How to use this Guide
• This guide presents the concepts you should know for the third exam. A few from the book have been skipped. Besides the major concepts, you have been provided with certain graphics and other specific information that you should know. You should go to those parts of the book that these graphics and specific points refer to as well as study your notes on these concepts. If you have any questions please feel free to email me: jonsted@fiu.edu

The Test in General
• 45 Multiple Choice Questions covering
Chapters 13 -17 and whatever else has been discussed in lecture since the midterm, including the films, “Suncookers” and “Who’s Got the Power?”
• Bring a number 2 pencil and I will bring the scantrons.
• The exam is on Wednesday, December
2 nd , at 9:00 AM in CP 151.
• Good luck!

Energy
Chapter 13

13-1 What Major Sources of Energy
Do We Use?
• Concept 13-1A About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources.
• Concept 13-1B Net energy is the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after the amount of energy needed to make it available is subtracted.

Commercial Energy for the
World and United States

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

13-2 What Are the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels?
• Concept 13-2 Oil, natural gas, and coal are currently abundant and relatively inexpensive, but using them causes air and water pollution and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

United States Oil Production and Use (1)
• Domestic oil production
– Off-shore drilling
– Alaska
• Consumption versus production
• Oil imports

Oil Sand and Oil Shale
• Oil sand (tar sand)
• Bitumen
• World reserves
• Kerogen
• Shale Oil

Natural Gas Is a Useful and
Clean-burning Fossil Fuel (1)
• Natural gas
• Conventional natural gas
• Unconventional natural gas
• Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Figure 13.11: Coal-burning power plant. Heat produced by burning pulverized coal in a furnace boils water to produce steam that spins a turbine to produce electricity. The steam is cooled, condensed, and returned to the boiler for reuse. A large cooling tower transfers waste heat to the atmosphere. The largest coal-burning power plant in the United States in Indiana burns 23 metric tons (25 tons) of coal per minute, or three 100-car trainloads of coal per day.
Coal-burning Power Plant

13-3 What Are the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy?
• Concept 13-3 The nuclear power fuel cycle has a low environmental impact and a low accident risk, but high costs, radioactive wastes, vulnerability to sabotage, and the potential for spreading nuclear weapons technology have limited its use.

Figure 13.14:
Science: light-water – moderated and – cooled nuclear power plant with a pressurized water reactor. Some nuclear plants withdraw water for cooling from a nearby source of water and return the heated water to such a source, as shown here. Other nuclear plants that do not have access to a source of cooling water transfer the waste heat to the atmosphere by using one or two cooling towers, as shown in
Figure 13-11, for a coal-burning power plant.
Light-Water
Nuclear
Reactors

Safety and Radioactive Wastes
• On-site storage of radioactive wastes
• Safety features of nuclear power plants
• Nuclear fuel cycle
• Reactor life cycle
• Large amounts of very radioactive wastes

Dealing with Radioactive
Wastes
• High-level radioactive wastes
• Long-term storage: 10,000–240,000 years
• Deep burial
• Detoxify wastes?

13-5 What Are
Advantages/Disadvantages of
Renewable Energy Resources?
• Concept 13-5 Using a mix of renewable energy sources – especially wind, solar energy, hydropower, biofuels, geothermal energy, and hydrogen – can drastically reduce pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity losses.

Passive and Active Solar
Heating

Solar Cells

Producing Electricity from Wind
• Indirect form of solar energy
• World’s second-fastest source of energy
• Vast potential
– Land and offshore
• Great Plains states

Wind Turbines
Figure 13.33: Solutions: Wind turbines can be used individually to produce electricity. But increasingly they are being used in interconnected arrays of ten to hundreds of turbines. These wind farms or wind parks can be located on land or offshore.

What Are the Best Energy
Alternatives for the 21 st Century?
• Shift to decentralized micropower systems
• Improved energy efficiency and sustainably produced biofuels
• Reduce harmful effects of fossil fuel use

Economic, Political, and Educational
Strategies to Sustainable Energy
• Requires government strategies
• Keep prices low in selected resource to encourage use
– Same strategy for fossil fuels and nuclear power
• Keep prices high in selected resource to discourage use

Environmental Hazards and
Human Health
Chapter 14

14-2 What Types of Biological
Hazards Do We Face?
• Concept 14-2 In terms of death rates, the most serious infectious diseases are flu,
AIDS, diarrhea, and malaria, with most of these deaths occurring in developing countries.

Biological Hazards (1)
• Nontransmissible diseases
• Transmissible (infectious) disease
– Pathogens
• Epidemic
• Pandemic

14-3 What Types of Chemical
Hazards Do We Face?
• Concept 14-3 There is growing concern about chemicals that can cause cancer and disrupt the human immune, nervous, and endocrine systems.

Chemical Hazards (1)
• Toxic chemicals
• Hazardous chemicals
• Mutagens
• Teratogens
• Carcinogens

14-4 How Can We Evaluate
Chemical Hazards?
• Concept 14-4A Any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested in a large enough quantity.
• Concept 14-4B Many health scientists call for much greater emphasis on pollution prevention to reduce our exposure to potentially harmful chemicals.

Determining Chemical Safety
(1)
• Toxicology
• Toxicity
• Dose
• Relevance of genetic makeup
• Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS)

Determining Chemical Safety
(2)
• Water and fat soluble toxins
• Persistence
• Bioaccumulation
• Biomagnification
• Chemical interactions

Potentially Harmful Chemicals Found in Homes

Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion
Chapter 15

15-1 What Are the Major Air
Pollution Problems? (1)
• Concept 15-1A Three major outdoor air pollution problems are industrial smog from burning coal, photochemical smog from motor vehicle and industrial emissions, and acid deposition from coal burning and motor vehicle exhaust.

15-1 What Are the Major Air
Pollution Problems? (2)
• Concept 15-1B The most threatening indoor air pollutants are smoke and soot from wood and coal fires (in developing countries) and chemicals used in building materials and products (in developed countries).

Types of Major Air Pollutants (1)
• Carbon oxides (CO)
• Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid (NO,
HNO
3
)
• Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid (SO
2
,
H
2
SO
4)
• Particulates (SPM)

Types of Major Air Pollutants (2)
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
• Radioactive radon (Rn)

Sources and Types of Air
Pollutants
Figure 15.3: Sources and types of air pollutants. Human inputs of air pollutants may come from mobile sources
(such as cars) and stationary sources (such as industrial and power plants). Some primary air pollutants may react with one another or with other chemicals in the air to form secondary air pollutants.

Industrial Smog
• Burning coal
– Sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, suspended particles
• Developed versus developing countries
– Air pollution control in the U.S. and Europe
– China, India, Ukraine, Eastern Europe

Photochemical Smog
• Photochemical reactions
• Photochemical smog
– Brown-air smog
• Sources
• Climate effects
• Urban areas

Indoor Air Pollution
• Often higher concentration in buildings and cars
• Most time is spent indoors or in cars
• EPA – top cancer risk
• Sick-building syndrome (SBS)
• Developing countries
– Indoor cooking and heating

Important Indoor Air Pollutants

15-2 How Should We Deal with
Air Pollution?
• Concept 15-2 Legal, economic, and technological tools can help clean up air pollution, but scientists call for much greater emphasis on preventing air pollution.

U.S. Outdoor Air Pollution
Control Laws
• Clean Air Acts
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Hazardous Air Pollutants
• Good news
• Bad news

Using the Marketplace to Reduce
Air Pollution
• Emissions trading (cap and trade) program
• Proponents – cheaper and more efficient
• Critics – companies buy their way out
• Success depends on cap
• Good news and bad news

153 How Might the Earth’s
Temperature and Climate
Change in the Future?
• Concept 15-3 Evidence indicates that the earth’s atmosphere is warming, mostly because of human activities, and that this will lead to significant climate change during this century.

Estimated Changes in the Average
Global Temperature

The Greenhouse Effect
• Earth’s natural greenhouse effect
• Natural greenhouse gases
– Water vapor (H
2
O)
– Carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
– Methane (CH
4
)
– Nitrous Oxide (N
2
O)
• Enhanced greenhouse effect
– Global warming

Simplified Model to Determine Average
Temperature and Greenhouse Gas Content

15-4 What Are Some Possible Effects of a Warmer Earth?
• Concept 15-4 Some areas will benefit from a warmer climate and others will suffer from melting ice, rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, increased drought and floods, and shifts in locations of wildlife habitats and agricultural areas.

15-5 What Can We Do about
Global Warming?
• Concept 15-5A We can slow the rate of climate change by increasing energy efficiency, relying more on renewable energy resources, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Concept 15-5B Governments can tax greenhouse gas emissions, subsidize energy efficiency and renewable energy use, and cooperate internationally, and individuals and institutions can sharply reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

Difficulties in Dealing with
Climate Change
• Problem is global
Long-lasting effects
• Long-term political issue
• Impacts are not spread evenly
• Change can disrupt economies and lifestyles

Preparing for Climate Changes

Solid and Hazardous Waste
Chapter 16

16-1 What Are Solid Waste and
Hazardous Waste, and Why Are
They Problems?
• Concept 16-1 Solid waste represents pollution and unnecessary waste of resources, and hazardous waste contributes to pollution, natural capital degradation, health problems, and premature deaths.

Wasting Resources
• Solid Waste
– Municipal solid waste
– Industrial solid waste
• Hazardous or toxic waste
• Cause for concern
– About 3/4 unnecessary resource waste
– Create air and water pollution, land degradation

16-2 What Should We Do about
Solid Waste?
• Concept 16-2 A sustainable approach to solid waste is first to reduce it, then to reuse or recycle it, and finally to safely dispose of what is left.

Suggested Priorities for
Integrated
Waste Management
Figure 16.6: Integrated waste management: priorities suggested by the U.S. National Academy of Scientists for dealing with solid waste. To date, these waste reduction priorities have not been followed in the United States or in most other countries. Instead, most efforts are devoted to waste management (bury it or burn it).
Fig. 16-6, p. 384

16-3 Why Is Reusing and
Recycling Materials So
Important?
• Concept 16-3 Reusing items decreases the use of matter and energy resources and reduces pollution and natural capital degradation; recycling does so to a lesser degree.

16-4 Advantages and
Disadvantages of Burning or
Burying Solid Waste?
• Concept 16-4 Technologies for burning and burying solid wastes are well developed, but burning contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and buried wastes eventually contribute to pollution and land degradation.

Furnace
Steam Turbine
Electricity
Generator
Smokestack
Electrostatic precipitator
Wet scrubber
Boiler
Figure 16.10: Solutions: a waste-to-energy incinerator with pollution controls that burns mixed solid waste and uses some of the energy released to produce steam, used for heating or producing electricity.
Ash for treatment, disposal in landfill, or use as landfill cover
Fig. 16-10, p. 390

Topsoil
Sand
Clay
Garbage
Probes to detect methane leaks
When landfill is full, layers of soil and clay seal in trash
Methane storage and compressor building
Electricity generator building
Methane gas recovery well
Compacted solid waste
Pipes collect explosive methane for use as fuel to generate electricity
Leachate storage tank
Leachate treatment system
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
Leachate pipes
Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks; pipes collect leachate from bottom of landfill
Leachate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal
Groundwater
Groundwater monitoring well
Leachate monitoring well
Fig. 16-12, p. 391

16-5 How Should We Deal with
Hazardous Waste?
• Concept 16-5 A sustainable approach to hazardous waste is first to produce less of it, then to reuse or recycle it, then to convert it to less hazardous materials, and finally to safely store what is left.

Detoxifying Hazardous Waste
• Bioremediation
• Phytoremediation
• Incineration

Figure 16.18:
Solutions: secure hazardous waste landfill.
impervious clay
Bulk waste
Gas vent
Topsoil
Earth
Sand
Plastic cover
Impervious clay cap
Clay cap
Water table
Earth
Groundwater
Double leachate collection system
Plastic double liner
Leak detection system
Reactive wastes in drums
Groundwater monitoring well
Fig. 16-18, p. 396

17-2 How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems?
• Concept 17-2A Using resources sustainably will require including the harmful environmental and health costs of resource use in the market prices of goods and services ( full-cost pricing ).
• Concept 17-2B Governments can help improve and sustain environmental quality by subsidizing environmentally beneficial activities and by taxing pollution and wastes instead of wages and profits.

Include Harmful Environmental Costs in Prices of Goods and Services
• Environmentally honest market system makes sense
• Not widely used
– Wasteful and harmful producers would go out of business
– Difficult to estimate environmental costs
– Most consumers do not connect environmental costs with purchases
• Government action needed

Eco-labeling
• Encourages companies and consumers to go green
• Programs in Europe, Japan, Canada, and
U.S.
• Used to identify fish caught by sustainable methods

Reward Environmentally
Sustainable Businesses
• Encourage shifts
– Phase out harmful subsidies and tax breaks
– Phase in environmentally beneficial subsidies
• Unknowingly, Americans pay:
– $2,500 per year in harmful subsidies
– Another $1,000 in environmental degradation
– Additional health costs

Tax Pollution and Waste
• Green taxes discourage pollution and waste
• Current tax system
– Discourages jobs and profit-driven innovation
– Encourages pollution, resource waste, degradation
• Tax shift towards green taxes needed

Selling Services Instead of
Things
• Shift from material-flow economy to service-flow economy
• Make more money by eco-leasing
• Eco-leasing examples
– Xerox
– Carrier

17-3 How Can Reducing
Poverty Help Us Deal with
Environmental Problems?
• Concept 17-3 Reducing poverty can help us to reduce population growth, resource use, and environmental degradation.

Reducing Poverty
• Some countries reduced poverty rapidly
• Developing countries must change policies, emphasizing education
• Debt forgiveness for developing countries
• Condition – debt money devoted to basic needs

Additional Measures to Combat
Poverty
• Increase nonmilitary government and private aid
• Combat global malnutrition and infectious diseases
• Invest in small-scale infrastructure
• Encourage microloans to poor

17-4 Implement More Sustainable and Just Environmental Policies?
• Concept 17-4 Individuals can work with others, starting at the local level, to influence how environmental policies are made and whether or not they succeed.

Developing Environmental
Policy
• Law making
• Fund and implement regulations
• Staff environmental regulatory agencies
– Political pressure
– Industry gets their people appointed
• Industry offers regulators high-paying jobs

Four Principles of Public Land
Use
• Protect biodiversity, wildlife habitat and ecosystems
• No subsidies or tax breaks to extract natural resources
• Fair compensation for use of property
Users of resource extractions responsible for environmental damage

Students and Corporations Can
Play Important Environmental
Roles
• Student environmental awareness increasing
• Environmental audits – change on campuses
• Capitalism thrives on change and innovation to drive technology and profits
• CEOs and investors see profits by selling green products and services

17-6 How Can We Live More
Sustainably?
• Concept 17-6 We can live more sustainably by becoming environmentally literate, learning from nature, living more simply and lightly on earth, and becoming active environmental citizens.

Use renewable energy, especially wind and direct solar
Use energy-efficient heating and cooling systems, lights, and appliances
Insulate your house and plug air leaks
Reduce meat consumption
Buy locally grown food
Refuse, reduce, reuse, and recycle
Buy or grow organic food
Use water-saving appliances and irrigation methods
Reduce car use
Drive an energy-efficient vehicle
Don't use pesticides on your garden or lawn
Walk, bike, carpool, or take mass transit whenever possible
Fig. 17-19, p. 428

CFL vs. Incandescent (Cheap and
Easy and Good for the Env)