Sessions aimed at applying the latest technologies and practices to foster growth of lighting businesses Session 4: Federal and State Legislation
presented at:
Acuity Brands Lighting ‐ Center for Light & Space
New York, NY
August 13, 2012 Presented by
Pam Horner
Sr. Director, Government & Industry Relations OSRAM SYLVANIA
Bob Horner
Director, Public Policy Illuminating Engineering Society
Agenda
• Federal Legislation & Regulations
– Lighting Product Performance: Pam
– Buildings and Outdoor Lighting: Bob
• State Legislation and Regulations
– Energy and Environmental: Pam
– Buildings and Outdoor Lighting: Bob
Federal Legislation and Regulations
Lighting Product Performance
Federal Regulations and Legislation
•
Legislation
•Legislation is law enacted by a legislative body, such as the U.S. Congress or a state legislature
•Enabling legislation is legislation that gives appropriate officials, such as the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) or a state energy or environmental department the authority to implement or enforce the law Regulations
•Regulations are rules or orders that have the force of law that originate from the executive branch (usually from an agency), and deal with the specifics of a program.
•Congress, for example, may instruct US EPA to reduce automotive emissions by 5%, but the EPA must develop regulations to reach this goal.
•For lighting, the US DOE is the primary federal agency that issues energy‐
related regulations.
Rulemaking
•Rulemaking refers to the process that government agencies use to create, or enact, regulations •Some rulemakings are specified in law to occur at particular intervals and are ongoing; an example is the series of DOE rulemakings specified in EISA 2007 for general service incandescent lamps
•There are several stages of notification for a federal rulemaking, all of which are published in the Federal Register (FR)
•The Final Rule is – of course – the most important
• For lighting, the effective date of the final rule is usually 3 years after publication in the Federal Register
Key Players in Lighting Legislation and Regulation
Legislation = laws made by elected officials
…
Regulation = rules made by government agencies, often guided by a law
Federal Government
Trade Associations
US Congress
National Electrical Manufacturers Assoc. (NEMA)
• Senate and House of Representatives legislation is prepared by
• Government Relations Department develops consensus among
committees; for lighting, energy efficiency is more important to
Congress than environmental
lighting manufacturers on many legislative and regulatory areas,
including:
US Department of Energy (DOE) and NRCAN of Canada
• Set standards for lighting product efficiency
• lamp and ballast efficiency
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• Sets standards for Energy Star products and implements US
clean air and clean water acts
• Energy Star specs for lamps & fixtures
Electro-Fed of Canada is similarly active
State Government
Advocacy Groups
CA and NY: The most important state players
Many groups have increasing influence with federal and
state legislatures and regulatory agencies. Key players:
• California Energy Commission has jurisdiction over efficiency of
• outdoor lighting fixture efficiency
• availability of rare earth phosphors
lighting products and buildings; NYSERDA the agency in NY
• ACEEE – energy efficiency of products
• CA legislature actively works on environmental laws governing
toxic substances and recycling
• NRDC – product efficiency and toxic materials
Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, Oregon, & Washington:
• Product Stewardship Institute – manufacturer takeback of
mercury containing products
• These states have strict environmental regulations involving
• Clean Water Action – mercury content in products
mercury-containing lamps
• Canadian province of British Columbia is similarly active
• Alliance to Save Energy – coalition of various companies
and organizations supporting energy efficiency
Appliance Standards
• For nearly two decades, certain lamps and ballasts have been classified as “appliances” and are subject to energy efficiency regulations by the U.S. government
• Typically minimum performance standards are set, using efficacy or efficiency measures
– Lumens per Watt (LPW) for lamps
– Ballast Efficacy Factor (BEF) or efficiency (%) for ballasts
• Products that don’t meet these standards cannot be manufactured or imported for use in the US by some date certain; product made prior to that date and already on the shelf or in the warehouse does not have to be cleared out
• Occasionally a product is banned outright, but this is rare
10
GENERAL SERVICE INCANDESCENT LAMPS
11
General Service Incandescent Lamps
•
•
•
What law sets standards for GS incandescent lamps?
– The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) 2007
Which lamps are GS incandescent?
– Medium screw base line voltage incandescent and halogen lamps intended for general use, from 310 through 2600 lumens
• Medium screw base A‐shapes
• Medium screw base G‐shapes <4 inches and >40 watts
• Medium screw base F, B, BA, S, and CA shapes >40 watts
What lamps are not GS incandescent?
– Reflector lamps
– Low voltage lamps
– Colored lamps and special use lamps (e.g., bug, blacklight, appliance, 3‐way, rough and vibration service) – Most décor lamps, however…
• Intermediate base incandescent lamps must be 40 watts max
• Candelabra base incandescent lamps must be 60 watts max
12
The Rules
General Service Incandescent (and Halogen) Soft White, Inside Frost and Clear
Rated
Lumen
Ranges*
Approx.
Wattage
Today
New Max.
Rated
Wattage
New Min.
Rated
Lifetime
Effective Date
in the US
Effective Date
1490-2600
100
72
1,000 hours
1/1/2012
1/1/2011
1050-1489
75
53
1,000 hours
1/1/2013
1/1/2012
750-1049
60
43
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
1/1/2013
310-749
40
29
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
1/1/2013
California
• Minimum of 80 CRI
• Replacement options for standard incandescent include halogen, CFL and LED
• Remember – the standards do not apply to CFL and LED – only to filament lamps
* To find minimum LPW, divide lowest lumens in the range by the max allowable
wattage. e.g., 1490/72 = 20.7 LPW. Today’s common 100W is about 17 LPW.
13
The Rules
General Service Incandescent (and Halogen) Modified Spectrum
Rated
• Lumen
New Max.
Rated
Wattage
New Min.
Rated
Lifetime
Effective Date
in the US
Effective Date
Ranges*
Approx.
Wattage
Today
1118-1950
100
72
1,000 hours
1/1/2012
1/1/2011
788-1117
75
53
1,000 hours
1/1/2013
1/1/2012
563-787
60
43
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
1/1/2013
232-562
40
29
1,000 hours
1/1/2014
1/1/2013
California
• Modified spectrum goes by different brand names
• Minimum of 75 CRI
• Replacement options include halogen, CFL, and LED
• These standards are about 25% less strict than for standard spectrum lamps
14
Implications for Design
General Service Incandescent Lamps
•
Commercial
– Most hospitality applications already use energy‐efficient alternatives to general purpose incandescent sources – little effect
– Any applications where the sparkle of a clear medium screw base incandescent A‐lamp is desired could benefit from the halogen alternative –
also begin to look to LED solutions that are rapidly appearing in the market
•
Residential
– Initial price of alternatives will be one issue for many home owners
– Long term energy cost savings is a message that will need to be promoted by all stakeholders
– The lowest cost alternative “on the shelf” will probably be the CFL, which will also be the lowest cost per lumen for the near future
– The biggest impact on consumer decision‐making will occur when the 60 watt and 40 watt incandescent lamps are no longer available; combined, these are more than half of today’s general service incandescent market
15
US
Recent Legislative Activity
– 2011 Better Use of Light Bulbs (BULB) Act
• Would have repealed portions of EISA that includes general service incandescent lamp standards, plus standards for IRL, MH systems, energy efficiency in public buildings, and the new lamp labeling rule.
• Did not pass the Senate, however….
– 2012 Appropriations bill rider
• Denied funds to DOE to enforce those portions of EISA through 9/30/2012
• Passed both houses and is now effective, however… EISA is still the law
– 2013 Appropriations bill rider – another attempt to deny enforcement, through 9/30 2013 – House passed, Senate hasn’t voted
Canada
– Federal amendment has delayed implementation
•
The amendment delays the completion dates for general service lighting currently prescribed in the Energy Efficiency Regulations by two years
o to January 1, 2014, for 100/75 watt bulbs and
o to December 31, 2014, for 60/40 watt bulbs
INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS
17
Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL)
• What is an IRL?
– A medium screw base line voltage incandescent or halogen reflector lamp from 40W through 205W with a diameter >2.25 inches. Shapes include PAR, BR, ER, R, K, and blown PAR. Rough Service and colored lamps are not included.
• Who regulates IRL in the US?
– The US Department of Energy (DOE) through the rulemaking process –
the most recent rule was issued in 2009 and primarily covers PAR lamps
• When and how was the IRL category first regulated in the US?
– In 1992, the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) required most IRL to meet minimum lumens per watt (LPW) standards. BR and ER were exempted and R20/PAR20 lamps were not covered
– In 1993, wattage caps were placed on BR 30 and BR40 lamps
18
Incandescent Reflector Lamps (IRL)
• What law currently governs ER, BR, and R20 Lamps?
– The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) exempts certain types
– The non‐exempt types must meet the old 1992 standards or they are not allowed
• When are the new standards for PAR lamps effective?
– July 14, 2012
19
The Rules
New IRL Standards Effective July 14, 2012 Lamp
Wattage
Diameter
Voltage
LPW: Determined by
Formulas
> 2.5 inches
(PAR30, PAR38, BR30 &
ER30, BR40 & ER40)
≥ 125
(130V)
6.8 X lamp watts0.27
< 125
(120V)
5.9 X lamp watts0.27
>2.25 inches & ≤ 2.5
inches
(R20 & PAR20)
≥ 125
(130V)
5.7 X lamp watts0.27
< 125
(120V)
5.0 X lamp watts0.27
Lamp
Type
Standard
Spectrum
40W-205W
Modified
Spectrum
Standards are approx. 17% less stringent than for Standard Spectrum Lamps.
Exemptions to IRL Standards:
Lamps that are 50W or less: ER30, BR30, BR40, and ER40
Lamps that are 65W exactly: BR30, BR40, and ER40
Lamps that are 45W or less: R20
Exemptions should remain intact until 2014. Exact date unknown at this time.
Example: 60W 120V PAR 38: new minimum is 17.8 LPW. The 1992 min. was 11 LPW; a
standard halogen PAR is 14.2 LPW and IR version is 18.5 LPW.
20
Implications for Design
IRL Products
• All of today’s standard PAR halogen lamps are eliminated • All130V PAR halogen lamps are eliminated.
• Only a few of today's halogen reflector lamps, e.g. PAR20, PAR30 and PAR38, can meet the standards in the new IRL Rule –
mainly infrared (IR) capsule type.
• In order to meet the new standards, filament reflector lamps must use the newest technologies such as advanced IR coatings, optimized reflector coatings, and special gases
• These lamps are more expensive than standard halogen types
21
Update: ER/BR/R20 Incandescent Lamps
• Current law (EISA 2007) exempts certain ER/BR/R20 incandescent lamps from regulation:
• Lamps that are 50W or less: ER30, BR30, BR40, and ER40
• Lamps that are 65W exactly: BR30, BR40, and ER40
• Lamps that are 45W or less: R20
• Before 2012, DOE determined that these lamps come under their regulatory authority
• In 2012, DOE has still not moved forward with rulemaking
• No prediction as to how this will resolve if a rulemaking moves forward
22
GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS
23
The Rules
New GSFL Standards Effective July 14, 2012
•
Lamp Type
4-Foot (T8-T12) Medium Bi-pin
≥25W
2-Foot (T8-T12) U-Shaped
≥25W
Correlated Color
Temperature
Energy
Conservation
Standard, LPW
≤ 4,500K
89
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
88
≤ 4,500K
84
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
81
8-Foot (T8-T12) Single Pin Slimline
≥52W
≤ 4,500K
97
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
93
8-Foot (T8-T12) High Output
≤ 4,500K
92
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
88
≤ 4,500K
86
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
81
≤ 4,500K
76
> 4,500K & ≤ 7,000K
72
4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin
Standard Output ≥26W
4-Foot (T5) Miniature Bi-pin High
Output ≥49W
24
Implications for Design
T12 GSFL
T12 4‐ft. & 2‐ft U‐lamps with medium bi‐pin bases
 Majority of F40 and F34T12 lamps and all FB40 and FB34T12 U‐lamps are eliminated from the market. Use something else.
• A very few very high lumen rare earth phosphor lamps will remain
• CWX, DX, and special 5000K types will remain due to high CRI (≥87) exemption
T12 8‐ft. Slimline with single pin bases
 75W F96T12 full wattage lamps are eliminated from the market
 60W F96T12/ES (except for the ≥ 80 CRI & some ≥ 70 CRI long life lamps) are eliminated from the market. Use something else.
• CWX, DX, and special 5000K types will remain due to high CRI exemption
T12 8‐ft. 800mA HO with RDC bases
 110W F96T12 HO full wattage lamps are eliminated from the market
 95W F96T12/ES/HO are eliminated from the market
• Some enhanced coating types will remain
• CWX, DX, and special 5000K types will remain due to high CRI exemption • Cold Temp versions will remain in the market due to an exemption
25
Implications for Design
T8 & T5 GSFL
T8 4‐ft. & 2‐ft. U‐lamps with medium bi‐pin bases
– All 4‐ft. T8 basic 700 Series lamps @ 2800 lumens will be removed from the market. Use something else.
• All other 4‐ft. T8 remain
• Some 700 Series2 ft. U‐lamps remain; all 2‐ft. 800 Series U‐lamps remain ***(NOTE: see next slide)
T8 8‐ft. Slimline with single pin bases and T8 8‐foot HO with RDC bases
• All pass except a few 700 Series
T5 4‐ft with miniature bi‐pin bases
• All existing tri‐phosphor T5 lamps remain
• Intent of T5 standard is to prevent lesser performing lamps from entering the US market 26
GSFL and Rare Earths
• Most general service fluorescent lamps (GSFL) need rare earth phosphors to meet new efficacy requirements
• Late February 2012, several manufacturers petitioned DOE Office of Hearings and Appeals to delay by 2 years the implementation of new rules for applicable T8 700 series lamps only – to somewhat mitigate the phosphor supply situation
• To date, 8 companies have been granted the delay
And the beat goes on…
• August 2011, DOE announced intention to do yet another round of rules for IRL (PAR halogen) and GSFL products
• In addition to making the current standards stricter, considering regulating more fluorescent lamp families
– Pin‐based compact fluorescent
– Non‐linear lamps (e.g., Circline)
– Other lengths of linear lamps (2, 3, and 5‐foot)
• If/when another rule is issued, it could be effective in 2017
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS
29
A Little‐known Fact…
• The US government set minimum standards for bare and covered (no reflector) medium screw base self‐ballasted CFLs manufactured for use in the US, effective January 1, 2006
– EPACT 2005 set these standards, selecting 5 criteria from older Energy Star criteria (V2.0)
•
•
•
•
•
Initial efficacy
Lumen maintenance at 1000 hours
Lumen maintenance at 40% of rated life
Rapid cycle stress
Lamp life
– Any manufacturer or importer putting CFLs into the US market that do not meet those standards is in violation of US law
30
BALLASTS
31
Update
DOE Fluorescent Ballast Rule
New rules (completed November 2011) replace those originally established by the DOE Rulemaking in 2000 and updated by the EPAct 2005 Legislation. Effective date November 2014.
– Previous metric was Ballast Efficacy Factor (BEF), sometimes called ballast efficiency factor
– New standards use ballast efficiency (%) and cover:
T5, T8 and T12 ballasts
‐ Instant start and rapid start ballasts that operate
4‐ft. medium bi‐pin, 2‐ft U and 8‐ft single pin Slimline lamps
‐ Programmed start ballasts that operate
4‐ft. medium bi‐pin, 2‐ft U & 4‐ft miniature bi‐pin standard & HO lamps ‐ Instant start and rapid start ballasts (not sign) that operate 8‐ft RDC HO lamps
‐ Programmed start ballasts that operate 8‐ft. HO lamps
‐ Sign ballasts that operate 8‐ft HO lamps
‐ Instant start and rapid start residential ballasts that operate
4‐ft. medium bi‐pin, 2‐ft U & 8‐ft single pin Slimline lamps
‐ Programmed start residential ballasts that operate 4‐ft. medium bi‐pin & 2‐ft U lamps
Implications for Design
• Standards eliminate more T12 ballasts and all but the most efficient T8 electronic ballasts
• Standards have been added for ballasts operating 4‐foot T5 standard and HO lamps with miniature bi‐pin bases, to be in synch with recent rules regarding fluorescent lamps
• Regarding previous exemptions …..
– Cold temp T12 HO and sign ballasts will no longer be exempt – separate standards have been set for these
– Residential ballasts for 4‐foot rapid start lamps will no longer be exempt – separate standards have been set for these
– Dimming ballasts that dim down to 50% light output or lower will continue to be exempt from any regulation
33
HID LAMPS
34
Update: HID Lamps
• Minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for HID lamps have not previously been set by the DOE
• Earlier in 2010, DOE determined such standards should be set, and so the rulemaking process has just begun
• One target of these rules will be probe start MH lamps, which is in synch with the trending of MH luminaire (ballast) requirements
• Final rule could be issued in 2013, effective in 2016 or 2017
• If, for some reason, federal outdoor lighting provisions are not adopted by Congress before 2013, this rulemaking will also include a ban on mercury vapor lamp production for use in the US, effective 2016 or 2017
35
LED Screw Base Retrofit Lamps
Update: LED Screw Base Lamps
•
•
•
•
US and Canada do not yet have Federally mandated minimum performance standards for these lamps
Mexico has just issued a NOM setting minimum performance for LPW; for example…
Also minimum PF of 0.7 and minimum CRI of 77
Watch for more minimum standards to be set in other countries…including the US
Update: LED screw base lamps
•
•
•
US Department of Energy (DOE) has issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for LED retrofit lamp Test Procedures – typically a precursor to a rulemaking on product performance
First public meeting held May 3, 2012 to discuss tests and standards to be used for LED retrofit lamps
Based on discussion, the following parameters are likely to be regulated at some point in the future – perhaps effective in 5 years (?)
• Lumen output and input power (i.e., LPW)
• CCT
• Rated lifetime
Fluorescent Luminaires
• No federal regulations currently cover “fluorescent luminaires”, however component regulations impact the lamps and ballasts used in these products
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Component regulations impact commercial, industrial and residential luminaires
Metal Halide Luminaires
• Existing Federal standard:
– Established ballast efficiency thresholds
– 150 – 500 watt luminaires
• Enforcement:
– Federal product certification & compliance required by October 2012
• Updated DOE rule in progress
Updated standard may expand wattage range and adjust ballast efficiency
Outdoor products will likely face the most significant impact
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Energy Star
• Market transformation & education
– Lamps
– Residential luminaires
– Exit signs (retired program)
• Voluntary program
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Energy Star Luminaires v1.0
• Replaces the Energy Star Residential Light Fixtures and Solid State Lighting Luminaires specifications
• Covers residential and some commercial luminaires
• Became effective October 2011
www.energystar.gov/luminaires
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Energy Star Luminaires v1.0 Scope
• Directional luminaires
– Products designed to “direct light” to a task
– Based on photometric performance
• Residential and commercial – Downlights / accent / undercabinet
– Does NOT include commercial troffers or pendant lighting
• Non‐Directional luminaires – Products designed primarily for “decorative” purposes
– No photometry required – based on source performance
• Residential ONLY
– Vanity, chandeliers, portable lamps, porch lights Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Energy Star Lamps + Luminaires
Federal Energy Management Program
• FEMP sets Federal purchasing requirements – Often references Energy Star for specific product categories
– Typically targets “upper quartile” product performance
• Luminaires
– Fluorescent (Currently being updated)
– Commercial downlights
– Industrial
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Design Lights Consortium
• The consortium is a collection of utility and regional energy efficiency organizations managed under the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships
• Evaluates and approves products for their “Qualified Products List”
– Often referenced for incentive programs. • Promotes daylighting through the “Skylighting Guidelines” Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
DOE Lighting Facts Program
Slide courtesy of Acuity Brands Lighting
Consumer Lighting: FTC Labeling Rule
Key elements of new labeling:
• Lumens – not watts--are to be prominent
• Lumen rating must be printed on the lamp
• Lumen rating must be on front of package, along with estimated energy cost per
year (at 11cents/kWh, 3 hours use per day)
• “Lighting Facts” label on back of package will additionally feature life (in years),
light appearance (as a scale from warm to cool plus the kelvin temperature), and
“energy” used (in watts)
• CFLs have a “contains mercury” wording requirement + website
Federal Legislation and Regulations
Buildings and Outdoor Lighting
New Federal Energy Legislation and Rules
•
30 Year History: Federal Regulations for Energy Efficiency of Buildings
• States receiving financial assistance from the federal government required to initiate "mandatory programs and 1978
measures, including energy conservation standards for new buildings". • EPCA amendment
• DOE allowed to determine whether the 1992 Council of American Building Officials (CABO) Model Energy Code (MEC) 1992
and ASHRAE Standard 90.1‐1989 would improve energy efficiency for residential and commercial buildings respectively. • EPACT 1992
• Commercial Building Tax Deduction with up to 60 cents/sf for lighting that exceeds ASHRAE/IES 90.1‐2001
2005
• Federal buildings to be 20% more efficient by 2015 and new buildings must be 30% below ASHRAE/IES 90.1‐2004; there are annual verification requirements
• EPACT 2005
• Zero Net Energy Commercial Buildings Initiative established; goal to reach zero net energy for all new commercial 2007
buildings by 2030, 50% of existing commercial building stock by 2040, and all of existing by 2050
• EISA (Energy Independence and Security Act) 2007
• Commercial Building Tax Deduction extended through 2013
2009
• ARRA (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act) 2009
Why focus on buildings?
• Our homes, offices, schools, and other buildings consume 40% of the primary energy and 70% of the electricity in the U.S. annually.
• Buildings consume about 12% of the potable water in this country. • The construction of buildings and their related infrastructure consume approximately 60% of all raw materials used in the U.S. economy. • Buildings account for 39% of U.S. CO2 emissions a year. This approximately equals the combined carbon emissions of Japan, France, and the United Kingdom. • Americans spend about 90% of their time indoors. High Performance Buildings
“High Performance Building” means a building that integrates
and optimizes, on a life cycle basis, all major high performance
attributes including energy conservation, environment, safety,
security, durability, accessibility, cost/benefit, productivity,
sustainability, functionality, and operational considerations. –
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
High Performance Buildings
• High Performance Buildings Congressional Caucus (HPBCC). Co‐
chaired by Rep. Russ Carnahan (D‐MO) and Rep. Judy Biggert (R‐
IL).
• HPBCC Coalition (HPBCCC) formed by private sector organizations to support the Congressional Caucus. ASHRAE took leading role and hosts numerous Capitol Hill briefings on applicable topics.
• 90 member organizations
• HPBCCC Executive Committee
• ASHRAE, NEMA, USGBC, AIA, IES, et al. (13 total)
• Check it out: www.hpbccc.org
Net Zero Energy Buildings
• Mandated by the Energy Investment and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007)
• Milestones
– New buildings by 2030
– 50% of existing commercial buildings by 2040
– All commercial buildings by 2050
Net Zero Energy Buildings
• Net Zero energy buildings:
– Require a greatly reduced quantity of energy to operate;
– Meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not produce greenhouse gases;
– Operate in a manner that will result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases; and
– Are economically viable.
The Energy Conundrum
Codes and Standards
• What is a code?
– a collection of written laws gathered together, usually covering specific subject matter.
– Some codes are administrative and have the force of law even though they were created or adopted by regulatory agencies and are not actually statutes or laws.
– In the U.S., codes (and standards) are almost exclusively created by private industry
– Examples: International Building Code (IBC); National Electric Code (produced by the NFPA)
Earliest Code
• Code of Hammurabi
– Collection of laws governing their society
– Originator of the “eye for an eye” allowance
– “If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.”
Codes and Standards
• What is a standard?
– A standard is a document, established by consensus, that provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results. (As defined in ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004)
– Example: ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 – 2010
– Standards are NOT codes (although they can be written in code‐like language)
S.1000 ‐ Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act
•
Sponsored by Sens. Jeanne Shaheen (D‐NH) and Rob Portman (R‐OH)
•
DOE must set, within 1 year of enactment, targets for energy savings in commercial and residential buildings using the ICC’s 2009 IECC energy code for Residential and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1‐2010 for Commercial buildings as the baselines
•
Targets must be set for specific years that are technologically feasible and life‐cycle cost effective (ROI)
•
DOE must assist code‐ and standard‐setting bodies by giving technical assistance in several areas, including building energy analysis, building demonstrations, performance‐based standards, and definitions of energy use intensity
•
Also supports training at the University level, financing for building owners and manufacturers, and proposes a “Supply Star” initiative to improve supply chains and logistics
H.R. 4017 – The Smart Energy Act
Sponsored by Rep. Bass (R‐NH) and Rep. Matheson (D‐UT), bill would reduce barriers for government, businesses and consumers seeking to adopt off‐the‐shelf energy efficiency technologies that will save them money by:
• Boosting private‐sector investments in building efficiency upgrades by expanding the Department of Energy (DOE) Loan Guarantee Program. • Expanding use of Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs) by federal agencies.
• Requiring the federal government – the country’s single largest energy user – to adopt energy‐saving techniques for computers, better building standards, and smart metering technology, which would pass on energy and taxpayer dollar savings to consumers.
• Helping manufacturers reduce energy use and become more competitive by establishing collaborative research partnerships within DOE to promote research and commercialization of innovative manufacturing processes.
S.1321 Practical Energy Plan Act
• Sponsored by Sen. Richard Lugar (R‐IN); no co‐
sponsors
• Addresses reduction in foreign oil dependence and building energy (no explicit lighting clauses)
• Mandates definitive graduated commercial building energy reduction targets of 15%, 30%, and 45% from 2014 – 2019
• Strong language for States to adopt National Model Codes/Standards (Std. 90.1, IECC)
H.R. 3371 ‐ High Performance Federal Buildings Act of 2011
• Sponsored by Rep. Carnahan (D‐MO) and 15 co‐sponsors
• To produce high‐performance Federal buildings through an improved approach to building utilization, design, construction, and operations and maintenance, and for other purposes.
• Consideration of life‐cycle costing
• Use of Integrated Design and Building Information Modeling
• Building Commissioning and Compliance Verification
• Reporting of building performance data
• Funding for design updates
• Establishing water efficiency standards
S.398 – Implementation of National Consensus Appliance Agreements Act of 2011 (INCAAA)
• Sponsored by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D‐NM); 31 co‐sponsors
• Requires the Secretary, in conducting rulemakings for reflector lamps after January 1, 2014, to consider incandescent and non‐incandescent technologies and a new energy‐related measure other than lumens per watt.
• Sections addressing high output, double‐ended halogen, general purpose mercury vapor lamps, and state regulations on outdoor lighting have been eliminated
• As of August 2012, INCAAA is still not moving through the Senate
Federal Buildings Personnel Training Act of 2010
• Requires the General Services Administration (GSA) to develop and implement a government‐wide program to train and certify personnel performing building operations and maintenance activities in federal buildings.
• Senate Bill S.3250 – passed July 20, 2010
• Sponsored by Thomas Carper (D‐DE)
• House Bill H.R.5112 – passed in December, 2010
• Sponsored by Russ Carnahan (D–MO)
• Had bi‐partisan support
• Curriculum to be developed by GSA within 18 months of passage
• Also applies to non‐Federal personnel contracted to operate federal buildings
State Legislation and Regulations
Energy and Environmental
State “BULB” Bills
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Several states have introduced legislation to permit manufacture of general service incandescent lamps, provided they are sold and used within the state. To date, one state (Texas) has passed such a law and one state (New Hampshire) has withdrawn its bill. Such legislation is less about lighting and more about exerting states’ rights. Here are the 9 states with pending legislation:
Georgia SB61: http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20112012/109338.pdf
Iowa HF380 http://coolice.legis.state.ia.us/linc/84/external/HF380_Introduced.html
Michigan HB4815: http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2011‐2012/billengrossed/House/pdf/2011‐HEBH‐4815.pdf
Minnesota SF252: https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bin/bldbill.php?bill=S0252.0.html&session=ls87
Missouri HB1146: http://www.house.mo.gov/billtracking/bills121/biltxt/intro/HB1146I.htm
Nebraska LB1164: http://nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/Current/PDF/Intro/LB1164.pdf
Pennsylvania HB1622:
http://www.legis.state.pa.us/CFDOCS/Legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=PDF&sessYr=2011&sessInd=0&billBody=H&b
illTyp=B&billNbr=1622&pn=2275
South Carolina HB3735: http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess119_2011‐2012/bills/3735.htm
Virginia HB66: http://lis.virginia.gov/cgi‐bin/legp604.exe?121+ful+HB66+pdf
California as a Trend‐setter
Title 20: MH Luminaire Controls
• Current standard (150 – 500 watts)
– Indoor luminaires must meet one option
– Outdoor luminaires may meet #3 and must meet one other option
Option
Ballast Efficiency
1
90% for 150 – 250 watts
92% for 251 ‐500 watts
2
88%
3
88%
4
88%
Controls
None required
Occupancy sensor (reducing lamp power by a minimum of 40%)
Integral daylight control (reducing lamp power by a minimum of 40%)
Reduced wattage lamp
150‐160 watts
200‐215 watts
290‐335 watts
336‐500 watts and min 80 mean lpw lamp shipped with luminaire
California as a Trend‐setter
Title 20: MH Luminaire Controls
• New Standard (150 – 500 watts)
Effective January 1, 2015
– Indoor luminaires must meet #4 and one additional option
– Outdoor luminaires may meet #3 and must meet one other criteria
Option
Ballast Efficiency
1
90% for 150 – 250 watts
92% for 251 ‐500 watts
2
88%
3
88%
4
88%
Controls
None required
Occupancy sensor (reducing lamp power by a minimum of 40%)
Integral daylight control (reducing lamp power by a minimum of 40%)
Reduced wattage lamp
150‐160 watts
200‐215 watts
290‐335 watts
336‐500 watts and min 80 mean lpw lamp shipped with luminaire
California as a Trend‐setter AB1109
California Lighting Efficiency & Toxic Use Reductions Act
Has energy and toxic content provisions for lighting
‐‐ On the energy side, sets energy use reduction targets for lighting in the state. Baseline is 2007 energy use and target date for reduction is 2018:
– By using energy efficiency standards for all “general purpose lights” In combination with other programs and activities affecting lighting use in the state, the law requires reductions in average statewide electrical energy consumption by at least:
• 50% for indoor residential lighting • 25% for indoor commercial lighting
• 25% for outdoor lighting California as a Trend‐setter AB1109
California Lighting Efficiency & Toxic Use Reductions Act
Besides the energy piece, law also sets maximum hazardous waste levels for mercury‐containing lighting
– Mirrors European Reduction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive
– Took effect January 1, 2010
Mercury Dosing Requirements
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Straight fluorescent lamps [< 1800mm (6 feet) long, bi‐pin connections only] – Halo phosphor types of normal life**
<10mg
– Tri‐phosphor types of normal life**
<5mg
– Tri‐phosphor types of long life**
<8mg
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** RoHS does not distinguish by lamp diameter. Assume 20,000 hours to be “normal life” for T12 lamps (on RS ballasts), whether halo phosphor or tri‐phosphor types. Assume 24,000 hours to be “normal life” for T8 tri‐phosphor lamps (on IS ballasts). Life testing cycle is assumed to be 3 hours on/20 minutes off. “Long life” is interpreted to mean anything longer than “normal life”
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Compact fluorescent lamps – Pin based and integrally ballasted lamps
<5mg
Exemptions from mercury dosing requirements
– All HID lamps, reflector lamps regardless of technology, single‐pin slimline fluorescent lamps, U‐
bend, circline and specialty (e.g., suntan, blacklight) fluorescent lamps, T12 HO and VHO fluorescent lamps, l preheat fluorescent lamps, linear fluorescent lamps ≥ 1800 mm (6 feet) in length, CFL lamps >9 inches are exempt until January 1, 2012; then must be <5mg, all induction lamps California as a Trend‐setter AB1109
Lead Content Requirements
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Fluorescent lamps, including linear, pin‐based CFL, and integrally ballasted CFL
– Solder must be lead free, unless using high melting temperature lead solder
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LED retrofit lamps used for general illumination (not reflector types)
– Glass must have ≤0.1% lead by weight
– Solder must be lead free, unless using high melting temperature lead solder
Exemptions from lead requirements
– Fluorescent lamp glass
– Reflector lamps of any technology for glass and solder
– HID lamps until January 1, 2012, when,
• Glass parts must have ≤0.1% lead by weight or be lead free
• Solder must be lead‐free unless using high melting temp. lead solder
– Incandescent A‐line lamps 40W – 100W exempt until January 1, 2014, when,
• Glass parts must have ≤0.1% lead by weight or be lead free
• Solder must be lead‐free, unless using high melting temp. lead solder
– Specialty lamps are exempt (e.g., bug lights, marine, rough service, appliance, three‐way, vibration service, etc.), regardless of technology
Oregon, Mercury Content‐‐ Effective 1/1/2013
A producer of lighting that contains mercury may not sell, offer for sale or distribute in this state any electric lamps that contain mercury in an amount exceeding, per lamp, the following mercury content standards:
(a) 4 milligrams for screw‐based compact fluorescent lamps less than 25 watts.
(b) 5 milligrams for CFLs equal to or more than 25 watts and less than 40 watts.
(c) 3 milligrams for straight fluorescent T5 lamps with a normal lifetime.
(d) 4 milligrams for straight fluorescent T8 lamps with a normal lifetime.
(e) 5 milligrams for straight fluorescent T5 and T8 lamps with a long lifetime.
(f) 15 milligrams for T12 8‐foot straight fluorescent lamps.
The mercury content standards do not apply to:
(a) HO and VHO straight fluorescent lamps more than 32 millimeters in diameter.
(b) 8‐foot straight fluorescent T8 lamps.
(c) Mogul bi‐pin based lamps.
(d) Preheat straight fluorescent lamps of any size.
(e) Special purpose lighting.
(f) High intensity discharge lamps.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
Initiatives are at the State Level
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General EPR concepts:
• Place responsibility and accountability with actors in the product chain for all environmental impacts of a product over its life cycle
• Integrate environmental costs of products into the market price
• Shift some responsibility and cost for waste management away from government and the public
• Reduce waste and raw materials use
 Other, similar terms for EPR:
• Product Stewardship: shared responsibility, typically among manufacturers, retailers, consumers, government, and utilities
• Manufacturer Takeback: sole responsibility and cost for collection, transportation, and recycling falls to the manufacturer
 Current trend – full financial manufacturer responsibility for transportation and recycling of mercury‐containing lamps
States with EPR Laws
• Maine – passed 2009, in effect January 1, 2011 Residential lamps only
Requires manufacturers to provide and finance:
» Free and convenient locations throughout the state for household lamp collection “including but not limited to municipal collection sites and participating retail establishments”
» Education and outreach, including free POP materials for retailers
» Reporting of number of lamps collected, number available for recycling and goals for improving
• Washington State – passed 2010, in effect January 1, 2013
Residential lamps only
Requires manufacturers to pay $15,000 (regardless of size company) to state –
will likely increase
» State retains $5,000 admin fee
» Remainder pays for independent organization to run recycling program
States with EPR Laws, cont’d
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Vermont – passed in 2011, in effect July 1, 2012 Residential and small business lamps
Requires manufacturers to provide and finance:
» Free and convenient recycling in at least two locations per county (14 counties)
» Unlimited CFL recycling
» Up to 10 other mercury‐containing lamps per consumer
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Massachusetts –passed in 2006, in effect January 1, 2008 Residential and commercial lamps
Covers all mercury‐containing lamps (residential and commercial) Requires manufacturers to conduct education program about state recycling law
Sets random, unattainable recycling goals for state, ramping up to 70% recycling in 2011
» Manufacturers are held responsible for recycling rates
» Fine of up to $1,000,000 annually for the industry if rates are not met
– Retailers and Electrical Distributors have not been included in legislation to date unless they directly import lamps from overseas
Other Possible State EPR Bills
In many states, legislative season begins after Labor Day, and already we know about activity in the following states:
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Oregon
California
Minnesota
New York Massachusetts (for household recycling)
Rhode Island
Lamp Recycling ‐‐ State Disposal Regulations
11 states in the US have mandatory landfill bans – meaning you can’t throw mercury‐containing lamps in the trash
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Mandatory landfill bans – commercial only
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Connecticut
Florida
New York
Rhode Island
Tennessee
• Mandatory landfill bans – commercial and household
– California
– Maine
– Massachusetts – Minnesota
– New Hampshire
– Vermont
Requires hazardous waste disposal or recycling
State Legislation and Regulations
Buildings and Outdoor Lighting
Buildings – State Level
• Building energy codes and standards
• States are not required to have energy codes
• Most states have an energy code, but not necessarily the latest version
• If states adopt the latest code and/or standard, the federal gov’t will provide financial assistance
• Most popular building code for residential is the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
• For commercial buildings, it’s ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 (not a code)
Outdoor Lighting – State Level
• This is where the action is!
• Pending legislation in several states
– Initiated by the International Dark Skies Association (or its members acting alone)
– Typically, the bills require full cutoff optics for all outdoor luminaires
– NEMA, IALD, and the IES are opposed and are actively negotiating with the IDA and the state legislatures
State Outdoor Lighting Bills
• Massachusetts
– IDA submitted language to require full cutoff luminaires for all outdoor applications
– IALD and NEMA involved in negotiations with IDA to use full cutoff only for roadway and parking lots
– Bill not going anywhere
– Reprise in 2013
• New York
• Maryland
• New Jersey
What is the industry doing about this?
• Issue was discussed with the Executive Director of the IDA
– IDA states they do not necessarily agree with the local members, but cannot control them
– IDA was asked to do something about this since the principles of the MLO are being ignored
• The Plan: NEMA, IALD, and the IES have begun an effort to develop model State legislation to present to those States considering outdoor lighting legislation
California as a Trend‐setter
Title 24: Controls
• Title 24 2013 (effective January 2014)
– Indoor lighting will require multi‐level lighting in areas larger than 100 sf with a connected load greater than 0.5 watts/sf
– Buildings larger than 10,000 sf must be capable of reducing the lighting power by 15% on demand – Outdoor lighting must include automatic shutoff and occupancy sensing for many applications
Title 24 2013 Controllable Lighting for Commercial Interior Spaces, Table 130.1‐A Effective Jan 2014
Luminaire Type
Minimum Required Control Steps (through full rated power 1)
Uniform level of illuminance shall be achieved by:
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Line voltage incandescent and halogen
Low‐voltage incandescent & halogen systems
LED lamps and LED systems
Continuous dimming
10‐100%
Continuous dimming
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GU‐24 sockets rated for fluorescent > 20W
Pin‐based compact fluorescent > 20W 2
Continuous dimming
20‐100%
Continuous dimming
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GU‐24 sockets rated for fluorescent ≤ 20W
Pin‐based compact fluorescent ≤ 20W 2
Linear & U‐bent fluorescent ≤ 13W
Minimum one step through
30‐70%
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Linear & U‐bent fluorescent > 13W
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Track lighting
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HID >20W and Induction >25 watts
Other light sources
Stepped dimming, or
Continuous dimming, or
Switching alternate lamps in a luminaire
Minimum one step through each Stepped dimming, or
Continuous dimming, or
20‐40% 50‐70% 80‐85% 100%
switching alternate lamps in a luminaire Stepped dimming, or
Minimum one step through
Continuous dimming, or
30‐70%
Separately switching circuits in multi‐
circuit track with a min. of 2 circuits
Minimum one step through
Stepped dimming, or
50‐70%
Continuous dimming, or
Switching alternate lamps in a luminaire 1. Full rated input power of ballast and lamp, corresponding to maximum ballast factor
2. Includes only pin based lamps: twin tube, long twin tube, multiple twin tube, and spiral lamps
CA Title 24 2013
Effective Jan 2014
Outdoor Lighting Controls
Part‐Night Outdoor Lighting Controls shall meet all of the following requirements:
• Have sunrise and sunset prediction accuracy within +/‐ 15 minutes and timekeeping accuracy within five minutes per year,
• Have the ability to setback or turn off lighting at night by means of a programmable time clock or motion sensing device,
• When controlled with a time clock, shall be capable of being programmed to allow the setback or turning off of the lighting to occur from any time at night until any time in the morning, as determined by the user
• Automatic shut off with photo‐control or astronomical time‐switch
• Exempts lighting for tunnels and certain safety conditions where 24‐
hour operation is required.
CA Title 24 2013
Effective Jan 2014
Outdoor Lighting Controls
All outdoor lighting installed below 24 feet shall be controlled with motion sensors – The motion sensor shall be capable of automatically reducing the lighting power of each luminaire by at least 40 percent but not exceeding 80 percent, or provide continuous dimming through a range that includes 40 percent through 80 percent, and shall employ auto‐ON functionality. No more than 1,500 watts of lighting power shall be controlled together
– Exempts sales areas, facades, ornamental hardscape, pole mounted luminaires 75 watts or less, non‐pole mounted luminaires 30 watts or less
CA Title 24 2013
Outdoor Luminaire Cutoff Requirements
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All outdoor luminaires rated for use with lamps greater than 150 lamp watts, shall comply with Backlight, Uplight, and Glare (collectively referred to as "BUG" in accordance with IES TM‐15‐11, Addendum (A) requirements as follows:
A. There are no Backlight requirements; and
B. Maximum zonal lumens for Uplight shall be in accordance with Table 130.2‐A, which is somewhat stricter than IES TM‐15 in LZ2; and
C. Maximum zonal lumens for Glare shall be in accordance with Table 130.2‐B, which are also somewhat stricter than IES TM‐15 for LZ1 and LZ2.
– EXCEPTIONS: Signs; lighting for building facades, public monuments, statues, and vertical surfaces of bridges; lighting required not permitted by a health or life safety statute, ordinance, or regulation to be a cutoff luminaire, including but not limited to, emergency lighting; temporary outdoor lighting; and, replacement of existing pole mounted luminaires in hardscape areas meeting all of the following conditions:
• A. Where the existing luminaire does not meet the luminaire cutoff requirements in Section 130.2(b); and
• B. Spacing between existing poles is greater than 6 times the mounting height of the existing luminaires; and
• C. Where no additional poles are being added to the site; and
• D. Where new wiring to the luminaires is not being installed; and
• E. Provided that the connected lighting power wattage is not increased.
Title 24 2013 ‐ Luminaire Alterations
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Changes have been made on the retrofit side for Title 24 2013
It takes fewer changes to a lighting system to trigger compliance with Title 24 requirements, including  requirements for lighting power density (LPD) and  lighting controls that must be installed.
Two new terms to learn: “Luminaire Alterations” and “Luminaire Modifications‐in‐Place”
Lighting System /Luminaire Alterations include alterations where an existing lighting system is modified, luminaires are replaced, or luminaires are disconnected from the circuit, removed and reinstalled, whether in the same location or installed elsewhere.
The former “trigger” to comply with Title 24 was if 50% or more of the luminaires were moved or replaced – the new trigger is 10%.
Requirements for Luminaire Alterations relating to LPD and controls are summarized in Table 141.E….
Title 24 2013 Effective Jan 2014
Luminaire Alterations, Table 141.E
Qty. of Affected Luminaires per Resulting Lighting Power Applicable Mandatory Control Applicable Multi‐level Lighting for Each Enclosed Space
Provisions for Each Enclosed Control Requirements for Each Building Space
Space
Sum total <10% of existing luminaires
Sum total ≥10% of existing luminaires
Existing LPD is permitted
For <85% of allowed LPD
per Section 140.6 Area Category Method →
For ≥85% of allowed LPD
per Section 140.6 Area Category Method →
Existing provisions are permitted
Altered Luminaire
Existing controls are permitted
Section 130.1 a and c
Two level lighting control 2, or Rooms must be separately comply with Table 130.1A
switched, etc.
Section 130.1 a, c, and d 3
Rooms must be separately Comply with Table 130.1A switched, etc., and control daylight where applicable
Any alterations that change the area Must comply with all Same as above, but also add of the enclosed space or the Comply with Table 130.1A T24 LPD and controls demand response space type or that increase the requirements
capability
lighting power in the space
1. Affected luminaires include any luminaire that is changed, replaced, removed, relocated, or connected to altered or revised wiring (there are some exceptions). 2. Two level lighting control shall have at least one control step between 30% and 70% of design lighting power in a manner providing reasonably uniform illumination.
3. Daylight controls in accordance with Section 130.0(d) are required only for luminaires that are altered.
Title 24 2013 Luminaire Modifications‐in‐
Place
• To qualify as a Luminaire Modification‐in‐Place, luminaires shall only be modified by one or more of the following methods:
1. Replacing lamps and ballasts with like type or quantity in a manner that preserves the original luminaire listing.
2. Changing the number or type of light source in a luminaire including: socket renewal, removal or relocation of sockets or lampholders, and/or related wiring internal to the luminaire including the addition of safety disconnecting devices.
3. Changing the optical system of a luminaire in part or in whole.
4. Replacement of whole luminaires one for one in which the only electrical modification involves disconnecting the existing luminaire & reconnecting the replacement luminaire.
Title 24 2013 Luminaire Modifications‐in‐
Place
• Luminaire Modifications‐In‐Place shall include only alterations to lighting system meeting the following conditions:
1. They shall not be part of or the result of any general remodeling or renovation of the enclosed space in which they are located.
2. They shall not cause, be the result of, or involve any changes to the panelboard or branch circuit wiring, including line voltage switches, relays, contactors, dimmers and other control devices, providing power to the lighting system.
• EXCEPTION : Circuit modifications strictly limited to the addition of occupancy or vacancy sensors and class two lighting controls are permitted for Luminaire Modifications‐in‐
Place
Title 24 2013 Effective Jan 2014
Luminaire Modifications‐in‐Place, Table 141.F
Resulting Lighting Power per Each Enclosed Space Applicable Mandatory Control Applicable Multi‐level Lighting Qty. of Affected Luminaires per Where ≥ 10% of Existing Provisions for Each Enclosed Control Requirements for Each Building Space per Annum
Luminaires are Space
Modified Luminaire
“Modifications in Place”
Sum total <40 Luminaire “Modifications in Place”
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2.
3.
4.
Existing LPD is permitted
Existing provisions are permitted
Existing controls are permitted
For <85% of allowed LPD Section 130.1 a and c
Two level lighting control 3, or per Section 140.6 Area Rooms must be separately comply with Table 130.1A
Sum total ≥40 Luminaire Category Method →
switched, etc.
“Modifications in Place”
Section 130.1 a, c, and d 4
For ≥85% of allowed LPD
Rooms must be separately per Section 140.6 Area Comply with Table 130.1A switched, etc., and control Category Method →
daylight where applicable
Control requirements only apply to enclosed spaces for which there are Luminaire Modifications‐in‐Place
Multi‐level controls are required only for luminaires for which there are Luminaire Modifications‐in‐Place
Two‐level lighting control shall have at least one control step between 30% and 70% of design LPD in a manner providing reasonably uniform illumination
Daylight controls in accordance with Section 130.0d are required only for luminaires that are modified in place
For compliance with this table, building space is defined as any of the following: A) a complete single story building, or B)a complete floor of a multi‐story building, or C) the entire space in a building of a single tenant under a single lease, or 4) all of the common not leasable space in a single building
Model Lighting Ordinance
A “bi‐partisan” approach to outdoor lighting guidelines for municipalities
The MLO
• Years in gestation, approved by both the IDA and the IES in June, 2011.
• Provides for reduction in skyglow and light trespass while adhering to principles of good lighting design
• Many of its features adapted from TM‐15 “Luminaire Classification System for Outdoor Luminaires”
• Aimed at municipalities, townships, etc.
• No adopters (yet)
The MLO
• Currently undergoing minor revision
• Will be jointly marketed by the IDA and IES
• Preliminary feedback: too complicated for smaller municipalities
• “MLO Lite” planned for next year
• Not appropriate for State legislation
NEMA LE‐6‐2009 luminaire distributions
Lighting Zones
LZ0: No ambient lighting Areas where the natural environment will be seriously and adversely
affected by lighting. Impacts include disturbing the biological cycles of flora and fauna and/or
detracting from human enjoyment and appreciation of the natural environment. Little or no lighting is
expected. When not needed, lighting should be extinguished.
LZ1: Low ambient lighting Areas where lighting might adversely affect flora and fauna or disturb the
character of the area. The vision of human residents and users is adapted to low light levels. Lighting
may be used for safety, security and/or convenience but it is not necessarily uniform or continuous.
After curfew, most lighting should be extinguished or reduced as activity levels decline.
LZ2: Moderate ambient lighting Areas of human activity where the vision of human residents and
users is adapted to moderate light levels. Lighting may typically be used for safety, security and/or
convenience but it is not necessarily uniform or continuous. After curfew, lighting may be extinguished
or reduced as activity levels decline.
LZ3: Moderately high ambient lighting Areas of human activity where the vision of human residents
and users is adapted to moderately high light levels. Lighting is generally desired for safety, security
and/or convenience and it is often uniform and/or continuous. After curfew, lighting may be
extinguished or reduced in most areas as activity levels decline.
LZ4: High ambient lighting Areas of human activity where the vision of human residents and users is
adapted to high light levels. Lighting is generally considered necessary for safety, security and/or
convenience and it is mostly uniform and/or continuous. After curfew, lighting may be extinguished or
reduced in some areas as activity levels decline.
BUG Rating System from IES TM15‐
2007, Addendum A
Backlight, which creates light trespass onto
adjacent sites. The B rating takes into account the
amount of light in the BL, BM, BH and BVH zones,
which are direction of the luminaire OPPOSITE from
the area intended to be lighted.
Uplight, which causes artificial sky glow.
Lower uplight (zone UL) causes the most sky glow
and negatively affects professional and academic
astronomy. Upper uplight (UH) is mostly energy
waste. The U rating accounts the amount of light into
the upper hemisphere with greater concern for the
lower uplight angles in UL.
Glare, which can be annoying or visually
disabling. The G rating takes into account the
amount of frontlight in the FH and FVH zones as
well as BH and BVH zones.
IES TM15 defines max zonal lumens per zone General meanings of the BUG system
BUG ratings, distribution, and LPW relationships
The consensus‐proposed “task efficacy” limits
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Task Efficacy Rating (TER) and Energy Effectiveness Factor (EEF) calculations are defined by NEMA LE‐6‐
2009
TER = initial rated lamp lumens X EER X BF/luminaire watts
BUG ratings describe the backlight, uplight and glare of a luminaire defined by IES TM‐15 Appendix A
Trends
Where is this all going?
Trends in Lighting Legislation & Regulation Energy Efficiency for Products
Trends
More and stricter energy efficiency performance standards for consumer lighting products
More and stricter energy efficiency performance standards for professional lighting products
Examples
EISA: US federal law phasing out common household incandescent lamps beginning 2012 and setting minimum 45 LPW by 2020
DOE Rules: T12 fluorescent lamps and most common
halogen PAR lamps will not meet the new standards effective July 2012; fluorescent ballasts will all need to be high efficiency electronic by 2014
US Government beginning to set standards for lighting fixture performance
Senate Energy Bill: Standards will eventually be set for outdoor lighting that will allow only the most efficient types; LED types will thrive
Outright banning of obsolete, inefficient lighting technologies
Senate Energy Bill or DOE Rulemaking: Banning of mercury vapor lamps by 2016 to 2018
“Technology neutral” specifications for efficient lighting products
Energy Star: Setting a new standard for screw base CL products, including LEDr and CFLi, that must meet the same standards for color, energy, and performance
Trends in Lighting Legislation & Regulation Energy Performance of Systems & Buildings
Trends
Increasing requirements for use of lighting controls in new and renovated buildings
Examples
California Title 24 Energy Code: Non‐
residential lighting in new buildings, beginning 2014, will require “controllable lighting”; dimming will be very important
Moving away from measuring only installed lighting wattage in buildings to measuring and counting real energy use; this will lead to separate metering of lighting systems
Trade associations and professional lighting societies: Strong advocacy to measure building energy use in kilowatt hours per square foot per year (or kilocalories per square meter per year)
Moving to “Net Zero Energy” Buildings
EISA: Requires net zero energy in new commercial construction by the year 2030
Increased use of daylighting, along with sensors and controls for electric lighting that occupies day lit spaces
ASHRAE/IES 90.1 – 2010 Energy Standard: Sets the installed wattage so low that many buildings must use daylighting (and controls) to meet the energy code
Trends in Lighting Legislation & Regulation Environmental Issues
Trends
Holding manufacturers responsible disposal of mercury containing products
Requiring lower levels of toxic materials in lighting products (lead and mercury)
Examples
Maine: Manufacturers must pay for collection and disposal of household mercury containing lamps or none of their products can be sold in the state
Massachusetts: If lamp recycling rates are not met, the lamp industry must pay up to $1 million annually to the state
California: Created a version of the original EU RoHS, applied only to lamps; will not be automatically converted to new EU RoHS requirements
Maine: Adopted California requirements
Using mercury in CFLi lamps as an excuse to try US: Barton bill would repeal incandescent to repeal or delay incandescent phase‐out provisions of EISA
legislation
Canada: 2‐year delay (until 2014)
Trends in Lighting Legislation & Regulation Testing, Labeling, and Reporting
Trends
Examples
US Federal Trade Commission (FTC): New More specific labeling on packaging and lamps, labeling law requires lumens to be prominent particularly for CL products
and energy use data to be clear and specific; lumens must be printed on incandescent, halogen, CFLi and LEDr lamps; similar for Canada
Third‐party testing is being required more often and by more agencies; self‐reporting by manufacturers is mistrusted
Annual reporting of lighting products and their performance into federal and state databases as a requirement for sale
Energy Star for Luminaires: New specification requires EPA‐certified labs and third‐party certification of test results
California: Many common lamps and ballasts must be reported annually in order to qualify them for sale
IMERC: Mercury content of certain products is required by many states to qualify them for sale
Useful Websites
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http://www.house.gov – U.S. House of Representatives
http://clerk.house.gov – Clerk of the House of Representatives
http://senate.gov – U.S. Senate
http://thomas.loc.gov – Library of Congress
http://www.govtrack.us – Track Bills and Congressional activity
http://www.nema.org – NEMA
http://lumennow.org – LUMEN Coalition
http://bcap‐ocean.org – Building Codes Assistance Project
http://www.usgbc.org – U.S. Green Building Council
http://ase.org – The Alliance to Save Energy
http://www.ashrae.org ‐ ASHRAE
http://www.ies.org – Illuminating Engineering Society
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
Extra slides if needed
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New Outdoor Lighting Legislation (Luminaire)
Outdoor lighting provisions are part of S.1462 and H.R. 5201
These should eventually be incorporated into even larger bills that cover either energy only – or climate change; probably energy
Assuming passage, Tier 1 will be effective 3 years after the bill is passed
Scope includes “Outdoor pole‐mounted luminaires”
• Covers area, roadway, highmast, dusk to dawn and decorative post‐
tops
• Does NOT cover wall mounted, canopy, bollards or floods for first Tier
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Consensus bill is based on the NEMA LE‐6 “Target Efficacy Rating (TER)”
• TER describes what % of bare lamp lumens are received by a target area
• This approach puts traditional light sources and solid state on a level playing field in terms of performance
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Dual level controls are required – but only for area lighting (not roadway)
Compliance marking on luminaire and packaging P
State Outdoor Lighting Bills
• Massachusetts
– IDA submitted language to require full cutoff luminaires for all outdoor applications
– IALD and NEMA involved in negotiations with IDA to use full cutoff only for roadway and parking lots
– Bill not going anywhere
– Reprise in 2013
Outdoor Lighting
California Title 24
Effective Jan 2014
• References BUG ratings for all luminaires greater than 150 lamp watts
– No backlight requirements
– Lists a variety of exemptions
• Controls
– Automatic shut off with photocontrol or astronomical time‐switch
– All outdoor lighting installed below 24 feet shall be controlled with motion sensors • Exempts sales areas, facades, ornamental hardscape, pole mounted luminaires 75 watts or less, non‐pole mounted luminaires 30 watts or less
Effective Jan 2014
Title 24 2013 Interior Commercial Lighting
Controls for >100sf with LPD >0.5 W/sf, Table 130.1‐A
Luminaire Type
•
Minimum Required Control Steps (through full rated power 1)
Uniform level of illuminance shall be achieved by:



Line voltage incandescent and halogen
Low‐voltage incandescent & halogen systems
LED lamps and LED systems
Continuous dimming
10‐100%
Continuous dimming


GU‐24 sockets rated for fluorescent > 20W
Pin‐based compact fluorescent > 20W 2
Continuous dimming
20‐100%
Continuous dimming



GU‐24 sockets rated for fluorescent ≤ 20W
Pin‐based compact fluorescent ≤ 20W 2
Linear & U‐bent fluorescent ≤ 13W
Minimum one step through
30‐70%

Linear & U‐bent fluorescent > 13W

Track lighting


HID >20W and Induction >25 watts
Other light sources
Stepped dimming, or
Continuous dimming, or
Switching alternate lamps in a luminaire
Minimum one step through each Stepped dimming, or
Continuous dimming, or
20‐40% 50‐70% 80‐85% 100%
switching alternate lamps in a luminaire 4
Stepped dimming, or
Minimum one step through
Continuous dimming, or
30‐70%
Separately switching circuits in multi‐
circuit track with a min. of 2 circuits
Minimum one step through
Stepped dimming, or
50‐70%
Continuous dimming, or
Switching alternate lamps in a luminaire 3
1. Full rated input power of ballast and lamp, corresponding to maximum ballast factor
2. Includes only pin based lamps: twin tube, long twin tube, multiple twin tube, and spiral lamps
Status of Legislation
• MD
– Bill did not make it this year
– Chance to modify language for next year
• MA
– Negotiation with IDA to limit full cutoff
– No bill this year, but will probably be back in 2013
• NY
– Heavy push by IDA; Stopped by NEMA
– Will probably be back next year
• NJ
– Bill passed legislature last year but vetoed by Governor
– Trying again this year, but bill still in committee