherry, J. A. (1983) "Contaminant Migration in Ground Water with Emphasis on
Hazardous Waste Disposal." for Workshop on Ground Water Resources and
Contamination in the United States, sponsored by National Science
Foundation and Environmental Assessment Council of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
.
Clark, C. S. et al. (1982) "An Environmental Health Survey of Drinking Water
Contamination by Leachate from a Pesticide Waste Dump in Hardeman Co.
~ennessee." Archives of Environmental Health. Vol. 37 #l.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (1982) "Report and
Recommendation: Water Quality Classification System, Central Connecticut
Coastal as in." Hartford, Connecticut.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Water Compliance Unit
(1981) "A Handbook for Connecticut's Water Quality Standards and
Criteria." Hartford, Connecticut.
Ehrhardt, R. F.,
and S. Lemont (1979)
Institutional Arrangements for
Fricke, C. (1982) "Design and Installation of Monitoring Wells for Hazardous
Waste
Ground Water Age. April.
Gray, W. G. and J. L. Hoffman (1983)'"a Numerical Model Study of Ground Water
Contamination from Price's Landfill, N. J., (1) Data Base and Flow
Simulation, (2) Sensitivity Analysis and Contaminant Plume Simulation."
Ground Water, Vol. 21, #1.
\
Harris, W. H. and H. B. Wilder (1966) Geology and Ground Water Resources of
the Hertford-Elizabeth City Area, N. C. N. C. Dept. Water Resources, Div.
of Groundwater, Raleigh, N. C.
Heath, R. C. and H. B. Wilder, (1979) Ground Water and Waste Disposal in North
Carolina U. S. Geological Survey. Lecture notes prepared for use in
Workshops for Personnel of the North Carolina Department of Natural
Resources and Community Development.
Heath, R. (1980) Basic Elements of Ground Water Hydrology with References to
Conditions in N. C. U. S. Geological Survey, Raleigh, N. C.
Jekel, 3. R. and P . V. Roberts (1980) "Total Organic Halogen as a Parameter
for the Characterization of Reclaimed Waters: Measurements, Occurrence,
Formation, and Removal :' Environmental Science Technology, Vol 14:970.
f
.
Legrand, 8 . E. (1960) Geology and Ground Water Resources of Wilminqton-New
Bern Area, N. C. N. C. Dept. of Water Resources, Division of Ground
Water, Raleigh, N. C.
Magnison, P. L. (1983) "The Use of Different Kinds of Aquifers." Draft report
to Workshop on Ground Water Resources and Contamination in United States,
sponsored by National Science Foundation and Environmental Assessment
Council of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.
Miller, D. W. et. 61. Editors (1980) Waste Disposal Effects on Ground
Water. Premier Press, Berkely, CA.
Narkunas, 3 . (1980) Groundwater Evaluation in the Central Coastal Plain of
North Carolina North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development, Raleigh, N. C.
North Caroli~aDepartment of Water and Air Resources (currentlv the Department
of Natural Resources and Community Development), Div. oi ~ioundwater,
(1970) Geology and Ground Water Resources of the Asheville Area, N. C.,
Raleigh, N. C.
North Carolina and Virginia Ground Water Subcommittee (1976) N. C.-Va.
Coordinated Program oi Ground Water Monitoring and Data Exchange.
North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources(1977) N. C. Water
Resources Framework Study, Raleigh, N. C.
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Communitv Development.
- Environmental Management Division (1978)
Groundwater ~ o n d tiions :in the
Flemingron Area of New Banover Co. with Emphasis on Effects of the
Landfill, Raleigh, N. C.
.
#
- -
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development,
Division of Environmental Management (1979) Water Quality and Solid Waste
Disposal, A Management Plan, Raleigh, N. C.
Park, A. D. (1977) Groundwater in the Coastal Plains Re ion.
and Handbook. 1
Commission, Charleston, S. C.
A Status Report
1
Pettyjohn, W. A et. al. (1980) Sampling Ground Water for Organic
Contaminants. EPA-600/5-80-022.
Pfaeder, F. K. et. al. (1977) Monitoring Heavy Metals and Pesticides in the
Cape Fear River Basin of N. C. WRgI Report U126, Chapel Kill, N. C.
Quinn, 3 . E. and V. 1. Snoeyink (1980) "Removal of Total blogen by Granular
Carbon Absorption: Journal of American Water Works Association. Vol
72:483.
.
R o b e r t s , P. V . e t . a l . ( 1 9 8 2 ) " F i e l d S t u d y of O r g a n i c Water Q u a l i t y Changes
Water R e s o u r c e s .
During Ground Water Recharge i n t h e P a l o A l t o Baylands."
Vol. 16:1025.
R o b e r t s , P. V . and A. J . V a l o c c h i ( 1 9 8 1 ) " P r i n c i p l e s of O r g a n i c C o n t a m i n a t i o n
Behavior During A r t i f i c i a l Recharge." I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on t h e
Q u a l i t y of Ground W a t e r , N o r d w i j k e r h o u t , The N e t h e r l a n d s .
S c h u s t e r , K. A. ( 1 9 7 6 ) L e a c h a t e Damage Assessment: Case S t u d y of t h e
S a y s v i l l e S o l i d Waste D i s p o s a l S i t e i n I s l i p (Long I s l a n d ) , N . Y .
Waste R e p o r t SW-509, USEPA. Washington, D . C .
Solid
S e l i g , Edward I., e t . a l . (1982) "An Overview of Laws D e a l i n g w i t h Ground
W a t e r . " A Speech f o r S i x t h N a t i o n a l Ground Water Q u a l i t y Symposium of
N a t i o n a l Water Well A s s o c i a t i o n , A t l a n t a , GA.
S h a r e k i n , M . , e t . a l . ( 1 9 8 3 ) " I m p a c t s , C o s t s , and T e c h n i q u e s f o r M i t i g a t i o n
P r e p a r e d f o r Workshop Ground Water
of Contaminated Ground Water."
R e s o u r c e s and C o n t a m i n a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , s p o n s o r e d by N a t i o n a l
S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n and Environmental Assessment C o u n c i l of Academy of
N a t u r a l S c i e n c e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA.
S h e e t s , T. J., e t . a l . (1970) A Water M o n i t o r i n g System f o r P e s t i c i d e s i n
North C a r o l i n a , Water R e s o u r c e s R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e R e p o r t #19. R a l e i g h ,
N. C .
S t e w a r t , J. M.
E d i t o r ( 1 9 7 3 ) P r o c e e d i n g s : Workshop on Land D i s p o s a l of
W a s t e w a t e r s . UNC Water Resource R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , R a l e i g h , N. C.
U . S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey Water Resources D i v i s i o n ( 1 978) Ground Water R e s o u r c e s
of t h e Cape Lookout N a t i o n a l S e a s h o r e , N . C . , R a l e i g h , N . C.
U.
S. G e o l o g i c a l Survey and North C a r o l i n a Department of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s and
Community Development (1972-1977) P u b l i c Water S u p p l i e s of N . C . , P a r t s 1
- 5 , R a l e i g h , N. C.
A Xanual of Laws, R e g u l a t i o n s
and I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r C o n t r o l of Ground Water P o l l u t i o n . EPA-44019-76006. U. S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e . W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.
U . S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency ( 1 7 9 6 )
U.
S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency ( 1 9 7 7 ) P r o c e d u r e s Manual f o r Ground
Water M o n i t o r i n g a t S o l i d Waste D i s p o s a l F a c i l i t i e s . EPA/530/SW-611, U.S.
Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e . Washington, D. C.
U.
S . Water R e s o u r c e s Council (1980) " E s s e n t i a l s of Ground Water Hydrology
P e r t i n e n t t o Water R e s o u r c e s P l a n n i n g . "
Bulletin 16 (revised).
Washington, D. C.
W e i s s , S. (1974)
N. J .
S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l Technology.
Noyes D a t a Corp.,
Winner, M. D. ( 1 9 7 6 ) Ground Water R e s o u r c e s of Wilson Co.,
G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y , R a l e i g h , N. C .
N.
C-
Park R i d g e ,
U. S.
W i n n e r , M. D. ( 1 9 7 7 ) Ground Water R e s o u r c e s Along t h e Blue Ridge Parkway
NC.
U.S. G e l o g i c a l S u r v e y and Water R e s o u r c e s D i v i s i o n , R a l e i g h , N. C .
Zanoni, A. E . (1972)
C r i t i c a l Review
."
"Ground Water P o l l u t i o n and S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l s
Ground W a t e r . Vol X: 3-12.
.
-
A
Z a n o n i , A. E. ( 1 9 7 3 ) " P o t e n t i a l f o r Ground Water P o l l u t i o n from t h e Land
CRC C r i t i c a l Reviews i n E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t r o l .
D i s p o s a l of S o l i d Wastes."
e
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Appendlx B
P e s t l c l d e D l s p o s a l Cases
Dlsposal Applicant
L o c a t l o n of M a t e r i a l
Descrlptlon of Materlal
D l s p o s a l Method
Disposal L o c a t l o n
Date
I
Gurley M l l l l n g Co.
Selma, NC
Assorted a g r l c u l t u r a l
p e s t l c l d e s - S e v e r a l Tons
Ourlal
Gurley p r o p e r t y ,
6/74
Selma, NC
2
L. W.
W h l t e v l l le, NC
DOT, Parathlon,
etc.
Landf l I I
Columbus Co.
b
Landf l l l
bllfaxco.
Case No.
Long
l a n d t l l l 6/74
Several Tons
3
Harrls Alrstrlp
Scot land Neck, NC
DOT,
Toxaphene,
landflll
10/29/74
Parathlon-75 g a l .
4
Bracey Tradlng Co,
Red Sprlngs, NC
Methyl Bromide
62-1
5
C.
J. Moore, Jr.
Elizabeth C l t y , NC
M o d l f l e d use
F a l l I974
Ib.
Toxaphene 6 Copper
Burial
Pasquotank Co.
Fall,
1974
2 1 4 tons
6
Clay's Garden Supply
Ralelgh, NC
DOT, M a l a t h i o n
Nov.
1974
Nov.
1974
Jan.
1'974
2 plnts
Ralelgh,
Sodium F I u o r I d e
NC
1 Ib.
8
Occidental Chem. Co.
Goldsboro, NC
Cosanll-20 t o n s
Mod1 f l e d use
Severn, NC
farms
9
U n l r o y a l Chem. Co.
Gastonla, NC
Chm.
Burlal
Gaston Co.
10
W.
Cary, NC
Assorted s g r l c u l t u r a l
R. Grace Co.
Contalners
products-approx.
590 g a l l o n s
II
Woodrow Hasklns
Frankl lnton,
NC
Lead Arsenate-150
Landflll
landflll
Feb.,
M & S Landflll
78 t o n s
Ralelgh,
NC
2/20/75
Ibs.
Landflll
Coulsburg,
F r a n k l i n Co.
NC
l a n d f l l l 3/27/75
1974
-
-E
-m
-- Dc -a w
+
-
-
C
d
5
d
0
U
C
C
-
-- -*
C
Q
L
L
0'
U
c
L
1
L
C
L
O
0
L
O
a
-
m
Case No,
Locatlon of M a t e r l a l
Dlsposal Appllcant
D e s c r l p t l o n o f M a t e r x E p o s a l Method
Dlsposal L o c a t l o n
Date
-
Assorted p e s t l c l d e s ,
Lee County
1/26/76
I.
73
"Ralelgh, NC
NC Dept. o f
Agrlculture
,
74
.
Shorewlnd Farms
Landflll
landf l l l
sma l l amount
Englehard, NC
DDT, Tox.,
Landf l l l
etc.,
landf II I
860 Ibs.
75
S l n g l e t a r y ' s Pesl
Rocky Mount, NC
Patrlck F a n 6
Strychnlne,
Leland, NC
Washlngton,
NC
Landf l II
small
Ralelgh,
Assorted p e s t l c l d e s ,
USS Agr I. Chem.
Conway, NC
Assorted
NC
-
Tox.,
Landlfll
DOT, A r s e n l c
Ash,
NC
Sorrell Landflll
(Wake County
etc.
Landflll
Sorrell Landflll
(Wake County)
100 Ibs.
Dot,
Columbus County
l a n d t l ll
5 tons DDT,
NC Dept. o f
Agrlculture
Edgecombe County
landf l l l
amount
Hardware
Babson Grocery
Landf I II
Arsenlc Trloxlde,
675 g a l l o n s
Control
Johnston County
Landf l l l
Endrln
~ppx. 7
tons
SABA Dust
-
10 Ibs.
Northampton County
landf l I I
Landf 1 l l
Columbus Cotmty
landf Ill
J.
A.
Homes Hardware
Erwln,
NC
Lumberton,
FCX
TDE, etc.
DOT, lox.,
100 Ibs. 6 23 g a l l o n s
Landf l l l
Assorted chemlcals
L a n d f l ll
landf I I 1
Slngletary
DDT, A r s e n l c T r l o x l d e
Whltevllle
Youngsvllle H l l l l n g
Company
Landfl ll
Youngsv l l le,
NC
TDE, DDT, Endrln,
3 tons
t r e a t e d c o t t o n seed
Columbus County
landf Ill
19 cases
6 Sons
Columbus County
landf III
35 g a l Ions
G.V.
Columbus County
Landflll
F r a n k l l n County
l a n d f l II
Case No.
Dlsposal Applicant
Locatlon o f H a t e r l a l
Descrlptlon of Materlal
S l l e r C l t y , NC
TDE, DDT
tiarrls 6 Farrell
Exon
Bynum, NC
DDT
McCrlmmon Drugs
Plttsboro,
.
85
.'
Central Carollna
Farmers
.
.
-
-
700 Ibs.
8 qts.
Dlsposal Method
Dlsposal L o c a t i o n
Landf l II
Chatham County
landfl ll
Landf l ll
Chatham County
landf l l l
NC
Arsenlc T r l o x l d e
32
-
6
Landf l l l
Chatham County
landf l l l
02.
Wllson County
Schoo Is
Wilson, NC
Small amount o f v a r l o u s
chemlcals
Landf l l l
Chatham County
landf l l l
C a r o l l n a Chem. Corp.
Wllson,
4-5 t o n s DDT, Sevln
Parathlon
Landf f I I
Wllson County
L l n c o l n t o n , NC
Calclum Arsenate
Appx. 1000 Ibs.
Landf l l l
Lexington, NC
Penphene S o l l Fum.
3 gall
W l ll be used
accordlng t o label
Assort ed chemlcals,
5 I b s o f dust,
W I I I be used
accordlng t o label
Howard Waynlck
NC
(County Agent)
Davfdson Farmer
Gorp.
Round-Up S t o r e
Boone, NC
landf III
L l n c o l n County
landf I II
22 g a l Ions o f l l q u l d
NC
R l v e r s l d e Chemlcal
Company
Klnston,
S w l f t Agricultural
Goldsboro, NC
Cheml c a l
Lentz Garden Center
Organophosphates
Large amounts
Referred t o R o l l l n s
Truck load o f
Landf I I I
Wayne County
Iandf I II
Landf l I I
Johnston Coun
herblcldes
Concord, NC
Small amount o f
l a n d f l II
varlous materlal
Pol nt Harbor
Food Center
Pol n t Harbor
S l n g l e t a r y ' s Arsen
(11-6 oz.
bottles)
Landf l l l
Johnston Coun
landfl ll
Date
1 1 /2/76
Case No.
Disposal A p p l l c a n t
Locat Ion o f Mater l a l
Descrlptlon of Materlal
Dlsposal Method
Dlsposal L o c a t l o n
Varlous p e s t l c l d e s
Landf l l l
Johnston County
landf I I I
/
NC Dept. o f
Agriculture
Ralelgh,
NC
Burroughs We1 lcome ;
Greenv l l le,
60 Ibs, 35 qts,
NC
Inc.
R l v e r s l d e Chemlcal
Ahoskle,
NC
1500 g a l l o n s o f low-
see r e p o r t on p l a n t
c o n t e n t pestlclde-H20
s l t e dlsposal
4 tons o f
Approx.
referred t o Rolllns
DDT, Tox.
Company
USS Agrl.
assorted
Chemlcal
H a l l s b o r o Tradlng
Severn, NC
500 g a l l o n s
Hallsboro, NC
-
3%
Copper,
12% DDT
10 Ibs.
herblclde
referred t o Rolllns
Landf l II
Northampton County
landf I l l
Company
T a y l o r Drug Co.
Conway, NC
S l n g l e t a r y l s Arsenlc213-6 oz. b o t t l e s
Landflll
Northampton County
landf Il l
Rockslde Grocery
Ralelgh,
S l n g l e t a r y ' s Arsenlc-
Landfll
Northampton County
NC
14-6 oz.
US Army Med. Dept.
F o r t Bragg,
NC
landf I l l
bottles
12 Ibs. DDT, 10 Ibs.
Dlazlnon, 10 Ibs.
Landf l l l
Northampton County
landf l l l
Landf l I I
Northampton County
Mercurous Chlor.
W.
R.
Wlnstead
Nashville, NC
DOT
-
7 plnts
landf l l l
Store
K a l s e r Agrl.
Chem.
Rlegelwood,
NC
Assorted Herbl c ldes
Funglcldes,
1000 Ibs.,
1 07
1 08
H a l l s b o r o Tradlng
Company
Hal l sboro,
L l b e r t y Mfg. Co.
Red Spr lngs,
NC
Property
200 gal,
DDT, TOE, Parathlon,
150 Ibs. Dust,
NC
B u r l e d on K a l s e r Farm
lnsectlcldes
Landf I I I
Columbus County
Landf II t
Robeson County
5 gallons
3 t o n s o f F i r e Burn
P e s t l c l d e s , DOT, Tox. OP1s
l a n d f l II
Case No.
Dlsposal Applicant
Locatlon of M a t e r l a l
Descrlptlon of Material
Dlsposal Method
Disposal L o c a t l o n
Oat e
-
I g a l l o n Penphene
Fuml g a n t
Landf 1 1 1
Johnson County
landf Ill
3/25/77
20 oz. Mercury
Solut Ion
Landflll
Johnston County
Small q u a n t l t l e s o f
varlous pestlcldes,
p a l n t s , medlclnes
Landfl I 1
Assorted p e s t l c l d e s -
Landf III
/
109
F r a n k l l n M l l l l n g Co.
Loulsburg,
110
Hannlng Bros.
Hlddlesex, NC
NC
General Merchandise
111
Ted Robaezewskl
NC Dept. o f
Ralelgh, NC
Ralelgh, NC
Agriculture
tioke Drug Co.
landf 1 ll
landfl I 1
DoT
-
8-4 oz.
Chat ham County
landf l 1 l
see r e p o r t
Raeford, NC
Johnson County
packs
Landf l 1 l
Chatham County
landf l l l
FCX,
115
Inc.
Falrmont, NC
C r e t h Red 6 Whlte
Grocery
Spring tlope,
NC
Mercury 3-14 oz.
contalners
Land f
Arsenlc (Copper h Lead)
82 Ibs.
Landf
Chatham County
landf Ill
Johnson County
landflll .
I .
1 16
Frank Kuryenskl
117
U.S.D.A.
-
APHIS
Laurlnburg, NC
6-5 g a l I o n drums o f
Tox-methyl
Scotland County
Landf 1 l l
( p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y ) Leurlnburg
Monroe, NC
DOT-600 Ibs. Gran.,
Landf l 1 l
Unlon County
Sanltary L a n d f l l l
Lendf l ll
Unlon County
Sanltary Landfl 1 1
Land f 1 1 1
27 Ibs.
Unlon County
Sanltary L a n d f l l l
20 gal.
120
Llq.
Farmer's Hardware
Kernersvl 1 l e , NC
DOT-11-1
Royster Co.
Advance,
Endosulfan 4 gals.
E t h y l Mercury 1.93$,
NC
Farm 6 Garden Servlce Mocksvllle, NC
Ib.
cans
Land f 1 I 1
Unlon County
Sanltary L e n d f l l l
Appendix C
North Catollna Permitted Sanitary Landfllle
1983
District:
COUNTY
P E W I T NO.
Brunsulck
Districtr
Ray Church
OWNER
LOCATION
Alexander
02-01
Alexander County
NC 211
SR 1125
N 1 eghany
03-02
Alleghsny Couoty
Aahe
05-01
Asbe County
Avery
06-01
Avety County
Burke
12-01
Burke County
12-02
Burke County
16-01
Carteret County
SR 1206
Columbus
24-01
24-02
Columbum County
Federal Paper Board
SR 1428
NC 8 7
Dupl In
31 -01
Duplln County
SR 1918
New Hanover
65-04
New Hanover County
US 421 N
Yeyerhscuser
Camp Lejeune
US 1 1 N
Onslow County
Pender
OWNER
NC 87
Carterst
Onalow
P E W I T NO.
CP6L
(Drunaulck Nuclear Plant)
Brunawick County
Bruncufck County
U3
a
COUNTY
Robert H. Apple
Pender County
Pender County
Sneadn Perry
Road
SR 1111
Cal due 1 1
Caldwell County
Catauba
Catauba County
Cstaubs County
Yatauga
Cl ty of Boooe
Ull ken
Vllker County
Yllkes County
Yancey
Yancey-KLtchell County
SR 1103
(Germantown)
SR 1931
(Johneon)
NC 286
Dlrtrlct:
COUNTY
P ~ R ~ INO.
T
C. R l c h a r d Doby, S r .
LOCATION
OWNER
COUNTY
Clty of C l ~ a r l o t t e
Cabarrum
C a b r r r u n County
US 29 N o r t h
(Charlotte Hotor
Speedway)
SR 2411
Camton C o u n t y
Canton County
Caston County
'-t
0
PERHIT NO.
OWNER
A1 a m s n c e
01 -01
Alamance C o u n t y
Caewel l
11-01
Csauell County
SR 2209
(Cramerton)
SR 1 4 4 6
(Beaaemer C i t y )
A u t c n Road
(Caatonla)
Frnnklln
35-01
P r a n k l l n County
Crsevllle
39-01
G r n u v l l l r County
39-02
C r u n v i l l e County
36-05
U t h l u m C a r p . o f America
NC 1 6 1
Person
Yeraon County
Iredell
49-01
I r e d e l l County
SR 2320
Rand01 p h
Randolph County
Llncola
55-02
L l n c o l n County
SR 1 2 0 2 (Ovl Den)
Rockingl~am
Rocklnghsm County
Hecklenburg
60-01
Hecklenburg County
Vunce C o u n t y
Necklenburg County
Warren
Warren County
60-03
Clty of Charlotte
60-04
60-05
Duke P o v c r Coapany
S o d e y c o C h e m l c a l Co.
SR 2 8 0 5
(Ilarrinburg Park)
SR 2446
(Hol b r o o k )
NC 4 9 S
(York Road)
SR 2 1 3 3
NC 2 7 U
Vance
60-02
80-01
Rowan C o u n t y
SR 1 5 1 6
84-01
C l t y of Albemarle
SR 1 7 4 0
90-01
Unlon C o u n t y
SR 1 6 3 0
0
SP 1 4 5 9
North
SP 1 0 0 4
Burner
w
9
r
C
k
u
C
0
<
-*
c
3
2
U
e
.
w
C
8
U
a
U
0
:u
U
C
S
P
NO
0--
m N n
- N -
u = *
2 - V 1
*P
U
0
Y
8
hI
.
= r e
a c u
0 0U U "
--
w w z
c c a
'D m w
c
U
u-
> >
-U -Y e O
u u e
aaa
I
l
l
n n n
N N H
C
PU
2P
C
w
C
PO : u
ZS : O
Distrlct:
COWTI
Davldson
Dmvle
PEWIT NO.
OWNER
29-02
Davldeon County
29-03
29-04
29-05
C l t y of Lexington
Cl t y of Thomaavll l e
PPG
30-01
Davle County
Porayth
City
City
Clty
Clty
41 -01
of
of
of
of
Wlnston-Salem
Wlnston-Salem
Winston-Salem
Kernersvllle
COUNTY
SR 2014
( H o l l y Grove)
SR 2001
1-85. NC 1 0 9
N . J e r s e y Rd.
'
C l t y o f Nigh P o l n t
Tom o f Cibmonville
C l t y o f Greensboro
C l t y o f High P o l n t ( n / o )
E b e r t Road
Nanes M l l l Rd.
SR 2749-Overdale
SR 2027
SR 1145
(Rlverdale)
SR 2748
White S t r e e t
Klvet D r i v e
PERMIT NO.
Fred J . Wood
OWNER
Beaufort
Beaufor t County
Craven
Weyerhaeuser
Craven County
Cherry Polnt
Dare
Dare County
Creene
Greene County
Creene County ( n l o )
Jonem
J o n e s County
1.enol r
L e n o l r County
DuPont
Pam1 i c o
P a d I c o County
Weycrhseuser
Newton Storms
Wayne County
Wayne County
Seymour Johnson
Stoke*
85-01
S t o k e s County
Wnshlngton
Surry
06-01
86-02
86-03
T o m o f Ht. A i r y
S u r r y County
S u r r y County
Wayne
99-02
Ysdkln County
LOCATION
SR 1 4 0 0
Old US 70
SR 1 1 2 9
SR 1 3 2 0
Base
Dlmtrlct:
COVNTl
t-'
PERHlT NO.
Dlstrlct:
B I 1 1 y W. M o r r l s
OWUER
LOCATION
COUNTY
Bertle
08-01
B e r t l e County
Chatham
Camden
15-01
Camden C o u n t y
Durham
Currltuck
21-01
C u r r l t u c k County
Edgecombs
33-01
Edgecombe C o u n t y
Catem
37-01
Catem C o m t y
H a l l f u
42-01
41-03
11al l f n x C o u n t y
Champlon P a p e r #
42-04
H a l l f u County
Hertford
46-01
l l e r t f o r d County
brtla
59-01
H a t t l n County
Weycthaeuaer
PERMIT NO.
19-01
L a r r y D.
Perry
OWNER
C h a t ham Coon t )r
I l a r n e t t County
SR 1 5 1 0
(Bales Creek)
SR 1 1 2 5
(Dunn-ervln)
SR
(Anclermon
I l l 6
Clk)
Johnaton
Johnaton County
SR 1 5 0 3
Lee
Lee C o u n t y
SR 1 1 1 1
Hontgoacry
~ i o n t g o L e rc~o u n t y
SR 1 1 37
Moore
Hoore County
SR 1 1 0 3
SR 1 1 2 7
Harnett County
$1 1 4 1 0
Plant property
US 64 W
C l t y o f Durham
Durham C o u n t y
l l a r n c t t County
SR 1 1 0 3
SR 48,
Roanoke I l a p t d a
S* 1 4 1 7
LOCAT ION
64-01
Naah C o u n t y
Ormnue
Town o f C h a p e l N 1 1 j
66-01
Northampton County
Perdue, l a c .
Wake
66-02
C l t y o f Ralel8h
1. B. V e s t . Jt.
Pamquotmnk
70-01
Ellrabeth CIty
Perqulmanm-Chovan
71-01
Perqulsana-Chovan
Pltt
74-01
P l t t County
W1 I# o n
98-01
Wllsun County
Wake C o u n t y
Clyde S o r t e l l
C l t y o f Wake F o r c o t
B u r l l n g t o n Industrlea(n/o)
NC D e p t . A g r i c u l t u r e
(State F a l r )
US 64 E
IJS 64 E
(K~~lghtdale)
SR 1 1 7 2
(f'e1tonnvfllc)
SR I 1 0 3
SR 194)
US I
H o w e l l Road