California Energy Commission and U.S. Department of Energy
Webinar: Combined Heat and Power for Wastewater Treatment Plants
July 31, 2014
Outline of Presentation

CEC CHP Goals and Programs and 
Incentives

SCAQMD Rule 1110.2 Review and Solutions: OCSD, EMWD, 1000 Oaks
Introduction to DOE CHP Technical 
Codigestion
Assistance Partnerships services

Demand Response

CHP for WWTP

Conclusion and next steps

WWTP Anaerobic Digesters & CHP 
Questions
Design Considerations

Biogas Revenue Streams
2
Presenters
Gene Kogan
Grant Mack
Keith Davidson
Chuck Rogers
Erik Jorgensen
3
Combined Heat & Power in California’s Wastewater Treatment Plants Grant Mack
California Energy Commission
Grant.Mack@energy.ca.gov
(916) 654‐5166
July 31, 2014
4
California Energy Commission
Established in 1974 as the state’s energy policy and planning agency. Seven core responsibilities guide the Energy Commission as it sets California energy policy:
o Forecasting future energy needs;
o Promoting energy efficiency and conservation by setting the state's appliance and building energy efficiency standards;
o Supporting energy research that advances energy science and technology through research, development and demonstration projects;
o Developing renewable energy resources;
o Advancing alternative and renewable transportation fuels and technologies;
o Certifying thermal power plants 50 megawatts and larger;
o Planning for and directing state response to energy emergencies.
5
Combined Heat & Power (CHP) California’s Policy Drivers
•
The State Recognizes the Many Benefits of CHP
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
Fuel Efficiency
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Avoided Losses from Transmission and Distribution Increased Reliability for Critical Facilities
Grid support
Economic Benefits for Energy Intensive Industries State Policy Goals
– Governor Edmund G. Brown’s Clean Energy Jobs Plan
•
Additional 6,500 MW of new CHP capacity by 2030
– The California Air Resources Board’s Climate Change Scoping Plan •
Sets a target of 4,000 MW of additional CHP capacity, and a reduction of 6.7 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent by 2020
– The California Public Utilities Commission’s Qualifying Facilities and CHP Program Settlement Agreement
•
Mandates that California’s three largest electric investor‐owned utilities procure 3,000 MW of exported CHP capacity and achieve GHG reductions of 4.8 million metric tons of CO2 by 2020. 6
Programs & Opportunities for CHP in California’s Wastewater Treatment Plants •
Closure of San Onofre Nuclear Generation Station (SONGS)
–
–
•
Energy Research, Development & Demonstration
–
–
•
Standard contract and fixed price for excess/exported generation from CHP 20 MW and below
SB 1122 – Bioenergy Feed‐in Tariff
–
–
–
–
•
Energy Commission program that funds innovative CHP projects focused on reducing barriers and increasing market penetration of these technologies (i.e. hybrid/fuel‐flexible systems, highly efficient, low emission, use renewable fuel etc.)
More information about current and upcoming solicitations ‐ http://www.energy.ca.gov/research/
AB 1613 – Waste Heat & Carbon Emissions Feed‐in Tariff
–
•
Need for generation within Orange and San Diego County due to loss of roughly 2,150 MW of capacity from SONGS
Procurement opportunities available through Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric for excess/exported generation from CHP (Standard Request for Offers, bilateral contracts etc.)
Standard contract and fixed price for excess/exported generation from bionergy projects (includes CHP fueled by biogas) 3 MW and below
IOU’s must procure at least 250 MW of cumulative rated generating capacity from developers of bioenergy projects that commence operation on or after June 1, 2013.
Of this 250 MW, 110 MW has been set aside for wastewater treatment plant bioenergy projects
CPUC decision is likely to be release sometime this Fall and then the IOU’s move forward with developing and administering the program in their territories Self Generation Incentive Program
–
Up‐front and performance based Incentives for on‐site CHP generation up to 3 MW
7
Thank You
Grant Mack
California Energy Commission
Grant.Mack@energy.ca.gov
(916) 654‐5166
8
WWTP CHP an Efficient, Economic
and Energy Security Solution
U.S.DOE Pacific Combined Heat and Power Technical Assistance Partnership (Pacific CHP TAP)
Gene Kogan (858) 633‐8561
Gene.Kogan@energycenter.org
9
President’s Executive Order 13624:
40GW of new CHP by 2020
 CHP TAPs are critical components of achieving the goal:
◦
◦
Regional CHP experts
Provide fact‐based, un‐biased information on CHP
– Technologies
– Project Development
– Project Financing
– Local electric and natural gas interfaces
– State best practice policies
◦
http://eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/di
stributedenergy/chptaps.html
Vendor, fuel, and technology neutral
10
Who We Are: U.S. DOE Pacific
CHP TAP

Previous DOE Pacific Clean Energy Applications Center (CEAC)

Regional Coverage for CA, NV, & HI

Pacific CHP TAP Team consists of:
◦
Center for Sustainable Energy Team Lead (CSE)
◦
DE Solutions
◦
Energy and Environmental Economics (E3)
11
CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships
Key Activities

Market Opportunity Analysis.
Supporting analyses of CHP market opportunities in diverse markets including industrial, federal, institutional, and commercial sectors

Education and Outreach. Providing information on the energy and non‐energy benefits and applications of CHP to state and local policy makers, regulators, end users, trade associations, and others.

Technical Assistance.
Providing technical assistance to end‐users and stakeholders to help them consider CHP, waste heat to power, and/or district energy with CHP in their facility and to help them through the development process from initial CHP screening to installation.
http://eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/dist
ributedenergy/chptaps.html
12
What Is Combined Heat and Power?
 Form of Distributed Generation (DG)
 An integrated system
 Located at or near a building / facility
 Provides at least a portion of the electrical load and
 Uses thermal energy for:
o
Space Heating / Cooling
o
Process Heating / Cooling
o
Dehumidification
CHP provides efficient,
clean, reliable, affordable
energy – today and for
the future.
Source: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf
14
What Are the Benefits of CHP?
 CHP is more efficient than separate generation of electricity and heat
 Higher efficiency translates to lower operating cost, (but requires capital investment)
 Higher efficiency reduces emissions of all pollutants
 CHP can also increase energy reliability and enhance power quality  On‐site electric generation reduces grid congestion and avoids distribution costs
15
Drivers for WWTF relating to CHP

Desire to reduce energy costs

Resiliency of Critical Infrastructure 

Sustainability planning/emissions reduction

Enhanced Reliability

Facility Upgrades

Increase biogas production
Utility load shedding

Availability of incentives

Enhanced biosolid
management

“Green” publicity
Source: Oct 2011 EPA/CHP Partnership Report: Opp.
For CHP at WWTF: Market Analysis and Lessons
16
WWTP Existing CHP Installations
(U.S. and CA)


U.S. – 167 facilities generating 565 MW
CA – 62 facilities generating 233 MW
Gen Capacity – CA (kW)
1
Combined Cycle
Turbine
Fuel Cell
102,100
2,210
6,400
Combined Cycle
6
28,000
94,636
Prime Mover Type-CA
9
Fuel Cell
31
Microturbine
Reciprocating
Engine
Turbine
Microturbine
15
Reciprocating
Engine
Source: ICF CHP Installation Database, May 2013
17
Overview of Energy Use in WWTF
Source: Opps for and Benefits of CHP at WWTF,
April 2007 (EPA/CHP Partnership)
18
What Makes a Great WWTF Anaerobic
Digestion CHP Project?
 Maximizes revenue streams
 Uses co‐digestion: It can flip the economics positive o
Some co‐digestion feedstocks are amazing producers of biogas
o
Track the pH balance & dose in the feedstock
 Has a proper design for the climate zone and technology choice matches solids content of the feedstock  Scrubs the biogas – major importance
 Maximizes heat recovery  Strong O&M support
19
WWTF CHP Design Lessons
 Ensure all parts of the system are properly sized
o
Don’t oversize the genset compared to the biogas supply – Biogas not thermal load or electric load governs sizing
 Natural gas can supplement biogas
o
Stabilizes gas flow to genset (eliminates flaring or storing biogas)
o
Helps match genset size to critical load requirements
o
Can support digester temperature requirements
 Aggressively recover the waste heat
 Consider pasteurization of biosolids
 Biogas scrubbing is a high priority – Don’t scrimp
 Consider the system design implications for co‐digestion
20
Biogas Treatment and Conditioning


This is a key biogas design feature for WWTF CHP systems for long‐term system life
Separate steps are needed to remove different pollutants with a proper order for removal
◦
Hydrogen sulfide first – Oxidizes to Sulfur Dioxide and can form into sulfuric acid with moisture & can disrupt siloxane removal
◦
Moisture removal by chilling – Recover the heat for system efficiency
◦
Siloxanes – Forms a glass‐like deposit with high heat combustion that can build up in CHP system
21
Environmental Considerations
 Think through environmental aspects early and deeply o
Air Quality
o
Water quality o
Biosolids management
o
Co‐digestion impacts
 Beyond waste – Recycling organic materials and avoiding landfilling
22
CHP Economics for WWTFs
 Anaerobic Digestion Economics – Maximize co‐products – 7 potential revenue streams
o Power
o Green/renewable power adder (RECs)
o Carbon credit due to “add‐on” subsystems that reduce GHGs
o Pasteurize biosolids for sales/field application – Moisture adds value
o Tipping fee for fat, oil and grease (FOG) & food processor waste
o Co‐digestion increases biogas production
o Waste heat for digester, buildings & small district energy systems
 Add‐on systems add cost but also add revenue/reduce other costs
 Two opportunities to improve CHP economics: o 10 % Federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC)
o Self Generation Incentive Program (SGIP)
23
What is the Self-Generation
Incentive Program (SGIP)?

SGIP provides cash incentives for the installation of clean and efficient distributed generation technologies that are installed on the customer's side of the utility meter.
o

Ratepayer funded and overseen by the CPUC
SGIP is one of the longest running incentive programs in the country. SGIP has incentivized distributed generation technologies since 2001, and will continue through 2020.
o
The primary goal of SGIP is to reduce statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 24
Who Can Participate in SGIP?

SGIP is available to retail electric and gas customers of the major investor‐owned utilities in California:
o
Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E)
o
Southern California Edison (SCE)
o
Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) o
San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E)
CSE administers the program within the SDG&E service territory
25
Eligible Technologies and Incentive
Levels (2014)
Technology Type
Incentive ($/W)
Renewable and Waste Energy Recovery
Wind Turbine
$1.13
Waste Heat to Power
$1.13
Pressure Reduction Turbine
$1.13
Non‐Renewable Conventional CHP
Internal Combustion Engine ‐ CHP
$0.46
Microturbine – CHP
$0.46
Gas Turbine – CHP
$0.46
Emerging Technologies
Advanced Energy Storage
$1.62
Biogas $1.62
Fuel Cell ‐ CHP or Electric‐Only
$1.83
The biogas
incentive is an
adder that may
be used in
conjunction with
CHP and fuel cell
technologies.
26
Parameters for Success




CHP Champion on site
Interaction and Relationship with local Utility
System design
◦ Collaborate with DOE CHP TAPs
◦ Experienced project developer preferred
◦ Biogas scrubbing a key balance of plant (BOP) component
Operation and Maintenance
o
Requires personnel or 3rd party with appropriate CHP O&M training
o
Specific experience with biogas scrubbing issues and maintenance important
Source: Oct 2011 EPA/CHP Partnership Report: Opp. For
CHP at WWTF: Market Analysis and Lessons
27
CA WWTP CHP Project Profiles

Project Profiles available online:
◦
◦
◦

Burlingame Wastewater Treatment Plant
East Bay Municipal Utility District
Project Profiles currently under development
◦
◦
◦

Chiquita Water Reclamation Plant
Hill Canyon Wastewater Treatment Plant
Orange County Sanitation District
Eastern Municipal Water District
Visit DOE CHP Deployment website for project profiles: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/chp_projects.html
28
Conclusion & Next Steps

Economic advantage – make your own power for on‐site use it or sell it

A long‐term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) can help

Quality design is essential

Use the biogas efficiently – Maximize heat recovery

Energy independence – Critical facility load requirements 
Support local utility grid with demand response

The CHP TAP s help with next steps
o
CHP Qualification Screenings (go/no go scan of potential) o
Technical assistance
29
SCAQMD Rule 1110.2
Compliance Solutions
Keith Davidson (858) 832‐1242
kdavidson@de‐solutions.com
30
SCAQMD Rule 1110.2





Extreme non‐attainment for ozone
SCAQMD is one of thirty‐five CA air districts –spans LA, Orange, Riverside & San Bernardino Counties
Home to 17 million Californians
Must reduce NOx emissions by 65% over next 10 years
Rule 1110.2 addresses stationary and portable engines over 50 hp
31
Rule 1110.2 – Digester Gas Engines
Current Concentration Limits (ppmvd)1
NOx
VOC
CO
hp ≥ 500: 36
hp < 500: 45
250
2000
Concentration Limits (ppmvd)1 Effective January 1, 2016
1.
NOx
VOC
CO
11
30
250
Parts per million corrected to 15% oxygen
 55 biogas engines in the Basin
32
New CHP Compliance Solutions
 Reliable and effective biogas conditioning will likely be a necessary element of the new portfolio of prospective solutions:
◦
Lean burn engine with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and Oxidation Catalyst
◦
Rich burn engine with 3‐way catalyst and premium Air‐fuel‐ratio controller
◦
Microturbine
◦
Fuel Cell
33
Orange County Sanitation District
 OCSD Service Area
◦
207 Million gallons per day
◦
2.5 million population
◦
2 treatment plants
 Thanks to Lisa Rothbart for OCSD’s biogas utilization story
34
Project Profile: OCSD Demonstration Engine
Solution to 1110.2
Plant No. 1 – Fountain Valley Plant No. 2 – Huntington Beach




3 identical IC engines
2500 kW each
Lean burn
Total nameplate capacity: 7.5 MW





5 identical IC engines
3000 kW each
Lean burn
1 MW steam turbine
Total nameplate capacity: 16 MW
Both plants combined: 1.4 billion cubic feet of digester gas produced
from anaerobic digestion in 2013
 In operation since 1994
 $25 Million project cost
 $3.5 million per year savings
 7.2 year payback w/o incentives
*Project Profile will be available next month at www.PacificCHPTAP.org
35
Project Profile: OCSD Demonstration
Engine solution to 1110.2

Cooper‐Bessemer V‐12 
2500 kW

Lean burn

Heat recovery steam generator

NOX and CO Continuous Emission
Monitoring System (CEMS), required on larger prime movers 36
Fuel Pre-treatment & Exhaust Aftertreatment Solution
Urea
Injection
 Single carbon bed
 9,900 lbs media capacity
SCR
Catalyst
Oxidation
Catalyst
37
Emission Levels Achieved
Pollutant
Before With Catalysts With Catalysts Rule Catalysts (ppmv)
(ppmv)
1110.2 (ppmv)
One Year
Three Years
(ppmv)
NOx
31
7.2
8.3
11
CO
452
7.5
7.5
250
VOC
97
3.6
11.5
30
15‐minute averages. Validated data only. Excludes exceedances during engine start‐up (30 minutes) and due to operational issues/systems adjustments.
38
Full Implementation In Progress
• Construction contract awarded on April 23rd 2014
• Notice to Proceed was issued in May 2014
CONTACT:
Orange County Sanitation District
Lisa Rothbart (714) 593-7405
39
EASTERN MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT
IC Engines under
Rule 1110.2 at EMWD
Reclamation Facilities
Erik Jorgensen, P.E.
Senior Engineer
July 31, 2014
www.emwd.org 40
EMWD Overview
•
•
•
•
•
542 square miles
Population of 768,000 / 45% Ultimate
Build-out
Water, Wastewater and Recycled
Water Services
7 Cities plus Unincorporated
Riverside County
Operate Four Regional Water
Reclamation Facilities (RWRFs)
treating 45-mgd.
www.emwd.org 41
EMWD’s Sustainable Energy Initiatives
Regional Water Reclamation Facilities (4 RWRFs)
• History of internal combustion (IC) engine use (biogas and NG) – power aeration
air and pumping equipment, generate heat for solids digestion
• Biogas-fired boilers – generate heat for solids digestions
• Fuel cells (2 facilities totaling 1.5 mega-watt electricity + generate heat)
• Solar Voltaic Power – generate electricity at each RWRF (5 mW planned)
District-wide
• IC engines (NG-fired) – power pumping equipment (56 engines 14 MW)
• Micro-turbines – generate electricity/heat for Admin Complex
• Adsorption Chiller – provide conditioning for Admin Complex air
• Solar Voltaic Power – generate electricity for Admin Complex (0.5 mW installed)
www.emwd.org 42
Challenge to EWMD IC Engines at RWRFs
• Goal - Identify method to achieve Rule 1110.2 compliance using biogas
 MVRWRF and PVRWRF Fuel Cells consume biogas (no immediate impact)
 TVRWRF and SJVRWRF require solution – immediate impact
• District strategy is to evaluate multiple viable options
 District trial using NoxTech (in-progress)
 District trial using Tecogen (planned)
 District not considering SCRs (cost vs. scale of installation)
www.emwd.org 43
Compliance with SCAQMD Rule 1110.2
CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS
• Digester Gas engine emission compliance by Jan 2016:
o NOx ≤ 11ppm
o CO ≤ 250ppm
• Emission control system must demonstrate endurance
with consistent results.
• Economical to maintain and operate.
www.emwd.org 44
NoxTech Process
Economizer
Pre-Heating of Engine
Exhaust & Heat Recovery
From Reactor Core
NoxTech Exhaust
STACK
~1,000 Deg F
ENGINE EXHAUST
IN
INLET
PLENUM
~1,000 Deg F
REACTOR
HEAT EXCHANGER
~1,480 Deg F
REACTOR CORE
Mixing of Engine Exhaust,
Add Fuel, and
Urea. Formation of Free
Radicals
BURNER
END PLENUM
UREA
INJECTORS
START UP
BURNER Urea
SWIRL
VANES
~1,280 Deg F
ADD FUEL
INJECTORS
NG
EGR HEAT EXCHANGER /
BLOWER SYSTEM
Exhaust Gas
45
NoxTech at the Mills Pump Station
46
NoxTech EGR Modifications
47
Technical Challenges and
Compliance with NoxTech
Mills Pump Station (NG-focused trial)
• Not plug-and-play as expected
• Initial testing not successful
• Extensive effort by EMWD staff to assist start-up
• Ultimately showed compliance on natural gas engines
TVRWRF (biogas- focused trial)
• Focus on biogas fired-engine exhaust
• Installation recently completed – trial to begin in August
www.emwd.org 48
NoxTech Schedule
Task
Duration/Date
Complete TVRWRF Installation
July 2014
Startup and commissioning
August 2014
Complete Field Testing
early 2015
www.emwd.org 49
District Experience with Tecogen on NG
CATALYST
CATALYST
HEAT
EXCHANGER
INSTALLATION AT HEACOCK PETTIT BOOSTER PUMP STATION
www.emwd.org 50
Results: Reduced NOx and CO Emissions
500.0
450.0
400.0
350.0
START OF
TECOGEN
TRIAL
300.0
250.0
200.0
CO @ 15% O2 (ppm)
150.0
NOx @ 15% O2 (ppm)
100.0
50.0
0.0
EMISSIONS AT HEACOCK PETTIT BOOSTER PUMP STATION
www.emwd.org 51
Tecogen Demonstration Project - Biogas
Exhaust
to ATM
Anaerobic
Digesters
Exhaust
1st Stage
Catalyst
Heat
Exchanger
2nd Stage
Catalyst
Digester
Gas (DG)
Emission
Sampling
Air
DG Conditioning
Engine
Heat Recovery Return Water
Heat Recovery Supply Water
MVRWRF DG ENGINE PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (TECOGEN/Digester Gas)
www.emwd.org 52
Tecogen Pilot Schedule
Task
Duration/Date
Issue Purchase Order (Tecogen)
August 2014
Complete Modification of Digester
Gas Pipes
September 2014
Install Tecogen Equipment and
Modification of Exhaust Pipe
November 2014
Modification of Heat Water
Secondary Loop
December 2014
Startup and commissioning
January 2015
Complete Field Testing
September 2015
www.emwd.org 53
EASTERN MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT
Contact Information
Erik Jorgensen, P.E.
Senior Engineer
951-928-3777 ext. 4471
jorgense@emwd.org
www.emwd.org 54
Hill Canyon WWTP
Chuck Rogers
55
Hill Canyon WWTP
 Energy Program  Focus on conservation, optimization, renewable energy generation,  Two Power Purchase Agreements: Solar & Cogeneration
 100% of energy used at facility is provided by onsite generation
56
The Road to 100% Renewable
 Solar (15%) Cogeneration (50%)
 Enhanced digestion through acceptance of trucked waste = 35%+ or 100%+
 FOG, Beer waste, yogurt waste, Frappacino, etc.
57
The Road to 100%
Economics:
 HCTP receives a tipping fee for all wastes received
 These wastes create more gas = more electricity
 PPA puts all responsibility on owner to construct and operate facilities
 Cost of electricity typically half of utility
58
The Road to 100%
 If it was easy everyone would be doing it….
 FOG is nasty stuff and it stinks and has variable BTU value
 Labor costs to run the business can’t be ignored
 It’s a business…..
59
The Road to 100%
An alternative plan: • Set 100% as a goal, conserve, optimize, and run your digesters and cogeneration system efficiently.
• Expect 50%+ renewable energy generation if you have anaerobic digesters
• Get to 100% through ongoing technology advancements and then consider… waste acceptance
60
What Challenges Remain?
 HCTP creates 200,000 ft3 more gas than is necessary to meet 100% of energy load
 Barriers to exporting electricity beyond what is needed to run facility
 Is a private/public partnership opportunity available that will benefit both parties?
61

 Public loves this stuff, leaders are happy, staff is constantly challenged
 HCTP has become a national model for entrepreneurship and public/private partnership
 HCTP is a strong advocate of PPA’s which allows staff to focus on their core competencies
62
Thank You!
 Taxpayers
 California Energy Commission
 Department of Energy
 City of Thousand Oaks Leadership team: City Council, City Manager, Public Works Director, & HCTP staff
 Good luck with your energy program. We hope you do it better than us!!!
63
Contact Information
Chuck Rogers
City of Thousand Oaks
Hill Canyon Wastewater Treatment Plant
9600 Santa Rosa Road
Camarillo, CA 93012
(805) 491‐8177
cerogers@toaks.org
Good luck with your energy program. We hope you do it better than us!!!
64
Next Steps

Contact Pacific CHP TAP for assistance if:
1. Interested in having a Qualification Screening performed to determine if there is an opportunity for CHP at your site
2. If you already have an existing CHP plant and interested in expanding it
Contact Gene Kogan (858) 633‐8561 Gene.Kogan@energycenter.org
65
CHP TAP Project Development Technical
Assistance
Screening and
Preliminary
Analysis
Quick screening questions with spreadsheet payback calculator.
Feasibility Analysis
Uses available site information.
Estimate: savings,
Installation costs, simple paybacks, equipment sizing and type.
Investment Grade
Analysis
3rd Party review of Engineering Analysis.
Review equipment sizing and choices.
Procurement,
Operations,
Maintenance,
Commissioning
Review specifications and bids,
Limited operational analysis
66
Thank You
Questions?
Gene Kogan (858) 633‐8561
Gene.Kogan@energycenter.org
Keith Davidson (858) 832‐1242
kdavidson@de‐solutions.com
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distributedenergy/chptaps.html
67