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OPTIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF
SRI LANKA RAILWAY
By
LIEUTENANT(S) MR KURERA
REG NO NMA/PGD/192
Dissertation submitted to the General Sir Jhone Kothalawala Defence University Sri Lanka in
partial
Fulfilment of the requirement for the post graduate diploma in Defence Management
MARCH - 2013
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DECLARATION
The work reported in this thesis is the result of candidate’s own investigation carried
out in the research. It has not been submitted simultaneously in candidature for any other
degree.
…………………………………….
Lt(S) MR Kurera
Reg No NMA/PGD/192
MARCH-2013
I certify that this statement is correct
………………………………………………
(Supervisor)
Cdr (CDO) AKR Athukorala, RWP,RSP,Psc
Directing Staff
NAME OF THE STUDENT
: Lt(S) MR Kurera
NAME OF THE SUPERVISOR
: Cdr (CDO) AKR Athukorala, RWP,RSP,Psc
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ABSTRACT
1.
Railway is one of the fastest developing travelling modes in Sri Lanka today. Ensuring
a safe, comfortable and fast passage to the traveller is the main objective of the railway.
Railway is closely connected with the identity of colonial Ceylon. With the rapid development
programmes taking place in the railway department, more areas are being provided with its
services.
2.
But, with this rapid progress if our sole intention is to increase the number of tourist
arrivals without considering the environment, the country would be a polluted place. The main
intention of introducing the railway was to provide easy transportation to extract resources to
imperial countries from their colonies. At its inception, railway did not bother about the
sanitary standards onboard trains since trains were introduced only in for the logistics
movement. It ran not in imperial grounds but in colonial grounds.
3.
Now is the right time to convert and overcome its weak points by transforming the rail
way to match the need of our society. If we spend hour watching world news, it is easy to find
out that most of the natural resources are being destroyed either by natural disasters or human
activities. But Sri Lanka still stands intact with her beauty and pride.
4.
Therefore, by standardizing sanitary facilities onboard trains and railway stations we
can transform the Sri Lankan Railway into a better service provider and people will benefit
with a safe mode of travelling and confident.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am pleased to thank those who supported and assisted me for the success of this
research paper. The success of this paper totally depends on those who encouraged, assisted
and guided me in numerous ways. I would like to express my gratitude to the Directing
Staff of the Junior Naval Staff College at the Naval & Maritime Academy for supervision,
encouragement and support given to me to develop and understand the area of the subject.
Specially, I would like to extend my heart-felt gratitude to previous Commandant
Naval & Maritime Academy, Commodore DC Gunawardena, RWP, USP, psc and present
Commandant, Commodore USR Perera RSP, USP, psc for encouraging the students and
the support rendered to overcome the difficulties.
It is a great privilege for me to have Commander (CDO) AKR Athukorala, RWP,
RSP, psc as supervising officer of this paper. Always officers like us benefited when
interact with a senior officer in any event. If I did not have the support rendered by
Lieutenant D Gunarathne, this paper would still be in its drafting stage. He spent his
valuable time to correct grammar in the paper.
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CONTENTS
Title page
1
Declaration
2
Abstracts
3
Acknowledgement
4
Contents
5
Annexes
6
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
Chapter 3.
Methodology
Chapter 4.
Data Presentation and Analysis Findings
Chapter 5.
Findings and discussions
Chapter 6
Recommendations and Conclusion
References
Bibliography
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Annexes
A.
Questionnaire for passengers who travel by train targeting who have educational
level of above G.C.E O/L up to university students.
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OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS OF
SRI LANKA RAILWAY
Sustainable developments means, the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." — from the World Commission
on Environment and Development’s
(the Brundtland Commission) report Our Common Future
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.
The Sri Lanka railway is 145 years old. Due to the three decade conflict
situation in the country, its operational and general activities had declined for nearly three
decades and still the department runs at a loss. With the prevailing peaceful situation in Sri
Lanka, the railway department has identified new projects of development under various
categories, such as , increasing operating speed from 80 km/h to 100 km/h, construction of
new railway lines, increasing of rolling stock fleet, rehabilitation of signalling and
telecommunication, and electrification.1
2.
Well known environmentalist Dr. W.L. Sumathipala has revealed that, “At
present waste disposal is mainly in open dumps, which are unsanitary. Most of these areas are
low laying marshy lands and abandoned paddy fields. As a result leakage emission of gases,
1
http://www.railway.gov.lk
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odours, fire and loss of aesthetic beauty are possible”.2 Sensitization has become an important
aspect in modern development, especially, the urban development projects. Trains have more
potential in allowing the release of human urine and stools in a permanent location during their
operations. Trains in Sri Lanka at present do not have any standards sanitary systems. All the
lavatories available on board the trains are fitted with squatting pans (stainless steel) and some
are with commodes (ceramic or stainless steel). All the outlets are open to the ground
underneath the lavatories. More locomotives and engines have been imported without
consideration to their sanitary systems; As a result, soil beneath the rails around the country
will soon be a tunnel of odours. As such, travelling on board a train on rail routes in Sri Lanka
will be very uncomfortable, especially for tourists and local citizens in the near future.
3.
Minister of Tourism, Hon. Luxman Yapa Abeywardene warmly welcomed the
1,000,000th tourist to Sri Lanka in the year 2012 at the Bandaranaike International Airport.3
The Minister emphasised that the industry has a target of 1.3 million arrivals of tourists in the
year 2013. This target would not be a reality unless we manage a clean environment all-around
the country. Most of the lavatories available at railway stations on Main Line, Matale Line and
Puttalam Line are filed with odours and no person could use and relieve their natural needs
without covering their nostrils. Therefore, the standardizing the sanitary systems and lavatories
available at railway stations and on board trains is an urgent social requirement.
(INTENTIONALLY BLANK)
2
Dr WL Sumathipala,”Research Abstracts on Environment, Forestry and Natural Resources”2Jan.2013
<http://environmentlanka.com>
3
Sri Lanka Tourism welcomed the arrival of 1,000,000th tourist in ear 2012 Dec 2012 ... <http://www.elankanews.com/2012/12/
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
4.
Railway is one of the fastest developing travelling modes in Sri Lanka today. Ensuring
a safe, comfortable and fast passage to the traveller is the main objective of the railway. The
sole authority of railway in Sri Lanka, the Sri Lanka Railway Department, has launched a huge
development program. The department is equipped with 310 trains including 45 long distance
and 12 intercity trains4. With the back drop of the peace process program in Sri Lanka, Sri
Lanka Railway operational activities are increasing rapidly achieving the speed ability from 80
kph to 100 and 120 by installing high performing rails under the upgrading of southern railway
line and it has operational ground length of 1447 km. Rail ways that were badly damaged by
the three decade war are now being re-constructed in the northern area covering Vauniya to
Kankasanturai and Thalaimannar and in the South from Matara to Hambantota. Sri Lanka
railway is about to purchase Diesel Multiple Units from India and China and several
locomotives from India. Electrifying identified railway passages is another major proposal to
be implemented.
5.
These new developments, however, pose many threats to the island-nation which has
only a land area of 65,610 sq km. Possibilities of air pollution and carbon emission are also
very high. They draw our attention to the concept of sustainable development and sustainable
transportation which this paper seeks to initiate an essential dialogue which can be used as an
option for the future development of the Sri Lanka Railway.
6.
Air polluted by carbon emissions is a considerable issue in the world today. But with
the uncontrolled manufacturing of motor engines around the world term has used to express its
damage to the public “minimum impact” or “control.” Railway transportation is a transport
mode which has the possibility of polluting air with bad smell and passing human urine and
4
www.railway.gov.lk
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stool direct to the soil along the railway tracks. When compared with other road transportations
such as public buses, vans and motor bicycles, railway transportation has the potential of
creating a polluted, bad smelling environment that can be witnessed at any railway station or
nearby a lavatory onboard a train.
7.
Therefore, the sustainable transportation is a dire need of a nation like Sri Lanka.
Geographically, Sri Lanka has a limited land area. Covered by the ocean, the country does not
have any ability of expanding its territory. Ecological economics (a discipline concerned with
valuing ecological resources) defines sustainability in terms of natural capital and the value of
natural systems to provide goods and services, including clean air, water and climatic
stability. In 1987 the Brundtland Commission declared that sustainable development “meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs.”
(INTENTIONALY BLANK)
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RESEARCH PROBLEM
8.
Passengers passing the lavatories in a railway station or a compartment undergo a very
difficult situation every day. Sri Lanka Railway Department at present has 172 main stations
and 161 substations on the Main Line, Matale Line, Puttalam Line and Northern Line. Each
main station has separate lavatory and water supply units for rail passengers. In every train a
lavatory unit is available in each coach. The outlet of each lavatory drain is open to the soil
beneath its deck and human urine, stool and used water, therefore, spreads over the ground
between the rails. This is very common to each colonial country and it is a bad sanitary
practice. As per the World Health Organization’s announcement, the word, sanitation generally
refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and
faeces5. Even though it is a developing country, a suitable sanitary system is not available on
the coaches used to travel by rails in Sri Lanka for many decades. With the increase of its
population density up to 322.46, introducing a quality sanitary system to lavatories in trains and
railway stations has become a social requirement. It is proposed to construct new railway in the
south in two phases. The phase one is from Matara to Beliatta (35km) and the phase two is
from Beliatta to Hambanota (79 km).7Therefore, it is observed that the future tourism in Sri
Lanka will be based on the southern coast. The most favourable travelling mode for tourists
will be the railway. If a suitable sanitation system is not introduced to railway and its stations,
specially the railway from Colombo to Hambantota, local citizens and foreigners will find it
undesirable. Living areas of the residents on the southern railway are located at an approximate
20 feet gap from the railway line. If the soil of the railway is polluted due to a non-standardized
lavatory system, a very unhygienic environment will be created for the population living
nearby on the 142 kilo meter railway. It will be a bad impact on the tourism industry in Sri
Lanka which has been systematically developed for a considerable period and as a result, it
will ultimately run at a loss due to the poor planning of the sanitary systems in trains and
stations.
5
www.who.int
www.tradingeconomics.com
7
www.railway.gov.lk
6
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9.
Most of the lavatories available at railway stations and onboard trains could be
classified as polluting air due to their bad odours. It reveals an unhealthy living standard and
gives a bad impression of the citizens in Sri Lanka. During the research, it was found that 172
main railway stations and 161 substations are available in the Sri Lanka Railway Department.
Bad odours are generated mainly due to non-availability of a proper water system and a
sanitary system in lavatories at railway stations and onboard trains. All the lavatories are those
built by the British and carry the same old structures. Lavatories available onboard trains do
not have any standard sanitary systems. This situation has created a huge barrier for the future
development of the Sri Lankan Railway.
10.
During the research, two major railway lines with long distance rail service were
identified as the major vulnerable areas that could pollute the soil beneath the rails due to nonavailability of proper water supply and sanitary systems on trains. The two identified areas are
the
Medawachchiya-Puttalam,
Medawachchiya-Kankasanthurei
line
and
the
Galle-
Katharagama line.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
11.
The objective of the study is to standardize water supply systems and sanitary systems
in lavatories available at railway stations and onboard trains.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
12.
For decades, attention was given to study issues linked with carbon emission and the
threats posed by other commercial and industrial activities. As a developing country, specially
being an island-nation, the effect of disposing human urine and stools direct to ground will be a
major social problem in the near future unless precautions are taken and considerable attention
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is given. Railway is the major transportation mode which has the potential of disposing
human urine and stools to a permanent ground area. With the development of the operational
area of the railway in Sri Lanka, the possibility of ground pollution will also drastically
increase along with the constructed railway. It will pollute air, ground soil and water resources.
Polluted air with bad smells will highly affect the tourist promotion programs, specially in
beach areas where railways are established.
13.
Diseases spread by ground water will affect younger generations living on the other
side of the railway. Personal hygiene, food hygiene affected by these unsafe sanitary systems
will cause major problems. With the re-construction of the northern railway, more
opportunities will be available for public transportation. With the long distance rail service, use
of lavatories at stations and in trains will increase. The air and open ground will be polluted
with human urine and stools more than in the past. Therefore, exposing permanent ground to
be contaminated by human urine and stools will be a major social problem.
14.
The introduction of luxury rail coaches on trains running on the Matale line shows a
slight increase of upcountry visitors. For bookings, railway has allowed 14 days of advance
notification. But, today most of the upcountry seats are fully booked before the 14 day advance
notification. Coaches used for the passage are not equipped with standard sanitary systems.
Passengers who travel on the line release urine, stools and waste waters to the open grounds
along the rail which runs through cultivated high grounds. Mixing nitrate with irrigable soil
and underground water resources will lead to another major biological problem.
At present lavatories available at railway stations and onboard trains do not have a proper
standard water supply system as well as a standard sanitary system. Being a major transport
facility provider, Sri Lanka Railway has to have a proper sanitary system to promote its service
more effectively and efficiently.
15.
Geographically, the upcountry has a complex terrain. In Sri Lanka, there are 103 rivers
and streams. Most of them begin from the upcountry mountains. The longest is the Mahaweli.
It starts its 333 km journey near Adam’s Peak and finds its way into the Indian Ocean at
Koddiyar Bay at Trincomalee. It is the only perennial river which crosses the dry zone. Rail
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tracks cover most of the country side parallel to the main road but in high altitude. Railway
lines run round both sides of the mountain. During the rainy season, water runs through rails
causing all the urine and human stools to mix with underground water streams. They flow
down to ground levels where paddy fields and agricultural field are located. Sri Lanka’s
perennial rivers are called Ganga and other streams are called Oya in Sinhala or Aru in Tamil.
A number of rivers have now been developed both for irrigation and power. The Victoria
power project which depends on Mahavali Ganga is one of the largest in Asia. The other power
projects are Kothmale, Rantambe and Randenigala and Mahavali.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
16.
Scope of this research study is to carry out an analysis on available water supply
systems and sanitary standards at lavatories in stations and onboard trains and to make
recommendations to standardize the water supply system and introduce a standard sanitary
system.
17.
The study is limited to stations either side at three main railway lines boarding the north
to Madawachchiya and the south to Galle as the rest areas are still under construction. The
method used to collect data is the direct interview conducted from 25th December 2012 to 25th
January 2013 with randomly selected 200 train passengers who have the educational levels
above GCE O/L and the employed persons who are at least able to identify the concept of
standardization.
(INTENTIONALY BLANK)
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CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
18.
In the year 2006, World Bank Environmental Specialist Sumith Pilapitiya had
stated, “I believe that we have no right to ask another person to handle our waste and
complain that it’s not done in the right manner, unless we feel comfortable handling our own
waste.”8 . Handling waste in a society, although it is neglected and considered an unimportant
job, cleanliness and standards of the society will be based on such basic activities. Considering
the waste management as a major concept, it is important to trace the logic behind it.
19.
Scarcity is the main object of economics. It is the result of the gap between customer
demand and the supply. The main feature of the natural resources is their limitation. Natural
resources are not increased as the demand rose in open market following many reasons.
Therefore, safeguarding the resources has become a major challenge at present. Land, air, trees
and water are the main resources and their attrition is faster than their production. But scarcity
is a comparative concept and also a challenge to development. It is continuously being
subjected to many debates because of the rapid increase in global population and the
acceleration of the economic activities. The demand has increased for both renewable and
finite resources. Unsustainable resources have more impact on environment. 85% of global
diseases are partly caused by exposure to environmental risk factors such as poor sanitation, air
pollution and lack of access to clean air.
20.
With an aim “To be the most sought after land transport provider in Sri Lanka,
providing unsurpassed value to our stakeholders”9, Sri Lanka Railway has to have a good
8
Dilinika Peiris.”Is Sustainable Urbanization Possible in Sri Lanka?
21.Jan2013http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/sustainable-urbanization-possible-sri-lanka
9
Sri Lanka Railways. Our visionhttp://www.railway.gov.lk/web/inde
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policy in their own environmental passages. It is revealed that the railway department is
looking forward to import luxury compartments, seats and many engines to cater to present
demand for railway transport. But the present sanitary standard available with the department
is in a poor condition. Most of Japanese cities are facing a problem of odour, air sits, under
their urban development projects. Again the concept of sustainable and eco-friendly
development matters.
21.
Balance between high technology and the natural environment around the service
provider has a unique stability in promoting the service. The green accounts, green
environment, green systems and many systems have also emerged. Therefore maintaining the
balance between technology and environment should be in an accountable state.
LITERATURE RELATED TO THE STUDY
22.
The research identified a centre of gravity lays between technology and attention given
to the environment. The various methods which prescribed development have mentioned the
concept of development cannot be overcome unless exact attention is given to the environment.
23.
Maslow's theory on human needs describes needs by their priorities. The first main and
foundation needs are physiological needs. i.e. breathing, food, water, sex, homeostasis, and
excretion.10 It was the first most theory that pursuit the security and importance of the natural
environment. Maslow’s theory shows us clean air, clean ground are the basic satisfaction of a
human. Produced material comes the second. It is clear the man first should breathe. Then the
rest.
24
Therefore to be a better transport provider the railway department in Sri Lanka has to
make their attention on its present sanitary systems. Even railway comprises with high graded
locomotives, engines but with poor environment outlet customer will not satisfied. Sustainable
ecological environment give more opportunities to be satisfied even with less facilities. The
10
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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concept of sustainability relates to the maintenance and enhancement of environmental, social
and economic resources, in order to meet the needs of current and future generations. The three
components of sustainability are,
a.
Environmental sustainability – It concentrates on nor harm to the environment.
Which requires that natural capital remains intact? This means that the source and sink
functions of the environment should not be degraded. Therefore, the extraction of
renewable resources should not exceed the rate at which they are renewed, and the
absorptive capacity to the environment to assimilate wastes should not be exceeded.
Furthermore, the extraction of non-renewable resources should be minimized and
should not exceed agreed minimum strategic levels.
b.
Social sustainability – which requires that the cohesion of society and its ability
to work towards common goals be maintained. Individual needs, such as those for
health and well-being, nutrition, shelter, education and cultural expression should be
met.
c.
Economic sustainability – which occurs when development, which moves
towards social and environmental sustainability, is financially feasible.
Source: Gilbert, Stevenson, Girardet, Stren, 1996
25.
A New Vision for the Commonwealth. Colum, 3 March 2002 recognized advantages of
the researches made by UNESCO on world education strategies need to be recalibrated to
reflect both the educational intentions of initiative and the objectives and goals of the
Commonwealth. It has two basic purposes11
a.
To educate and train competent, creative and critically minded professional
designers/builders; and
11
http://www.comarchitect.org/WebHelp/8_commonwealth
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b
To bring up a good world citizen who are intellectually mature, ecologically
sensitive and socially responsible.
26.
The World Health Organization defines that the word sanitization as, providing
facilities to the public on safe disposal of human urine and faces within the environment.
Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide. The world sanitation also refers
to the maintains of hygienic conditions, through services as garbage collection and wastewater
disposal. Therefore each service especially in government concept has to have a standard on
their own sanitary systems.
DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT SELECTED FOR THE STUDY
27.
Sustainable development is a must in the Sri Lanka Railway development process.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is working to monitor and to guide a better
sustainable global environment. Global environment outlook (GEO) is one of its results. The
report for year 2009 clearly finds many uncontrolled development programmes in urban
community centres.12 It is a result of the past development practices. One requirement raises
allocating money from national budget and finds solution to the individual problem without
compromising other related challenges.
28.
In Global Environmental Outlook part 11 looks in understand the environmental
concerns and current opportunities to support effective planning for sustainable development.
It reveals that physical, social, demographic and economic trends in response to the policies
made by the states. It has identified urban dynamics such as, storm water drainage deficiencies.
They have broken down these activities as,
12
Sri Lankan Environment outlook-2009.ppvMinistry of Environment & Natural Resources United
Nations Environment Programmed.22.01.2013.< http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/pdf/annual_reports>
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29.
a.
Forestry and wildlife conservation.
b.
Agriculture, plantation, land development and mining
c.
Fisheries and costal.
d.
Industry and tourism
e.
Energy and transportation
f.
Health, sanitation and urban development.
Ministry of Transport Authority is mainly responsible for development activities in the
Railway Department. But it is hard to find what are the steps that have been taken to consider
the facts mentioned in the national policy based on the Mahinda Chinthanaya. There are so
many important missions laid down in the national policies. Following roll of missions
extracted from annual performance and accounts year 2011 report are very important.
Green Lanka Programmed Mission
a. Clean Air Every Where
Major Activities
40 site inspections and 15 Road Side Testing
Programmers under Vehicle Emission Testing
(VET)programmers
b. Saving Flora, Fauna and Ecosystems
Meeting the Challenges of the Climate Change
Declaration of 9 district forests
Preparation of a National Climate Change
Policy, National Climate Change Adaptation
Strategies and Technology Action Plans
c. Wise Use of Coastal Belt and Sea Around
Publishing of Gazette Regulations on “Off
Shore Explorations for and Exploitation of
Natural Resources including Petroleum”
d. Responsible Use of the Land Resources
Doing Away With Dumps
Establishment of 17 Eco Villages
Preparation of a Project Action Plan for the
safe disposal of mobile communication and
associated waste
e. Water for All and Always
Bi-Weekly analysis of water quality in Kelani
river
f. Green Cities for Health and Prosperity
Publishing of National Environmental
(Vehicle Horns) Regulations No. 01 of 2011
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g. Greening the Industries
Launching of National Green Reporting
system
Development of a National Green Accounting
System
Organizing of a Green Job Awards Program
me
h. Knowledge for Right Choices
Initiatives taken to upgrade the curricular of
the Universities and the Technical Colleges
with the sustainable development aspects.
Initiation of Climate Change Adaptation
Knowledge Platform to facilitate climate
change adaptation in Asia at local, national
and regional levels
30.
Will Sri Lankan railway department be smart enough to carry out or comply with above
missions along with the national interest unless at least upgraded or standardize it sanitary
systems at railway stations and onboard trains? According to a definition of motivation,
“Motivation is the inner state that causes an individual to behave in a way that ensures the
accomplishment of some goal”
13
Sanitary facilities, is the most unique factor where Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs factors dose not insist much.
31.
Therefore there is a huge gap between ministries and development activities. National
policy is a very crucial span of control considering the government. It is also important to
understand what the world says about their own development.
32.
Japanese Government has introduce a new concept on “ Future Cities”.14 The policy they
have implemented into action is development through environmental values. The golden rule is
“cities create new value by tackling environmental issues and aging.
13
14
th
Certo,S.C.Modern Management 2003,9 edition prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Government of Japan. “into the future” times December 2012/january2013:Artical
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CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
HYPOTHESIS
33.
The main reason for dissatisfaction of the railway passengers about the sanitary systems
at railway stations and onboard trains is unavailability of standardized water supply and lavatory
facilities.
METHODS OF COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
34.
The data collection and analysis will be carried out as indicated below.
a.
Methods of data collection: Following methods will be utilized to collect data.
The collected data will be utilized to the process of the research.
(1)
Study of current water supplies and sanitary systems available at railway
stations and onboard trains. At present, 172 main stations and 161 sub stations are
functioning under the Sri Lankan Railway. Research focused to study the
standards of sanitary systems available at 172 main stations and ten trains
operating in following lines starting from Colombo-Fort.
(2)
a
Main line
b
Puttalam line
d.
Southern line (up to Matara)
Study on the present policy of Ministry of Transportation.
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(3)
Obtain views from target group through a questionnaire comprising
followings in Sinhala language.
(4)
Document related to environmental studies specially related to transport
development: Documents available in the web under Ministry of transportation,
Sri Lanka railway department and other relevant articles.
(5)
Books articles and the Internet:
The sources indicated will be utilizes
for gather the information related to the research area.
b.
Methods of data analysis:
Gathered data will be analysed base on the main
research problem in order to give a fair answer to find out an opinion for future
development of Sri Lanka Railway.
INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTERS
35.
The chapter wise organisation of the dissertation is indicated as below.
a.
Chapter 1:
The chapter one contains introduction, Background of the study,
Research Problem, Objective of the study, Significance of the study and Scope and
Limitations of the Study.
b.
Chapter 2:
Under the Chapter two it is explained the Literature Review,
Literature related to the study and definition of the concepts selected for the study.
c.
Chapter 3:
Chapter three contains the Methodology, Hypothesis and
introduction to the chapters.
d.
Chapter 4:
Chapter four contains Data presentation, Data analyses and
findings.
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e.
Chapter 5:
Investment of standardisation will be analysis through present
experiences over the world. Railway as one of the main transport modes is in Sri Lanka
f.
Chapter 6:
Contains Recommendations and conclusion
ORGANIZATION OF THE RESEARCH
Identifying the
Research problem
Obtain details from
main railway stations
And 10 trains which
operates in each line
starting from Colombo
Obtaining of views
from railway targeted
group through
questionnaire
Analysis of the data
received
from
the
information /details and
opinions given by the
targeted group and
compare
with
worldwide standards in
order to implement a
good standardisation on
water
supply
and
sanitary
system
at
railway stations and
onboard trains.
Conclusion and
recommendation
for
standardisation
water supply and
sanitary system
available at main
railway stations
and onboard
trains.
Theories
* Motivation & Basic Management Theories
* Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
* Fredrick Herzberg Two Factor Theory
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CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS FINDINGS
36.
A questionnaire was prepared and distributed among randomly selected 200 people
ensuring that they are regular train travellers and they have some knowledge on
standardisation. The main aims of the preparation of this questionnaire is to find out whether
the passengers are satisfied with the water supply and sanitary facilities provided by the Sri
Lanka Railway at main railway stations /onboard trains. The result of analyzing data helps to
find out possible ways to upgrade the water supply and sanitary system available at main
railway stations and onboard trains.
ANALYSIS OF DATA RECEIVED
37.
A questionnaire comprising five main questions including nine sub questions were
prepared and distributed among railway passengers who are travelling daily in following
railway lines.
a.
Main line (Maradana-Badulla 286km)
:
Randomly selected 108 personnel
were interviewed by producing them a questionnaire comprising 75 employees 11
University students and 22 students.
b.
Puthlam Line ( Peralanda- Puthlam: 101km )
:
Randomly
selected
27
personnel were interviewed by producing them a questionnaire comprising 17
employees 04 university students and 06 students .
c.
Southern Line (Maradana-Mathara : 160km )
:
Randomly
selected
76
personnel were interviewed by producing them the questionnaire comprising 31
employees 19 university students and 26 students .
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24
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38.
Analyses of answers received from target group: The employees / university students
and students travelling in main line gave their answers as follows.
Question 1:
Is the water supply at railway station is satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employee
26
49
University Students
01
10
Students
00
22
Total(27+81=108)
27
81
Table 4:1
39.
It is observed that only 25% travellers are satisfied about the water supply system of
stations in main line. It is observed that 26 employees out of 75 are satisfied about the water
supply system. One university student stated that he is satisfied about water supply system at
stations in main line. But none of students has expressed satisfaction about the water supply
system in stations at main line. Younger generation refuses traditional water supply system at
stations. Therefore it is observed 75% of persons travelling by train in main line are not
satisfied about the water supply system provided by Sri Lanka railways. Following 14 stations
out of 76 have been identified as with a satisfactory water supply system.
a. RAGAMA
j.
NAGODA
b. KELANIYA
k.
KADUGANNAWA
c. WALPOLA
l.
ALAWUWA
d. GAMPAHA
m.
AMBEPUSSA
e. WEYANGODA
n.
POLGAHAWELA
f. VEYANGODA
o.
NANUOYA
g. RAGAMA
p.
KADUGANNAWA
h. GAMPAHA
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25
RESTRICTED
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM AT RAIWAY
STATIONS IS SATISFACTORY?
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
81
YES
NO
27
1
EMPLOYEES
10
0
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
22
STUDENTS
Chart4:1
Question 2 :
Is the water supply system at trains are satisfactory?.
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
04
71
University Students
00
11
Students
00
22
total
04
104
Table 4:2
40.
It is observed that 96.2% travellers are not satisfied with the water supply system of
trains which operate in main line. It is observed that only 04 employees out of 75 are satisfied
about the water supply system in trains. No university students and students have made their
vote to present water supply systems in trains. As per statics we have interviewed 11 university
students and 22 students who used trains for their daily transport. They all disagreed on the
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26
RESTRICTED
present water supply system on board trains in main line. There are many reasons which
emereged during the interview for their disagreement on present water supply system in trains.
i.e.
a.
Unhygienic water store (steel tanks fixed top of each lavatory having only a
single coat of enamel paint)
41.
b.
Corroded valves and waterlines.
c.
Bad appearance in water tap and basin.
d.
Not maintaining regularly.
We observed none of the passengers is willing to drink water from trains. But they
mainly expect to have a water supply system on-board trains for washing purpose such as
hands after using lavatories, after having meals and face wash.
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM ON BOARD
TRAINS SATISFACTORY?
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
71
YES
NO
4
EMPLOYEES
0
11
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
0
22
STUDENTS
Chart4:2
42.
It is understood that the most of the passengers travelling by train are using and
expecting a good water supply system on board trains.
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27
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Question 3 :
Are the lavatories at stations are satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
06
75
University Students
00
11
Students
00
22
Total
06
102
Table 4:3
43
It is observed that 94.4% travellers are not satisfied with lavatory facilities in stations
along main line. It is calculated that each minute 22-30 personnel use lavatories at following
stations in mainline.
44.
a.
Maradana
-(22-30 personnel per minute)
b.
Fort.
-(25-33 personnel per minute)
c.
Dematagoda -(9-12 personnel per minute)
d.
Kelaniya
-(8-12 personnel per minute)
e.
Ragama
-(13-15 personnel per minute)
f.
Gampaha
-(8-13 personnel per minute)
As per the statistics 108 personnel were interviewed including 75 employees, 11
university students and 22students. Only 06 out of 108 passengers have made their vote for
satisfactory lavatory facilities at stations. Most of the passengers refuse to use toilets at stations
because of uncleanness and not maintaining them properly. Only 5.5% said that above
mentioned lavatories are satisfactory. Reasons for that dissatisfaction observed during the
interview are as follows.
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28
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a.
Odour environment.
b.
Uncleanness.
c.
Gray areas in commodes, basins.
d.
Non availability of flushing system or available systems are not working.
e.
Broken doors.
f.
Gray walls.
IS LAVATORIES AVAILABLE AT STATIONS
ARE SATISFACTORY ?
120
100
102
80
YES
60
NO
40
20
6
0
0
EMPLOYEE
11
UNIVERSITY
SUDENTS
0
22
STUDENTS
Chart 4:3
Question 4 :
Are the lavatories on-board trains are satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
00
75
University Students
00
11
Students
00
22
total
00
108
Table 4:4
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29
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45.
It is observed that 100% travellers are not satisfied with the lavatory facilities onboard
trains operating in main line. But most of them stated that lavatories available in newly
introduced locomotives in main line are satisfactory, especially the cleanliness inside
lavatories. As per the statistics 108 personnel were interviewed including 75 employees, 11
university students and 22students. None of them stated their satisfaction about the lavatory
facilities onboard trains. Reasons observed during the interview are as follows.
a.
Odour environment.
b.
Non availability of flushing system or not working .
c.
Gray areas in commodes, basins
d.
Uncleanness.
e.
Broken doors.
f.
Gray walls.
IS LAVOTERIES ON BOARD TRAINS ARE
SATISFACTORY?
80
70
60
75
50
40
30
20
10
0
YES
NO
22
0
0 11
0
EMPLOYEE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:4
46.
Competitively good standard locomotives are imported from India, Korea. Due to
unavailability of standard system to maintain not only engines, but refilling Water / Oil / Fuel
Sri Lanka Railway still use conventional methods. It is observed at the maintenance yard
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30
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deport-Dematagoda, none of the ground workers were wearing safety helmets and there were
no gloves available for technical workers. Maintaining sanitary system onboard trains is poor.
Question 5: Will letting lavatory outlets open to the ground affect the environment?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
75
00
University Students
11
00
Students
22
00
Total
108
00
Table 4:5
47
It is observed that 100% travellers stated that letting lavatory outlets open to the ground
is not a good practice. People are somewhat interested in the environment concerns in main
line. Clean air is the main requirement that every passenger is requesting. It is observed that
employee group, university students group and students all agree that clean air and soil is to be
protected. Most of the employees, even though they have no any other options, agree that
outlets should not be open to the ground in the railway.
48.
University students insisted that if this bad practice continued for another three to four
years the soil between the railway tracks will be contaminated with human urine and generate
odour for many more years. And also it will affect the ground water resources too.
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31
RESTRICTED
49
It is observed that after Gampaha station area the train tracks run very close to
agricultural paddy fields. Contaminating soil between rails with human urine and stools will
effect to the natural environment. Natural air along the country side will be polluted with odour
if these outlets are opened to the ground under railway tracks for a long period.
LETTING OUTLETS OF LAVOTERIES TO
GROUNG WILL EFFECT TO ENVIROMENT?
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
75
YES
NO
0
22
11 0
0
EMPLOYEE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:5
50.
It is observed that the general idea of environmental protection is with the public. Most
of the people interviewed disagree with the present outlet system available onboard trains.
Each lavatory available onboard train is designed to leave outlets open to the ground. As
depicted in the diagram, none of the personnel agreed with the present system.
Question 6 :
Choose most suitable option
Answer selection
1st
2nd
3rd
7
0
0
7
7
0
0
7
75
11
22
108
Employee
University students
Students
Total
Table 4:6
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32
RESTRICTED
51.
As per the available statistics 108 passengers were interviewed in main line. When
options are asked from them, there were no suggestions on what to implement to uplift the
standard of the sanitary facilities provided by the Sri Lanka railway. But they are of the opinion
that all sanitary systems in railway should be standardized for a better railway service.
CHOOS MOST SUITABLE OPTION
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TANKS SHOULD
CLEAN
75
TOILETS SHOULD
CLEAN
22
7 7
EMPLOYEE
1 0 11
0 0
BORTH SHOULD
STANDERDISED
UNIV
STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:6
52
Analyses of answers received from target group in Southern line: The
analyses
of
answers received from 76 personnel including employee / university students and students
travelling in southern line are as follows:
Question 1:
Is the water supply at railway stations satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employee
9
22
University Students
00
19
Students
00
26
Total(9+67=76)
9
67
Table 4:7
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33
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53.
It is observed that only 11.8% travellers are satisfied with the water supply system at
the stations in Southern line. It is observed that 9 employees out of 31 are satisfied with the
water supply system. None of the university students stated his satisfaction about the water
supply system at the stations in Southern line. Younger generation is refusing the traditional
water supply system at stations. Nine employees indicated their satisfaction about the water
supply system is available at some stations i.e.
a.
Moratuwa
b.
Panadura
c.
Pinnawaththa
d.
Rathgama
e.
Ginthota
f.
Galle
g.
Maggona
h.
Wadduwa
30
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM AT STATIONS
SATISFACTORY?
25
26
20
22
YES
19
15
NO
10
5
9
0
0
0
EMPLOYEE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:7
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34
RESTRICTED
Question 2:
Is the water supply system at trains at satisfactory level?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
01
30
University Students
00
19
Students
00
26
total
01
75
Table 4:8
54.
It is observed that only 1.3% travellers satisfactory about the water supply system of
trains which operates in southern line. It is observed that only 01 employee out of 31 is
satisfied about the water supply system in trains. No university students, students have made
their vote to present water supply a system in trains operates in southern line. As per statics we
have interviewed 19 university students and 26 students who use trains for their daily transport.
They all disagree to point out present water supply system as a good system on board trains in
southern line. There are many reasons which insisted during the interview for their
disagreement on present water supply system in trains. i.e.
a.
Unhygienic water store (steel tanks fixed top of each lavatory having only a
single coat of enamel paint)
55.
b.
Corroded valves and waterlines.
c.
Bad appearance in water tap and basin.
d.
Not maintaining regularly.
It is observed that none of the passengers is willing to drink water from trains. But they
mainly expect to have water supply system on-board trains for washing purposes such as
washing hands after using lavatories, after having meals and washing faces.
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35
RESTRICTED
35
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM IN TRAINS
SATISFACTORY?
30
30
25
26
20
19
15
YES
NO
10
5
1
0
0
0
EMPLOYEE
UNIVERSITY
STUDENT
STUDENTS
Chart 4:8
Question 3:
Are lavatories at stations in satisfactory level?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
01
30
University Students
00
19
Students
00
26
total
00
76
Table 4:9
56.
It is observed that only 1.3% travellers’ satisfactory about the lavatory facilities in
trains operated along southern line. It is calculated that each minute 4-5 personnel using
lavatories at following stations in mainline and maintaining standards should be in a standard
level .
a.
Mount Lavinia
-
(4-5 personnel per minute)
b.
Lunawa
-
(1-2 personnel per minute)
c.
Moratuwa
-
(1-2 personnel per minute)
d.
Panadura
-
(1-2 personnel per minute)
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36
RESTRICTED
57.
e.
Kaluthara
-
(1-3 personnel per minute)
f.
Aluthgama
-
(1-2 personnel per minute)
g.
Galle
-
(2-6 personnel per minute)
h.
Matara
-
(2-6 personnel per minute)
As per the statics 76 personnel were interviewed including 31 employees, 19 university
students and 26 students. None of them made their satisfaction on lavatory facilities at stations.
Reasons observed during the interview are as follows.
a.
Odour environment.
b.
Uncleanness.
c.
Gary areas in commodes, basins.
d.
Non availability of flushing system or available systems are not working.
e.
Broken doors./ No door
f.
Gary walls. / Filthy writings/ dab cartoons (related to sexuality)
g.
Missing water valves
h.
missing of water lines( conduits tubs)
j.
Missing roof tiles
k.
Mess environment (condoms/rubber slippers/ tulip bags/ cloths/ sanitary papers/
plastic bottles)
IS LAVATORIES AVAILABLE AT
STATIONS ARE SATISFACTORY ?
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
YES
102
NO
6
EMPLOYEE
0 11
0 22
UNIVERSITY
SUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:9
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37
RESTRICTED
Question 4 :
Are lavatories on-board trains in satisfactory level ?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
01
30
University Students
00
19
Students
00
26
Total(1+74=75)
01
75
Table 4:10
58.
It is observed that 98.6% travellers’ un satisfaction about lavatory facilities onboard
trains operate in southern line. But the most of them insisted that they are satisfied with the
newly introduced locomotives in the southern line with their lavatory facilities, specially the
cleanliness of inside the lavatories. As per the statics 76 personnel were interviewed including
31 employees, 19 university students and 26 students. None of them made their satisfaction on
lavatory facilities onboard trains. Reasons observed during the interview are as follows.
a.
Odour environment.
b.
Uncleanness.
c.
Gary areas in commodes, basins.
d.
Non availability of flushing system/ available systems are not working.
e.
Broken doors.
f.
Scattered floor tiles.
g.
Broken door looks
h.
Corroded taps/units
j.
Filthy words/cartoons.
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38
RESTRICTED
IS LAVOTERIES ON BOARD TRAINS ARE
SATISFACTORY?
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
75
YES
NO
22
1
0 11
0
EMPLOYEE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:10
Question 5 : Will letting outlets of lavatories to the ground effect to environment ?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
31
00
University Students
19
00
Students
26
00
Total
76
00
Table 4: 11
59.
It is observed that 100% travellers stated that letting outlets of lavatories to the ground
is not a good practise. People are somewhat interested on their environment. Clean air is the
main requirement that every passenger is requests. It is observed that Employee group of 31
personnel, University students consisted of group of 19 personnel and students consisted of 26
, all are agree that clean air and soil is to be protected. Some of students stated that outlets
should lead to a separate bucket which can be out lord at a place far away from station.
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39
RESTRICTED
60.
University students insisted that if this bad practice continued for another three four
years the soil between the railway tracks will react with human urine and generate odour mixed
environment for rest of the time. And also it will effect to the ground water resources too.
LETTING OUTLETS OF LAVOTERIES TO GROUNG WILL
EFFECT TO ENVIROMENT?
35
30
31
25
26
YES
20
19
15
NO
10
5
0
0
0
0
EMPLOYEE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4: 11
61.
As per statics indicated 76 passengers were interweaved who travel by train in south
line. There are two types of trains which operate daily. One is long distance trains and the other
one is short distance trains. Target groups are consisting both the passengers representing each
distance. It is observed that each person agreed that letting toilet outlets to the ground will
effect to environment badly.
62.
It is observed that the distance from railway to nearest living slums in some areas are
nearly six feet in ground. Mixing urine with soil in rails and stools will be a threat to hygiene
of personnel living nearby the railway.
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40
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63.
During the conversation made with university students they mentioned this issue
seriously. Thirty one numbers of employees, 19 university students and 26 students agreed that
letting toilet out lets to the ground will effect to environment badly and it will contaminate
ground water resources too. Required digging range for water in southern line is about 8-15
feet. It’s a possible contaminated range by human urine and stools mixed in soil beneath the
rails.
Question: 6 Choose most suitable option?
Answer selection
1st
2nd
3rd
7
0
0
7
7
0
0
7
31
19
26
76
Employee
University students
Students
Total
Table 4:12
64.
It is observed that people who travel by train in southern line requires some polluted
free environment to travel in confident and safety. Seven personnel of 31 employees stated that
water supply system at stations and toilets in trains should be clean. They insisted to clean
them regularly.
CHOOS MOST SUITABLE OPTION
35
30
W/T SHOULD
CLEAN
31
25
26
20
SHOULD
STANDERDIZED
19
15
10
5
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
EMPLOYEE
UNIV STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4: 12
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41
L/T SHOULS
CLEAN
RESTRICTED
65.
Analyses of answers received from target groups in Puthlam line: The
analysis
of
answers received from 27 personnel including 17 employees 04 university students and 06
students who were travelling in Puthlam line gave their answers as follows.
Question 1:
Is water supply at railway station in satisfactory level?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employee
1
16
University Students
00
4
Students
00
06
Total(1+26=27)
1
26
Table 4: 13
66.
It is observed that 96.2% travellers are unsatisfied about the water supply system of
stations in Puthlam line. It is observed that only 01 employee out of 17 is satisfied about the
water supply system at stations. That is Chilaw station. 04 university students and 06 students
stated their dissatisfaction on water supply system at stations in Puthlam line.
67.
None of a student’s has expressed his satisfaction on water supply system in Puthlam
line. But it is observed that water supply systems at following stations in Puthlam line are
comparatively in a good standard. It is comparatively clean and mess less. But water storage
tanks are not much good. It is discovered the most of the tanks are made out of cements and
had not cleaned for a considerable period.
68.
At main stations for water stores plastic shell tanks are used. But some hood covers not
available and uncovered to environment sunlight and rain.
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42
RESTRICTED
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM AT RAIWAY
STATIONS IS SATISFACTORY?
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
16
YES
NO
6
1
0
4
0
EMPLOYEES UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4: 13
Question 2:
Is water supply system at trains are satisfactory?.
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
00
17
University Students
00
04
Students
00
06
total
00
27
Chart 4: 14
69.
It is observed that 100% travellers unsatisfactory about the water supply system of
trains which operates in Puthlam line. 17 No’s employees stated their dissatisfaction about the
water supply system in trains. No university students, students have made their vote to present
water supply systems in trains. As per statics we have interviewed 04 university students and
06 students which use trains for their daily transport. They all disagree about the present water
RESTRICTED
43
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supply system on board trains in main line. There are many reasons which insisted during the
interview for their disagree on present water supply system in trains. i.e.
a.
Unhygienic water store (steel tanks fixed top of each lavatory having only a
single coat of enamel paint)
70.
b.
Corroded valves and waterlines.
c.
Bad appearance in water tap and basin.
d.
Not maintaining regularly.
We observed none of a passenger is willing to drink water from trains. But they mainly
expect to have water supply system on-board trains for washing purpose. Hands after using
lavatories, after having meals and face wash.
IS WATERSUPPLY SYSTEM ONBOARD
TRAINS SATISFACTORY?
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
17
YES
6
0
0
4
NO
0
EMPLOYEES UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4: 14
71.
Most of the passengers are not interesting to use lavatory facilities in Puthlam line due
poor condition. It is observed after arriving tourist to Bandaranayake International Air port
most of them interesting to travel by train to Colombo. To reduce travelling expenditure most
of Europeans tends to use Puthlam line train. Poor condition of lavatories onboard trains will
give them a bad impression on standard of Sri Lankan People. It will effect tourism.
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44
RESTRICTED
Question 3:
Is lavatories at stations are satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
00
17
University Students
00
04
Students
00
06
total
00
26
Table 4:15
72.
It is observed that 100 per cent travellers unsatisfactory about lavatory facilities in
stations along Puthlam line.
73.
As per the statics 26 personnel were interviewed including 17 employees, 04university
students and 06 students. None of them made their satisfactory on lavatory facilities at stations.
Reasons observed during the interview are as follows.
74.
a.
Odour environment.
b.
Uncleanness.
c.
Gary areas in commodes, basins.
d.
Non availability of flushing system or available systems not working.
e.
Mess environment
It is observed that building overhead bridges at Thudella, Seeduwa Alawathupitiya sub
stations. Some started presently and some of them have already formulated the foundation
without a proper supervision. Observed poor finishing. For example Seeduwa station.
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45
RESTRICTED
IS LAVETORIES AT STATIONS ARE
SATISFACTORY?
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
17
YES
NO
6
0
0
EMPLOYEE
4
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
0
STUDENTS
Chart 4:15
Question 4:
Is lavatories on-board trains are satisfactory?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
00
17
University Students
00
04
Students
00
06
total
00
27
Table :4:16
75.
It is observed that 100% travellers unsatisfactory about lavatory facilities onboard
trains operate in Puthlam line. But most of them insisted that newly introduced
locomotives to Puthlam line are satisfactory with their lavatory facilities. Specially the
cleanliness of inside lavatories. As per the statics 27 personnel were interviewed
including 17 employees, 04 university students and 06 students. None of them made their
satisfactory on lavatory facilities onboard trains.
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46
RESTRICTED
76.
Reasons observed during the interview on dissatisfaction following points were
found.
a. Odour environment.
b. Uncleanness
c. Not maintaining properly.
d.
Unusable commodes and scouting pans.
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
IS LAVETORIES AVAILABLE ONBOARD TRAINS
ARE SATISFACTORY?
17
YES
NO
6
0
EMPLOYEE
0
4
0
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
STUDENTS
Chart 4:16
Question 5: letting outlets of lavatories to the ground will effect to environment?
Answer selection
Yes
No
Employees
00
17
University Students
00
04
Students
00
06
Total
00
27
Table 4: 17
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47
RESTRICTED
77.
It is observed that 100% travellers stated that letting outlets of lavatories to the
ground is not a good practise. People are somewhat interesting on their environment.
Specially they insisted that because of sea breezed along the Puthlam line odours can be
feel much heavier than other locations. Clean air is the main requirement that every
passenger is requesting. It is observed that Employee group university student group and
students all are agree that clean air and soil is to be protected. Most of employees even
they have no any options they agree that outlets should not be open to the ground in the
railway.
78.
Most of tourist uses to travel by trains in Puthlam line to save their travelling cost
and to enjoy the peaceful natural environment prevailing in beach side. But letting outlets
to ground gives a poor reputation to Sri Lankan People. If this could be standardises it
will help us to improve train service in a much standard.
LETTING OUTLETS TO GROUND WILL EFECT TO
ENVIROMENT
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
17
YES
NO
6
0
EMPLOYEE
4
0
UNIVERSITY
STUDENTS
0
STUDENTS
Chart 4: 17
79.
As per statics available 27 numbers of passengers was interweaved who is
travelling by train in Puthlam line. There are two types of trains which operate daily. One
is long distance trains and other one is short distance trains. Target groups is consisting
both the passengers representing each distance. It is observed that each person agreed that
letting toilet outlets to ground will effect to environment badly.
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80.
It is observed most of slums are available either side of the train railway very
close to main tracks. Contaminating ground soil with human urine and stools will be a
great impact on natural environment in Puthlam Line unless it stopped.
Question 6: Choose most suitable option?
Answer selection
1st
2nd
3rd
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17
04
06
27
Employee
University students
Students
Total
Table 4:18
81.
It is observed 100% passengers who interview agreed with the option of
standardizing water supply system and lavatory facilities at stations and onboard trains.
Safe grading the soil, ground around the island have become a major challenge to Sri
Lanka today special with the new developing programmes.
82.
Sri Lanka still deserved her echo environment biodiversity around the island. Full
of natural resources made her very precious. If unable to maintain the equal consideration
among development and natural biodiversity Sri Lanka will become a great desert in
Indian Ocean one day. Therefore railway has to have a great policy on her sanitary system
provide to her costumer throughout service in order to provide better service to his
costumers.
83.
Developed countries competitively with enough ground recourses. For example
America, United Kingdom, they have some abandoned areas that could be cultivated with
development programmes. But Sri Lanka the ground recourses is limited.
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CHOOSE SUITABLE OPPINION
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
17
W/T SHOULD
CLEAN
6
0 0
0 0 4
0 0
EMPLOYEE
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
STUDENTS
LAVETORIES SHOUL
CLEAN
BOTH SHOULD
STANDERDISEZ
Chart 4: 18
(INTENTIONALY BLANKED)
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OUTCOME OF THE ANALYSING OF ANSWERS RECEIVED FROM PASSENGERS
84.
The outcome of the analysing of the answers received from the passengers who
are travelling by train as indicated below.
a.
Passengers 75% from 200 personnel are not satisfied with the water supply
system available at stations in mainline, southern line and in Puthlam line.
b.
Passengers 96.29% from 200 personnel are not satisfied with the water
supply system available onboard trains operate in mainline, southern line and in
Puthlam line.
c.
Passengers 94.44% from 200 personnel are not satisfied with lavatory
facilities provided to passengers at stations in mainline, southern line and in
Puthlam line.
d.
Passengers 100% from 200 personnel are not satisfied with the lavatory
facilities provided to passengers onboard trains operates in mainline, southern line
and in Puthlam line.
e.
Passengers 100% from 200 personnel are agreed that letting outlets of
lavatories to the ground onboard trains will effect to the soil/ environment badly
f.
Passengers 100% from 200 personnel selected their best opinion as option
number 111.
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CHAPTER FIVE
STANDARDIZING WATER SUPPLY AND LAVATORY FACILITIES
INTRODUCTION
85.
Sustainable development is the key element to monitor growth of development in
a country. World varies from one continent to another. As per the environmental outlook
of Sri Lanka -2009 Sri Lanka’s landscape, vegetation and climate and its people had once
blended to form an island of incredible beauty and serenity... 15But what has happened to
its natural beauty around the island. All has become broadly clashed by the uncontrolled
development.
Sri Lanka has one of greater population density in the world today.
Industrialisation is the main economical target carried as a slogan in politics from its
beginning. Also many reports reweave that following pollutions had been established for
some considerable period of time and it has rapidly overcome the environment potentials.
86.
Soil is a more important natural recourse of Sri Lanka’s land mark, since it is
limited. As per the review on environmental pollution in Sri Lanka made by Dr. O.A
Illeperuma stats that , most of the sectors have been contaminated with high toxins air,
ground and other sectors as water and it has a direct impact on human health.16 Therefore
it is the time to re-organise our development process towards a sustainable path.
87.
As per chapter two Para 26 described so many targets had placed on the way to
the development as a developing country. To achieve these targets we have to have a
country policy like Japanese Government has started in 2012. They call “future city
modules”17. All policies had standardized to maximise the interest of the nation.
15
Sri Lanka environmental outlook-2009.Miistry of natural rescues. Page vii)
Environmental pollution in Sri Lanka.Dr OA Elleparuma. Department of chemistry. university of
peradeniya page 320.
17
Times.dec2012-jan2013.advetesment.
16
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88.
In a development process transport facility plays a major role. Sri Lanka is in its
moderate stage along with the introduction of highway projects. Railway has become the
second largest contributor on moving citizens in Sri Lankan society. Sri Lankan railway
recorded revenue per year is 32-30 million. With new systematically purgation railway
targets to increased its revenue by 10 present. But that is only with introduction of
machines and equipments. Development does not mean material all the time.
89.
President said “Everyone is duty bound to make the utmost contribution to society
and the country. Similarly, public funds should be utilized carefully for the betterment of
the country to gain maximum returns and productivity’ (Daily News 03rd July 2012
pp.1and 8). This productivity does not mean the material all the time. Foreigners visit Sri
Lanka to enjoy the beauty of the nature. They are already from a society of developed.
But do they have the free air or confident environment to feel? Therefore to give the
correct thing to the customer Sri Lanka railway should consider the outcomes indicated in
previous chapter in order to develop Sri Lankan railway to a much better standard. One
option is to standardise water supply systems and lavatory facilities available at stations
and onboard trains.
PURPOSE OF STANDARDISING WATER SUPPLY AND LAVATORY FACILITIES
IN SRI LANKA RAILWAY.
90.
It is observed that standardising can gain many aspects such as,
a.
To mark railway as symbol of hospitality:
Today in foreign countries
water has to be purchased to consume. It is very heard to obtain water even
in an emergency from a public place.
b.
To give customer a better service:
Railway station is a specific ground
area. Once a passenger entered he is bound to travel. Due to delay in trains
time cannot be suggested. Free approach to water is a humanitarian
service.
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c.
To maintain the significant f railway service:
Railway has his own
traditional routines around the clock. It’s like a public family to the public.
Availability with standard water supply and lavatory facilities the house
would be a better resting place until your train arrives.
THE METHOD OF STANDARDISING
91.
.Following standards to be maintain at stations for a better water supply system
a.
Introducing sanders for water supply system at stations
i.
Purified water should be store in cement or plastic shell tank.
ii.
Water lines should be replaced ensuring continues supply of water.
iii.
Ceramic basins should be provided to each main station
iv.
Water outlets should properly laid to open area where water does
not store.
b.
c.
Introducing standards for water supply system onboard trains.
i.
Purified water should be stored in plastic shell tank top of lavatory.
ii.
Waterline should be re-placed ensuring continues water supply.
iii.
Stainless steel mini basins should placed each lavatory.
Introducing standards for lavatory facilities at stations.
i.
Separate lavatories for ladies and gents should be constructing with
modern facilities.
ii.
Cleaning service should be obtained for each main station for
maintaining.
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d.
Introducing sanders for lavatory facilities onboard trains.
i.
Separate lavatories for ladies and gents should be constructing with
modern facilities.
ii.
All the outlets should be lead to a septic tank under the train which
can be unloading to a gully emptier end of each journey.
CONCLUSION
92.
For a better railway service standardising sanitary systems will helps to motivate
customer for better deal. Improving environment to a better space each customer would
be able to get a good service. Reputation will uplift the image of railway. To provide a
better service and sustainable improvement standardising will support even to increase it
revenue.
Further standardising is meaning of a system which was implemented for a specific role
of guidance.
93.
Fredrick Herzberg’s Two Factor theory is very much related with standardisation
water supply and sanitary system. Hear we address standardising as motivation factor
both passengers and service providers too. It is clearly can identify two theory which Mr
Herzber insisted on,
94.
a.
Improving the motivation factors increases job satisfaction.
b.
Improving the hygiene factors decreases job dissatisfaction.
People who interviewed for most of the questions disagreed. They expected some
out come from railway apart from travelling but could not obtain. This is a dissatisfaction
reflects not only the customer but also service provider at station including the station
master since he play a role as service provider and a role of a passenger too.
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95.
Some important general conditions when processing with standardising is
available with American National Standard -1995 revised edition as follows.
a.
3.1
Toilet facilities shall be installed, maintained and operated in a manner
that will not endanger the health or safety of employees.
b.
3.2
Toilet facilities, in toilet rooms separate for each sex, shall be provided
in all places of employment whether indoors, outdoors or underground, except
that where toilet rooms will be occupied by no more than one person at a time, can
be latched from the inside and contain at least one stool, separate toilet rooms for
each sex need not be provided.
4.1
Number of lavatories. For each three required toilet facilities, at
least one lavatory shall be located either in the toilet room or adjacent thereto.
Where only one to two toilet facilities are provided, at least one lavatory shall be
provided.
c..
d.
Covered receptacles. Covered receptacles shall be provided in all
toilet rooms used by women.
4.2
e.
4.3.2 In all toilet rooms, the floors and side walls, excluding doorways
and entrances, shall be right and shall be joined by a watertight cove.
f.
4.3.3 The floors, walls, ceilings, partitions and doors of all toilet rooms
shall be of a finish that can be easily cleaned.
g.
4.4
Lighting. Where electricity is available, lighting shall be provided
with an intensity of not less than 20 foot candles, when measured 76 cm (30 in)
above the
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
73.
In the 2012 Budget 100 proposals for Development His Excellency President
Mahinda Rajapaksha presented his overview on transportation under Para 46. It says, “A
high quality transportation service needs to be provided to those who are travelling to and
from airports, in order to ensure safe travel. I propose to reduce taxes at the point of
import by 50 per cent for those who are operating transport services to and from airports
so that it would promote the use of new vehicles for such services”. 18 Apart from newly
build highway structures railway is the most suitable and significant transport mood to
meet this vision. With the new allocation of 37, 0 million rupees to construct Northern
railway line a well established structure will be available for the convenience of citizen in
Sri Lanka. But policy made only to address decisions.
74.
Therefore it is observed during the research railway is a god opportunity
experiment the theory of standardizing transportation. Travelling through small towns,
lakes and rivers with good outlook of playfield will be a great travelling rout.
Modernising is needed to be implementing without disturbing the day today life style of
Sri Lankan people.
75.
Imagine if each railway is free of litter and garbage and all facilities available
don’t it creates a beautiful environment? This is what each person expected from railway.
Safety travelling low cost and enjoyable. To enjoy a travelling minimum requirements to
be available. Such as clean air, polluted free soil and environment.
76.
18
In the research two factors have revealed out from questioner.
a.
None of a person out of 200 refused railway transportation.
b.
They all require some sort of uplifting of its standards.
Budget proposals for year2012.
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As per the two factors theory described standardizing sanitary facilities could be
identified as a hygienic factor can be used as a influence to minimise job dissatisfaction.
There are few things that will motivate people. That is basic need. Standardizing water
supply and sanitary facilities these motivation can highly achieved.
77.
Following benefits can be achieved by standardizing water supply and sanitary
facilities available at Sri Lanka Railway.
a.
Economic benefits
:
Sri Lanka Railway’s revenue is on Rs 3.9-
4.2 million range. Its revenue generates basically under three categories.
That is passenger service, freight services and others. As per statics
available it is recorded the highest contribution to its revenue is from
passenger services. With standardization a new demand will be generates
and it will lead the economical benefits.
b.
Technical Benefits
:
Sri Lanka railway operates in a technical
foundation. Standardizing its water supply and sanitary system will help to
reduce its technical cost saving time and energy.
c.
Social benefits
:
Sri Lanka railway is directly dealing with its
customers. Standardizing its water supply and sanitary facilities Sri Lanka
railway can uplift its service to a greater level in order to provide a better
standard service. With litter and garbage free environment Sri Lanka
railway will be a great example to the society encouraging others to a
better environment.
e.
Political benefits
:
Who is going to blame if a service keeps its
standards to some expected level? Standardizing the Sri Lanka railway will
indirectly represents the interest of the government.
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f.
Management benefits :
With appreciations management will be in a
confident situation to give more managerial advises to improve Sri Lanka
railway if Sri Lanka railway take actions to standardize its water supply
and sanitary systems accordingly.
RECOMMENDATION
78.
Based on above observations and comments discussed throughout research
process standardizing water supply and sanitary facilities in railway stations specially in
Main line, Southern Line and Puthlam line is a requirement. It is observed basic standards
for water supply and sanitary utilizations available with American National Standard
prepared by portable sanitation association international in 1995 under ANSIZ4.3-2005
revision of ANSIZ4.3-1995. Comparing with other standards it is observed ANSI is much
suitable for Sri Lanka. Therefore recommendations are as follows.
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a.
It is recommended implementing following American National Standards to
improve sanitary facilities at stations and onboard trains.
i.
Minimum number of toilet facilities for stations and trains
Number of employees
Minimum Number of Toilet facilities
If service once per week
1-10
01
11-20
02
21-30
03
31-40
04
Over 40
01 additional facility for each 10
additional employee
If serviced more than once per
week
1-15
01
16-35
02
36-55
03
56-75
04
76-95
05
Over 95
01 additional facility for each
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”.
ii.
Standards for water supply system. At stations and onboard trains water
supply will be done from general water line. At each station water storage tanks
should be replaced with plastic shell tanks. Replacing lines with new fittings will
ensure continuity of water supply. Separate taps to install with suitable ceramic
sink at each station.
iii.
Onboard trains.
Each water storage tank onboard train is to be clean
regularly by a separate working group and outlet to inside train should be through
filtering system.
iv.
Outlets of lavatories Onboard trains should be re-structured and two
separate lines to be laid to carry human urine and stools separately to a each septic
tank. Arrangements have to make for unloading stuff to a purifying plant to
produce fertilizer.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
1.
Sri Lankan Environment outlook-2009.ppvMinistry of Environment & Natural
Resources United Nations Environment Programmed.22.01.2013.<
http://www.environmentmin.gov.lk/web/pdf/annual_reports>
2.
Environmental pollution in Sri Lanka. Dr OA Elleparuma. Department of
Chemistry. University of Peradeniya
3.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
4.
Gilbert, Stevenson, Girardet, Stren, 1996
5.
Certo,S.C.Modern Management 2003,9th edition prentice Hall, New Jersey
Newspaper/Magazines
6.
Times magazine .dec2012-jan2013.advetesment
7.
Daily News 3rd July 2012 pp.1and 8
8.
A New Vision for the Commonwealth. Coolum, 3 March 2002
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11.
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Sunday Times News Paper. Motivating Top Talent.(Sri Lanka 16th May 2010)
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Sunday Times News Paper. Harness the Power of an employee.(Sri Lanka 02nd
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15.
Sunday Times News Paper. Confidentiality and your employees.(Sri Lanka 25th
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Website
16.
Sri Lanka Railways. Our visionhttp://www.railway.gov.lk/web/inde
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http://www.comarchitect.org/WebHelp/8_commonwealth
18.
Dr WL Sumathipala,”Research Abstracts on Environment, Forestry and Natural
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No outher,Sri Lanka Tourism welcomed the arrival of 1,000,000th tourist in ear 2012 Dec 2012 ...
<http://www.e-lankanews.com/2012/12/
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