Education system
Egypt
The Egyptian education
system described and
compared with the Dutch
system
Education system
| Evaluation chart
Education system Egypt
This document provides information about the education system of Egypt. It also includes
the Dutch comparison of qualifications obtained in Egypt.
Except where expressly stated otherwise and with the exception of images and
illustrations, this publication is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) Licence. For more information about the reuse
of this publication please visit https://www.nuffic.nl/en/home/copyright.
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
Education system Egypt
L7
postgraduate
Doctorate Degree
(PhD)
3
L6
Master
(university education)
Diploma of Higher Studies
(university education)
2
L5
undergraduate
Bachelor
(university education)
L6
1-2
Bachelor
(higher institutes)
L4
Higher Diploma of Technology
(higher institutes of technology)
L4
4
3
4-5
Technical Institute Diploma
(Intermediate Technical Institutes)
L4
2
General Secondary L3
Education Certificate
(senior secondary
general education)
Secondary School L3
Technical Diploma
(senior secondary
vocational education)
L3
Diploma of
Advanced Technical
Studies
(senior secondary
vocational education)
L3
Secondary
School Diploma in
Vocational Preparation
(senior secondary
vocational education)
3
3
5
3
L2
Basic Education Certificate
(junior secondary education)
3
L0
Education level
Primary Education
(primary education)
0
Certificate of Completion of L3
Basic Education and Vocational
Preparation
(junior vocational education)
3
L1
Duration of education
6
Click here to view a sample of
the diploma
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Evaluation chart
In the following chart, the left part lists foreign qualifications. The right part lists the Dutch
comparisons, with corresponding levels in the Netherlands and European qualification
frameworks.
Degree or qualification
Dutch equivalent and NLQF level
EQF level
Basic Education Certificate
approximately 2 years of HAVO
2
2
Secondary School Technical Diploma
MBO diploma (qualification level 2 or 3)
2/3
2/3
Diploma of Advanced Technical Studies
MBO diploma (qualification level 3 or 4)
3/4
3/4
General Secondary Education Certificate
HAVO diploma
4
4
Technical Institute Diploma
MBO diploma (qualification level 4)
4
4
Higher Diploma of Technology
3 years of HBO (higher technical
5
5
HBO bachelor’s degree
6
6
HBO bachelor’s degree, or 2 years of wo
6
6
Diploma of Higher Studies
WO bachelor's degree or HBO master’s
6/7
6/7
1 year)
degree
Diploma of Higher Studies
HBO or WO master’s degree
7
7
1-year WO master’s degree
7
7
education)
Bachelor’s degree
(Higher Institutes)
Bachelor’s degree
(University)
(2 years)
Master’s degree
NB
• The information provided in the table is a general recommendation from which no
rights may be derived.
• NLQF = Netherlands Qualifications Framework. EQF = European Qualifications
Framework.
• The evaluation of a foreign qualification in terms of the EQF/NLQF does not
necessarily mean that all of the learning outcomes associated with these levels have
been achieved.
• Information on the Dutch equivalent qualifications is available in our Netherlands
Education System. See: http://www.nuffic.nl/en/library/education-systemnetherlands.pdf
• The information regarding international study programmes at VMBO and MBO level
is issued by SBB, the foundation for Co-operation on Vocational Education, Training
and the Labour Market.
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
Introduction
Egypt, a country around 11 times larger than the Netherlands, is made up of
18 provinces and is bordered by Libya, Sudan and Israel. The official name
of the country is the Arab Republic of Egypt. In January 2011 a revolution
led to the resignation of the former president Hosni Mobarak, who fled
Egypt. Since June 2012 Mohammed Morsi is the president of Egypte.
Today, Egypt’s population is over 80 million people, half of which live in urban areas.
According to estimates, approximately one-quarter of Egypt's population live in poverty,
mainly due to underemployment. Approximately 35 per cent of the population is made up
of young people under the age of 15, putting a lot of pressure on education and the
labour market. Around a quarter of the population is illiterate.
In Egypt, two ministries are responsible for education: the Ministry of Education is
responsible for pre-school, primary and secondary education, and higher education is
governed by the Ministry of Higher Education. There are also a number of specialist
institutes that fall under the supervision of other ministries. The Ministry of Al-Azhar
Affairs supervises denominational education (from primary to university education) at the
Al-Azhar schools and the university (Al-Azhar University). Diplomas awarded in this
system are considered to be equivalent to diplomas obtained at public institutions.
Monitoring of the Egyptian education system is highly centralised, for both public and
private institutions. The Ministry of Higher Education (established in 1961) is responsible
for the supervision and coordination of higher education. These activities have been
subdivided among a number of Supreme Councils, including a Supreme Council of
Universities. This council, chaired by the Minister of Higher Education, formulates
university education policy, coordinates university programmes, determines how many
students may be admitted to the various faculties each year, and advises the government
on university financial affairs. The council also deals with international comparisons and
credential evaluation.
Education has been free at public institutions since 1962, and is compulsory until the end
of the first phase of secondary school, i.e. up to the ninth year.
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The language of instruction in higher education is Arabic, except at the following
university faculties, where English is used: Dentistry, Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacy,
Architecture, Natural Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and English Language and
Literature. Final theses and doctoral theses are written in Arabic, with an abstract in
English. One exception to this rule is the American University of Cairo, where English is
used as the language of instruction for all programmes.
The academic year runs from September until June, with a break in January. The
school/study week runs from Saturday until Thursday morning. University examinations
are conducted in June, with supplementary exams in September and January.

Primary and secondary education
Primary school (basic education) lasts for 6 years (between 1988 and 1999 it was
reduced to 5 years. The Al-Azhar schools did not take on this interim change; there, the
length of basic education remained 6 years). No diploma is issued at the end of basic
education (prior to 1988, the Primary Education Certificate was awarded). This is followed
by preparatory education for children aged from 12 to 14, with a nominal duration of 3
years. At the end, pupils take a centralised national examination and are awarded the
Basic Education Certificate (shahâdat itmâm al-dirâsa bi-marhalat al-ta`lîm al-asâsî).
In terms of level, the Basic Education
Certificate is comparable to approximately 2
years of HAVO in the Netherlands.
After basic education, students can move on to vocational education at a vocational
school, which also has a duration of 3 years. This type of schooling is aimed particularly
at pupils who are unable to successfully complete basic education, or who do not pass
the first year of preparatory education. At the end of this phase, pupils receive the
Certificate of Completion of Basic Education and Vocational Preparation (shahâdat itmâm
marhalat al-ta`lîm al-asâsî, i`dâd mihanî). After this programme, pupils can continue on to
a vocational secondary school. This type of education was introduced in 1990-1991, with
specializations in agriculture and industry. The Secondary School Diploma in Vocational
Preparation (diblôm al-madâris al-thânawiyya l-fanniyya, i`dâd mihanî) does grant access
to post-secondary education, and is therefore a final programme of study.
After preparatory education, pupils can continue on to related general secondary
education or to vocational education at a technical secondary school (madrasa
thânawiyya fanniyya) in a number of sectors.
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Pupils whose preparatory education exam results are not high enough to progress to
secondary education can attend a technical secondary school. Schools of this type
provide both 3-year and 5-year secondary vocational programmes in industry (sinâ`a),
commerce (tidjâra) and agriculture (zirâ`a). At the end of the 3-year programmes,
students are awarded the Secondary School Technical Diploma in Commerce / Industry /
Agriculture (diblôm al-madâris al-thânawiyya l-fanniyya al-tidjâriyya / al-sinâ`iyya / alzirâ`iyya). With a final mark of 70 per cent or higher, students may apply for admission to
a post-secondary programme in a similar specialization at an Intermediate (Technical)
Institute (ma`had fannî or ma`had mutawassit), or (in rare cases) to a programme at a
higher education institution or university in a similar specialization. Private institutions will
usually accept a lower final mark. However, admission is limited to a certain number of
students (around 5-10 per cent), and the students with the highest marks are given
priority.
In terms of level, the Secondary School
Technical Diploma is comparable in the
Netherlands to an MBO diploma at
qualification level 2 or 3, depending on the
specialization.
At the end of the 5-year programmes, students are awarded the Diploma of Advanced
Technical Studies in Commerce / Industry / Agriculture (diblôm al-madâris al-fanniyya almutaqaddima al-tidjâriyya / al-sinâ`iyya / al-zirâ`iyya). Diplomas are awarded following
the completion of a central examination, set by the Ministry of Education. This type of
diploma allows students to enter the labour market directly. They can also apply to a
Higher Institute or to some university programmes in a similar specialization, yet only with
a final mark of 75 per cent or higher.
In terms of level, the Diploma of Advanced
Technical Studies is comparable in the
Netherlands to an MBO diploma at
qualification level 3 or 4, depending on the
specialization.
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The secondary education phase lasts 3 years. The first year consists of a common
curriculum, and in the second year students choose either the general (academic) or
technical track. Around 70 per cent of all pupils choose the technical track, due to the lack
of places in the general track and also because selection takes place based on students’
results from the previous phase. Within the general track, students opt to study either
(natural) sciences or language and literature. Upon completion of this phase, students are
awarded the General Secondary Education Certificate (shahâdat itmâm al-dirâsa althânawiyya al-`âmma). Subjects are divided into compulsory subjects and subjects for
which students take exams but which do not count towards the final diploma. Secondary
school curricula are very uniform in all schools, and the final examination is a national
exam. Teaching methods put a strong emphasis on memorizing a large quantity of
information. There is little focus on group work, discussions or project work.
In terms of level, the General Secondary
Education Certificate is comparable to a
HAVO diploma in the Netherlands.
The Al-Azhar secondary school system has a different curriculum, which can be divided
into three groups of subjects: religious education, education in the Arabic language and
general education. Upon completion, pupils are awarded the Al-Azhar Secondary School
Certificate (al-shahâda l-thânawiyya l-azhariyya).
In terms of level, the Al-Azhar Secondary
School Certificate is comparable to a HAVO
diploma in the Netherlands.
Post-secondary education
These programmes are offered by Intermediate (Technical) Institutes (ma`had
mutawassit or ma`had fannî), and have a nominal duration of 2 years. The sector is quite
limited and counts as higher professional education in Egypt, yet in Dutch terms it more
closely resembles senior secondary vocational education (MBO). The programmes are
very practical in nature and cover the areas of commerce, industry, health and social
services. The entrance requirement is either a General Secondary School Certificate, or a
Secondary School Technical Diploma with a mark of 70 per cent or higher. Upon
completion, the Technical Institute Diploma (diblôm al-ma`âhid al-fanniyya) is awarded. A
minimum final score of 75 per cent allows students to apply to a Higher Institute or to a
university programme in a similar specialization. In some cases students can start the
second year straight away. In general, only a limited number of students actually continue
on to a university programme.
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In terms of level, the Technical Institute
Diploma is comparable to at least an MBO
diploma at qualification level 4 in the
Netherlands.

Admission to higher education
Admission to higher education requires a General Secondary School Certificate, a
Secondary School Technical Diploma with a minimum score of 65 per cent, or a Diploma
of Advanced Technical Studies. Although in principle there are no entrance examinations,
minimum final marks are set by each faculty. For example, the highest final examination
marks are required for admission to the faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, Engineering and
Natural Sciences, and lower scores grant entry to agriculture, arts, commerce and law.
Students also need to have taken the correct subject cluster, that is either the (natural)
science track or the language and literature track. Some faculties do set additional
requirements, such as passing for a second foreign language, personal or subjectspecific test. The number of available places in each faculty and the exact cut-off scores
are set each year by the Supreme Council of Universities.
The entrance requirements for higher professional education are the same as those
above; either a General Secondary School Certificate, a Diploma of Advanced Technical
Studies, or a Secondary School Technical Diploma with a minimum score of 65 per cent.
Admission to a Higher Technical Institute also requires a test in mathematics and English.

Higher education
Egypt has two kinds of higher education institutions. Higher professional education is
provided by the Higher Institutes (ma`had âlî) which offer 4-year programmes, concluding
with the bachelor’s degree. In most cases, the Supreme Council of Universities considers
this degree as being equivalent to a bachelor’s degree awarded by a university. There is
a large number of Higher Institutes, both state-run and private. The latter are recognized
by the Ministry of Higher Education, under whose supervision they also fall.
Higher education is also provided by universities (jâmi`a), which offer both academic
programmes as well as higher professional education. Egypt has 19 state-run
universities, and there are currently 16 private universities. Most private universities are
recognized by the Ministry of Higher Education. Universities have a considerable amount
of freedom in setting their curricula. The Supreme Council of Universities is the umbrella
organisation that coordinates education at universities. Depending on the specialization,
an internship may be part of the programme. All programmes usually also conclude with
a project or short thesis.
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University education
Universities provide both academic and higher professional education. For language and
literature studies, graduates are awarded a Bachelor of Arts (bakâlôriyûs âdâb); for exact
sciences, agricultural and engineering specializations, graduates receive a Bachelor of
Science (bakâlôriyûs ‘ulûm). The degree of Licence (lîsâns) is also awarded in the arts,
law and some teacher-training faculties. Most programmes have a nominal duration of 4
years. A nominal duration of 5 years applies to Dentistry, Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine,
Engineering and the fine arts. A bachelor's/Licence degree represents a final qualification
level that allows graduates to enter the labour market or continue on to further study.
Study programmes contain little room for elective subjects. Students take from 6-10
subjects per year, involving around 20 to 30 hours of lectures, tutorials and practical
classes per week. The 5 and 6-year programmes usually start with a preparatory year
containing basic subjects; the subsequent year is then called the first year. Four-year
programmes also devote a relatively large portion of the first year to general subjects.
In terms of level, the bachelor’s degree is
comparable to an HBO bachelor’s degree or
to 2 years of university education (WO) in
the Netherlands.
After completing a bachelor’s degree, graduates have two options for further study. A
Diploma of Higher Studies (diblôm al-dirâsât al-`ulyâ) is a 1 to 2-year programme
involving specialized course work. The entrance requirement is a bachelor’s (or Licence)
degree in any specialization. Admission to these types of programmes is not particularly
selective.
In terms of level, the Diploma of Higher
Studies following a nominally 1-year
programme is comparable to a WO
bachelor’s degree or HBO master's degree
in the Netherlands.
In terms of level, the Diploma of Higher
Studies following a nominally 2-year
programme is comparable to a WO or HBO
master’s degree in the Netherlands.
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The second type of programme culminates in a master’s degree (mâjistêr), and has a
minimum duration of 2 years. The content of the programme differs according to faculty,
and may consist of a mixture of course work and a thesis, or just a thesis. A bachelor’s
(or Licence) degree in the same specialization with a minimum score of ‘good’ is required
for admission. The names of master’s degrees are parallel to the bachelor's degrees
(âdâb and ‘ulûm) (Arts and Science).
In terms of level, the master’s degree is
comparable to a 1-year WO master’s degree
in the Netherlands.
After a master’s programme, students may be eligible for the Doctorate Degree
(dukturâh) programme, which requires 3 years of research and must be completed within
5 years. The entrance requirement is a master’s degree in the same area of
specialization with a minimum score of ‘good’.

Higher professional education
This type of education is offered by the Higher Institutes (ma`had `âlî), which were
founded in the late 1950s. There are over 100 Higher Institutes, the majority of which are
private. They offer nominal 4-year programmes, culminating in a bachelor’s degree.
Graduates from these programmes can continue studying for another 2 years to obtain a
master’s degree. In most cases, the Supreme Council of Universities considers a
bachelor’s degree from a Higher Institute as being equivalent to a bachelor’s degree
awarded by a university. There are also Higher Institutes that fall under the supervision of
another ministry, such as the Arab Maritime Transport Academy, the Arts Academy and a
number of military academies.
In terms of level, the bachelor’s degree from
a Higher Institute is comparable to an HBO
bachelor's degree in the Netherlands.
In addition to the 4-year programmes, three Higher Institutes of Technology offer 3-year
programmes that award graduates a Higher Diploma of Technology.
In terms of level, the Higher Diploma of
Technology is comparable to 3 years of
higher technical education (HTO) in the
Netherlands.
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
Assessment systems
The following grading scales are used in the Egyptian education system:
Secondary education
0 – 100 (a minimum satisfactory mark is 40 or 50,
depending on the subject)
Higher education
Marks are given in words, with a ‘pass’ being required
for transition to the next year:
excellent, very good, good, pass, weak, very weak
The system varies from faculty to faculty:

Programme
In percentages
Description
Arts
90-100
Mumtâz / excellent
80-89
djayyid djiddan / very good
65-79
djayyid / good
50-64
maqbûl / pass
Dentistry
75-84
djayyid djiddan / very good
Veterinary Medicine
65-74
Djayyid / good
Pharmacy
60-64
Maqbûl / pass
Other faculties
85-100
Mumtâz / excellent
75-84
djayyid djiddan / very good
65-74
djayyid / good
50-64
maqbûl / pass
Qualification frameworks
Egypt is actively developing a national qualification framework. The Strategic Planning
Unit of The Ministry of Higher Education has issued a report on the progress in
establishing NQF in Egypt in May 2011. The report can be found at:
http://mhe-spu.org/new/admin/uploads/resources/
NQF%20and%20NSSP%20Progress%20up%20to%202011-20110515043530.pdf
Egypt is also a participant in the META-ETE project which objective is “to support MEDA
partners in the design and implementation of relevant technical and vocational education
and training (TVET) policies that can contribute to promoting employment through a
regional approach.” Thematic studies of national qualification and recognition frameworks
(NQF & RQ Community) are among the project’s subcomponents. A full description of
the META-ETE project can be found on the META-ETE website: www.medaete.net/meda-ete-web.nsf
However, a fully developed and implemented NQF does not yet exist in Egypt.
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
Quality assurance and accreditation
The quality of higher education is monitored by the aforementioned Supreme Council of
Universities. The Egyptian Ministry of Education monitors quality in primary and
secondary education.

International treaties
Egypt has no international education agreements with other countries.

Addresses
www.eun.eg/en/index_en.html
Website of the Egyptian Universities Network.
www.egy-mhe.gov.eg/
Website of the Egyptian Ministry of Higher Education (only in Arabic).
www.s-bb.nl
Website of SBB, the foundation for Co-operation on Vocational Education, Training and
the Labour Market.

Composition of file
After completion of their studies, students usually receive a certificate of graduation,
which may be in Arabic or English. A transcript / grade list is also issued, in Arabic and/or
English. These documents must always be submitted along with the certificate. If a
graduate no longer has his/her certificates, he or she may request them once again in
Egypt.
Authenticity
If the authenticity of the English documents is in doubt, it is possible to request the
documents in Arabic.
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
List of Higher Education Institutions
www.eun.eg/en/index_en.html
Website of the Egyptian Universities Network, including an overview of Egyptian
universities.
www.egy-mhe.gov.eg/
Website of the Egyptian ministry of Higher Education (only in Arabic).
www.egy-mhe.gov.eg/private.asp
List of recognized private universities (only in Arabic).
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
Secondary School Technical Diploma
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
Secondary School Technical Diploma (Dutch translation)
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
Secondary School Technical Diploma
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
Secondary School Technical Diploma (transcript)
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
General Secondary Education Certificate
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
General Secondary Education Certificate (Dutch
translation)
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
General Secondary Education Certificate (transcript)
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
Technical Institute Diploma
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
Technical Institute Diploma (English translation)
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
Technical Institute Diploma (transcript)
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
Transcript Technical Institute Diploma (English translation)
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
University Bachelor
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
University Bachelor (Dutch translation)
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
University Bachelor (Certificate accompanying the
bachelor’s degree)
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
University Bachelor (English version of the Certificate)
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
University Bachelor (transcript)
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
Transcript University Bachelor (English version)
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
Diploma of Higher Studies
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
Diploma of Higher Studies (transcript)
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
Master's programme
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
Bachelor of Higher Institute
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
Bachelor of Higher Institute (Dutch translation)
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
Bachelor of Higher Institute (transcript)
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
Transcript Bachelor of Higher Institute (English version)
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
Transcript Bachelor of Higher Institute (Dutch translation)
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
Qualification Egypt
General Secondary Education Certificate
• secondary general education diploma
• grants access in Egypt to all higher education programmes
This qualification is comparable to a HAVO diploma in the Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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
Qualification Egypt
Bachelor’s degree (University)
• first cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in Egypt to a master’s programme
• usually has a nominal duration of 4 years
This qualification is comparable to an HBO bachelor’s degree or to 2
years of university education (WO) in the Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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
Qualification Egypt
Diploma of Higher Studies
• first cycle higher education diploma
• has a nominal duration of 1 year
This qualification is comparable to a WO bachelor’s degree of to an HBO
master’s degree in the Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
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
Qualification Egypt
Diploma of Higher Studies
• first cycle higher education diploma
• has a nominal duration of 2 years
This qualification is comparable to a WO or HBO master’s degree in the
Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
Education system Egypt | EP-Nuffic | 2nd edition December 2010 | version 2, January 2015
43
Education system
| Evaluation chart
Education system Egypt

Qualification Egypt
Master’s degree
• second cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in Egypt to a PhD programme
• has a nominal duration of 2 years
This qualification is comparable to a 1-year WO master’s degree in the
Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
Education system Egypt | EP-Nuffic | 2nd edition December 2010 | version 2, January 2015
44
Education system
| Evaluation chart
Education system Egypt

Qualification Egypt
Bachelor’s degree (Higher Institutes)
• first cycle higher education diploma
• grants access in Egypt to a master’s programme
• has a nominal duration of 4 years
This qualification is comparable to an HBO bachelor’s degree in the
Netherlands.
NB: This information is a general recommendation from which no rights may be
derived.
Education system Egypt | EP-Nuffic | 2nd edition December 2010 | version 2, January 2015
45