international assessment of research and development
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WTEC Panel Report on
INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
IN BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES
Theodore W. Berger (Chair)
John K. Chapin
Greg A. Gerhardt
Dennis J. McFarland
José C. Principe
Walid V. Soussou
Dawn M. Taylor
Patrick A. Tresco
World Technology Evaluation Center, Inc.
4800 Roland Avenue
Baltimore, Maryland 21210
WTEC PANEL ON BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES
Sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF); the Telemedicine & Advanced Technology Research Center
(TATRC), a subordinate element of the U.S. Army Medical Research & Materiel Command (USAMRMC); the
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and
Bioengineering (NIBIB) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH); the National Space Biomedical Research Institute;
and the Margot Anderson Brain Restoration Foundation
Theodore W. Berger (Chair)
University of Southern California
166 Denney Research Bldg.
Los Angeles, CA 90089
Dennis J. McFarland
Wadsworth Center
P.O. Box 509, Empire State Plaza
Albany, NY 12201
John K. Chapin
SUNY Downstate Medical Center
450 Clarkson Avenue
Brooklyn, NY 11203
José C. Principe
University of Florida
NEB 451, Bldg. #33
Gainesville, FL 32611
Greg A. Gerhardt
University of Kentucky
306 MRISC Bldg.
800 Rose Street
Lexington, KY 40536
Dawn M. Taylor
Case Western Reserve University
Wickenden Building 108
10900 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44106
Patrick A. Tresco
University of Utah
108D BPRB
Salt Lake City, UT 84112
WTEC Mission
WTEC provides assessments of international research and development in selected technologies under awards from the
National Science Foundation (NSF), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and other agencies. Formerly part of Loyola
College, WTEC is now a separate nonprofit research institute. Michael Reischman, Deputy Assistant Director for
Engineering, is NSF Program Director for WTEC. Sponsors interested in international technology assessments and
related studies can provide support for the program through NSF or directly through separate grants or GSA task orders
to WTEC.
WTEC’s mission is to inform U.S. scientists, engineers, and policymakers of global trends in science and technology.
WTEC assessments cover basic research, advanced development, and applications. Panels of typically six technical
experts conduct WTEC assessments. Panelists are leading authorities in their field, technically active, and
knowledgeable about U.S. and foreign research programs. As part of the assessment process, panels visit and carry out
extensive discussions with foreign scientists and engineers in their labs.
The WTEC staff helps select topics, recruits expert panelists, arranges study visits to foreign laboratories, organizes
workshop presentations, and finally, edits and publishes the final reports.
WTEC Panel Report on
INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT
OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN
BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACES
FINAL REPORT
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ABSTRACT
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WORLD TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION CENTER, INC. (WTEC)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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L5#6$95B(F"6&9"&(A$G9.5#6$90(Public Papers of the Presidents(b)*X(;0(SSe0(
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-##;XffHHH0$?#;02$Of-#KBf*bgb*b)0-#KB0(
66(
(
666(
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A$'&H$'. 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006(
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_6?#($M(,5%B&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000O66(
D'&M5"&( 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006V(
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1.
Introduction(
Theodore W. Berger(
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@&#-$.$B$2I00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )(
!O&'O6&H($M(#-&(\&;$'#000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 R(
2.
Sensor Technology(
Greg A. Gerhardt and Patrick A. Tresco(
U9#'$.G"#6$9 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +(
14U(F&9?$'(/$'B.(!O&'O6&H 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 e(
@5Z$'(,I;&?($M(F&9?$'?(M$'(14U(,&"-9$B$2I 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 e(
@5Z$'(4-5BB&92&?(M$'(D'$.G"692(14U(F&9?$'? 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )*(
FGKK5'I(59.(4$9"BG?6$9?00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )b(
\&M&'&9"&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )b(
3.
The Biotic-Abiotic Interface(
Patrick A. Tresco and Greg A. Gerhardt(
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14U(=%6$#6"Q16$#6"(U9#&'M5"&(/$'B.(!O&'O6&H 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )h(
F#'5#&26&?(G9.&'(>&O&B$;K&9#(#$(UK;'$O&(PB&"#'$.&(D&'M$'K59"&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 S)(
FGKK5'I(59.(4$9"BG?6$9?00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SS(
\&M&'&9"&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SS(
4.
BMI/BCI Modeling and Signal Processing(
José C. Principe and Dennis J. McFarland(
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@GB#6K6"'$&B&"#'$.&(=''5I(,&"-96aG&?000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 S+(
PP<fP4$<(\&"$'.692?0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Rb(
FGKK5'I(59.(4$9"BG?6$9?00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 RR(
\&M&'&9"&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Rd(
5.
Hardware Implementation(
John K. Chapin(
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>6MM&'&9#(=;;'$5"-&?(#$(14U(\&?&5'"-(/$'B.H6.&00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 d*(
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16$K6K&#6"(\$%$#(\&?&5'"-(5#(#-&(F"G$B5(FG;&'6$'&(F59#W=995 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 dd(
\&M&'&9"&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 de(
6O(
6.
,5%B&($M(4$9#&9#?(
Functional Electrical Stimulation and Rehabilitation Applications of BCIs(
Dawn M. Taylor(
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APF(=;;B6"5#6$9?($M(14U(,&"-9$B$2I(='$G9.(#-&(/$'B. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 hS(
[$H(>6MM&'&9#(,I;&?($M(14U(4$KK59.(F6295B?(459(%&(=;;B6&.(#$(APF0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 hh(
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D'5"#6"5B(4$9?6.&'5#6$9?000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 hc(
\&M&'&9"&?( 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +*(
7.
Noninvasive Communication Systems (
Dennis J. McFarland(
U9#'$.G"#6$9 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +b(
FB$H(4$'#6"5B(D$#&9#65B? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +)(
F#&5.IQF#5#&(PO$J&.(D$#&9#65B? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +S(
!9B69&(PO5BG5#6$9? 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +h(
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FGKK5'I(59.(4$9"BG?6$9?00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ++(
\&M&'&9"&? 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +e(
8.
Cognitive and Emotional Neuroprostheses(
Walid V. Soussou and Theodore W. Berger(
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E$B6#6$95B(D'$?#-&?&?00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 eb(
PK$#6$95B(4$K;G#&'?(59.(\$%$#? 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 eS(
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9.
Research Organization-Funding, Translation-Commercialization, and Education-Training Issues(
Theodore W. Berger(
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AG9.692(59.(AG9.692(@&"-596?K?0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cc(
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\&M&'&9"&? 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 b*S(
APPENDIXES
A. Biographies of Panelists and Delegation Members 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 b*d(
B. Site Reports—Europe(
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O
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N96O&'?6#I($M(!VM$'. 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 bh*(
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C. Site Reports—Asia(
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D. Glossary 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 )*h(
O6(
LIST OF FIGURES
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LIST OF TABLES
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6V(
PREFACE
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SIGNIFICANCE OF BCI R&D TO THE U.S. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Theodore W. Berger
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69( #-&( 69#&'M5"&( %&#H&&9( KGB#6;B&( J&I( ?"6&9#6M6"( 5'&5?T( 69"BG.692( %6$K&.6"5B( &9269&&'692T( 9&G'$?"6&9"&T(
"$K;G#&'(?"6&9"&T(&B&"#'6"5B(59.("$K;G#&'(&9269&&'692T(K5#&'65B?(?"6&9"&(59.(959$#&"-9$B$2IT(59.(9&G'$B$2I(
59.(9&G'$?G'2&'I0(,-G?T(#-&(;59&B(?&&?(MG#G'&(2'$H#-(69(14U?(5?(-5O692(5(H6.&?;'&5.(69MBG&9"&(69(?-5;692(
#-&( B59.?"5;&( $M( ?"6&9#6M6"( '&?&5'"-( 69( 2&9&'5B( 59.( '5.6"5BBI( 5B#&'692( #-&( %$G9.5'6&?( $M( 69#&'.6?"6;B695'I(
'&?&5'"-(69(;5'#6"GB5'0((
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69O5?6O&( 14U( #&"-9$B$26&?( 59.( ?6296M6"59#( -$K&( G?&( $M( 9$969O5?6O&T( &B&"#'$&9"&;-5B$2'5;-I( 3PP<Q%5?&.7(
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;59&B(;'&.6"#?(#-5#(14U?(?$$9(H6BB(K5'J&.BI(69MBG&9"&(#-&(K&.6"5B(.&O6"&(69.G?#'I0(=?(5("$'$BB5'IT(#-&(;59&B(
?&&?(#-5#(14U('&?&5'"-(H6BB('5;6.BI(5""&B&'5#&(69(9$9K&.6"5B(5'&95?($M("$KK&'"&(5?(H&BBT(;5'#6"GB5'BI(69(#-&(
25K692T(5G#$K$#6O&T(59.('$%$#6"?(69.G?#'6&?0(,-G?T(#-&(69.G?#'65B(69MBG&9"&($M(14U?(6?("&'#569(#$(69"'&5?&(69(
#-&(9&5'(MG#G'&0((
V6O(
PV&"G#6O&(FGKK5'I(
,-6'.T( #-&(/,P4( ;59&B( M$G9.( #-5#( #-&(M$"G?( $M( 14U( '&?&5'"-( #-'$G2-$G#( #-&( H$'B.(H5?( .&"6.&.BI( G9&O&9T(
H6#-( 69O5?6O&( 14U?( 5BK$?#( &V"BG?6O&BI( "&9#&'&.( 69( L$'#-( =K&'6"5T( 9$969O5?6O&( 14U( ?I?#&K?( &O$BO692(
;'6K5'6BI(M'$K(PG'$;&59(59.(=?659(&MM$'#?T(59.(#-&(69#&2'5#6$9($M(14U?(59.('$%$#6"?(?I?#&K?("-5K;6$9&.(%I(
=?659( '&?&5'"-( ;'$2'5K?0( ,-G?T( #-&( ;59&B( M&B#( #-5#( #-&'&( H&'&( 5%G9.59#( 59.( M&'#6B&( $;;$'#G96#6&?( M$'(
H$'B.H6.&( "$BB5%$'5#6$9?( #-5#( H$GB.( 5BB$H( #-&( &V6?#692(?;&"65B6]5#6$9?( 69( .6MM&'&9#( '&26$9?( $M( #-&( 2B$%&( #$(
69#&'5"#(69(5(?I9&'26?#6"(59.(;'$.G"#6O&(K599&'0(U9(#-6?(?GKK5'IT(H&(&B5%$'5#&($9(#-&?&(59.($#-&'("$9"BG?6$9?(
M'$K(#-&(/,P4(;59&BW?(?#G.I($M(1'569Q4$K;G#&'(U9#&'M5"&?(314U7(69(L$'#-(=K&'6"5T(PG'$;&T(59.(=?650(
MAGNITUDE OF BCI RESEARCH
,-&( K5296#G.&( $M( '&?&5'"-( 59.( .&O&B$;K&9#( $M( 14U?(#-'$G2-$G#( #-&( H$'B.( H6BB( 2'$H( ?G%?#59#65BBIT( 6M( 9$#(
.'5K5#6"5BBIT(69(#-&(9&V#(.&"5.&?0(,-&'&(5'&(KGB#6;B&(M$'"&?(#-5#(5'&(.'6O692(59.(H6BB("$9#69G&(#$(.'6O&(#-6?(
#'&9.0(!9&($M(#-&(K$?#(MG9.5K&9#5B(M$'"&?(5""&B&'5#692(14U('&?&5'"-(6?(#-&("$9#69G&.(5.O59"&(69(#-&(?"6&9"&T(
&9269&&'692T( 59.( #&"-9$B$2I( '&aG6'&.( M$'( #-&( '&5B6?#6"( 5"-6&O&K&9#( $M( 14U?0( ,-&( 2'$H#-( 69( 9&G'$?"6&9"&(
"$9#69G&?( #$( %&( &V;B$?6O&T( H6#-( 9&H( M'$9#6&'?( %&692( '&5"-&.( &O&'I( I&5'( 69( G9.&'?#59.692( ;'69"6;B&?( $M( #-&(
"&9#'5B( 9&'O$G?( ?I?#&K( 34LF7( ?#'G"#G'&( 59.( MG9"#6$9( 59.t6K;$'#59#BI( M$'( 14U( .&?629t?I?#&K?QB&O&B(
$'2596]5#6$9( $M( #-&( 9&'O$G?( ?I?#&K0( \5;6.( 5.O59"&?( 69( %6$K&.6"5B( &9269&&'692( 59.( "$K;G#&'( ?"6&9"&( 5'&(
;'$.G"692(#-&(K&#-$.$B$26&?('&aG6'&.(M$'(;'&.6"#6O&(K$.&B?($M(9&G'5B(MG9"#6$9(#-5#("59(69#&'5"#(H6#-(#-&(%'569(
69( '&5B( #6K&0( ,-&( "$9#69G692( 5"-6&O&K&9#?( 69( K6"'$&B&"#'$96"?( #-5#( 5BB$H( &O&'Q2'&5#&'( "6'"G6#'I(
K6965#G'6]5#6$9(#$2&#-&'(H6#-(69"'&5?&.(?;&&.(59.("$K;G#5#6$95B("5;5"6#I(5'&(;'$O6.692(#-&(9&V#Q2&9&'5#6$9(
-5'.H5'&( ;B5#M$'K?( M$'( 14U?0( ,-6?( 2'$H692( J9$HB&.2&( %5?&( 59.( #&"-9$B$26"5B( "5;5%6B6#I( 6?( "'&5#692( #-&(
l%&.'$"Jm(&??&9#65B(M$'(.&O&B$;692(14U(?I?#&K?(59.(6?(;$H&'692(#-&("G''&9#(5.O59"&(69(9&G'5B(;'$?#-&?&?0(
,-&( ?#'$92( '&"&9#( 59.( "G''&9#( 69O&?#K&9#( 69( 14U( '&?&5'"-( #-'$G2-$G#( #-&( H$'B.( O6'#G5BBI( 2G5'59#&&?( 5(
"$9#69G&.(-62-(2'$H#-('5#&0(14U(59.(%'569Q"$9#'$BB&.('$%$#6"?(;'$2'5K?(-5O&(%&&9($9&($M(#-&(-5BBK5'J?($M(
#-&(PG'$;&59(N96$9W?(F6V#-(A'5K&H$'J(D'$2'5K(3)**)Q)**h7(M$'(\&?&5'"-(59.(,&"-9$B$26"5B(>&O&B$;K&9#0(
,-&( B5'2&( ?6]&( 59.( ?"$;&( $M( #-&?&( KGB#6.6?"6;B695'IT( KGB#695#6$95BT( KGB#6B5%$'5#$'I( ;'$2'5K?( -5O&( %&&9(
'&K5'J5%B&T(H6#-(?G;;$'#(B&O&B?(M5'(&V"&&.692(K$?#(14U(;'$2'5K?(69(#-&(N96#&.(F#5#&?0(PO&9(6M(#-&(?"5B&($M(
+#-(A'5K&H$'J(;'$2'5K?(6?('&.G"&.T(#-&(K$K&9#GK($M(14U('&?&5'"-(696#65#&.(%I(PN(h#-(A'5K&H$'J(;'$2'5K?(
H6BB(9$#(.5K;&9(M$'(?$K&(#6K&0(_6J&H6?&T(#-&(;59&B(H5?(6K;'&??&.(%I(#-&(M$'K6.5%B&(69O&?#K&9#(%&692(K5.&(
%I( 4-695( 69( %6$B$26"5B( ?"6&9"&?( 59.( &9269&&'692( 69( 2&9&'5BT( 59.(%I( #-&( 69O&?#K&9#( 69( 14U( 59.( 14UQ'&B5#&.(
'&?&5'"-( 69( ;5'#6"GB5'0( 85;59&?&( G96O&'?6#6&?( 59.( 69?#6#G#6$9?( 5B?$( 5'&( G9K6?#5J5%BI( 69"'&5?692( #-&6'(
"$KK6#K&9#(#$(59.(69O&?#K&9#(69(14U('&?&5'"-0(
INVASIVE VS. NONINVASIVE BCI RESEARCH
U#(%&"5K&("B&5'(#$(#-&(;59&B(.G'692(6#?(?#G.I(#-5#(#-&'&(6?(5(K5'J&.("$9#'5?#(69(#-&(H$'B.H6.&(.6?#'6%G#6$9($M(
l69O5?6O&m( 59.( l9$969O5?6O&m( 14U( '&?&5'"-0( U9O5?6O&( ?I?#&K?( 69#&'5"#( H6#-( #-&( %'569( .6'&"#BIT( 60&0T( H6#-(
&B&"#'$.&?(#-5#(;&9&#'5#&(#-&(%'569($'(B5I($9(#-&(?G'M5"&($M(#-&(%'569T(H-6B&(9$969O5?6O&(?I?#&K?(69#&'5"#(H6#-(
#-&( %'569( 69.6'&"#BI( %I( #'59?K6??6$9?( #-'$G2-( #-&( ?JGBBT( &020T( &B&"#'$&9"&;-5B$2'5;-I( 3PP<7T( MG9"#6$95B(
K529&#6"( '&?$959"&( 6K52692( 3M@\U7T( 59.( K529&#6"( ?&9?$'( ?I?#&K?0( ,-&( O5?#( K5Z$'6#I( $M( 69O5?6O&( 14U(
'&?&5'"-( 6?( "G''&9#BI( %&692( "$9.G"#&.( 69( #-&( N96#&.( F#5#&?0( E6'#G5BBI( 5BB( 14U( '&?&5'"-( 69( PG'$;&( 6?(
9$969O5?6O&T( 5##'6%G#5%B&( 69( B5'2&( ;5'#( #$( "$9?#'569#?( 59.( 69#6K6.5#6$9?( 6K;$?&.( %I( 596K5B( '62-#?(
$'2596]5#6$9?0(14U('&?&5'"-(69(4-695(5;;&5'?(#$(%&(5BK$?#(&V"BG?6O&BI(9$969O5?6O&T(#-$G2-(#-6?('&MB&"#?(#-&(
'&B5#6O&BI(&5'BI(?#52&($M(.&O&B$;K&9#($M(14U('&?&5'"-(69(#-5#("$G9#'I0(,-&(K5??6O&(K$.&'96]5#6$9(%I(4-695(
$M(6#?('&?&5'"-(;'$2'5K?(69(MG9.5K&9#5B(9&G'$?"6&9"&(59.(14U?(-$;&MGBBI(6?(B&5.692(#$(#-&(&K&'2&9"&($M(5(
M6'?#Q'5#&(69O5?6O&(14U(;'$2'5K0(,-&(;59&B(M&B#(#-5#(#-&'&(6?(5(?#'$92(9&&.(#$(K569#569(5(H$'B.H6.&(%5B59"&(
%&#H&&9( 69O5?6O&( 59.( 9$969O5?6O&( 5;;'$5"-&?( #$( 14U( '&?&5'"-( 59.( #&"-9$B$2I( 6M( #-&( M6&B.( $M( 9&G'5B(
;'$?#-&?&?( 6?( #$( '&K569( O62$'$G?( 59.( O65%B&0( ,-&( ;59&B( H5?( ;5'#6"GB5'BI( 6K;'&??&.( %I( #-&( "$KK6#K&9#( 69(
PG'$;&( 59.( 85;59( #$( .&O$#&( #-&( ?G%?#59#65B( '&?$G'"&?( 9&&.&.( #$( &V;B$'&( #-&( ;$??6%6B6#I( $M( M@\U( 59.(
K529&#$&9"&;-5B$2'5;-I(3@P<7(?&9?$'(#&"-9$B$26&?(5?(#-&(%5?6?($M(9$969O5?6O&(14U?T(.&?;6#&(#-&(-62-("$?#(
$M(?G"-(#&"-9$B$26&?(59.(#-&(G9"&'#569(#6K&(?;59($'(;'$%5%6B6#I($M(K6965#G'6]5#6$9(#$(#-&(5;;'$;'65#&(?"5B&(M$'(
'$G#69&(;5#6&9#(G?&0((
,-&$.$'&(/0(1&'2&'(
VO
NEED FOR MEDICAL BCI
!9&($M(#-&($#-&'(M$'"&?(.'6O692(#-&("G''&9#(5""&B&'5#6$9(69(14U('&?&5'"-(6?(?$"6&#5B(.&K59.(M$'(?$BG#6$9?(#$(
#-&(;'$%B&K($M('&;56'692(#-&(9&'O$G?(?I?#&K0(=9(G95??56B5%B&('&5B6#I(6?(#-5#(H-&9(#-&(%'569(59.(?;695B("$'.(
%&"$K&(.5K52&.($'(.6?&5?&.T(#-&I(.$(9$#('&;56'(#-&K?&BO&?0(/6#-(#-&(69"'&5?692(?6]&($M(#-&(H$'B.(;$;GB5#6$9(
59.( ;5'#6"GB5'BI( 6#?( 69"'&5?692( 52&T( #-&( 9GK%&'( $M(MG#G'&( ;5#6&9#?(H6#-(?G"-( .6529$?&?( 5?( D5'J69?$96?K( 59.(
$#-&'( #'&K$'Q'&B5#&.( .6?$'.&'?( 59.( .&K&9#65?( 69"BG.692( =B]-&6K&'W?( .6?&5?&T( &;6B&;?IT( 5""6.&9#Q69.G"&.(
?;695B("$'.(69ZG'6&?T(59.(;&'6;-&'5B(9&G'$;5#-6&?('&?GB#692(M'$K(.65%&#&?(6?(B6J&BI(#$(%&(?#522&'6920(,-&(;59&B(
M$G9.( #-5#( 14U( '&?&5'"-&'?( G96M$'KBI( "$9?6.&'&.( MG#G'&( -&5B#-Q'&B5#&.( 9&&.?( M$'( 14U?( #$( %&( 5( ?#'$92BI(
K$#6O5#692(M5"#$'T(H6#-(#-5#(K$#6O5#6$9(;5'#6"GB5'BI(2'&5#(69(;$;GB$G?("$G9#'6&?(B6J&(4-6950((
U9('&"$296#6$9($M(#-&("G''&9#(59.(MG#G'&(;$#&9#65B(K5'J&#(M$'(14U?T(#-&(K&.6"5B(.&O6"&(69.G?#'I(-5?(%&2G9(#$(
5""&B&'5#&( .&O&B$;K&9#( 59.( K5'J&#( 69#&2'5#6$9( $M( 14UQ'&B5#&.( K&.6"5B( ;'$.G"#?0( U9( #-&( N96#&.( F#5#&?( 59.(
PG'$;&T(&O6.&9"&($M(K&.6"5B(69.G?#'I("$BB5%$'5#6$9?(H6#-('&?;&"#(#$(14U(.&O6"&?(59.(?I?#&K?(6?(?&&9(69(59(
69"'&5?692(9GK%&'($M(?#5'#G;?(59.(Z$69#(;5'#9&'?-6;?0(=?(#-&(%'6.2&(M'$K('&?&5'"-(;'$#$#I;&(#$(K&.6"5B(.&O6"&(
?#'&92#-&9?T( ?$BG#6$9?( #$( #-&( ?;&"65B6]&.( .&?629( '&aG6'&K&9#?( 6K;$?&.( %I( #-&( 4LF( 5'&( &K&'2692X( ?&9?$'(
.&?629?T( K5#-&K5#6"5B( K$.&B?( 59.( #-&6'( -5'.H5'&( 6K;B&K&9#5#6$9?T( 59.( %'569( 69#&'M5"&( K5#&'65B?T( 5'&(
69"'&5?692BI( %&"$K692( l%6$K6K&#6"m( 59.( l9&G'$K$';-6"m( 69( 95#G'&0( U9( 5..6#6$9T( ;$H&'( '&aG6'&K&9#?( 59.(
%6$"$K;5#6%6B6#I(6??G&?(5'&(5B?$(G96aG&(#$(#-&(4LF0((
SCOPE OF BCI RESEARCH: NONMEDICAL BCI
,-&(9&&.(M$'(K&.6"5B(5;;B6"5#6$9?($M(14U('&?&5'"-T(60&0T('&;56'($M(#-&(9&'O$G?(?I?#&KT( H6BB('&K569(#-&("$'&(
.'6O692(M$'"&(M$'(14U?(5#(B&5?#(69(#-&(9&5'(MG#G'&0(,-&(;59&B(5B?$(M$G9.(&O6.&9"&T(-$H&O&'T(#-5#(14U('&?&5'"-(
H6BB( 69"'&5?692BI( H6.&9( #$( 69"BG.&( 9$9K&.6"5B( 5;;B6"5#6$9?0( ,-6?( #'59?6#6$9( 6?( 5B'&5.I( 69( ;'$2'&??( 69( K59I(
PG'$;&59(59.(85;59&?&(14U(B5%$'5#$'6&?0(AG9.5K&9#5B(;'69"6;B&?($M(14U?(H&'&(?&&9(#$(2&9&'5B6]&('&5.6BI(#$(
%'569("$9#'$B($M(O6.&$(25K692(59.(O6'#G5B('&5B6#I(&9O6'$9K&9#?0(U9#'62G692(&V#&9?6$9?($M(14U?(#$(5G#$K$#6O&(
69.G?#'I( ;'$%B&K?( H&'&( M$G9.( 69( #-&( M$'K( $M( K&5?G'692( .'6O&'( "$296#6O&( B$5.0( @GB#6;B&( '&?&5'"-( ;'$2'5K?(
69"BG.&.(5(M$"G?($9(14UQ'&B5#&.(;'69"6;B&?(M$'('$%$#6"?("$9#'$B(59.("$K;'&-&9?6O&(;'$2'5K?(M$'(69#&2'5#692(
14U?(69#$(&O&'I.5I(B6M&(#$(B69J(#-&(-GK59(?&9?$'6GK(K$'&("$K;B&#&BI(59.(69#&'5"#6O&BI(69#$(#-&(&9O6'$9K&9#0(
TRANSLATION/COMMERCIALIZATION OF BCI
,-&( &V#&9#( #$( H-6"-( 69.G?#'I( 69( PG'$;&( 59.( 85;59( -5?( &K%'5"&.( 14UQ'&B5#&.( '&?&5'"-( 2$5B?( 59.( #-&(
.&O&B$;K&9#($M('&aG6?6#&(#&"-9$B$26&?(M$'(14U?(6?(6K;'&??6O&0(,-6?(-62-(.&2'&&($M(69.G?#'I("$KK6#K&9#(H5?(
;&'-5;?( K$?#( &O6.&9"&.( 69( <&'K59I( %I( 69?#6#G#6$95B( &9#6#6&?( -5O692( #-&( ?;&"6M6"( K6??6$9?( $M( 5"#6O&BI(
;'$K$#692( 5"5.&K6"Q69.G?#'65B( '&?&5'"-( 69#&'5"#6$9?T( 25'9&'692( ?G;;$'#( M$'( 14U( '&?&5'"-( M'$K( 69.G?#'I(
?$G'"&?T(59.(#'59?6#6$9692(#-&('&?GB#692(14U(59.(14UQ'&B5#&.(?I?#&K?(#$(69.G?#'I(M$'("$KK&'"65B6]5#6$90(FG"-(
&9#6#6&?( -$G?&( 5.O59"&.( #&"-9$B$26&?( 59.( &aG6;K&9#( K5.&( 5O56B5%B&( #$( ?#5'#G;?( H6#-( B6K6#&.( '&?$G'"&?Y(
'&?&5'"-( "$BB5%$'5#6$9?( 59.( ;5'#9&'?-6;?( "$GB.( '&?GB#( 69( ?;69$MM?( #-5#( 5""&B&'5#&( #-&( &9#'I( $M( 9&H( 14U?( 59.(
14U(#&"-9$B$26&?(69#$(#-&(K5'J&#;B5"&0((
,-&( PN( h#-( A'5K&H$'J( '&?&5'"-( ;'$2'5K?( ?#'$92BI( &9"$G'52&( 59.( #$( ?$K&( .&2'&&( '&aG6'&( 69.G?#'65B(
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CONCLUSIONS
Magnitude of BCI Research
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Opportunities for Worldwide Collaborative Research
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Theodore W. Berger
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE
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METHODOLOGY
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L$'#-(=K&'6"59(%5?&B69&(H$'J?-$;T("59.6.5#&(?6#&?(69(PG'$;&(59.(=?65(M$'(;59&B(O6?6#?T(#-&($O&'5BB(;'$Z&"#(
?"-&.GB&T(59.(5??629K&9#?(M$'(#-&(M695B('&;$'#0(
Table 1.1
Panel Members
#
Panelist
Affiliation
b(
,-&$.$'&(/0(1&'2&'(
N96O&'?6#I($M(F$G#-&'9(45B6M$'965(3D59&B(4-56'7(
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8$-9(:0(4-5;69(
FNL^(>$H9?#5#&(@&.6"5B(4&9#&'(
S(
<'&2(=0(<&'-5'.#(
N96O&'?6#I($M(:&9#G"JI(
R(
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/5.?H$'#-(4&9#&'(
d(
8$?C(40(D'69"6;&(
N96O&'?6#I($M(AB$'6.5(
h(
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45?&(/&?#&'9(\&?&'O&(N96O&'?6#I(
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D5#'6"J(=0(,'&?"$(
N96O&'?6#I($M(N#5-(
,-&(;59&B6?#?T(?;$9?$'?T(59.(/,P4("$9O&9&.(5(L$'#-(=K&'6"59(15?&B69&(/$'J?-$;($9(A&%'G5'I()+T()**hT(
5#( LFA( #$( '&;$'#( $9( 9$969O5?6O&( 59.( K696K5BBI( 69O5?6O&( 14U( G?692( PP<( 59.( P4$<Y( ?&9?$'?T( ?6295B(
;'$"&??692T( 59.( %6$"$K;5#6%6B6#I( 69( 69O5?6O&( 14UY( ?I?#&K?( 69#&2'5#6$9( 59.( K$.&B692Y( 59.( #'59?B5#6$9( 59.(
"$KK&'"65B6]5#6$9(6??G&?0(,5%B&(b0)(B6?#?(#-&(?;&5J&'?(59.(#-&(#6#B&?($M(#-&6'(;'&?&9#5#6$9?0((
,-&( 69#&'95#6$95B( 5??&??K&9#( ;-5?&( $M( #-&( /,P4( ?#G.I( "$KK&9"&.( 69( B5#&( @5I( )**h( H6#-( #H$( H&&J?( $M(
O6?6#?( #$( #-&( b+( PG'$;&59( ?6#&?( ?-$H9( 69( ,5%B&( b0S0( ,-5#( #'6;( "$9"BG.&.( H6#-( 59( $G#?#59.692( K&&#692( 69(
A'59JMG'#T( <&'K59IT( $9( 8G9&( ST( )**hT( 69( H-6"-( #-&( ;59&B6?#?( '&O6&H&.( 59.( "$K;5'&.( #-&6'( ?6#&( O6?6#?( 69(
PG'$;&0(=(?&"$9.('$G9.($M(?6#&(O6?6#?(#$(#&9(M5"6B6#6&?(69(4-695(59.(85;59(#$$J(;B5"&(.G'692(#-&(B5?#(H&&J($M(
!"#$%&'T()**hT(5?(?-$H9(69(,5%B&(b0R0(>G'692(6#?(O6?6#(#$(4-695T(#-&(/,P4(;59&B(H5?(;'6O6B&2&.(#$(5##&9.(5(
?IK;$?6GK( $9( 14U?( ?;$9?$'&.( %I( F-592-56( 865$Q,$92( N96O&'?6#IW?( U9?#6#G#&( $M( _5?&'( @&.6"69&( 59.(
16$;-$#$96"?T(5#(H-6"-(5;;'$V6K5#&BI(+dob**(M5"GB#I(59.(?#G.&9#?(-&5'.(;'&?&9#5#6$9?(M'$K(5(.$]&9(M5"GB#I(
K&K%&'?(H-$?&(B5%$'5#$'6&?(5'&(5"#6O&BI(.&O&B$;692(14U?0(((
/,P4( -$?#?( 69( %$#-( PG'$;&( 59.( =?65( .&K$9?#'5#&.( 5( H6.&( '592&( $M( 14U( '&?&5'"-( 59.( ?I?#&K?( 69( O5'6$G?(
?#52&?( $M( .&O&B$;K&9#( 69( B5%$'5#$'I( ?&##692?0( ,-6?( 69"BG.&.( "$K;G#&'Q%5?&.( 596K5B( 59.( -GK59( #&?#692( $M(
69O5?6O&( 59.( 9$969O5?6O&( ?I?#&K?Y( '&?&5'"-( 59.( &V;&'6K&9#5#6$9( ;'$#$"$B?Y( &V;&'6K&9#5#6$9( 56K&.( 5#(
6K;'$O692(?6295B(59.(;5##&'9('&"$296#6$9Y(59.(-5'.H5'&(59.(?$M#H5'&(.&O&B$;K&9#0(,-&(;59&B6?#?(9$#&.(#-5#(
#-&( .&2'&&( $M( "$BB5%$'5#6$9( %&#H&&9( #-&( %6$B$26"5B( 59.( &9269&&'692( ?"6&9"&?( O5'6&.( H6.&BI( 5K$92( #-&(
69?#6#G#&?(O6?6#&.0(
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,-&$.$'&(/0(1&'2&'(
Table 1.2
Speakers and Presentations at the North American Baseline Workshop
Name
Affiliation
Presentation Title
,-&$.$'&(1&'2&'(
N96O&'?6#I($M(F$G#-&'9(45B6M$'965((
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U9#&'M5"&(\&?&5'"-(
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L&6B(FaG6'&(A$G9.5#6$9(
=?I9"-'$9$G?(14U(59.(1'569(U9#&'M5"&(\&?&5'"-(
>59(@$'59(
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PB&"#'$"$'#6"$2'5;-6"(3P4$<7(4$9#'$B($M(1'569Q
4$K;G#&'(U9#&'M5"&?(
>&996?(@"A5'B59.(
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4$KK&9#5'IX(FGKK5'I($M(PP<fP4$<(
>5'IB(:6;J&(
N96O&'?6#I($M(@6"-6259(
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14U(FI?#&K?(
\6"-5'.(L$'K599(
N96O&'?6#I($M(N#5-(
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UK;'$O&.(,6??G&(U9#&2'5#6$9(59.(>&O6"&(D&'M$'K59"&(
D5#'6"J(,'&?"$(
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4$KK&9#5'I(
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>&O6"&?(
=9.I(F"-H5'#](
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N?&MGB(F6295B?(M'$K(@$#$'(4$'#&V(
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45?&(/&?#&'9(\&?&'O&(N96O&'?6#I(
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8$-9(>$9$2-G&(
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4$';$'5#6$9(
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4$KK&9#5'I(
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N96O&'?6#I($M(:&9#G"JI(
Table 1.3
Sites Visited in Europe
#
(
Country
Site
#
Country
Site
b(
=G?#'65(
<'5](N96O&'?6#I($M(,&"-9$B$2I(
b*(
<&'K59I(
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U9#&'M5"&(3114U7(
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<G2&'(,&"-9$B$26&?(!P<(320#&"7(
bb(
<&'K59I(
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S(
1&B26GK(
PG'$;&59(N96$9t\&?&5'"-(
>6'&"#$'5#&(<&9&'5B(
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bS(
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N96O&'?6#I($M(!VM$'.(
bR(
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D-I?6$B$2I($M(D&'"&;#6$9(59.(="#6$9( bh(
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A'59"&7(
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N96O&'?6#I($M(P.69%G'2-(
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16$"-&K6?#'I(
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FH6??(A&.&'5B(U9?#6#G#&($M(
,&"-9$B$2I(
c(
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b0(U9#'$.G"#6$9(
Table 1.4
Sites Visited in Asia
#
Country
Site
#
Country
Site
b(
4-695(
[G5]-$92(N96O&'?6#I($M(F"6&9"&?(
59.(,&"-9$B$2I(
h(
4-695(
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4-695(
F-592-56(U9?#6#G#&($M(1'569(
AG9"#6$95B(<&9$K6"?((
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85;59(
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4-695(
,?692-G5(N96O&'?6#IT(>&;5'#K&9#(
$M(PB&"#'6"5B(P9269&&'692(
e(
85;59(
=.O59"&.(,&B&"$KKG96"5#6$9?(
\&?&5'"-(U9?#6#G#&(
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4-695(
,?692-G5(N96O&'?6#I(U9?#6#G#&($M(
@6"'$&B&"#'$96"?(
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b*(
85;59(
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A$BB$H692(#-&("$9"BG?6$9($M(#-&(PG'$;&59('$G9.($M(?6#&(O6?6#?(%G#(;'6$'(#$(#-&(O6?6#?(#$(4-695(59.(85;59T(#-&(
;59&B( '&"$9O&9&.( M$'( 5( M695B( H$'J?-$;( 5#( LFA( $9( 8GBI( )bT( )**hT( #$( ;'&?&9#( 6#?( M69.692?( 59.( "$9"BG?6$9?0(
D'&?&9#5#6$9?(M$"G?&.($9(#-&(M$BB$H692(#$;6"?X(
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OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT
,-6?(M695B('&;$'#(%'$5.BI(M$BB$H?(#-&($G#B69&($M(#-&(M695B(H$'J?-$;(-&B.(69(8GBI()**h0(=M#&'(59(69#'$.G"#$'I(
"-5;#&'(%I(,-&$.$'&(1&'2&'T(<'&2(<&'-5'.#(59.(D5#'6"J(,'&?"$(;'$O6.&(59($O&'O6&H(69(4-5;#&'()($M(69O5?6O&(
59.( 9$969O5?6O&( ?&9?$'?(G?&.( M$'( .5#5( "$BB&"#6$9( 69( 14U(&V;&'6K&9#?( 69( L$'#-( =K&'6"5T( PG'$;&T( 59.( =?65T(
-62-B62-#692(#-&(.6MM&'&9"&?(59.(?6K6B5'6#6&?(5K$92(#-&(O5'6$G?(5;;'$5"-&?(&K;B$I&.0(U9(4-5;#&'(ST(,'&?"$(
59.( <&'-5'.#( 5??&??( #-&( ?#5#&( $M( #-&( 5'#( 69( M$'&629( %$.I( '&?;$9?&( #$( 69O5?6O&( #&"-9$B$26&?( G?&.( 69( 14U0(
=B#-$G2-(#-&(&K&'2&9#("B5??($M(%6$K&.6"5B(.&O6"&?(5;;&5'?(#$($MM&'(%6$"$K;5#6%6B6#IT('&?&5'"-&'?(H6BB(B6J&BI(
"$9#69G&(#$(M5"&("-5BB&92&?(69#$(#-&(9&5'(MG#G'&(69(#-&6'(5##&K;#?(#$(69#&'M5"&("$9?6?#&9#BI(%&#H&&9(-5'.H5'&(
59.( 9&G'5B( #5'2&#?0( 8$?C( D'69"6;&( 59.( >&996?( @"A5'B59.( .6?"G??( #-&( #&"-96aG&?( G?&.( #$( "$BB&"#( .5#5( G?692(
KGB#6K6"'$&B&"#'$.&( 5''5I?( 59.( PP<fP4$<( '&"$'.692?( 69( 4-5;#&'( RY( #-&I( 9$#&( ?&O&'5B( 6??G&?( #-5#( '&aG6'&(
5..6#6$95B( 69O&?#625#6$9T( 69"BG.692( #-&( 9&&.( #$( 6.&9#6MI( #-&( G#6B6#I( $M( 69.6O6.G5B( "$K;$9&9#?( M'$K( 5K$92(
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GB#6K5#&BI(I6&B.(.&M696#6O&("G'&?(M$'(;5'5BI?6?T(5#(B&5?#(69#$(#-&(9&5'(MG#G'&(#-&('&?#$'5#6$9($M(K$#$'(MG9"#6$9(
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#-5#(14UQ.&'6O&.($;#6$9?(KG?#(%&("$9?6.&'&.(H6#-69(#-&(%'$5.&'("$9#&V#($M(#&"-96aG&?(59.(#&"-9$B$26&?(#-5#(
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MG9.692(M$'('&?&5'"-($'2596]5#6$9?T(#'59?B5#6$9Q"$KK&'"65B6]5#6$9T(59.(&.G"5#6$9Q#'5696920((
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CHAPTER 2
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
Greg A. Gerhardt and Patrick A. Tresco
INTRODUCTION
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314U7(#&"-9$B$2I0(A$'(#-&(;G';$?&?($M(#-6?("-5;#&'T(H&(.6O6.&(?&9?$'(#&"-9$B$26&?(69#$(#H$(%5?6"("5#&2$'6&?0(
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BCI SENSOR WORLD OVERVIEW
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MAJOR TYPES OF SENSORS FOR BCI TECHNOLOGY
History of Direct Implantable Electrodes
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#$(G?&(6K;B59#5%B&(&B&"#'$.&?(;'6K5'6BI(M$'(&B&"#'6"5B(?#6KGB5#6$9($M(#-&(%'569T(%G#(5B?$(M$'('&"$'.6920(U9(#-&(
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H6'&(&B&"#'$.&?(59.(5B?$(?#5'#&.(#$(69O&?#625#&(59I(;5#-$B$2I('&?GB#692(M'$K(#-&(&MM&"#?($M(H6'&(&B&"#'$.&?(3?&&(
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Wire-Type Microelectrodes
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MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR PRODUCING BCI SENSORS
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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'&"$'.692?(M'$K(5''5I?($M(PP<(&B&"#'$.&?(K$G9#&.($9#$(#-&(?G'M5"&($M(#-&(?JGBB0(,-6?(?&9?$'(#&"-9$B$2I(-5?(
&V;&'6&9"&.( B6K6#&.( 2'$H#-( 59.( 9&&.?( ?G%?#59#65B( 6K;'$O&K&9#0( PO&9( H6#-( '&?;&"#( #$( 9$969O5?6O&(
#&"-9$B$26&?T(K59I(PG'$;&59(?6#&?("$BB5%$'5#&(H6#-T($'(G#6B6]&(;5'5.62K?(#-5#(H&'&(.&O&B$;&.(69(#-&(N96#&.(
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9&&.(M$'(B$HQ"$?#T(9$969O5?6O&(14U(#&"-9$B$2I(M$'(6K;'$O&.(-&5B#-("5'&(69(4-6950(U9(5..6#6$9T(85;59(6?(5B?$(
M$"G?&.($9(9$969O5?6O&T(PP<Q%5?&.(14U(#&"-9$B$26&?0([$H&O&'T(#-&'&(6?('5;6.(&"$9$K6"(2'$H#-(59.(?"6&9"&(
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CHAPTER 3
THE BIOTIC-ABIOTIC INTERFACE
Patrick A. Tresco and Greg A. Gerhardt
INTRODUCTION
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The Major Challenge: Consistent, Long-Term, Functional Integration
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Proof of Principle
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Table 3.1
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Table 3.1
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STRATEGIES UNDER DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE ELECTRODE PERFORMANCE
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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B&5.&'?-6;( ;$?6#6$9( 69( #-6?( ?&"#$'T( 5?( H&BB( 5?( #$( 5""&B&'5#&( #-&( #&"-9$B$26"5B( 6K;'$O&K&9#?( #-5#( H6BB( %&(
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CHAPTER 4
BMI/BCI MODELING AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
José C. Principe and Dennis J. McFarland
INTRODUCTION
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Decoding the Spontaneous ECoG for Intent
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?#G.I(5;;BI692(#-6?(K&#-$.(#$(1@U?(5;;&5'&.(69()**d(3<G9.G](&#(5B0()**d70((
Time-Domain Feature Extraction
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Frequency-Domain Feature Extraction
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)**h70( ,-&?&( 69"BG.&( K&#-$.?( #-5#( 5'&( #6K&Q%5?&.T( ?;5"&Q%5?&.T( 59.( #6K&Q?;5"&( K&#-$.?0( ,6K&Q%5?&.(
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;'69"6;5B( "$K;$9&9#?T( 69.&;&9.&9#( "$K;$9&9#?T( 59.( "$KK$9( ?;5#65B( ;5##&'9?0( ,6K&Q?;5"&Q%5?&.( K&#-$.?(
69"BG.&("$K;$9&9#(595BI?6?(69(#6K&(59.(?;5"&T(KGB#6O5'65#&(5G#$'&2'&??6O&(K$.&B?T(59.("$-&'&9"&0((
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M'&aG&9"I( ;5##&'9?( 5??$"65#&.( H6#-( PP<?( "$BB&"#&.( .G'692( 6K5269&.( -59.( K$O&K&9#0( F#G.6&?( "$K;5'692(
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;$H&'( %5?&.( $9( .626#5B( M6B#&'692( 59.( 5.5;#6O&( 5G#$'&2'&??6O&( ;5'5K&#&'?( $%#569&.( %I( K&59?( $M( :5BK59(
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M&5#G'&?( M$'( "B5??6MI692( K$#$'( 6K52&'I( .5#50( 159.( ;$H&'( I6&B.&.( #-&( %&?#( ;&'M$'K59"&( M$'( M$G'( $M( M6O&(
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8$?C(40(D'69"6;&(59.(>&996?(80(@"A5'B59.(
RS
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5(K5#"-&.(M6B#&'0(U9(#-6?("5?&(#-&(K5#"-&.(M6B#&'($G#;&'M$'K&.($#-&'(K&#-$.?0(,-6?(K5I(%&(.G&(#$(#-&(M5"#(#-5#(
-5'K$96"?($M(#-&(MG9.5K&9#5B($M(#-&(KG('-I#-K(5;;&5'(#$(-5O&(5(;'&M&''&.(;-5?&0((
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M6B#&'692T( 6#( 6?( 5B?$( ;$??6%B&( #$( 69"BG.&( %$#-( 69( 5( ?692B&( ;'$"&??0( A$'( &V5K;B&T( _&KK( &#( 5B0( 3)**d7( G?&.(
"$KK$9( ?;5#65B( ;5##&'9?( H6#-( #6K&Q.&B5I( &K%&..6920( ,-6?( K&#-$.( '&?GB#?( 69( 5( ?692B&Q?#&;( K&#-$.( #-5#(
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Spatial Filtering
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?;&"#'5B(M&5#G'&?(M'$K(.5#5("$BB&"#&.(H-6B&(?G%Z&"#?(K$.GB5#&.(#-&6'(KG('-I#-K?(#$(K$O&(5("G'?$'($9(5(O6.&$(
K$96#$'0( ,-&( &MM&"#?( $M( 5( _5;B5"659( .&'6O5#6$9( O5'6&.( H6#-( #-&( ?;5"692( $M( #-&( &B&"#'$.&?( G?&.( 69( #-&(
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F;5#65B(M6B#&'?("59(%&(&6#-&'(M6V&.($'(.5#5(.'6O&90(A$'(&V5K;B&T(_5;B5"659(.&'6O5#6$9?(-5O&(M6V&.(H&62-#?T(%G#(
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6K52&'I(#5?J0(,-&I(M$G9.(#-5#(#-&(_5;B5"659(59.(69.&;&9.&9#("$K;$9&9#?(K&#-$.?(H&'&("$K;5'5%B&T(%G#(#-&(
K&#-$.($M("$KK$9(?;5#65B(;5##&'9?('&?GB#&.(69(#-&(%&?#("B5??6M6"5#6$90((
Feature Translation
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$G#;G#( $M( #-&( M&5#G'&Q#'59?B5#6$9( ;'$"&??( "59( %&( &6#-&'( .6?"'&#&T( 5?( 69( #-&( "5?&( $M( .6?"'6K6959#( MG9"#6$9?T( $'(
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K&#-$.(?-$GB.(%&(%5?&.($9(#-&(95#G'&($M(#-&(?6295B?(59.(69#&9.&.(5;;B6"5#6$90(A&5#G'&(#'59?B5#6$9("59(69O$BO&(
G?&($M(5BB(&V#'5"#&.(M&5#G'&?($'(5(?G%?&#($M(#-&?&0(@6BB59(&#(5B0(3)**)7(;'$O6.&(59(&V"&BB&9#(.6?"G??6$9($M(#-6?(
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N?692(?;&"#'5B(M&5#G'&?("$BB&"#&.(.G'692(6K5269&.(-59.(K$O&K&9#?T(;&'M$'K59"&(69"'&5?&.(G;(#$(59(5O&'52&(
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59.( "B5??6M6"5#6$9( #&"-96aG&?0( =?( 5( '&?GB#T( 6#( 6?( 9$#( ;$??6%B&( #$( &O5BG5#&( #-&( '&B5#6O&( "$9#'6%G#6$9( $M( #-&(
69.6O6.G5B(595BI?6?("$K;$9&9#?T(5?(H&BB(5?(#-&(?J6BB($M(#-&(H699692("$9#&?#59#0(L$9&#-&B&??T("$9"BG?6$9?("59(
%&(K5.&0(A'$K(#-&(K$?#('&"&9#("$K;&#6#6$9T(3b7(5BK$?#(5BB(K&#-$.?(H&'&(B69&5'T(3)7(M$'($?"6BB5#$'I(5"#6O6#I(#-&(
H699692( K&#-$.?( #&9.&.( #$( G?&( "$KK$9( ?;5#65B( ;5##&'9?( 59.T( 3S7( ?&O&'5B( 2'$G;?( "$K%69&.( #6K&( 59.(
M'&aG&9"I(K&#-$.?(31B59J&'#](&#(5B0()**h70(
Online Evaluation of Methods
F-&9$I( &#( 5B0( 3)**h7( ?-$H&.( #-5#( #-&( ?#5#6?#6"?( $M( #-&( PP<( "-592&( H6#-( #-&( 69#'$.G"#6$9( $M( M&&.%5"J0( ,-6?(
'&?GB#( 69.6"5#&?( #-5#( #-&( ;$#&9#65B( &MM&"#?( $M( '&5BQ#6K&T( "B$?&.QB$$;( ;&'M$'K59"&( ?-$GB.( %&( "$9?6.&'&.0(
[$H&O&'T( #-&( O5?#( K5Z$'6#I( $M( ?#G.6&?( &O5BG5#692( ?6295B( ;'$"&??692( K&#-$.?( -5O&( G?&.( $MMB69&( 595BI?6?( $M(
5'"-6O5B(.5#50(=9(&V"&;#6$9(6?(#-&(?#G.I($M(@"A5'B59.(59.(/$B;5H(3)**d7(H-&'&('&2'&??6$9(K$.&B?(#-5#(H&'&(
&O5BG5#&.($MMB69&(H&'&(5B?$("$K;5'&.($9B69&0(8G?#(5?(69($MMB69&(595BI?6?T(#-&(?G;&'6$'6#I($M(G?692(K$'&(M&5#G'&?(
H5?(5B?$($%?&'O&.(69($9B69&T('&5BQ#6K&(;&'M$'K59"&0([$H&O&'T(6#(?-$GB.(%&(9$#&.(#-5#(K$?#(?#G.6&?(-5O&(9$#(
.&#&'K69&.(H-&#-&'($MMB69&(;&'M$'K59"&(6?(K5#"-&.($9B69&0(
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
@59I( ?#G.6&?( .&K$9?#'5#&( #-&( M&5?6%6B6#I( $M( "$K;B&V( 522'&25#&?( $M( K&#-$.?0( ,-6?( K5J&?( 6#( .6MM6"GB#( #$(
.&#&'K69&( #-&( G#6B6#I( $M( #-&( 69.6O6.G5B( "$K;$9&9#?0( U9( #-&( MG#G'&T( 6#( H$GB.( %&( G?&MGB( #$( "$K;5'&( ;$??6%B&(
5B#&'95#6O&?( M$'( #-&( 69.6O6.G5B( "$K;$9&9#?0( ,-&'&( 5'&( K59I( '&"&9#( '&;$'#?( G?692( 5'"-6O5B( .5#5( ?&#?0( U#( 6?(
9&"&??5'I( #$(.&#&'K69&( H-&#-&'($'( 9$#('&?GB#?( M'$K( #-&?&(2&9&'5B6]&( #$($9B69&( ?I?#&K?0( =9( 5..6#6$95B(6??G&(
"$9"&'9?( #-&( K5296#G.&( $M( &MM&"#?0( =B#-$G2-( #-&'&( 5'&( ?K5BB( ?#5#6?#6"5BBI( ?6296M6"59#( .6MM&'&9"&?( %&#H&&9(
K&#-$.?(69(?$K&("5?&?T($M#&9(#-&(5"#G5B(?6]&($M(#-&(&MM&"#(6?(9$#(B5'2&0(,-&'&(6?(59(6K;$'#59#(;$69#(-&'&(69(#-5#(
5##&9#6$9(?-$GB.(%&(;56.(#$(H-6"-(K&#-$.?(K5J&($9BI(?K5BB(.6MM&'&9"&?(59.(H-6"-('&?GB#(69(B5'2&'(.6MM&'&9"&?0(
,-6?(6?(#-&(6??G&($M(&MM&"#(?6]&0(
F#G.6&?( &O5BG5#692( ?6295B( ;'$"&??692( K&#-$.?( H6#-( PP<( '&"$'.692?( -5O&( %5?&.( "B5??6M6"5#6$9( 5BK$?#(
G96O&'?5BBI( $9( ?$K&( &V#&'95B( ?#6KGBG?T( ?G"-( 5?( #-&( ;'&?&9"&( $M( O5'6$G?( #5'2&#?( $9( 5( "$K;G#&'( ?"'&&9( $'(
69?#'G"#6$9?( #$( &9252&( 69( "&'#569( M$'K?( $M( 6K52&'I0( U9( "$9#'5?#T( ?#G.6&?( .&5B692( H6#-( KGB#6&B&"#'$.&( 5''5I?(
-5O&( %5?&.( "B5??6M6"5#6$9( $9( ;'&.6"#&.( B6K%( ;$?6#6$90( F&B&"#6$9( $M( #-&( .&;&9.&9#( O5'65%B&( 6?( 59( 69#&'&?#692(
6??G&(69(K$.&B692(5?(6#(-5?('5K6M6"5#6$9?(M$'(5;;B6"5#6$9?(#$(G?&'?(H6#-$G#(O$BG9#5'I(K$O&K&9#?0(
,-&(-59.MGB($M(2'$G;?(69(#-&(H$'B.("$9.G"#692(1@U('&?&5'"-(6?(;'&.$K6959#BI("$K;$?&.($M(N0F0(2'$G;?T(5BB(
$M( H-6"-( H&'&( '&;'&?&9#&.( 69( #-&( /,P4( L$'#-( =K&'6"59( 15?&B69&( /$'J?-$;0( >G'692( #-&( /,P4( ;59&BW?(
PG'$;&59(#'6;(H&(?5H(?#'$92(?6295B(;'$"&??692(M$'(1@U(69(A'&6%G'2T(<&'K59I0(,-&(16$'$%$#6"?(2'$G;(69(D6?5(
6?(5B?$("$BB5%$'5#692(69(1@U(&V;&'6K&9#?(H6#-(A'&6%G'2(G?692('&26$9?(AR(59.(Ad($M(#-&(;'&K$#$'("$'#&V(#$(
.&"$.&(#-&('&5"-692QM$'QM$$.(2$5B(69(K$9J&I?0((
,-&( 5%?&9"&( $M( ;G%B6"BI( 5O56B5%B&( 1@U( .5#5( ?&#?( 6?( 5( %$##B&9&"J( #$( 5##'5"#692( #-&( 69#&'&?#( $M( 69.&;&9.&9#(
'&?&5'"-&'?( 69( K5"-69&( B&5'9692( 59.( ?6295B( ;'$"&??6920( ,-6?( 6?( G9M$'#G95#&( %&"5G?&( #-&( "$K;B&V6#I( $M( #-&(
?;6J&Q#'569( .5#5( 59.( #-&( .6MM&'&9"&( 69( ?"5B&( H6#-( '&?;&"#( #$( %&-5O6$'( '&aG6'&( %&I$9.Q?#5#&Q$MQ#-&Q5'#( ?6295B(
;'$"&??692(5B2$'6#-K?(#$(M$?#&'T(6K;B&K&9#T(59.(aG59#6MI(9&H("$K;G#5#6$95B(9&G'$?"6&9"&(#-&$'6&?0(1@U?("59(
69.&&.(%&(&V;&'6K&9#5B(;B5#M$'K?(#$(#&?#(%'569(#-&$'6&?(69(5(H5I(9$#(;$??6%B&(69(#-&(;5?#(%&"5G?&($M(5BB(#-&(
692'&.6&9#?($M("$296#6O&(&V;&'6K&9#5#6$9(H6#-(-62-('&?$BG#6$9T(?I9"-'$9$G?(K&5?G'&K&9#?(%$#-(5#(#-&(69;G#(
3?;6J&( #'569?T( _AD?T( 59.( P4$<7( 59.( 5#( #-&( %&-5O6$'( B&O&B0( UM( #-6?( %$##B&9&"J( 6?( 9$#( ;'$;&'BI( 5..'&??&.T(
;'$2'&??(H6BB(%&(?B$H0(U9($G'($;696$9T(#-&(MG9.5K&9#5B(;'$%B&K?(69(1@U(?6295B(;'$"&??692(59.(K$.&B692(5'&(
#-&(M$BB$H6920((
b0
Nonstationarity of the neural response in time and space.(_&#(G?(B$$J(5#(#-&(9&G'$9?(69(#-&(K$#$'("$'#&V(
3DDT(D@>T(@b7(5?(5(?;5#65B(5''5IT(59.(B&#(G?("$K;G#&(#-&(?-$'#Q#&'K("'$??Q"$''&B5#6$9(H6#-(#-&(.&?6'&.(
J69&K5#6"(O5'65%B&($M(#-&(-59.(360&0T(;$?6#6$9T(?;&&.T($'(5""&B&'5#6$97(69(5(B$"5B(9&62-%$'-$$.($M(#-&(5''5I(
8$?C(40(D'69"6;&(59.(>&996?(80(@"A5'B59.(
Rd
5"'$??( #6K&( 35?( 5( K$O6&70( /-5#( H&( $%?&'O&( 5'&( ?;5#65BBI( B$"5B6]&.( 5'&5?( $M( "$''&B5#6$9( 5;;&5'692( 59.(
.6?5;;&5'692(5?(#-&(K$O&K&9#(;'$2'&??&?(69(#6K&T(ZG?#(B6J&(#-&(%G%%B&?(69(5(;59($M(%$6B692(H5#&'0(,-6?(
O&'I('5;6.("-592&(69("$''&B5#6$9($O&'(#6K&(59.(?;5"&(.&M&5#?(5BB(#-&(5??GK;#6$9?($M(#-&(/6&9&'(K$.&B?($'(
9&G'5B(9&#H$'J(#'5696920(,-&("-592&(6?(#$$(M5?#(#$(%&("5;#G'&.(5;;'$;'65#&BI(%I(:5BK59(M6B#&'?($'($#-&'(
2&9&'5#6O&( K&#-$.?( %5?&.( $9( 15I&?659( ?#5#6?#6"?0( U9( $G'( $;696$9T( ?H6#"-692( B$"5B( K$.&B?( $'( O5'I692(
?&B&"#6$9(;'$"&.G'&?(5'&(#H$("59.6.5#&?(#$(-&B;(?$BO&(#-6?(;'$%B&K(69(#-&(%699&.(K&#-$.?T(%G#(6#(6?(?#6BB(
G9"B&5'(-$H(#$(5;;'$;'65#&BI(#'569(#-&?&(?H6#"-692(5'"-6#&"#G'&?T(;5'#6"GB5'BI(H-&9(#-&(.&?6'&.('&?;$9?&(
6?( 9$#( 5O56B5%B&0( ,-&( K$.&B692( 5;;'$5"-&?( H6BB( 5B?$( -5O&( #$( %&( 5.5;#5%B&( #$( #-&( ;5#6&9#Q?;&"6M6"(
9&G'$;-I?6$B$26"5B("-592&?(#-5#($""G'(.G'692("B$?&.QB$$;("$9#'$B($M(5(O5'6&#I($M(.&V#&'$G?(K$O&K&9#?(
G9.&'(#-&(69MBG&9"&($M(M$'"&?0(
)0
How to train BMI models in the absence of desired response.( U9( 5( ;'5"#6"5B( 5;;B6"5#6$9( $M( 1@U?( $9( 5(
aG5.'6;B&26"T(#-&'&(H6BB(%&(9$(.&?6'&.('&?;$9?&(?69"&(#-&(?G%Z&"#("599$#( K$O&0(A$'(#-&("$KKG96"5#6$9(
#I;&($M(5;;B6"5#6$9?(5?(.&?"'6%&.(69([$"-%&'2T(&#(5B0(3)**h7T(#-6?(6?(?#6BB(#$B&'5%B&(%&"5G?&(#-&(9GK%&'($M(
.&2'&&?( $M( M'&&.$K( 6?( M&H( 3)( .&2'&&?( M$'( 5( "G'?$'( $9( #-&( ?"'&&970( !9&( ;$??6%6B6#I( #-5#( H&( 5'&( 9$H(
&V;B$'692( 6?( 5( .'5?#6"( .&;5'#G'&( M'$K( #-&( "$9O&9#6$95B( 1@U( 5'"-6#&"#G'&0( ,-&( ;'$;$?&.( 1@U( ?I?#&K(
H$'J?( 5?( 5(;'&.6"#$'( 59#6"6;5#692( #-&( 9&V#( K$O&0( U#( B&5'9?( #-'$G2-('&69M$'"&K&9#( #-&( '&B5#6$9?(%&#H&&9(
69;G#( ;5##&'9?( 59.( 5"#6$9?( 69( 5( "B$?&.QB$$;( M5?-6$90( [$H&O&'T( #-&( "$K;B&V6#I( $M( #-&( 1@U( ?I?#&K(
69"'&5?&?(K59IQM$B.(%&"5G?&(6#(-5?(#$(.6?"$O&'(#-&(5"#6$9?(#-5#(H$'J(26O&9(#-&(G?&'W?(2$5B?0(,-&'&M$'&T(
6K;$'#59#(?G%aG&?#6$9?(5'&(-$H(#$(.6?#'6%G#&(#-&(69#&BB62&9"&(%&#H&&9(#-&(?G%Z&"#(59.(#-&(1@U("$9#'$BB&'(
59.(-$H(#$("$;&(H6#-(5.5;#5%6B6#I(69(%$#-(?G%?I?#&K?0((
S0
How well can BMI generalize for other tasks beyond the ones in the training?(,-6?(6?(5B?$(59(6K;$'#59#(
aG&?#6$9( #-5#( KG?#( %&( 5..'&??&.( 6M( 1@U?( 5'&( #$( %&( H6.&BI( G?&.( 69( 5( O5'6&#I( $M( #5?J?( #-5#( K5J&( G;( #-&(
9$'K5B(69#&'5"#6$9($M(5(;&'?$9(H6#-(-6?(&9O6'$9K&9#0(A$'(&V5K;B&T(l2&9&'5B6]&m(-&'&(K&59?(-$H(.$&?(5(
1@U(?I?#&K(#'569&.(M$'(5('&5"-692(#5?J(;&'M$'K(69(5("G'?$'(#'5"J692(#5?Jq(U#(6?(-62-BI(B6J&BI(#-5#(#-&'&(
H6BB( %&( 5( 9&&.( #$( .&"$K;$?&( #-&( K$O&K&9#?( 69( ;'6K6#6O&?( 59.( 5BB$H( #-&( 1@U( ?I?#&K( #$( ;G#( #$2&#-&'(
.6MM&'&9#(;6&"&?($M(#-&(K$O&K&9#(#$(5"-6&O&(#-&(&9.(2$5B0(=?(H&(.$(69(?;&&"-(;'$"&??692T(%G#(5;;B6&.(#$(
K$#$'( "$9#'$BT( "59( #-&( ;'6K6#6O&( 5#$K?( $M( K$O&K&9#( %&( .&M69&.q( ,-6?( 5;;'$5"-( H6BB( %&9&M6#( M'$K( #-&(
KGB#6;B&QK$.&B(5;;'$5"-(.6?"G??&.(69(6#&K(b(59.(#-&('&69M$'"&K&9#(B&5'9692(.&?"'6%&.(69(6#&K()0((
R0
Are there easier ways to work directly with spikes for modeling?(,-&(?6295B(;'$"&??692(K&#-$.$B$26&?($M(
K$.&B692( ?;6J&( #'569?( 5'&( 5HJH5'.( .G&( #$( #-&( ?#$"-5?#6"( 59.( ;$69#( ;'$"&??( 95#G'&( $M( #-&( ?;6J&(
$""G''&9"&0(@$.&B692(6?(9$#(#'6O65B(59.(K59I(;5'5K&#&'?(5'&(5??GK&.0(F6295B(;'$"&??692(K&#-$.?(H$'J(
H6#-( $;#6K5B( ;'$Z&"#6$9?Y( #-&'&M$'&T( 6#( H$GB.( %&( G?&MGB( #$( "'&5#&( 5( K&#'6"( ?;5"&( #-5#( H6BB( 5BB$H( 699&'(
;'$.G"#("$K;G#5#6$9?(.6'&"#BI(M'$K(?;6J&(#'569?(%&"5G?&(5BB(#-&(5O56B5%B&(#$$B?($M(%699&.(K&#-$.?("59(%&(
5;;B6&.( 6KK&.65#&BI0( =B#-$G2-( ?;6J&(#'569?( 5'&( O&'I( #&BB692( $M( #-&( 9&G'$9T( #-&I( 5'&( 5B?$( O&'I( '&K$O&.(
M'$K( #-&( #6K&( 59.( K5"'$?"$;6"( ?"5B&?( $M( %&-5O6$'0( ,-&'&M$'&T( #-&( ?;6J&Q#'569( K&#-$.$B$2I( %&2?( 59(
59?H&'(#$(#-&(aG&?#6$9($M(-$H(#$($;#6K5BBI(%'6.2&(#-&(#6K&(?"5B&($M(?;6J&(&O&9#?(3K6BB6?&"$9.?7(H6#-(#-&(
#6K&(?"5B&($M(%&-5O6$'(3?&"$9.?70(4G''&9#BIT(#-&('&B5#6O&BI('G.6K&9#5'I(K&#-$.($M(%699692(6?(G?&.T(%G#(?$(
KG"-(69M$'K5#6$9(6?(B$?#(#-5#(%&##&'T(K$.&BQ%5?&.T(K&#-$.$B$26&?(9&&.(#$(%&(.&O6?&.0(,-6?(6?(H-&'&(#-&(
B$"5B( M6&B.( ;$#&9#65B?( 3_AD?7( "59( %&( G?&MGB( ?69"&( #-&I( 5'&( 59( 69#&'K&.65#&( '&;'&?&9#5#6$9( $M( "$'#6"5B(
5"#6O6#I0(,-&'&M$'&T(-$H(#$('&B5#&(?;6J&(5"#6O6#I(H6#-(_AD?(%&"$K&?(5("&9#&';6&"&(M$'(MG#G'&('&?&5'"-0(
d0
Current BMI experimental approaches require extensive “hand tuning” of the decoding models to
optimize performance.(U9(95#G'5B(?&##692?($G#?6.&(#-&('&-5%6B6#5#6$9("B696"T(9&G'$;-I?6$B$26?#?(H6BB(9$#(%&(
5O56B5%B&( #$( ?;6J&Q?$'#( B5'2&( .5#5( ?&#?( $M( '&"$'.692?0( @$'&$O&'T( &9269&&'?( H6BB( 9$#( %&( 5O56B5%B&( #$(
$;#6K6]&(#-&(?&B&"#6$9($M(9&G'$95B(69;G#?T(K$.&B(5'"-6#&"#G'&T(59.(B&5'9692('5#&?(#$(6K;'$O&(;&'M$'K59"&(
59.(2&9&'5B6]5#6$90(,-&'&M$'&T(K$'&(?$;-6?#6"5#&.(K&#-$.?(5'&(9&&.&.(#$(6K;'$O&(#-&('$%G?#9&??($M(#-&(
14U(#-'$G2-(?&BMQ$'2596]692(5.5;#6O&(;'69"6;B&?0((
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;'$%B&K?0(IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehab. Eng.(bRXbdSobdc0(
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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
John K. Chapin
INTRODUCTION: RESTORING MOVEMENT IN PARALYSIS PATIENTS
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ORIGINAL FEASIBILITY DEMONSTRATIONS FOR BRAIN-CONTROLLED ROBOTICS
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Need for Sensor Feedback to Facilitate Control of Robotic Movements
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Need to Control More Degrees of Freedom in Brain-Controlled Robots
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Need for High Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) Biomimetic Arm/Hand and Leg Prosthetic Robots
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BIOMIMETIC ROBOT RESEARCH AT THE SCUOLA SUPERIORE SANT’ANNA
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CHAPTER 6
FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND
REHABILITATION APPLICATIONS OF BCIS
Dawn M. Taylor
OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
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PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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D&"J-5KT(D0[0T(@0/0(:&6#-(&#(5B0()**b0(PMM6"5"I($M(59(6K;B59#&.(9&G'$;'$?#-&?6?(M$'('&?#$'692(-59.(2'5?;(69(#&#'5;B&265X(
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F59#-595KT( <0T( F0U0( \IGT( 10@0( ^GT( =0( =M?-5'T( 59.( :0E0( F-&9$I0( )**h0( =( -62-Q;&'M$'K59"&( %'569Q"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"&0(
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,5IB$'T(>0@0T(F0U0[0(,6BB&'I(&#(5B0()**S0(U9M$'K5#6$9("$9O&I&.(#-'$G2-(%'569Q"$9#'$BX("G'?$'(O&'?G?('$%$#0(IEEE Trans.
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;'6K5#&?0(Nature(R*e(3heb*7XShbod0(
+b(
CHAPTER 7
NONINVASIVE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Dennis J. McFarland
INTRODUCTION
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B&5'9(%I(#'65B(59.(&''$'(#$(K$O&(5("G'?$'(O&'#6"5BBI($9(5(O6.&$(K$96#$'(#-5#(K$O&?(5#(5("$9?#59#(-$'6]$9#5B('5#&(
G9.&'("$K;G#&'("$9#'$B0(,-&(2$5B(6?(#$(?&B&"#(#5'2&#?(5#(&6#-&'(#-&(#$;($'(%$##$K(&.2&($M(#-&(?"'&&90(L&V#T(#-&(
G?&'(H$'J?(H6#-(5(%695'IT(M6O&QB&O&B(K5#'6V($M(B&##&'?(;'&?&9#&.($9(#-&(?"'&&90(,-&(5B;-5%&#(59.(;G9"#G5#6$9(
5'&(?;B6#(69#$(#H$(;5'#?T(&5"-(H6#-(bh(?IK%$B?0(,-&(G?&'(?&B&"#?(5K$92(#-&?&T(59.(#-&('&?GB#692(?&B&"#6$9(6?(
9&V#( ?;B6#( 69#$( #H$0( N?&'?( M6'?#( B&5'9( #-6?( #5?J( H6#-( &''$'QM'&&( "$;I( ?;&BB692T( M$BB$H&.( %I( M'&&( ?;&BB6920(
16'%5GK&'( &#( 5B0( 3bccc7( M$G9.( #-5#( 5( ?&O&'&BI( .6?5%B&.( G?&'( H5?( 5%B&( #$( "$K;$?&( #&V#( G?692( #-6?( ?I?#&K0(
=B#-$G2-(?B$HT(#-&?&('&?GB#?(.&K$9?#'5#&(#-&(M&5?6%6B6#I($M(F4DQ%5?&.("$KKG96"5#6$90(
Motor Potentials
@$O&K&9#?(5'&(5""$K;596&.(%I(#'59?6&9#(;$#&9#65B?($9(#-&(?"5B;(?G'M5"&0(=(9&25#6O6#I( "5BB&.(#-&('&5.69&??(
;$#&9#65BT( $'( 1&'&6#?"-5M#?;$#&9#65BT( ;'&"&.&?( ?&BMQ;5"&.( K$O&K&9#?0( U9( 5..6#6$9T( #-&( 5"#G5B( &V&"G#6$9( $M( 5(
K$O&K&9#( 6?( 5B?$( 5??$"65#&.( H6#-( #'59?6&9#( ;$#&9#65B?0( UK5269&.( K$O&K&9#( 5B?$( &B6"6#?( ?6K6B5'( ;$#&9#65B?(
3L6&B?$9( &#( 5B0( )**hY( ^$KQ,$O( 59.( U9%5'( )**S70( ,-&( ?"5B;( B$"5#6$9( $M( #-&?&( K$O&K&9#Q'&B5#&.( #'59?6&9#(
;$#&9#65B?(O5'6&?(H6#-(#-&(95#G'&($M(#-&(K$O&K&9#(69(aG&?#6$90(A$'(&V5K;B&T(-59.(K$O&K&9#?(5'&(2&9&'5BBI(
5""$K;596&.(%I(;&5J(;$#&9#65B?($O&'(#-&("$9#'5B5#&'5B(-&K6?;-&'&0(
@5?$9( 59.( 16'"-( 3)***7( -5O&( G?&.( K$#$'Q'&B5#&.( ;$#&9#65B?( 5?( #-&( %5?6?( $M( 5( 14UQ"$KKG96"5#6$9( ?I?#&K0(
,-&I(&K;-5?6]&.(G?&($M(5(14U(H6#-69(?G%Z&"#Q;5"&.(;5'5.62K?('5#-&'(#-59(5?(5('&?;$9?&(#$(59(&V#&'95B("G&0(
,-&I( '&M&'( #$( #-6?( G?&'Q696#65#&.( ;5'5.62K( 5?( 59( 5?I9"-'$9$G?( 14U0( ,'569692( 5( "B5??6M6&'( H6#-( 5( ?&BMQ;5"&.(
'&?;$9?&(6?(5("-5BB&92&T(?69"&(6#(6?(&6#-&'(9&"&??5'I(#$(5BB$H(5"#G5B(K$O&K&9#?($'(#$(;'$O6.&(?$K&(K&59?($M(
O&'6MI692(#-&(G?&'W?(69#&9#6$9?0(N?&($M($O&'#(K$O&K&9#?(6?(9$#(M&5?6%B&(H6#-(?&O&'&BI(K$#$'Q6K;56'&.(G?&'?0(
\&"&9#BIT(@5?$9(&#(5B0(3)**R7(-5O&(G?&.(5(?6;Q59.Q;GMM(?H6#"-(#$(O&'6MI(69#&9#(69(aG5.'6;B&26"(G?&'?0((
1B59J&'#]( &#( 5B0( 3)**S7( -5O&( G?&.( K$O&K&9#Q'&B5#&.( ;$#&9#65B?( '&?GB#692( M'$K( 5"#G5B( B&M#( 59.( '62-#( J&IQ
?#'$J&?0(,-&I(-5O&(?-$H9(#-5#(G?&MGB(69M$'K5#6$9(6?(5O56B5%B&(M'$K(#-&(?"5B;(;'6$'(#$(G?&MGB(69M$'K5#6$9(%&692(
5O56B5%B&(M'$K(#-&(P@<0(1B59J&'#](&#(5B0(3)**h57(-5O&(5B?$(.&K$9?#'5#&.(#-&(&V6?#&9"&($M(.&#&"#5%B&(K$#$'(
;$#&9#65B?(M'$K(;-59#$K(B6K%("$KK59.?('&"$'.&.(M'$K(;5#6&9#?(H6#-(5K;G#5#6$9?0(
@$#$'( ;$#&9#65B?( '&;'&?&9#( 5( ;$#&9#65B( '6"-( ?$G'"&( $M( 69M$'K5#6$9( #$( .'6O&( 5( 14U( "$KKG96"5#6$9( ?I?#&K0(
[$H&O&'T(#$(.5#&(#-&I(-5O&(9$#(%&&9(G?&.(&V#&9?6O&BI(69('&5BQ#6K&T("B$?&.QB$$;("$KKG96"5#6$9(?I?#&K?0(
Event-Related Synchronizations and Desynchronizations
1$#-(K$O&K&9#?(59.(K$#$'(6K52&'I(5'&(5""$K;596&.(%I("-592&?(69($?"6BB5#$'I(5"#6O6#I(#-5#("59(%&('&"$'.&.(
M'$K( #-&( ?"5B;0( =9( 69"'&5?&( 69( ?I9"-'$9$G?( 5"#6O6#I( 69( '&?;$9?&( #$( ?$K&( &O&9#( 6?( '&M&''&.( #$( 5?( 59( &O&9#Q
'&B5#&.( ?I9"-'$96]5#6$9( 3P\F7Y( 5( .&"'&5?&( 69( ?I9"-'$9$G?( 5"#6O6#I( 6?( '&M&''&.( #$( 5?( 59( &O&9#Q'&B5#&.(
.&?I9"-'$96]5#6$9(3P\>70(DMG'#?"-&BB&'(59.(-6?("$BB&52G&?(-5O&(;6$9&&'&.(#-&(?#G.I($M(#-&(%5?6"(?"6&9"&($M(
P\>fP\F( ;-&9$K&950( DMG'#?"-&BB&'( 59.( ='596%5'( 3bc++7( .&?"'6%&.( #-&( %5?6"( ;-&9$K&9$9( $M( P\>( 5?( 6#( 6?(
'&B5#&.(#$(K$#$'(K$O&K&9#?0(FG%?&aG&9#BIT(DMG'#?"-&BB&'(.&?"'6%&.(#-&(#$;$2'5;-6"(?;&"6M6"6#I($M(P\>(59.(
>&996?(80(@"A5'B59.(
+S
P\F(;-&9$K&95(3?&&(DMG'#?"-&BB&'(59.(_$;G?(.5(F6BO5(ybcccz(M$'(59(&V"&BB&9#('&O6&H70(A$'(&V5K;B&T('62-#Q($'(
B&M#Q-59.( K$O&K&9#?( 5'&( 5??$"65#&.( H6#-( .&?I9"-'$96]5#6$9( $M( KG( 5"#6O6#I( ;'&.$K6959#BI( $O&'( #-&(
"$9#'5B5#&'5B( ?"5B;0( A$$#( K$O&K&9#?( 5'&( 5??$"65#&.( H6#-( .&?I9"-'$96]5#6$9( ;'&.$K6959#BI( $O&'( #-&( "&9#'5B(
K6.B69&0(,-&?&($%?&'O5#6$9?(6BBG?#'5#&(-$H(P\>?(5'&(#$;$2'5;-6"5BBI('&B5#&.(#$(5'&5?($M(?&9?$'I(K$#$'("$'#&V(
5??$"65#&.( H6#-( #-&( ;5'#6"GB5'( K$O&K&9#( 69( aG&?#6$90( U9( 5..6#6$9T( DMG'#?"-&BB&'( 59.( _$;G?( .5( F6BO5( 3bccc7(
.&?"'6%&.( "&9#&'Q?G''$G9.( ;-&9$K&95( H-&'&( 5'&5?( B5#&'5B( $'( K&.65B( #$( ?&9?$'( K$#$'( 5'&5?( "$9#'$BB692( #-&(
K$O&K&9#(69(aG&?#6$9(5"#G5BBI(?-$H(59(69"'&5?&(69(KGQ'-I#-K(?I9"-'$96]5#6$9(3P\F70(
/$B;5H(&#(5B0(3bccb7(?-$H&.(#-5#(P\>Q'&B5#&.(;-&9$K&95("$GB.(%&(G?&.(M$'(5(14U(%5?&.($9(5(#H$Q#5'2&#T(
"G'?$'QK$O&K&9#( #5?J0( ,-&( KG( '-I#-K( -5?( 5B?$( %&&9( G?&.( M$'( #5?J?( 69O$BO692( KGB#6;B&( #5'2&#?( 69( $9&(
.6K&9?6$9( 3@"A5'B59.( &#( 5B0( )**S7T( 59?H&'692( aG&?#6$9?( 3@69&'( &#( 5B0( bcce7T( #H$Q.6K&9?6$95B( "G'?$'(
K$O&K&9#(3/$B;5H(59.(@"A5'B59.(bccR(59.()**R7T(?;&BB692(.&O6"&?(31B59J&'#](&#(5B0()**h5Y(F"-&'&'&#(&#(5B0(
)**R7T(59.("$9#'$B($M(59($'#-$?6?(3@GBB&'QDG#](&#(5B0()**d70((
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'-I#-K(?6295B0(\5K$?&'(&#(5B0(3)***7(?-$H&.(#-5#(59(&K;6'6"5BBI(.&'6O&.(?;5#65B(M6B#&'T('&M&''&.(#$(5?("$KK$9(
?;5#65B(;5##&'9?T(5B?$(6K;'$O&.(#-&(?6295BQ#$Q9$6?&('5#6$($M(KGQ'-I#-K("$9#'$B(?6295B?0((
@6B59(&#(5B0(3)**)7(59.(A5%6596(&#(5B0(3)**R7(?-$H&.(#-5#(69"'&5?692(#-&(9GK%&'($M(M&5#G'&?(G?&.(#$(.&M69&(5(
KGQ'-I#-KQ%5?&.("$9#'$B(?6295B(6K;'$O&.(#5'2&#(;'&.6"#6$9(%I(5("B5??6M6&'0(,-&?&(#H$T(59.($#-&'(?#G.6&?(3&020T(
.5#5("$K;&#6#6$9?T(?G"-(5?(#-5#(.&?"'6%&.(%I(1B59J&'#](&#(5B0(y)**R(59.()**h%z7T(-5O&(%&&9(%5?&.($9($MMB69&(
595BI?6?( $M( .5#5T( ?$( #-5#( 6#( 6?( 9$#( "&'#569( #-5#( #-&( '&?GB#?( $%#569&.( H$GB.( 2&9&'5B6]&( #$( 5"#G5B( $9B69&(
;&'M$'K59"&0(PV"&;#6$9?(5'&(?#G.6&?(%I(@"A5'B59.(59.(/$B;5H(3)**d7(59.(:'G?6&9?J6(&#(5B0(3)**+70(U9(#-&(
@"A5'B59.( 59.( /$B;5H( 3)**d7( ?#G.IT( '&2'&??6$9( K$.&B?( &O5BG5#&.( 69( $MMB69&( .5#5( ?&#?( H&'&( ?G%?&aG&9#BI(
5;;B6&.($9B69&( 69( '&5B( #6K&0( ,-&( $9B69&( '&?GB#?( '&;B6"5#&.( &MM&"#?( $%?&'O&.( 69( #-&( $MMB69&( ?6KGB5#6$9?0( U9( #-&(
?#G.I($M( :'G?6&9?J6( 59.( "$BB&52G&?( 3)**+7T( 5( K5#"-&.( M6B#&'( #-5#(H5?( M$G9.( #$($G#;&'M$'K( =\( K$.&B692( 69(
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STEADY-STATE EVOKED POTENTIALS
=##&9.&.(?#6KGB6( ;'&?&9#&.( 5#( 5( "$9?#59#('5#&( &9#'569("&'#569( %'569( '-I#-K?0( A$'(&V5K;B&T(H-&9( 69.6O6.G5B?(
5##&9.( #$( ?-$'#Q.G'5#6$9( O6?G5B( ?#6KGB6( ;'&?&9#&.( 5#( 5( ?#&5.I( '5#&( $M( bS( []T( '-I#-K?( 5;;&5'( $O&'( ;$?#&'6$'(
O6?G5B( 5'&5?( H6#-( 5( MG9.5K&9#5B( M'&aG&9"I( $M( bS( []( 59.( -5'K$96"?( $M( #-6?( MG9.5K&9#5B0( ,-6?( ?#&5.IQ?#5#&(
O6?G5BQ&O$J&.( ;$#&9#65B( 3FFEPD7( -5?( ?&'O&.( 5?( #-&( %5?6?( $M( ?&O&'5B( 14U( .&?629?0( @6..&9.$'M( &#( 5B0( 3)***7(
G?&.(5(FFEPDQ%5?&.(?I?#&K(#$(5BB$H(G?&'?(#$(?&B&"#($9&($M(#H$(O6'#G5B(%G##$9?(MB5?-692(5#(.6MM&'&9#('5#&?($9(5(
"$K;G#&'(?"'&&90(,-&(G?&'(?&B&"#&.(#-&(.&?6'&.(%G##$9(?6K;BI(%I(B$$J692(5#(6#0(@GBB&'QDG#](&#(5B0(3)**d7(G?&.(
59(FFEPDQ%5?&.(?I?#&K(#$(5BB$H(G?&'?(#$(?&B&"#($9&($M(M$G'(MB5?-692(B62-#?($9(5(O6.&$(?"'&&90(4-&92(&#(5B0(
3)**)7(G?&.(5(FFEPDQ%5?&.(?I?#&K(#$(5BB$H(G?&'?(#$(?&B&"#($9&($M(b)(%G##$9?(MB5?-692(5#(.6MM&'&9#('5#&?($9(5(
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8$9&?(&#(5B0(3)**S7("$K;5'&.(59(FFEPDQ%5?&.(?I?#&K(#$(?&B&"#6$9(H6#-(5(K$G?&0(,-&I(9$#&(#-5#(5B#-$G2-(#-&(
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-59.?(5'&(9$#(M'&&0(,-&?&("$9?6.&'5#6$9?(5;;BI(#$(G?&(%I(69.6O6.G5B?(H6#-$G#(K$#$'(6K;56'K&9#?0(,'&Z$(&#(5B0(
3)**h7(.&?629&.(5(FFEPDQ%5?&.(#H$Q.6K&9?6$95B("G'?$'QK$O&K&9#(?I?#&K(%5?&.($9(MB6"J&'692("-&"J&'%$5'.(
?#6KGB6(5#(&5"-(%$'.&'($M(#-&(?"'&&90((
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5""G'5"I($M("B5??6M6"5#6$90(
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,5"#6B&(?#6KGB6(-5O&(5B?$(%&&9(;'&?&9#&.(5#(5(?#&5.I('5#&(#$(;'$O6.&(#-&(%5?6?($M(5(?#&5.IQ?#5#&(?$K5#$?&9?$'IQ
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K$O&K&9#?0(
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P300 Evoked Potentials
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3>$9"-69(&#(5B0()***Y(A5'H&BB(59.(>$9"-69(bcee7(M6'?#('&;$'#&.(#-&(G?&($M(#-&(DS**(M$'(14U("$KKG96"5#6$90(
,-&6'( ;5'5.62K( 69O$BO&.( 5( h~h( K5#'6V( $M( 2'&I( ?IK%$B?( $9( 5( .5'J( %5"J2'$G9.0( \$H?( 59.( "$BGK9?( $M( #-&(
K5#'6V( H&'&( '59.$KBI( 69#&9?6M6&.0( =( DS**( H5?( ;'$.G"&.( H-&9( #-&( 5##&9.&.( '$H( $'( "$BGK9( MB5?-&.0( ,-&(
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ONLINE EVALUATIONS
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>&996?(80(@"A5'B59.(
++
PROSPECTS FOR PRACTICAL BCI COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
,-&'&(-5O&(%&&9(K59I(.&K$9?#'5#6$9?($M(;'$$M($M(;'69"6;B&(M$'(14U("$KKG96"5#6$9(.&O6"&?(G?692(5(O5'6&#I(
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>&O&B$;K&9#($M(;'5"#6"5B(14U("$KKG96"5#6$9(?I?#&K?(KG?#(.&5B(H6#-(#H$(K5Z$'(6??G&?0(!9&(6?(#-&(B6K6#&.(
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CHAPTER 8
COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL NEUROPROSTHESES
Walid V. Soussou and Theodore W. Berger
INTRODUCTION
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e0(4$296#6O&(59.(PK$#6$95B(L&G'$;'$?#-&?&?(
(
A62G'&(e0b0( \5?#&'(;B$#?(59.(;$?#?#6KGBG?(#6K&(-6?#$2'5K($M(9&G'$95B(?;6J&(5"#6O6#I(69(K$9J&I(;5'6&#5B(
'&5"-('&26$9(.G'692('&5"-692(3'&.7(59.(%'569("$9#'$B(3%B5"J7(#'65B?(3@G?5BB5K(&#(5B0()**R70(
,-&( B6K6#&.( 69M$'K5#6$9( "$9#&9#( $M( &B&"#'$&9"&;-5B$2'5K( 3PP<7( '&"$'.692?( M$'( '$%$#6"( "$9#'$B( "59( %&(
"$K;&9?5#&.( M$'( H6#-( ?G"-( "$K;5"#( .&"$.692( $M( 69#&9#( '5#-&'( #-59( K$O&K&9#( 3@6BBˆ9( )**+70( E&'I( -62-Q
M'&aG&9"I($?"6BB5#6$9?(69(?"5B;(PP<(-5O&(%&&9(.&K$9?#'5#&.(#$(&95%B&(5""G'5#&(.6?"'6K695#6$9($M(K$O&K&9#(
69#&9#(69(5(#H$Q"B5??("B5??6M6"5#6$9(#5?J0(3<$9]5B&](&#(5B0()**h7(
Expected Value
,-&(&V;&"#&.(O5BG&($M(59(5"#6$9("59(5B?$(%&(.&"$.&.(69(#-&(D\\?($M(K$9J&I?(.G'692(#-&6'(%'569("$9#'$B(#5?J?(
3@G?5BB5K(&#( 5B0()**R70(L&G'$9(M6'692(H5?(M$G9.(#$(69"'&5?&(?;5#65B(#G9692(.G'692(#5?J?(H-&9(#-&($G#"$K&(
H5?(;'&M&''&.T(H-&#-&'(69(#I;&T(;'$%5%6B6#IT($'(K5296#G.&($M('&H5'.(3A62G'&(e0)70(,-&(&V;&"#&.(O5BG&("$GB.(
#-G?( %&( .&"$.&.( ?6KGB#59&$G?BI( H6#-( #-&( 69#&9.&.( 2$5B( M'$K( #-&( ?5K&( 9&G'$9?0( >&"$.692( 59.( "B5??6MI692(
#-&?&( .&"6?6$9( O5'65%B&?( $M( &V;&"#&.( O5BG&( "$GB.( #-&'&M$'&( %&( G?&.( #$( "$KKG96"5#&( #-&( ;'&M&'&9"&?( 59.(
K$#6O5#6$9?($M(;5#6&9#?(H6#-(14U0(
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$'592&(ZG6"&(O?0(H5#&'Y(;'$%5%6B6#IX(*0e*(O?0(*0R*Y(K5296#G.&X(*0b)KB(O?0(*0*dKB0(,-&(.$H9(
.6'&"#6$9(6?(&5?6&'(#$(.6?#692G6?-(69(#-&(;'&M&''&.('&H5'.("$9.6#6$9?(3@G?5BB5K(&#(5B0()**R70(
Cognitive States
14U( G?&'?( K5I( -5O&( .6MM&'&9#( 9&&.?( .&;&9.692( $9( #-&6'( "$296#6O&( ?#5#&?( ?G"-( 5?( 5H5J&T( 5B&'#T( 5##&9#6O&T(
'&?#6O&T(M'G?#'5#&.T(;B599692(5(K$O&K&9#T($'(K$O6920(>&"$.692(#-&?&(?#5#&?("$GB.(;'$O6.&(G?&MGB(69M$'K5#6$9(
#$( 5( 14UQ"$9#'$BB&.( .&O6"&T( ?G"-( 5?( H-&#-&'( 59( 5"#6$9( H5?( 69#&9.&.( $'( 9$#T( $'( 6M( 59( &''$'( H5?( K5.&T( $'(
M&&.%5"J($9(#-&(#6K692($M(#-&(5"#6$90((
/5B6.(E0(F$G??$G(59.(,-&$.$'&(/0(1&'2&'(
eS
4$296#6O&(?#5#&("59(%&(?6KGB#59&$G?BI(.&"$.&.(H6#-(K$O&K&9#($'(2$5B(69M$'K5#6$9(M'$K(#-&(?5K&('&"$'.692(
&B&"#'$.&?0( U9( K$9J&I( &I&( ?5""5.&( &V;&'6K&9#?T( B$"5B( M6&B.( ;$#&9#65B?( 3_AD?7( H&'&( G?&.( #$( ?6KGB#59&$G?BI(
.&"$.&(#-&(2$5B(369#&9.&.(.6'&"#6$9($M(K$O&K&9#7(59.(?#5#&($M(#-&(5"#6$9(3;B599692(O?0(K$O&K&9#7(3D&?5'59(
&#( 5B0( )**h70( _AD?( H&'&( '&;$'#&.( #$( %&(%&##&'( #-59( ?;6J&( #'569?( M$'(.&"$.692( "$296#6O&( ?#5#&?( $M( #-&( 596K5BT(
H6#-(#-&(69M$'K5#6$9(5%$G#(?#5#&(%&692("5''6&.(5#(5(.6MM&'&9#(M'&aG&9"I(%59.(3*o)*([]7(#-59(#-&(69M$'K5#6$9(
5%$G#(2$5B(3)doc*([]70(_AD?(M'$K(D\\(&95%B&.(.6?"'6K695#6$9($M(M6O&(.6MM&'&9#("$296#6O&(?#5#&?X(5(%5?&B69&(
?#5#&T( ;B599692( 5( ?5""5.&T( &V&"G#692( 5( ?5""5.&T( ;B599692( 59( 5'K( '&5"-T( 59.( &V&"G#692( 59( 5'K( '&5"-(
3F"-&'%&'2&'(&#(5B0()**d70((
PP<( ?6295B?( 5B?$( "5''I( 69M$'K5#6$9( 5%$G#( 69#&9#( 59.( "$296#6O&( ?#5#&?( ?G"-( 5?( &''$'?T( 5B5'K?T( 5##&9#6$9T(
M'G?#'5#6$9T($'("$9MG?6$90(,-&(PN(;'$Z&"#(5#(FH6#]&'B59.W?(U>U=D(\&?&5'"-(U9?#6#G#&(3696#65BBI('&M&''&.(#$(5?(
uU9?#6#G#( >5BB&( @$BB&( .WU9#&BB62&9"&( ='#6M6"6&BB&( D&'"&;#6O&u7( #6#B&.( @&9#5B( =G2K&9#5#6$9( #-'$G2-(
.&#&'K695#6$9($M(U9#&9.&.(="#6$9(3@=U=7(3@6BBˆ9()**+7T(6?(-5'9&??692(?G"-(-62-&'QB&O&B("$296#6O&(?#5#&?(#$(
M69&Q#G9&( 14U( "$9#'$B( 59.( '&.G"&( .&"6?6$9K5J692( &''$'?0(,-&( 69O&?#625#$'?( -5O&( %&&9( 5%B&( #$( .6?"'6K695#&(
?692B&Q#'65B(PP<(&''$'(;$#&9#65B?(2&9&'5#&.(69('&?;$9?&(#$(.&"$.692(&''$'?(K5.&(%I(#-&(69#&'M5"&(31G##M6&B.(&#(
5B0()**h70(,-&?&(?6295B?("59(#-&9(%&(M&.(%5"J(#$(#-&(14U(#$("$''&"#(K6?#5J&?(59.(6K;'$O&(;&'M$'K59"&0(U9(#-&(
MG#G'&T(14U?(?-$GB.(%&(5%B&(#$(.&"6;-&'(K$'&("$296#6O&(;5'5K&#&'?T(69"BG.692(&K$#6$9?0(
EMOTIONAL COMPUTERS AND ROBOTS
PK$#6$9?( 5'&( -62-QB&O&B( "$296#6O&( ?#5#&?( #-5#( &9"$.&( ?G%Z&"#6O&( M&&B692?( #$( 5( ?6#G5#6$9( $'( &9O6'$9K&9#0( =?(
?G"-T(&K$#6$9?("59("5''I(B5'2&(5K$G9#?($M(69M$'K5#6$9(69(5("$K;5"#(M$'K0(A$'(&V5K;B&T(592&'($'(M'G?#'5#6$9(
5#("$9#69G&.(14U(&''$'?("$GB.(B&5.(#$(G?&'('&Z&"#6$9($M(5(?I?#&K0(=9(&K$#6$95BBI(5H5'&(14U(H$GB.T(-$H&O&'T(
'&5B6]&(#-&(6''6#5#6$9(59.(5.5;#(%I(5##&K;#692(#$(5.ZG?#(6#?($G#;G#0(,-&(5%6B6#I(#$(.&"$.&(&K$#6$95B(?#5#&?("$GB.(
#-&'&M$'&( &K;$H&'( 14U?( #$( 69#&'5"#( H6#-( #-&6'( G?&'?( 69( 5( ?#5#&Q.&;&9.&9#( K599&'( $'( #$( &V;'&??( #-&6'( G?&'?W(
&K$#6$9?($9(#-&6'(%&-5BM0((
,-&( [GK59Q@5"-69&( U9#&'5"#6$9( L&#H$'J( $9( PK$#6$9( 3[N@=ULP7( 3F"-'$&.&'( 59.( 4$H6&( )**+7T( 6?( 5(
"$9?$'#6GK($M(PN('&?&5'"-&'?(.&O&B$;692(?I?#&K?(#-5#("59('&26?#&'T(K$.&BT(59.(69MBG&9"&(-GK59(&K$#6$95B(
?#5#&?( 59.( ;'$"&??&?0( ,-&6'( &K$#6$9Q$'6&9#&.( "$K;G#692( 6?( %5?&.( $9( ;?I"-$%6$B$26"5B( 69O&?#625#6$9?( $M(
&K$#6$9( 59.( 6?( .&?629&.( #$( 69#&'M5"&( H6#-( -GK59( G?&'?( $9( 59( &K$#6$95B( B&O&B0( \$%$"5?5( 3,5J596?-6( &#( 5B0(
)**+7T(5("$BB5%$'5#6$9(%&#H&&9(#-&(F"G$B5(FG;&'6$'&(F59#W=995(69(U#5BI(59.(/5?&.5(N96O&'?6#I(69(85;59T(6?(
"'&5#692(&K$#6$95B(-GK59$6.('$%$#?(H6#-(&V;'&??6O&(2&?#G'&?T("5;5%B&($M(&V;'&??692(?&O&'5B(-GK59(&K$#6$9?(
H6#-(M5"&(59.(5'K?(3A62G'&(e0S7(3@6H5(&#(5B0()**)70(4$K%69692(#-&(5%6B6#I(#$(.&"$.&(&K$#6$9?(M'$K(PP<($'(
$#-&'(%'569('&"$'.692?(H6#-(?G"-(&K$#6$9Q$'6&9#&.("$K;G#692($'(&K$#6$95B('$%$#?(H$GB.(&95%B&(14U(G?&'?(#$(
&V;'&??(#-&6'(&K$#6$9?($'(&95%B&(#-&(14U(#$('&?;$9.(5;;'$;'65#&BI(#$(#-&(G?&'W?(&K$#6$95B(?#5#&0(
MEMORY PROSTHESES
,-&'&( 6?( $9BI( $9&( K5Z$'( 5##&K;#( #-5#( "59( %&( 6.&9#6M6&.( #$( .&O&B$;( 5( 9&G'5B( ;'$?#-&?6?( M$'( '&;B5"&K&9#( $M(
K&K$'I( MG9"#6$9( B$?#( .G&( #$( "&9#'5B( %'569( '&26$9( .5K52&( $'( .6?&5?&0( ,-5#( ;'$Z&"#( M6'?#( ?#5'#&.( 5#( #-&(
N96O&'?6#I($M(F$G#-&'9(45B6M$'965(3NF47(59.(9$H(69O$BO&?("$BB5%$'5#6O&(&MM$'#?(H6#-(/5J&(A$'&?#(N96O&'?6#I(
3/AN7(59.(#-&(N96O&'?6#I($M(:&9#G"JI(3N:70(,-&(;'$Z&"#(M$"G?&?($9(#-&(-6;;$"5K;G?T(#-&(;5'#($M(#-&(%'569(
'&?;$9?6%B&(M$'(B$92Q#&'K(K&K$'6&?0(4$K;'$K6?&.(?#'G"#G'5B(59.(MG9"#6$95B(;'$;&'#6&?($M(#-&(-6;;$"5K;G?(
5'&( "$9?6?#&9#BI( 5??$"65#&.( H6#-( ?#'$J&T( &;6B&;?IT( 59.( =B]-&6K&'W?( .6?&5?&0( D5#6&9#?( H6#-( ?&O&'&BI( .5K52&.(
-6;;$"5K;6(5'&(69"5;5%B&($M(M$'K692(9&H(B$92Q#&'K(K&K$'6&?T(B&5O692(#-&K(-62-BI(.&;&9.&9#($9(M5K6BI($'(
-&5B#-(?#5MM(#$(K5952&(.56BI(B6M&0((
,-&( 2$5B( 6?( #$( '&;B5"&( .5K52&.( '&26$9?( $M( #-&( -6;;$"5K;G?( H6#-( K6"'$"-6;Q%5?&.( ?I?#&K?( #-5#( K6K6"( #-&(
MG9"#6$95B( ;'$;&'#6&?( $M( #-&( B$?#( #6??G&( 31&'2&'( &#( 5B0( )**b70( ,-&( '&;B5"&K&9#( ?6B6"$9( ?I?#&K?( H$GB.( -5O&(
MG9"#6$95B(;'$;&'#6&?(?;&"6M6"(#$(#-$?&($M(#-&(.5K52&.(-6;;$"5K;5B("&BB?T(59.(H$GB.(%$#-('&"&6O&(5?(69;G#?(
59.( ?&9.( 5?( $G#;G#?( &B&"#'6"5B( 5"#6O6#I( #$( '&26$9?( $M( #-&( %'569( H6#-( H-6"-( #-&( -6;;$"5K;G?( ;'&O6$G?BI(
"$KKG96"5#&.(3A62G'&(e0R70(
(
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e0(4$296#6O&(59.(PK$#6$95B(L&G'$;'$?#-&?&?(
(
A62G'&(e0S0(F&O&9(&K$#6$9?(&V;'&??&.(%I(/PQR\UU(-GK59$6.('$%$#0(
(
(
A62G'&(e0R0( 4$9"&;#(M$'(5("$'#6"5B(;'$?#-&?6?(#-5#(G#6B6]&?(5(%6$K6K&#6"(K$.&B($M(-6;;$"5K;5B(MG9"#6$9(
59.(%I;5??&?(.5K52&.('&26$9?($M(#-5#(?#'G"#G'&(#$('&?#$'&(B$92Q#&'K(K&K$'I(M$'K5#6$90(
F;&"6M6"5BBIT(KGB#6?6#&(&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?(H$GB.('&"$'.(5"#6O6#I($M(9&G'$95B(;$;GB5#6$9?(#-5#(9$'K5BBI(;'$O6.&(
69;G#(#$(#-&(.5K52&.('&26$9(59.(#'59?K6#(#-5#(69M$'K5#6$9(#$(#-&(l%6$K6K&#6"m(;'$?#-&#6"(.&O6"&0(=(?&"$9.(
?&#($M(KGB#6?6#&(&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?(H$GB.(#'59?K6#(#-&($G#;G#(M'$K(#-&(%6$K6K&#6"(.&O6"&(#$(%'569('&26$9?(#-5#(
9$'K5BBI('&"&6O&(&MM&'&9#?(M'$K(#-&(.5K52&.('&26$9T(59.(5?(&B&"#'6"5B(?#6KGB5#6$9T(H$GB.(.'6O&(#-$?&(#5'2&#(
'&26$9?( #$( #-&( '&aG6'&.( $G#;G#( ?#5#&0( ,-G?T( #-&( ;'$?#-&?6?( H$GB.( '&;B5"&( #-&( "$K;G#5#6$95B( MG9"#6$9( $M( #-&(
.5K52&.( '&26$9( $M( -6;;$"5K;G?( 59.( '&?#$'&( #-&( #'59?K6??6$9( $M( #-5#( "$K;G#5#6$95B( '&?GB#( #$( 5;;'$;'65#&(
'&26$9?($M(#-&(%'5690(
/5B6.(E0(F$G??$G(59.(,-&$.$'&(/0(1&'2&'(
ed
Proof of Concept in the Hippocampal Slice
<6O&9( #-&( "$K;B&V6#I( $M( #-6?( #5?JT( #-&( M6'?#( ?#&;( #5J&9( H5?( #$( 5##&K;#( 5( l;'$$M( $M( "$9"&;#m( 69( 5( '&.G"&.(
;'&;5'5#6$9($M(#-&('5#(-6;;$"5K;G?(o(#-&(-6;;$"5K;5B(?B6"&0(,-&(%5?6"($%Z&"#6O&(6?(6BBG?#'5#&.(69(A62G'&(e0d0(
,-&( K5Z$'( 69#'69?6"( "6'"G6#'I( $M( #-&( -6;;$"5K;G?( "$9?6?#?( $M( 59(&V"6#5#$'I("5?"5.&($M(#-&( .&9#5#&T( 4=ST(59.(
4=b( ?G%'&26$9?( 3.&9#5#&!4=S!4=b7( 3A62G'&( e0d=7( 59.( 6?( K569#569&.( 69( 5( #'59?O&'?&( ?B6"&( ;'&;5'5#6$90( !G'(
;'$$MQ$MQ"$9"&;#(-6;;$"5K;5B(;'$?#-&?6?("$9?6?#?($M(367(?G'26"5BBI(&B6K695#692(#-&(4=S(?G%'&26$9Y(3667('&;B5"692(
#-&( %6$B$26"5B( 4=S( H6#-( 5( E_FUQ%5?&.( K$.&B( $M( #-&(9$9B69&5'( .I95K6"?( $M( 4=S( 3A62G'&( e0d1( 59.( 47Y( 59.(
36667(#-'$G2-( 5( ?;&"65BBI( .&?629&.( KGB#6?6#&( &B&"#'$.&( 5''5IT( #'59?K6##692( .&9#5#&( $G#;G#( #$( #-&( E_FU( K$.&B( 59.(
#'59?M&''692( E_FUQK$.&B( $G#;G#( #$( #-&( 69;G#?( $M( 4=b( 3A62G'&( e0d470( ,-&( .&M696#6$9( $M( 5( ?G""&??MGB(
6K;B&K&9#5#6$9( $M( #-&( ;'$?#-&?6?( 6?( #-&( ;'$;525#6$9( $M( #&K;$'5B( ;5##&'9?( $M( 5"#6O6#I( M'$K( .&9#5#&!E_FU(
K$.&B!4=bT(H-6"-('&;'$.G"&?(H-5#(6?($%?&'O&.(&V;&'6K&9#5BBI(69(#-&(%6$B$26"5B(.&9#5#&!4=S!4=b("6'"G6#0((
(
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-6;;$"5K;G?0(\62-#X(F#'5#&2I(M$'('&;B5"692(?G%M6&B.(4=S($M(#-&(-6;;$"5K;G?(H6#-(5(
E_FUQ%5?&.(K$.&B($M(4=S(9$9B69&5'(.I95K6"?0((
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#-&( "$'&( $M( #-&( ;'$?#-&?6?( 6?( 5( 9$9B69&5'( .I95K6"( K$.&B( $M( 4=S0( ,-6?( K$.&B( G#6B6]&?( 5( "$K%69&.(
&V;&'6K&9#5BQ#-&$'&#6"5B( 5;;'$5"-( #$( "5;#G'&( #-&( 69;G#Q$G#;G#( ;'$;&'#6&?( $M( #-&( 9&G'5B( ?I?#&K( ?#G.6&.0( =9(
6K;$'#59#(5??GK;#6$9(6?(#-5#(69M$'K5#6$9(6?("5''6&.(69(#-&(#6K&(%&#H&&9(?;6J&?T(60&0T(69(5(#&K;$'5B(;5##&'9T(?$(
#-5#( #-&( '&?;$9?&( $M( 5( 26O&9( 9&G'$9( .&;&9.?( 9$#( ZG?#( $9( #-&( K$?#( "G''&9#( 69;G#T( %G#( 5B?$( $9( #-&( #6K&( ?69"&(
;'6$'( 69;G#?0( A$'( "-5'5"#&'6]5#6$9( $M( #-&( -6;;$"5K;G?T( #-&( NF4Q/ANQN:( 69O&?#625#$'?( &B&"#'6"5BBI(
?#6KGB5#&.(#-&(69;G#?(#$(#-&(.&9#5#&(H6#-(5('59.$K(69#&'O5B(6K;GB?&(#'569(59.(?6KGB#59&$G?BI('&"$'.&.($G#;G#?(
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CHAPTER 9
RESEARCH ORGANIZATION-FUNDING, TRANSLATIONCOMMERCIALIZATION, AND EDUCATION-TRAINING ISSUES
Theodore W. Berger
BCI RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND FUNDING
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PG'$;&59( 4$KK6??6$90( )**d0( Information society technologies: IST workprogramme for 2003 and 20040( =O56B5%B&(
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PG'$;&59( \$%$#6"?( F&5'"-( L&#H$'J( 3PN\!L70( 90.0( Where to find EURON members( 3H&%?6#&( 59.( K5;7X(
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APPENDIX A. BIOGRAPHIES OF PANELISTS AND DELEGATION MEMBERS
Theodore W. Berger (Panel Chair)
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John K. Chapin (Panelist)
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Greg A. Gerhardt (Panelist)
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Dennis J. McFarland (Panelist)
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José C. Principe((Panelist)
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Dawn M. Taylor (Panelist)
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Patrick A. Tresco (Panelist)
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Walid V. Soussou (Associate Panelist)
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Semahat S. Demir((Lead Sponsor)
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Hassan B. Ali (WTEC Project Manager)
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Gerald Hane (WTEC Advance Contractor)
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Grant Lewison (WTEC Advance Contractor)
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APPENDIX B. SITE REPORTS—EUROPE
Site:
Aalborg University
Department of Health Science and Technology
Fredrik Bajersvej 7D
DK 9220
Aalborg, Denmark
http://www.hst.aau.dk
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Date Visited:(
@5I()cT()**h(
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WTEC Attendees:( D0(,'&?"$(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T([0(=B6T(80(4-5;69T(F0(>&K6'T(80(D'69"6;&(
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BACKGROUND
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
F#'6J692(M&5#G'&?($M(#-6?(.&;5'#K&9#(H&'&(#-&(-62-(.&2'&&($M(69#&2'5#6$9($M(#-&(B5%?T(#-&("$92&965B(5#K$?;-&'&(
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69#&'5"#6$9(H6#-(69.G?#'I(59.(9&#H$'J692(H6#-($#-&'('&?&5'"-(69?#6#G#6$9?(59.($'2596]5#6$9T(%$#-(H6#-69(59.(
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REFERENCES
=5B%$'2(N96O&'?6#I(H&%?6#&T(-##;XffHHH0-?#055G0.J(35""&??&.(8GBI(b*T()**h70((
4&9#&'(M$'(F&9?$'IQ@$#$'(U9#&'5"#6$9(3F@U7(H&%?6#&T(-##;XffHHH0?K605G"0.Jf(35""&??&.(8GBI(b*T()**h70((
L5?"6K&9#$T(!0A0T(H&%?6#&T(-##;Xff$K5'095?"6K&9#$0.Jf(35""&??&.(8GBI(b*T()**h70(
^$?-6.5T(:0T(H&%?6#&T(-##;XffHHH0?K60-?#055G0.Jfp+PJIf(35""&??&.(8GBI(b*T()**h70((
=;;&9.6V(10(F6#&(\&;$'#?tPG'$;&(
Site:
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bbS
Berlin Brain-Computer Interface
http://www.bbci.de(
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Fraunhofer-Institute for Computer Architecture and Software Technology
Intelligent Data Analysis Group
Kekuléstrasse 7
Berlin, Germany
http://www.first.fhg.de/
Charité University of Medicine Berlin
Campus Benjamin Franklin
Hindenburgdamm 30
Berlin, Germany
http://www.charite.de/international/
Date Visited:((
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BACKGROUND
Site Structure and Organization
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Educational Environment and Infrastructure
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Funding Sources and Commercialization
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Short- and Long-Term Scientific Goals
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Tools and Methods Used and Sources
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Preprocessing
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Past Performance: Public Relations and Publications
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Scientific and Technological Challenges and Solutions
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Competitive Advantages
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REFERENCES
1B59J&'#]T(10T(<0(>$'9-&2&T(40(F"-5M&'T(\0(:'&;J6T(80(:$-BK$'2&9T(:0(\0(@GBB&'T(E0(:G9]K599T(A0(_$?"-T(59.(<0(4G'6$0(
)**S0(1$$?#692(%6#('5#&?(59.(&''$'(.&#&"#6$9(M$'(#-&("B5??6M6"5#6$9($M(M5?#Q;5"&.(K$#$'("$KK59.?(%5?&.($9(?692B&Q#'65B(
PP<(595BI?6?0(IEEE Trans. Neural Sys.t Rehabil. Eng. bbXb)+oSb0(
>$'9-&2&T( <0T( 10( 1B59J&'#]T( <0( 4G'6$T( 59.( :0\0( @GBB&'0( )**R0( 1$$?#692( %6#( '5#&?( 69( 9$969O5?6O&( PP<( ?692B&Q#'65B(
"B5??6M6"5#6$9?(%I(M&5#G'&("$K%695#6$9(59.(KGB#6"B5??(;5'5.62K?0(IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. dbXccSob**)0(
1B59J&'#](10T(:0\0(@GBB&'T(<0(4G'6$T(,0@0(E5G2-59T(<0(F"-5BJT(80\0(/$B;5HT(=0(F"-B$2BT(40(L&G;&'T(<0(DMG'#?"-&BB&'T(
,0([69#&'%&'2&'T( @0( F"-'$.&'T( 59.( L0( 16'%5GK&'0( )**R0( ,-&( 14U( "$K;&#6#6$9( )**SX( D'$2'&??( 59.( ;&'?;&"#6O&?( 69(
.&#&"#6$9(59.(.6?"'6K695#6$9($M(PP<(?692B&(#'65B?0 IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. dbXb*RRodb0(
A'5G9-$M&'Q<&?&BB?"-5M#0( )**d0(Annual report( 20050( =O56B5%B&( $9B69&( 5#( -##;XffHHH0M'5G9-$M&'0.&fM-2fPLf;G%B6"5#6$9?f(
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Site:
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Date Visited:(
bbc
Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)
CEA-Fontenay aux Roses
Boite Postale 6
F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses Cedex
http://www-list.cea.fr/
@5I(S*T()**h(
WTEC Attendees:(( 80(D'69"6;&(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(80(4-5;69T(F0(>&K6'T(D0(,'&?"$T([0(=B60(
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BACKGROUND
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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Site:
CNRS/Collège de France Physiology of Perception and Action Laboratory
11, Place Marcelin Berthelot
75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
http://www.college-de-france.fr/chaires/chaire8/EN/
Date Visited:((
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BACKGROUND
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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5""GK%&9?(6K;56'('5#?(69(M69.692(B5'2&'('&H5'.?T(%G#(?;5'&('&H5'.Q?&&J692(%&-5O6$'0(Behav. Brain. Res.(bb+X(b+SobeS0(
1&'#-$](=0T(U0(U?'5&BT(D0(<&$'2&?QA'59"$6?T(\0(<'5??$T(59.(,0(,?G]GJG0bccd0(F;5#65B(K&K$'I($M(%$.I(B69&5'(.6?;B5"&K&9#X(
H-5#(6?(%&692(?#$'&.q(Science()hccXcdoce0(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
,-&(PN(+#-(A'5K&H$'J(;'$2'5K(3)**+o)*bS7(H6BB(-5O&(%'569('&?&5'"-(5?(5(;'6$'6#IT(5""$'.692(#$(>'0(4G;&'?0(
,-&( M$"G?( K62-#( %&( K$'&( 69( 9&G'$69M$'K5#6"?T( 9&G'5B( 9&#H$'J692T( 59.( .5#5%5?692( $M( #-&( %'5690( !P4>(
3!'2596?5#6$9(M$'(P"$9$K6"(59.(4$KK&'"65B(>&O&B$;K&9#7(69(D5'6?(6?(5B?$(;B5"692(9&G'$69M$'K5#6"?(5?($9&(
$M( #-&( MG#G'&( 5'&5?0( ,-&( P4( ?G;;$'#?( %G#( -5?( 9$#( ?629&.( #-&( K&K$'59.GK( $M( G9.&'?#59.6920( ,-&( PN( +#-(
A'5K&H$'J( D'$2'5KK&( H6BB( 5B?$( MG9.( 69O&?#625#$'Q696#65#&.( 2'59#?Y( #-&( PN( h#-( A'5K&H$'J( 69"BG.&.( K$'&(
"$9#'5"#Q%5?&.( MG9.6920( \&?&5'"-( M$'( h#-( A'5K&H$'J( 3)**)o)**h7( -5.( 5( %G.2&#( $M( Šb+0d( %6BB6$9( M$'( M$G'(
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Site:
Graz University of Technology
Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces
Institute for Knowledge and Discovery
8010 Graz, Austria
http://bci.tugraz.at
Date Visited:(
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WTEC Attendees:(
(
Host:(
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BACKGROUND
,-&(_5%$'5#$'I($M(1'569Q4$K;G#&'(U9#&'M5"&?(314U7(6?(69(#-&(U9?#6#G#&(M$'(:9$HB&.2&(>6?"$O&'I(5#(#-&(<'5](
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DG%@&.T($M(H-6"-(5#(B&5?#(de(5'&(.6'&"#BI("$9"&'9&.(H6#-(14U0(4G''&9#(MG9.&.(;'$Z&"#?('&B5#&.(#$(14U(69"BG.&(
D'&?&9""65T(PI&Q#$QU,T(59.(>6'&"#(1'569(U9#&'M5"&0((
,-&(D'&?&9""65(;'$Z&"#("$9?6?#?($M(#-'&&(;5'#?0(,-&?&(5'&(.&O&B$;692(?#'5#&26&?(59.(.&?629?(M$'(5?I9"-'$9$G?(
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Research and Development Activities
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5##&9#6$9(;'$%B&K?7T(;&'?$9(6.&9#6M6"5#6$9T(59.(95O625#6$9(69(O6'#G5B(&9O6'$9K&9#?0((
,-&'&(5'&(?&O&'5B(;$#&9#65B("$9#'$B(M&5#G'&?(#-5#("59(%&(.&'6O&.(M'$K(#-&(?G'M5"&(PP<0(,-&?&(69"BG.&(#-&(DS**(
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?I9"-'$96]5#6$9?(3P\>fP\F70(,-&(<'5](14U(2'$G;(?;&"65B6]&?(69(#-&(G?&($M(P\>fP\F0(=?(#-&(;6$9&&'?(69(
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CONCLUSIONS
,-&( <'5]( 2'$G;( -5?( 59( 5"#6O&( '&?&5'"-( ;'$2'5K( K569BI( "$9"&'9&.( H6#-( #-&( .&O&B$;K&9#( $M( 9$969O5?6O&(
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REFERENCES
@GBB&'QDG#]T( <0\0T( \0( F"-&'&'T(40( 1'5G9&6?T( 59.( <0( DMG'#?"-&BB&'0( )**d0( F#&5.IQ?#5#&( O6?G5B( &O$J&.( ;$#&9#65B( 3FFEPD7Q
%5?&.("$KKG96"5#6$9X(6K;5"#($M(-5'K$96"(M'&aG&9"I("$K;$9&9#?0(Journal of Neural Engineering()Xb)SobS*0(
L&G;&'(40T(\0(F"-&'&'T(@0(\&69&'T(59.(<0(DMG'#?"-&BB&'0()**d0(UK52&'I($M(K$#$'(5"#6$9?X(.6MM&'&9#65B(&MM&"#?($M(J69&?#-&#6"(
59.(O6?G5BQK$#$'(K$.&($M(6K52&'I(69(?692B&Q#'65B(PP<0(Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research )dXhheoh++0(
DMG'#?"-&BB&'T(<0T(59.(=0(='596%5'0(bc+c0(PO5BG5#6$9($M(&O&9#Q'&B5#&.(.&?I9"-'$96]5#6$9(3P\>7(;'&"&&.692(59.(M$BB$H692(
O$BG9#5'I(?&BMQ;5"&.(K$O&K&9#0(Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology(RhXbSeobRh0(
DMG'#?"-&BB&'T(<0T(59.(A0[0(_$;&?(>5(F6BO50(bccc0(PO&9#Q'&B5#&.(PP<f@P<(?I9"-'$96]5#6$9(59.(.&?I9"-'$96]5#6$9X(%5?6"(
;'69"6;B&?0(Clinical Neurophysiology(bb*XbeR)obed+0(
DMG'#?"-&BB&'T(<0T(\0(_&&%T(40(:&69'5#-T(>0(A'6&.K59T(40(L&G;&'T(40(<G2&'T(59.(@0(FB5#&'0()**h0(/5BJ692(M'$K(#-$G2-#0(
Brain Research b*+bXbRdobd)0(
DMG'#?"-&BB&'T( <0T( <0\0( @GBB&'QDG#]T( =0( F"-B$2BT( 10( <'56K599T( \0( F"-&'&'T( \0( _&&%T( 40( 1'G99&'T( 40( :&69'5#-T( \0( _&&T(
<0(,$H9?&9.T( 40( E6.5G''&T( 59.( 40( L&G;&'0( )**h0( bd( ^&5'?( $M( 14U( '&?&5'"-( 5#( <'5]( N96O&'?6#I( $M( ,&"-9$B$2IX(
4G''&9#(;'$Z&"#?0(IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Research(bRX)*do)b*0(
=;;&9.6V(10(F6#&(\&;$'#?tPG'$;&(
Site:
Guger Technologies OEG, “g.tec”
Herbersteinstrasse 60
8020 Graz, Austria
http://www.gtec.at
Date Visited:(
@5I()cT()**h(
b)c
WTEC Attendees:( <0(<&'-5'.#(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(,0(1&'2&'T(>0(@"A5'B59.T(>0(,5IB$'T(/0(F$G??$GT(
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Hosts:(
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,&BX(…RS(Sbh(h+d(b*hY(A5VX(…RS(Sbh(h+d(b*h(ScY(PK56BX($MM6"&Œ2#&"05#((
BACKGROUND
,-&(;'6O5#&("$K;59I(20#&"(H5?(M$G9.&.(69(bccc(%I(>'0(4-'6?#$;-(<G2&'(59.(>'0(<n9#&'(P.B692&'T(H-$(H&'&(
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69"BG.&T( %G#( 5'&( 9$#( B6K6#&.( #$T( ?&9?$'?( 59.( &B&"#'$.&?T( "$K;G#&'Q"$9#'$BB&.( '&"$'.692( ?I?#&K?T(
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4$K;G#&'(U9#&'M5"&(#&"-9$B$2I0((
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"&( 5;;B6"5#6$9?( 69O$BO692( PP<T( P4$<T( P@<T( P!<T( 59.( P4<( 5K;B6M6&'( #&"-9$B$2I0( ,-&(
"$K;59I( .&O&B$;?( 59.( .6?#'6%G#&?( #&"-9$B$26&?( M$'( B5%$'5#$'I( 59.( K$%6B&( 5;;B6"5#6$9?0( U#?( -5'.H5'&(
#&"-9$B$26&?(69O$BO692(595B$2(.5#5(5"aG6?6#6$9(5'&(?$K&($M(#-&(M69&?#(69(#-&(M6&B.T(59.(6#?(B$HQ9$6?&(5K;B6M6&'(
#&"-9$B$2I( '592692( M'$K( eohR( "-599&B?( 5'&( G?&.( %I( 5( B5'2&( 9GK%&'( $M( B5%$'5#$'6&?( 69( #-&( M6&B.( $M( %'569Q
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Electrodes and Electrode Technologies
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9$6?&('5#6$(5"-6&O5%B&(M'$K(H&#(&B&"#'$.&(#&"-9$B$2I0(U9(;5'#6"GB5'T(#-&(&B&"#'$.&("5;(.&?629('&aG6'&?(?$K&(
&V#'5( #6K&( M$'( 5##5"-K&9#( $M( &B&"#'$.&?T( %G#( 5"-6&O&?( &V"&BB&9#( ?6295BQ#$Q9$6?&( "-5'5"#&'6?#6"?0( ,-6?( -62-BI(
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Amplifier Technology
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Software
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.5#5( ;'$"&??692T( ?6295B( 595BI?6?T( ?#6KGB5#6$9T( 59.( "$9.G"#692( 1'569Q4$K;G#&'( U9#&'M5"&( #&"-9$B$26&?0( =?( 5(
@5#-/$'J?&( ;5'#9&'T( 20#&"( ;'$O6.&?( ?$M#H5'&( .&O&B$;&.( 69( "$9ZG9"#6$9( H6#-( @=,_=1&( 59.( F6KGB69J&(
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M$'('&"$'.692(;'$"&??692(59.(.5#5(595BI?6?($M(5(H6.&('592&($M(PP<Q?6295B(5"#6O6#I0(4B&5'BIT(20#&"(6?($9&($M(#-&(
K5Z$'(.&O&B$;&'?($M(69#&2'5#&.(?I?#&K?(M$'(1'569Q4$K;G#&'(U9#&'M5"&(#&"-9$B$2I(69O$BO692(PP<(59.('&B5#&.(
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Future Hardware Development
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K5I(&V;59.(20#&"(69#$(#-&(M6&B.($M(KGB#6;B&Q?692B&QG96#('&"$'.692(M$'(K$'&(69O5?6O&('&"$'.692?(?G"-(5?(P4$<(
59.( KGB#6;B&Q?692B&QG96#( &B&"#'$.&( '&"$'.692?0( ,-&( "$K;59I( 6?( 5B?$( H$'J692( $9( 5( H6'&B&??( PP<( "5;(
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696#65#6O&?( 69( =G?#'65T( F;569T( <&'K59IT( #-&( N96#&.( F#5#&?( 369"BG.692( L=F=( _592B&I7T( U?'5&BT( 59.( $#-&'?0(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
=G?#'65W?( 20#&"( 6?( $9&( $M( #-&( K5Z$'( .&O&B$;&'?( $M( ?I?#&K?( M$'( 9$969O5?6O&( 59.( 69O5?6O&( %'569Q"$K;G#&'(
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59.('&;'&?&9#(?$K&($M(#-&(K$?#(G96aG&(;'$.G"#?($9(#-&(K5'J&#(M$'(M'&&BI(K$O692(K&5?G'&?($M(14U(?6295B?0(
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Site:
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Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Am Klopferspitz 18
D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
http://www.biochem.mpg.de/en/
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Date Visited:(
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WTEC Attendees:(( <0(<&'-5'.#(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(>0(@"A5'B59.T(>0(,5IB$'T(,0(1&'2&'T(/0(F$G??$GT(
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BACKGROUND
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5""$KK$.5#&(?#G.&9#?0(1&"5G?&(-&'&(5'&(M&H("$G'?&?(5#(#-&(U9?#6#G#&T(K59I(?#G.&9#?(KG?#(M69.(5(G96O&'?6#I(
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Funding Sources and Commercialization
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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Slices
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Scientific and Technological Challenges and Solutions
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Competitive Advantages Compared to the World
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KGB#6#'59?6?#$'(5''5I('&"$'.692?($M(&B&"#'6"5B(M6&B.(;$#&9#65B?(69("GB#G'&.(%'569(?B6"&?0(J. Neurophysiol. (chXbhSeobhRd(
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Review Letters(chX))eb*)0(
/5BB'5;;T( A0T( 59.( D0( A'$K-&']0( )**h0( ,6!)( 59.( [M!)( 69( &B&"#'$BI#&Q$V6.&Q?6B6"$9( "$9M62G'5#6$9( M$'( 5;;B6"5#6$9?( 69(
%6$&B&"#'$96"?0(J. Appl. Phys.(ccXbbRb*S0((
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Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen
and Retina Implant GmbH
Markwiesenstrasse 55
72770 Reutlingen, Germany
http://www.nmi1.de//en/index.php
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BACKGROUND
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Educational Environment and Infrastructure
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Funding Sources and Commercialization
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Industrial Collaborations
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Academic Collaborations
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Regulatory and Political Environment
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Short- and Long-Term Scientific Goals
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Tools and Methods Used and Scientific and Technological Challenges and Solutions
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Past Performance: Patents, PR, and Publications
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Competitive Advantages Compared to the World
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REFERENCES
P2&'#T( N0( )**d0( D&'M$'5#&.( K6"'$&B&"#'$.&( 5''5I?( $;#6K6]&( $VI2&9( 5O56B5%6B6#I( 59.( ?6295BQ#$Q9$6?&( '5#6$( 69( %'569( ?B6"&(
'&"$'.692?0(D'&?&9#&.(5#(@6J'$?I?#&K#&"-9$B$26&(:$92'&??T(A'&6%G'20(
P2&'#T( N0T( 10( F"-B$??-5G&'T( F0( A&99'6"-T( /0( L6?"-T( @0( A&Z#BT( ,0( :9$##T( ,0( @GBB&'T( 59.( [0( [5KK&'B&0( bcce0( =( 9$O&B(
$'259$#I;6"(B$92Q#&'K("GB#G'&($M(#-&('5#(-6;;$"5K;G?($9(?G%?#'5#&Q69#&2'5#&.(KGB#6&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?0(Brain Res. Brain
Res. Protoc.()X))coR)0(
859.&'?T(@0T(N0(P2&'#T(@0(F#&B]B&T(59.(/0(L6?"-0(bcch0(L$O&B(#-69(M6BK(#6#596GK(96#'6.&(K6"'$&B&"#'$.&?(H6#-(&V"&BB&9#(
"-5'2&(#'59?M&'("5;5%6B6#I(M$'("&BB(?#6KGB5#6$9(59.(?&9?692(5;;B6"5#6$9?0(D'&?&9#5#6$9(5#(#-&(be#-(=99G5B(U9#&'95#6$95B(
4$9M&'&9"&($M(#-&(UPPP(P9269&&'692(69(@&.6"69&(59.(16$B$2I(F$"6&#IT(=K?#&'.5K0(
L@U(=99G5B(\&;$'#()**dX(-##;XffHHH09K60.&fL@UQ.$H9B$5.fDG%B6J5#6$9&9fL@UQ<1QPQU9#&'9&#Q\b0;.M0(
\&#695(UK;B59#(H&%?6#&T(-##;XffHHH0&I&Q"-6;0"$K((
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bccc0(459(?G%'&#695B(K6"'$;-$#$.6$.&?(?G""&??MGBBI('&;B5"&(.&2&9&'5#&.(;-$#$'&"&;#$'?q(Vision Res.(ScX)dddoh+0(
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Site:
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Multi Channel Systems (MCS)
Aspenhaustrasse 21
72770 Reutlingen, Germany
http://www.multichannelsystems.com(
Date Visited:(
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BACKGROUND
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Educational Environment and Infrastructure
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Funding Sources and Commercialization
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6?( 5( ;5'#9&'( 69( '&?&5'"-( 59.( ;'$O6.&?( H$'J( #6K&( 5?( H&BB( 5?( &B&"#'$96"?( #$( ?G;;$'#( 6#?( "$BB5%$'5#$'?0( @$?#(
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Industrial Collaborations
F&O&'5B( @4F( ;'$.G"#?( H&'&( .&O&B$;&.( H6#-( 69.G?#'65B( "$BB5%$'5#6$9?T( ?G"-( 5?( #-&( \$%$$"I#&( "$BB5%$'5#6$9(
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3[$G?#$9T(,&V5?T(NF=7T(59.(#-&(H6'&B&??(;$H&'(?G;;BI(H6#-(\&#695(UK;B59#(3\&G#B692&9T(<&'K59I70(
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Academic Collaborations
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Short- and Long-Term Scientific Goals
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Scientific and Technological Challenges and Solutions
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REFERENCES
P2&'#( N0( )**d0( D&'M$'5#&.( K6"'$&B&"#'$.&( 5''5I?( $;#6K6]&( $VI2&9( 5O56B5%6B6#I( 59.( ?6295BQ#$Q9$6?&( '5#6$( 69( %'569( ?B6"&(
'&"$'.692?0(D'&?&9#&.(5#(@6J'$?I?#&K#&"-9$B$26&(:$92'&??T(A'&6%G'20((
P2&'#( N0T( 10( F"-B$??-5G&'T( F0( A&99'6"-T( /0( L6?"-T( @0( A&Z#BT( ,0( :9$##T( ,0( @GBB&'T( 59.( [0( [5KK&'B&0( bcce0( =( 9$O&B(
$'259$#I;6"(B$92Q#&'K("GB#G'&($M(#-&('5#(-6;;$"5K;G?($9(?G%?#'5#&Q69#&2'5#&.(KGB#6&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?0(Brain Res. Brain
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P2&'#(N0T(,0(:9$##T(40(F"-H5']T(@0(L5H'$#T(=0(1'59.#T(F0(\$##&'T(59.(@0(>6&?K5990()**)0(@P=(#$$B?X(=9($;&9(?$G'"&(
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@&I&'(,0T(:0[0(1$O&9T(P0(<G9#-&'T(59.(@0(A&Z#B0()**R0(@6"'$Q&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?(69("5'.65"(?5M&#I(;-5'K5"$B$2IX(=(9$O&B(
#$$B(#$(?#G.I(v,(69#&'O5B(;'$B$925#6$90(Drug Saf.()+X+hSo+)0((
F"-96]B&'( :0T( @0( :G?#&'T( 40( @&#-M&??&BT( 59.( @0( A&Z#B0( )**S0( ,-&( \$%$$"I#&X( =G#$K5#&.( ">L=fK\L=( 69Z&"#6$9( 59.(
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Site:
bRd
The Santa Lucia Foundation
Laboratory of Neuroelectrical Imaging and Brain-Computer Interface
Via Ardeatina 306
00179 Rome, Italy
http://www.hsantalucia.it
http://www.neilab-fsl.it/
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From scalp to cortical EEG in RoIs
Scalp EEG
Linear
inverse
estimates
within a RoI are collapsed
(mean)
@b([59.(5'&5(
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“Virtual” electrode
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From connectivity to the global information flow from
and to cortical areas
Inflow and
outflow:
The spheres
represent the
total
information
flow entering
or exiting
from cortical
areas. The
sphere color
indicates if
the flow is
entering or
exiting from
the ROI
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The arrows represent the functional
connections between cortical areas. Colors
and size code for the connection stregth.
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user training
Signal Features
Psychological
Effort
(Intention)
Classification
Of Intent
Domotic
Domotic
Appliances
Appliances
USER
Standard
Standard
Input
InputDevices
Devices
or
Brain-Computer
Brain-Computer
Interface
Interface
Feedback
Feedback
AmI-based
AmI-based
Control
Control
Unit
Unit
Mobilization
Mobilization
devices
devices
Personal
Personal
Computer
Computer
Environment
ENVIRONMENT
appropriate feedback strategy
computer training
The ASPICE
Project
appropriate feature extraction
Modification of
Brain Signals
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REFERENCES
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A0(@529$B5T( =0( @&B;62959$T( A0( >5O6.&T( 59.( >0( @5##650( )**h0( =FDU4PX( =9( 69#&'M5"&( ?I?#&K( M$'( 69.&;&9.&9#( B6M&0(
D'$"0($M(R#-(U9#&'95#6$95B(4$9M&'&9"&($9(FK5'#([$K&?(59.([&5B#-(,&B&K5#6"?(3U4!F,70(
15%6B$96T( A0T( A0( 469"$##6T( 40( 15%6B$96T( A0( 45'.G""6T( =0( 15?6B6?"$T( D0@0( \$??696T( >0( @5##65T( _0( =?#$BM6T( _0( >692T( ^0( L6T(
:0(4-&92T( :0( 4-'6?#69&T( 80( FH&&9&IT( 59.( 10( [&0( )**d0( P?#6K5#6$9( $M( #-&( "$'#6"5B( MG9"#6$95B( "$99&"#6O6#I( H6#-( #-&(
KGB#6K$.5B(69#&2'5#6$9($M(-62-Q'&?$BG#6$9(PP<(59.(M@\U(.5#5(%I(.6'&"#&.(#'59?M&'(MG9"#6$90(L&G'$6K52&()R3b7XbbeoSb0(
469"$##6T( A0T( A0( 15%6B$96T( @0( @5##6$""$T( _0( =?#$BM6T( F0( 1GM5B5'6T( @0<0( @5'"6596T( 59.( >0( @5##650( )**d0( _5%$'5#$'I( $M(
MG9"#6$95B(9&G'$&B&"#'6"5B(6K52692(59.(%'569Q"$K;G#&'(69#&'M5"692(5#(A$9.5]6$9&(F59#5(_G"650(4$290(D'$"&??0(hX+doeS0((
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Polo Sant’Anna Valdera
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna
Viale Rinaldo Piaggio, 34
56025 Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
http://www.sssup.it/sssup/index.jsp?lang=en
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69Z&"#6$9(K$B.692(&aG6;K&9#T('5;6.(;'$#$#I;692(M5"6B6#6&?T("$K;G#5#6$95B(M5"6B6#6&?T(59.(H&#(B5%?(#-5#(?G;;$'#(
in vitro( ?#G.6&?0( U9( 5..6#6$9T( ?;5"&( 6?( 5O56B5%B&( M$'( #&5"-692T( $MM6"&?T( 5.K696?#'5#6O&( ?#5MMT( 59.( B&"#G'&?0( ,-&(
2'$G;(-5?(2'$H9("$9?6.&'5%BI(?69"&(6#?(69"&;#6$9(69(#-&(&5'BI(bcc*?(59.(9$H("$9?6?#?($M(5;;'$V6K5#&BI(c*(
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69"G%5#$'(M$'(?;69$MM?(-5.(%&&9('&"&9#BI(&?#5%B6?-&.T(59.(be(?#5'#QG;("$K;596&?(-5.(%&&9(B5G9"-&.(%5?&.($9(
DFE($'('&B5#&.(#&"-9$B$26&?0(U9(5..6#6$9T(DFE(-5?(.&O&B$;&.(5(?#'$92('&B5#6$9?-6;(H6#-(/5?&.5(N96O&'?6#I(
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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9&G'$?"6&9"&( H6#-( '$%$#6"( &9269&&'6920( =9( &V#&9?6O&( "$BB5%$'5#6O&( 9&#H$'J( -5?( %&&9( &?#5%B6?-&.( 5K$92(
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69"$';$'5#&?( #5"#6B&( %6$K6K&#6"( ?&9?$'( M&&.%5"J0( F-5J692( #-6?( -59.( ;'$O6.&?( 59( G9.&'?#59.692( $M( #-&(
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;'$Z&"#?(69(PG'$;&(59.(69(#-&(N96#&.(F#5#&?0(A$'(&V5K;B&T(2'$G;(K&K%&'?(;5'#6"6;5#&(69(5(>=\D=Q?;$9?$'&.(
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69#&'M5"&?( #-5#( 69#&'5"#( H6#-( 59( 5K;G#&&W?( &MM&'&9#( 59.( 5MM&'&9#( 9&'O&?( #$( ;'$O6.&( 69#&9#6$95B( "$9#'$B( 59.(
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"$9#569?( 59( 59#-'$;$K$';-6"( -&5.( 59.( 5( '&#695QB6J&( O6?G5B( ?&9?$'I( ?I?#&K( "$K%69&.( H6#-( 59(
59#-'$;$K$';-6"(5'K(59.(%6$K&"-59#'$96"(-59.(#-5#(6?("5;5%B&($M("$KKG96"5#692(&K$#6$95B(?#5#&?0((
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A62G'&(10b+0(4I%&'-59.0(
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?&O&'5B( &B&"#'$.&( #&"-9$B$26&?T( 69"BG.692( ?6&O&( &B&"#'$.&?( 59.( #-69QM6BKT( B$926#G.695BT( 69#'5M5?"6"GB5'(
&B&"#'$.&?T(#-5#(H&'&(%&692(.&O&B$;&.(H6#-("$BB5%$'5#692(B5%?(#$(596K5#&(#-&(4I%&'-59.0(,-&(2'$G;(6?(69#&9#(
$9(?&B&"#692(#-&(l%&?#m(5O56B5%B&(9&G'5B(69#&'M5"&(M$'("$9#'$B($M(#-&(%6$96"(-59.0(>'0(4&"6B65(_5?"-6(;'&?&9#&.(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
=( ?#'6J692( M&5#G'&( $M( #-6?( O6?6#( H5?( #-&( ?#'$92( O6?6$9( #-5#( H5?( "$KKG96"5#&.( $M( "$K%69692( #-&( ?#G.I( $M(
%6$B$2I( H6#-( &9269&&'692T( H6#-( 5( "$9"G''&9#( M$"G?( $9( .6?"$O&'I( 59.( 69O&9#6$9T( &?;&"65BBI( 69( #-&( '&5BK( $M(
69#&2'5#692( '$%$#6"( "$K;$9&9#?( 69#$( #-&( -GK59( %$.I( 3$'( %6$96"?70( ,-&( 2'$G;( -5?( 5( ?#'$92( 5;;'&"65#6$9( M$'(
%6$B$2I( #-5#( 69?;6'&?( 6#?( &9269&&'692( ;'5"#6"&0( N9B6J&( #-&( &9269&&'692( 5;;'$5"-( #-5#( M$BB$H&.( L&H#$9W?(
"$9#'6%G#6$9?( 59.( #-&( 69.G?#'65B( 52&T( #-6?( 2'$G;( 6?( &9269&&'692( G?692( 5( %6$B$2IQ"&9#'6"T( $'( 69?6.&Q$G#T(
5;;'$5"-0(,-6?(5;;'$5"-(-5?(5..&.(69#&BB62&9"&(#$(#-&('$%$#6"($'(9&G'$;'$?#-&#6"("$K;$9&9#?(%I(B6K6#692(#-&(
9GK%&'($M("$9#'$B(?6295B?(9&&.&.(M'$K(#-&(9&'O$G?(?I?#&K0(F#'$92(69;G#(%I(9$#5%B&(9&G'$?"6&9#6?#?T(?G"-(5?(
=B569(1&'#-$]($M(#-&(4$BB&2&($M(A'59"&T(59.($#-&'("$BB5%$'5#$'?(?-$GB.(&9?G'&(#-&("$9#'6%G#6$9($M(#-6?(2'$G;(
69#$(#-&(M$'&?&&5%B&(MG#G'&0(=B#-$G2-(6#?(;'&?&9#(.6'&"#(&MM$'#?(69(14U(5'&(K$.&?#T(6#?(B$92Q#&'K(;$#&9#65B(5?(5(
"$9#'6%G#$'( 69( #-6?( 5'&5( 6?( ?6296M6"59#0( =?( H6#-( $#-&'( ?6#&?( #-5#( H&( O6?6#&.( #-'$G2-$G#( PG'$;&T( #-&'&( H5?( 5(
?#'$92(&K;-5?6?($9(#-&(.6??&K695#6$9($M(#&"-9$B$2IT(69"BG.692(&V;B6"6#(2'5.G5#&(#'569692(69(&9#'&;'&9&G'?-6;(
59.(5(M$"G?($9('&26$95B(&"$9$K6"(6K;5"#0(4$BB5%$'5#6O&(69#&'5"#6$9(H6#-(69.G?#'I(59.(9&#H$'J692(H6#-($#-&'(
'&?&5'"-(69?#6#G#6$9?(59.($'2596]5#6$9?(H6#-69(59.($G#?6.&($M(#-&6'(B5%?(H&'&("B&5'BI(&9"$G'52&.0((
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Site:
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Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, France
http://www.idiap.ch
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Date Visited:((
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WTEC Attendees:( 80(4-5;69(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(80(D'69"6;&T(D0(,'&?"$T(F0(>&K6'T([0(=B6(
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BACKGROUND
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Funding
AG9.692( M$'( #-&( PDA_( 6?( #-'$G2-( #-&( FH6??( L5#6$95B( F"6&9"&( A$G9.5#6$9( 59.( #-&( PDA_T( H-6"-( ;'$O6.&?(
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REFERENCES
PDA_0(,-&(1BG&(1'569(D'$Z&"#(H&%?6#&T(-##;Xff%BG&%'569;'$Z&"#0&;MB0"-(35""&??&.(8GBI(b*T()**h70(
A&''&]T( D0/0T( 59.( 80.0\0( @6BBˆ90( )**+0( P''$'Q'&B5#&.( PP<( ;$#&9#65B?( 69( %'569Q"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"&?0( U9( Towards braincomputer interfacing0( P.?0( >$'9-&2&( <0T( 80.0\0( @6BBˆ9T( ,0( [69#&'%&'2&'T( >0( @"A5'B59.T( 59.( :0Q\0( @nBB&'0(
45K%'6.2&X(@U,(D'&??0(
@5'J'5KT([0()**d0(,-&(1BG&(1'569(D'$Z&"#0(Nature Reviews(+XbdSobh*0(
@6BBˆ9(80.0\0T(A0(\&9J&9?T(80(@$G'69$T(59.(/0(<&'?#9&'0()**R0(L$969O5?6O&(%'569Q5"#G5#&.("$9#'$B($M(5(K$%6B&('$%$#(%I(
-GK59(PP<0(IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.(db3h7Xb*)hob*SS0(
F#G.&'T(>0T(N0([$MMK599T(59.(,0(:$&9620()**h0(PP<(.&;&9.&9"I(KGB#6"-599&B(K5#"-692(;G'?G6#(#$(?;5'?&(#$;$2'5;-6"((
.&"$K;$?6#6$90(J. Neurosci. Methods.(bdS3)7X)hbQ+d00((
,'5G%T(\0>0T(59.(\0:0(/$920(bce)0(4&BBGB5'(K&"-596?K?($M(9&G'$95B(?I9"-'$96]5#6$9(69(&;6B&;?I0(Science()bhX+Rdo+R+0((
E&?69T( 80Q@0T( N0( [$MMK599T( 59.( ,0( P%'5-6K60( )**h0( [GK59Q%'569( 69#&'M5"&X( F#5#&Q$MQ#-&Q5'#( ?6295B( ;'$"&??692( 59.(
K5"-69&( B&5'96920( U9( /6B&I( P9"I"B$;&.65( $M( 16$K&.6"5B( P9269&&'692T( &.0( @0( =J5I0( [$%$J&9T( L080X( /6B&IQ
U9#&'?"6&9"&0((
=;;&9.6V(10(F6#&(\&;$'#?tPG'$;&(
Site:
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Date Visited:(
bdd
University of Edinburgh
Integrated Micro and Nano Systems Laboratory
Mayfield Rd.
Edinburgh EH9 3JL Scotland, UK
http://www.see.ed.ac.uk
8G9&()T()**h(
WTEC Attendees:( 80(D'69"6;&(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(80(4-5;69T(F0(>&K6'T(D0(,'&?"$T([0(=B6(
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BACKGROUND
,-&(K569(B5%(M$'(14U('&?&5'"-(6?(#-&(L&G'5B(L&#H$'J(<'$G;(-&5.&.(%I(D'$M0(=B59(@G''5I0([6?(69#&'&?#?(5'&(
9&G'5B( 9&#H$'J?T( K6V&.QK$.&( E_FU( -5'.H5'&T( 59.( K$'&( '&"&9#BIT( 9&G'$K$';-6"( E_FU( 59.( #-&( 69#&'M5"&(
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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vitro( #$( in vivo( H$'J0( ,-&( B$92Q#&'K( 2$5B?( $M( #-&( B5%( 5'&( "&9#&'&.( 69( #-&( .&?629( $M( 9&G'$K$';-6"( B&5'9692(
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D5#"-( "B5K;692( 69( ?6B6"$9( H$GB.( $;&9( G;( #-&( ;$??6%6B6#I( $M( .6'&"#( "$99&"#6$9( %&#H&&9( 9&G'$9?( 59.( ?6B6"$9(
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B&5.692(#$(5(e*~d**(KK("-5K%&'0(,-&("&BB(6?(l?G"J&.m(69#$(#-&("-5K%&'(59.(#-&("-599&B(?&5B?(#-&(BGK&90(
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#-&()**(@$(%'592&(69?#&5.($M(#-&(&V;&"#&.(b(<$0(
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9&G'$9?($O&'(#-&(-$B&?(#$(-&B;(;$?6#6$9(#-&("&BB?(M$'(;5#"-("B5K;692(69(59(&MM$'#(#$(5G#$K5#6"5BBI(K$96#$'(#-&(
5"#6O6#I( $M( 9&G'5B( 9&#H$'J?0( ,-&( 9$O&B#I( H5?( #$( G?&( ;-$#$'&?6?#Q;5##&'9&.( #'5"J?( 69?#&5.( $M( %6$B$26"5B(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
,-&(N96O&'?6#I($M(P.69%G'2-(6?(5(B5'2&(G96O&'?6#I("$O&'692(KGB#6;B&(.6?"6;B69&?(#-5#("59("$BB5%$'5#&(#$("'&5#&(
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&9269&&'692(6?(9$#(69"BG.&.(69(#-&(4$BB&2&($M(P9269&&'6920(,-&'&(6?(9$($%O6$G?($'2596]5#6$95B(B69J(%&#H&&9(
#-&( &9269&&'692( 2'$G;?( 59.( #-$?&( 69( %6$B$2I( $'( #-&( -$?;6#5B0( D'$M0( @G''5IW?( 2'$G;( ?#'6O&?( M$'( 5"5.&K6"(
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bdh
Site:
=;;&9.6V(10(F6#&(\&;$'#?tPG'$;&(
University of Freiburg
Brain-Machine Interfacing Initiative
Schänzlestrasse 1
79104 Freiburg i.Br. Germany
http://www.brainworks.uni-freiburg.de
Date Visited:((
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BACKGROUND
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69"BG.&(@$?-&(=%&B&?T(P6B$9(E55.65T(L6&B?(16'%5GK&'T(:B5G?(D5H&B]6JT(\$9I(D5]T(L6J$B5G?(/&6?J$;MT(59.(
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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Epicortical Field Potentials in Humans
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.$K569?( 69( "$9ZG9"#6$9( H6#-( #-&( O6.&$#5;&.( 5'K( K$O&K&9#( .5#50( 1$#-( #6K&( 59.( M'&aG&9"I( .$K569( .5#5(
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20
Direction (deg.)
300
!40
10
200
0
100
!60
!10
!20
0
!1
!0.5
0
t (s)
30
0.5
1
!80
!1
!0.5
0
t (s)
Amplitude
20
!50
10
!60
0
!70
!10
0
1
!40
2
r2=0.97
r =0.84
(
0.5
!80
90
180
270
Direction (deg.)
0
90
180
270
Direction (deg.)
(
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.G'692("&9#&'Q$G#(K$O&K&9#?(#$(&62-#(#5'2&#?0(
M1
Frequency (Hz)
a
100
34-128 Hz
50
6-30Hz
0
<4Hz
!1
0
t (s)
1
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Intracortical Microelectrode Recordings from Rhesus Macaques
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
@&-'692T(40T(80(\6"J&'#T(P0(E55.65T(F0(45'.$?$(.&(!B6O&6'5T(=0(=&'#?&9T(59.(F0(\$##&'0()**S0(U9M&'&9"&($M(-59.(K$O&K&9#?(
M'$K(B$"5B(M6&B.(;$#&9#65B?(69(K$9J&I(K$#$'("$'#&V0(Nature Neuroscience(hXb)dSob)dR0(
@&'-692T( 40T( @0( L5H'$#T( F0( 45'.$?$( .&( !B6O&6'5T( P0( E55.65T( =0( F"-GB]&Q1$9-52&T( =0( =&'#?&9T( 59.( ,0( 15BB0( )**R0(
4$K;5'692( 69M$'K5#6$9( 5%$G#( 5'K( K$O&K&9#( .6'&"#6$9( 69( ?692B&( "-599&B?( $M( B$"5B( 59.( &;6"$'#6"5B( M6&B.( ;$#&9#65B?(
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\6"J&'#T( 80T( F0( 45'.$?$( .&( !B6O&6'5T( P0( E55.65T( =0( =&'#?&9T( F0( \$##&'T( 59.( 40( @&-'6920( )**d0( P9"$.692( $M( K$O&K&9#(
.6'&"#6$9(69(.6MM&'&9#(M'&aG&9"I('592&?($M(K$#$'("$'#6"5B(B$"5B(M6&B.(;$#&9#65B?0(J. Neuroscience()d3Sc7Xeebdoee)R0(
(N96O&'?6#I( $M( A'&6%G'2( 1@U( U96#65#6O&0( 390.070( 1'569QK5"-69&( 69#&'M5"692( 696#65#6O&( '&?&5'"-( $O&'O6&H0( 3D$H&'D$69#(
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Site:
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University of Oxford
Machine Learning and Pattern Analysis Research Group
Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD
http://robots.ox.ac.uk/~parg/
http://cswww.ac.uk/Research/BCIs/
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Date Visited:(
8G9&(dT()**h(
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WTEC Attendees:( >0(,5IB$'(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(,0(1&'2&'T(<0(<&'-5'#T(/0(F$G??$GT(@0(>&[5&K&'(
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BACKGROUND
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&9269&&'692( 59.( #-&( B6M&( ?"6&9"&?0( ,-6?( 2'$G;( G?&?( #-&( #$$B?( $M( ?#5#6?#6"5B( 69M&'&9"&T( ;5'#6"GB5'BI( 15I&?659(
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Oxford Research Philosophy and Activities
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BCI Research at Essex University
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SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
4G''59T(P0T(D0(FIJ5"&JT(F0(\$%&'#?T(/0(D&99IT(@0(F#$J&?T(U0(8$9?'G.&T(59.(=0(!H&90()**R0(4$296#6O&(#5?J?(M$'(.'6O692(5(
%'569Q"$K;G#&'(69#&'M5"692(?I?#&KX(5(;6B$#(?#G.I0(IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. and Rehab. Eng.(b)3b7XReodR0(
_$H9&T(>0T(40([5HT(59.(F0(\$%&'#?0()**h0(=9(5.5;#6O&T(?;5'?&QM&&.%5"J(PP<("B5??6M6&'(M$'(?&BMQ;5"&.(14U0(14U()**h(
/$'J?-$;T(D$H&';$69#(!O&'O6&H(D'&?&9#5#6$9?($M(\&?&5'"-(5#(!VM$'.(59.(P??&VT(8G9&(d0(
\$%&'#?T( F0T( 59.( /0( D&99I0( )***0( \&5BQ#6K&( %'569Q"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"692X( 5( ;'&B6K695'I( ?#G.I( G?692( 15I&?659( B&5'96920(
Medical & Biological Engineering and Computing(Se3b7Xdhohb0((
\$%&'#?T( F0T( /0( D&99IT( 59.( U0( \&]&J0( bcce0( ,&K;$'5B( 59.( ?;5#65B( "$K;B&V6#I( K&5?G'&?( M$'( PP<Q%5?&.( %'569Q"$K;G#&'(
69#&'M5"6920(Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing(S+3b7XcSocc0((
FIJ5"&JT( D0( 59.( F0( \$%&'#?0( )**)0( 15I&?659( #6K&( ?&'6&?( "B5??6M6"5#6$90( U9(Advances in Neural Information Processing
Systems 15. (45K%'6.2&T@=X(@U,(D'&??0(cS+ocRR0(
FIJ5"&JT(D0T(F0(\$%&'#?T(59.(@0(F#$J&?0()**R0(=.5;#6O&(14U(%5?&.($9(O5'65#6$95B(15I&?659(:5BK59(M6B#&'692X(59(&K;6'6"5B(
&O5BG5#6$90(IEEE Trans. on Biomed. Eng. db3d7X+bco+)c0(
F&;GBO&.5T( A0T( @0( @&"J&?T( 59.( 10=0( 4$9H5I0( )**R0( 4BG?#&'( ?&;5'5#6$9( 69.&V( ?G22&?#?( G?&MGB9&??( $M( 9$9K$#$'( PP<(
"-599&B?(69(.&#&"#692(H'6?#(K$O&K&9#(.6'&"#6$9(69#&9#6$90(Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Conference on Cybernetic
and Intelligent Systems.
•-$G( F0( @0T( 80v0( <59T( 59.( A0( F&;GBO&.50( )**R0( N?692( -62-&'Q$'.&'( ?#5#6?#6"?( M'$K( PP<( ?6295B?( M$'( .&O&B$;692( %'569Q
"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"&( 314U7( ?I?#&K?0( Proceedings of the 2004 UK Workshop on Computational Intelligence.
Loughborough University.
=;;&9.6V(10(F6#&(\&;$'#?tPG'$;&(
Site:
bhS
University of Tübingen
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology
Gartenstrasse 29
72074 Tübingen, Germany
http://www.mp.uni-tuebingen.de/mp/
(
Date Visited:
@5I(SbT()**h(
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WTEC Attendees:( >0(@"A5'B59.(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(,0(1&'2&'T(<0(<&'-5'.#T(>0(,5IB$'T(<0(_&H6?$9(
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BACKGROUND
L6&B?(16'%5GK&'(-5?(%&&9(#'569692(-&5B#-I(?G%Z&"#?(#$("$9#'$B(?B$H("$'#6"5B(;$#&9#65B?(3F4D?7(M$'(#-&(B5?#(S*(
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?G"-( 5?( "$9#'$B( $M( &;6B&;#6"( ?&6]G'&?T( 5##&9#6$9( ;'$%B&K?T( 59.( 14U0( DG%@&.( B6?#?( )eh( ;G%B6"5#6$9?( M$'( #-&(
16'%5GK&'(2'$G;T($M(H-6"-(5#(B&5?#(S)(5'&(.6'&"#BI('&B5#&.(#$(14U('&?&5'"-0(
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
14U('&?&5'"-(5#(,&%692&9(%&259(5%$G#(b*ob)(I&5'?(52$(59.(6?(%5?&.(G;$9(#-&(;'&K6?&(#-5#(6#(6?(5BB(5%$G#(#-&(
;5#6&9#?0(A&H(-&5B#-I(?G%Z&"#?(5'&(?#G.6&.0(,-&(F4DQ%5?&.(14U(H5?($'62695BBI("5BB&.(#-&(l#-$G2-#(#'59?B5#6$9(
.&O6"&0m( ,-&( ,&%692&9( 2'$G;( .&K$9?#'5#&.( #-5#( ;5'5BI]&.( ;5#6&9#?( "59( G?&( F4D?( #$( "-$$?&( B&##&'?( M'$K( 5(
K&9G(5#('5#&?(G;(#$(#-'&&(B&##&'?fK69(316'%5GK&'(&#(5B0(bccc70(
U9()***(#-&(2'$G;(.&O&B$;&.(14U)***(69("$BB5%$'5#6$9(H6#-(#-&(/5.?H$'#-(2'$G;(69(=B%59IT(L^(3F"-5BJ(&#(
5B0()**R70(F69"&(#-5#(#6K&T(6#( -5?(G?&.(?&9?$'6K$#$'(3F@\7(59.(DS**Q%5?&.(14U(?I?#&K?(69(5..6#6$9(#$(#-&(
F4DQ%5?&.( 14U0( =BB( $M( #-&?&( K&#-$.?( 5'&( 9$969O5?6O&0( U#?( '&?&5'"-&'?( -5O&( '&"&9#BI( ?-$H9( #-5#( #-&( F@\Q
%5?&.(?I?#&K("59(%&(G?&.(%I(;5#6&9#?(H6#-(=_FT(.&?;6#&(#-&(M5"#(#-5#(#-&I(-5O&(.&2&9&'5#6$9(69(K$#$'(5'&5?(
3:G%B&'( &#( 5B0( )**d70( @$'&( '&"&9#BIT( #-&( 2'$G;( -5?( &K;-5?6]&.( #-&( DS**Q%5?&.( K5#'6V( ?;&BB&'T( $'62695BBI(
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=( ?692B&( G?&'( H-$( .6.( 9$#( -5O&( &V#&9?6O&( #'569692( ;&'M$'K&.( 5BB( #-'&&( #5?J?0( ,-&( G?&'( K$O&.( 5( "G'?$'(
O&'#6"5BBI($9(5(O6.&$(K$96#$'(#$(69#&'"&;#(#5'2&#?(H6#-(#-&(O6?G5B(F@\Q%5?&.(#5?J0(,-&(G?&'(K$.GB5#&.(%$92$(
59.( -5';( ?$G9.?(H6#-( #-&( 5G.6#$'I(F@\Q%5?&.( #5?J0( ,-&(DS**Q%5?&.( K5#'6V( #5?J(;'&?&9#&.( #-&(G?&'(H6#-(5(
K5#'6V($M(MB5?-692(B&##&'?0(,-&(G?&'(?&B&"#&.(#-&?&(69(?&aG&9"&(#$(?;&BB(#-&(;-'5?&(lCogito, ergo sum.”(
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F@\(#'569692(#$(56.(69(?#'$J&('&-5%6B6#5#6$90(,-6?(6?(%5?&.($9(%'569Q696#65#&.(K$O&K&9#(#-&'5;I(G?692(@P<Q
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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K$O&K&9#(.6?$'.&'?T(59.(;?I"-$;5#-$B$2I0(U#(6?(5('&"$296]&.(B&5.&'(69(#-&?&(M6&B.?0(
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;5'5BI]&.0(Nature()dX))So)S)0(
A5'H&BBT(_0=0T(59.(P0(>$9"-690(bcee0(,5BJ692($MM(#-&(#$;($M(I$G'(-&5.X(,$H5'.(5(K&9#5B(;'$?#-&?6?(G#6B6]692(&O&9#Q'&B5#&.(
;$#&9#65B?0(Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology(+*Xdb*od)S0(
:G%B&'T( =0T( A0( L6Z%$&'T( 80( @&BB692&'T( ,0@0( E5G2-59T( [0( D5H&B]6JT( <0( F"-5BJT( >080( @"A5'B59.T( L0( 16'%5GK&'T( 59.(
80\0(/$B;5H0( )**d0( D5#6&9#?( H6#-( =_F( "59( G?&( ?&9?$'6K$#$'( '-I#-K?( #$( $;&'5#&( 5( %'569Q"$K;G#&'( 69#&'M5"&0(
Neurology(hRXb++dob+++0(
F"-5BJT(<0T(>080(@"A5'B59.T(,0([69#&'%&'2&'T(L0(16'%5GK&'T(59.(80\0(/$B;5H0()**R0(14U)***X(=(2&9&'5BQ;G';$?&(%'569Q
"$K;G#&'(314U7(?I?#&K. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. dbXb*SRob*RS0(
bhd(
APPENDIX C. SITE REPORTS—ASIA
Site:
Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International
Computational Neuroscience Laboratories (CNS)
2-2-2 Hikaridai “Keihanna Science City”
Seika-cho, Souraku-gun
Kyoto 619-0288 Japan
http://www.cns.atr.jp/
http://www.cns.atr.jp/~cns-naist/index_e.html(
Date Visited:(
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WTEC Attendees:( ,0(1&'2&'(3'&;$'#(5G#-$'7T(<0(<&'-5'.#(3'&;$'#("$Q5G#-$'7T(<0([59&((
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,&BX(…ebQ++RQcdQb)S*T(PK56BX(H&%K5?#&'Œ5#'0Z;(
BACKGROUND
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bhh
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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Brain Research:(@5?5$(U#$T(^GJ6I5?G(:5K6#596T(^$?-6$(F5JG'56(3'5#7T(F-62&'G(:6#5]5H5(3&I&(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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KGB#6Z$69#(K$O&K&9#0(Science()+)Xbb+ob)*0(
[5'G9$T(@0T(,0(:G'$.5T(:0(>$I5T(:0(,$I5K5T(@0(:6KG'5T(:0(F5K&Z6K5T([0(UK5K6]GT(59.(@0(:5H5#$0()**R0(=(9&G'5B(
"$''&B5#&($M('&H5'.Q%5?&.(%&-5O6$'5B(B&5'9692(69("5G.5#&(9G"B&G?X(=(MG9"#6$95B(K529&#6"('&?$959"&(6K52692(?#G.I($M(
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UK5K6]GT([0T(,0(:G'$.5T(F0(@6I5G"-6T(,0(^$?-6$J5T(59.(@0(:5H5#$0()**S0(@$.GB5'($'2596]5#6$9($M(69#&'95B(K$.&B?($M(
#$$B?(69(#-&(-GK59("&'&%&BBGK0(Proc, Natl, Acad, Sci, USA. b**XdRhbodRhh0(
UK5K6]GT( [0T( F0( @6I5G"-6T( ,0( ,5K5.5T( ^0( F5?5J6T( \0( ,5J69$T( 10( DG&#]T( ,0( ^$?-6$J5T( 59.( @0( :5H5#$0( )***0( [GK59(
"&'&%&BB5'(5"#6O6#I('&MB&"#692(59(5"aG6'&.(69#&'95B(K$.&B($M(5(9$O&B(#$$B0(Nature R*SXbc)obcd0(
UK5K6]GT([0T(,0(:G'$.5T(,0(^$?-6$J5T(59.(@0(:5H5#$(@0()**R0(AG9"#6$95B(K529&#6"('&?$959"&(6K52692(&V5K695#6$9($M(
#H$(K$.GB5'(5'"-6#&"#G'&?(M$'(?H6#"-692(KGB#6;B&(69#&'95B(K$.&B?.(Journal of Neuroscience()RXbb+Sobbeb0(
:5H5#$T(@0(bccc0(U9#&'95B(K$.&B?(M$'(K$#$'("$9#'$B(59.(#'5Z&"#$'I(;B5996920(Curr. Opinion in Neurobiology(cX+beo+)+0((
:5K6#596T( ^0T( 59.( A0( ,$920( )**d0( >&"$.692( #-&( ;&'"&;#G5B( 59.( ?G%Z&"#6O&( "$9#&9#?( $M( #-&( -GK59( %'5690( Nature
Neuroscience(eXh+cohed0(
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M$'"&?($9(#-&(-59.0(Nature Neuroscience(+Xbbbobb)0(
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#'59?K6??6$9(69(#-&(69M&'6$'($B6O&. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.(b*bXRhddoRhh*0(
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"&BB?(69(#-&("&'&%&BBGK0(Nature(ShdXd*od)0(
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Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Department of Control Science and Engineering
Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
http://www.hust.edu.cn/english
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BACKGROUND
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Industrial Collaborations
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Academic Collaborations
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Competitive Advantages Compared to the World
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Site:
NTT Communication Science Laboratories
3-1 Wakamiya-Morinosato, Atsugi-shi,
Kanagawa, Japan
http://www.kecl.ntt.co.jp/
Date Visited:
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b+d
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BACKGROUND
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5"#G5B( %&-5O6$'( ?$( 5?( #$( .'6O&( MG#G'&( 5"#G5B( K$#6$9( $M( #-&( H&5'&'0( ,-'$G2-( #-6?( ?IK%6$#6"( 69#&'5"#6$9T( #-&(
69#&'95B( K$.&B( 59.( #-&( ;'$"&??( $M( -GK59( ?&9?$'6K$#$'( 69#&2'5#6$9( 5;;'$V6K5#&( &5"-( $#-&'( 5?IK;#$#6"5BBI0(
,-&( "$K;G#&'(?I?#&K( %&269?(#$( ;'&.6"#( #-&( 9&V#(%&-5O6$'($M( #-&(H&5'&'(G?692( #-&( #'569&.T( 69#&'95B( B&5'9692(
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!9&( 5;;B6"5#6$9( 59.( ?"&95'6$( M$'( 69#&'5"#6$9( H6#-( #-&( D5'5?6#6"( [GK59$6.( 6?( "5;#G'692( 59.( '&#'6&O692(
K$O&K&9#(;5##&'9?0(A$'(&V5K;B&T(69(;B5I692(2$BMT(5(G?&'(K5I(H59#(#$("5;#G'&(59.('&#'6&O&(5BB($M(#-&("$K;B&V(
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5H5I(M'$K(#-&($9"$K692(O&-6"B&0(,-6?(69O$BO&?(#-&(-GK59$6.(%&692(B69J&.(#$(#'5MM6"(69M$'K5#6$90(U9(5..6#6$9T(
59(5;;'$5"-(K5I(%&(#$(B69J(#-&(D[(#$(#'5MM6"(69M$'K5#6$9(#$(5O$6.(59.(?G;;'&??(#'5MM6"(Z5K?0((
(,-&(?&9?$'?($M(5(;'$#$#I;&($M(#-&(D5'5?6#6"([GK59$6.(5'&(B6?#&.(69(,5%B&(40b0(=?(6#&K6]&.(69(#-&(#5%B&T(#-6?(
?I?#&K("$9?6?#?($M(O6%'5#6$9(K$#$'?(59.(&B&"#'$.&?(M$'(?#6KGB6(#-5#(;'$O6.&($G#;G#?(#$(#-&(G?&'T(59.(?&9?$'?(
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Table C.1.
Sensors in a Parasitic Humanoid prototype
Type of Sensor
Configuration of Sensors
Number of Signals
SQ=V6?(D$?#G'5B(F&9?$'(
[&5.0bT(,'G9J(ST(P5"-(_6K%(S(
bh•SrRe(
A692&'956B(F&9?$'(
1&9.692(59.(,$G"-692($M(S(A692&'?(69(
P5"-([59.(
S•S•)rbe(
PI&(@$O&K&9#(F&9?$'(
P5"-(PI&T()Q=V6?(@$#6$9(59.(F6]&($M(
DG;6B(
S•)rh(
F-$&QF-5;&.(F&9?$'(
D'&??G'&X(d(D$69#?T(59.(b(UK;5"#(
F&9?$'(69(P5"-(A$$#(
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DEVICES FOR THE PH SYSTEM
Wearable Limb-Motion System
A$'(K&5?G'&K&9#?($M(B6K%(K$#6$9T(#-&'&(6?(5(SQ5V6?(?&9?$'(K59GM5"#G'&.(%I(LP4(,$J69(4$';0(,-6?(?&9?$'(
69"BG.&?(SQ5V6?(2I'$?"$;&?T()Q5V6?(5""&B&'5#6$9(?&9?$'?(.&#&"#692(#-&(.6'&"#6$9($M(2'5O6#IT(59.()Q5V6?(K529&#6"(
"$K;5??&?(.&#&"#692(#-&(#&''&?#'65B(K529&#6?K0(,-6?(?&9?$'(-5?(59(5.O59#52&(#-5#(#-&(H&5'&'(-5?(9$(.&O6"&?(
5##5"-&.( #$( #-&( Z$69#?T( %&"5G?&( #-&( ?&9?$'( .$&?( 9$#( K&5?G'&( '&B5#6O&( .6'&"#6$9?( $M( #-&( B6K%?T( %G#( 5%?$BG#&(
.6'&"#6$9?(69(?;5"&0(,-&(69MBG&9"&($9(%&-5O6$'(%I(#-&(;'&?&9"&($M(K$#6$9(?&9?$'?(6?(K696K6]&.0(,-&(5"#G5#692(
(
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&B&"#'$.&?(?#6KGB5#&(KG?"B&?T(59.(&5"-(5"#G5#$'(?&#(6?(?&9#(#-'$G2-(59(&B&"#'$.&(#-5#(6?(5##5"-&.($9(#-&(?J69(
H6#-(5(?G;;$'#692(%59.0(
Wearable Eye-Movement Measurement System
,-&( 2$5B( 6?( #$( K&5?G'&( #-&( $"GB5'( ;$?6#6$9( 69( SQ.6K&9?6$95B( ?;5"&( M'$K( #-&( "&9#&'( $M( %$#-( &I&?( G;( #$( #-&(
-59.W?('&5"-692(B6K6#?T(5""$'.692(#$(#-&(592B&($M("$9O&'2&9"&(59.(H6#-69(59(&''$'($M()*(KK0(,-6?(.&O6"&(6?(
;$?6#6$9&.(69(5(M'5K&Q#I;&(?I?#&K(595B$2$G?(#$(2B5??&?(H$'9(%I(#-&(69.6O6.G5B0((
Fingernail Sensor to Measure Direct Touch with Fingertip
L,,(-5?(.&O&B$;&.(5(9$O&B(M692&'956B(?&9?$'(M$'(.&#&"#692(#-&(#$G"-692(59.(%&9.692($M(#-&(M692&'0(,-&(?&9?$'(
6?( ;B5"&.( $9( #-&( M692&'956B( #$( 5O$6.( -69.&'692( #-&( .6'&"#( #$G"-( $M( #-&( M692&'#6;0( ,-&( ?&9?$'( "$9?6?#?( $M(
K6965#G'&(B62-#Q&K6##692(.6$.&?(59.(;-$#$.&#&"#$'?(#-5#(&V#'5"#(5(M$'"&(O&"#$'(.G&(#$(#-&(O5'6$G?("$B$'(;5##&'9?(
'&?;$9.692(#$(#-&("$9#5"#(M$'"&(.6'&"#6$9(3A62G'&(40bR70(,-6?(69?#'GK&9#(6?(H&5'5%B&(59.(;'5"#6"5B(M$'(.56BI(
G?&0(L,,(-5?(5B'&5.I(5;;B6&.(#-6?(#&"-9$B$2I(#$(FK5'#A692&'T(H-6"-(6?(5(9&H(#I;&($M(.6?;B5I(#-5#(;'$O6.&?(
?G;;B&K&9#5'I(#5"#6B&(?&9?5#6$9(M$'(5G2K&9#&.('&5B6#I(3?&&(A62G'&(40bd70(
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A62G'&(40bR0(A692&'956B(?&9?$'?0(
The
The components
components of
of SmartFinger
SmartFinger
Vibration
Vibration
generator
generator(
(Voice
(Voice Coil)
Coil)
+(
+(
Force
Force detector(
detector
+(
+(
(Nail
(Nail sensor)
sensor)
Texture
Texture sensor(
sensor
(Reflection
(Reflection sensor)
sensor)
This
(This is
is a
a Wearable
Wearable Augmented
Augmented Reality
Reality System
System
A62G'&(40bd0(FK5'#A692&'0(
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SHOE-SHAPED SENSOR TO MEASURE WALKING AND STANDING
,-&( L,,( B5%?( -5O&( .&O&B$;&.( 5( ?-$&Q?-5;&.( ?&9?$'( .&?629&.( #$( ;'$.G"&( 5( ?;&"6M6"( H5BJ692( "I"B&0( =9(
69.6O6.G5B(H5BJ692("I"B&(6?(K&5?G'&.(5?(;'&??G'&($9(#-&(?$B&($M(#-&(?-$&0(=(O6%'5#6$9(K$#$'(5##5"-&.($9(#-&(
69?#&;(?#6KGB5#&?(#-&(M$$#(H6#-("I"B6"(O6%'5#6$90(L,,(69O&?#625#$'?(-5O&(M$G9.(#-5#(?#6KGB5#6$9(.G'692(H5BJ692(
H6#-("I"B6"(O6%'5#6$9?(.$&?(9$#($%?#'G"#(9$'K5B(H5BJ692(K$O&K&9#T(59.(6M(#-&("I"B6"(O6%'5#6$9(6?(?6K6B5'(#$(
#-5#($M(#-&(H5BJ692("I"B&T(#-&(O6%'5#6$9(69MBG&9"&?(#-&(H5BJ692('-I#-K(69(5(9$'K5B(K599&'(3?&&(A62G'&(40bh70((
(
A62G'&(40bh0(F-$&Q?-5;&.(?&9?$'?0(
Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation System
/-&9(<5BO596"(E&?#6%GB5'(F#6KGB5#6$9(3<EF7(6?(.&B6O&'&.(#$(#-&(K5?#$6.(#-'$G2-(&B&"#'$.&?(.G'692(-GK59(
H5BJ692T(-GK59(?G%Z&"#?('&?;$9.(%I(.&O65#692(#$H5'.?(#-&(-&K6?;-&'6"(?6.&($M(?#6KGB5#6$90(,-&(/,P4(;59&B(
;5'#6"6;5#&.(69(59($9?6#&(.&K$9?#'5#6$9($M(#-6?(.&O6"&X(&B&"#'6"5B(?#6KGB5#6$9(69.G"&.(59(G9K6?#5J5%B&(?&9?&($M(
H5BJ692( $9( 5( K$O692( ?G'M5"&T( &020T( 5( ?-6;( 5#( ?&50( N;$9( 5;;B6"5#6$9( $M( #-&( "G''&9#T( 59( 69.6O6.G5B( H5BJ692(
?#'562-#(H6BB(.&O65#&(K5'J&.BI(#$($9&(?6.&T(&V;&'6&9"692(#-&("-592&(69(M$'"&?(5??$"65#&.(H6#-(.6?'G;#6$9($M(#-&(
O&?#6%GB5'(?I?#&K(3?&&(A62G'&(40b+70((
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FG"-(5(.&O6"&("$GB.(%&(G?&.(69("$9ZG9"#6$9(H6#-(25K&?(#$(?6KGB5#&(&9O6'$9K&9#?(?G"-(5?('$BB&'"$5?#&'('6.&?(
59.(56'"'5M#(?6KGB5#6$9(59.("$GB.(%&(5;;B6&.(#$('&5BQH$'B.(5;;B6"5#6$9?(?G"-(5?(5(.&O6"&(#-5#(H$GB.(?&9?&(59(
$9"$K692(O&-6"B&(#$(5BB$H(59(69.6O6.G5B(#$(K$O&($G#($M(6#?(;5#-(3?&&(A62G'&(40be70(,-6?(6?(%G#($9&(5;;B6"5#6$9(
$M(#-&?&(69#&'&?#692(#&"-9$B$26&?(#-5#(K5I(%&("$G;B&.(69(#-&(MG#G'&(#$(14UQ#I;&(#&"-9$B$2I0((
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
,-&(;5'5?6#6"(-GK59$6.(;'$Z&"#(6?(69O$BO&.(H6#-(#-&(.&O&B$;K&9#($M(5(O5'6&#I($M(?&9?$'?(59.(5"#G5#$'?(#-5#(
K5I(%&(&V"&;#6$95BBI(G?&MGB(M$'(;'$O6.692(M&&.%5"J(M$'(14U(5;;B6"5#6$9?0(,-&?&(5;;'$5"-&?(K5I(%&(G?&MGB(69(
M&&.%5"J( #$( 69.6O6.G5B?( 69( "$9ZG9"#6$9( H6#-( K$O&K&9#( "$9#'$B( .&O6"&?0( U9( ;5'#6"GB5'T( #-&( &I&Q#'5"J692(
O&?#6%GB5'(?I?#&K?(59.(#-&(;-$#$.6$.&(#5"#6B&(&B&"#'$.&(?I?#&K(H$GB.(%&(O&'I(G?&MGB("$K;$9&9#?($M(9&H(14U(
#&"-9$B$26&?0( U9( 5..6#6$9T( #-&( #&"-9$B$26&?( K5I( %&( G?&MGB( M$'( #'569692( 9&G'$B$26?#?( 59.( $#-&'( -&5B#-"5'&(
;'$M&??6$95B?( H6#-( '&?;&"#( #$( 9&G'$B$26"5B( .6?$'.&'?0( F$K&( $M( #-&( ?&9?$'I( &V;&'6&9"&?( ;'$.G"&.( %I( #-&?&(
.&O6"&?(5'&(9$O&B(59.("$GB.("$9#'6%G#&(#$(5(%&##&'(&V;&'6&9#65B(G9.&'?#59.692($M(#-&(-GK59(?&9?$'I(?I?#&K0(
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85"$%?&9T(F0()**b0(/&5'5%B&(&9&'2&#6"5BBI(5G#$9$K$G?('$%$#?0(>=\D=(PV$?J&B&#$9?(M$'([GK59(D&'M$'K59"&(J6"JQ$MM(
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85;59(F"6&9"&(59.(,&"-9$B$2I(4$';$'5#6$9(59.(L,,(4$KKG96"5#6$9(F"6&9"&(_5%$'5#$'6&?0(D5'5?6#6"([GK59$6.(H&%?6#&T(
-##;XffHHH0%'B09##0"$08Df;&$;B&f;5'5?6#&f(35""&??&.($9(>&"&K%&'()*T()**h70(
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.G'692(M692&'(K$O&K&9#?('&O&5B&.(%I("'$??"$''&B5#6$9(?6295B?(M'$K(M@\U0(Neuroreport cXbchcobc+R0(
:$-$9&9T(,0T(80([IKK69&9T(80(:592'5?T(59.(80(_55J?$9590(bcch0(F!@(D=:X(#-&(?&BMQ$'2596]692(K5;(;'$2'5K(;5"J52&0(
,&"-96"5B(\&;$'#(=SbT([&B?69J6(N96O&'?6#I($M(,&"-9$B$2I0((
@5?"5'$T( F0T( 59.( [0( =?5.50( )***0( D-$#$;B&#-I?K$2'5;-( M692&'956B( ?&9?$'?( M$'( K&5?G'692( M692&'( M$'"&?( H6#-$G#( -5;#6"(
$%?#'G"#6$90(IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation b+3d7X(hceQ+*e0(
@5#?G$J5T( :0( bce+0( @&"-596?K?( $M( M'&aG&9"I( 59.( ;5##&'9( "$9#'$B( 69( #-&( 9&G'5B( '-I#-K( 2&9&'5#$'?0( Biological
Cybernetics(dhXSRdoSdS0((
L$KG'5T(^0T(59.(,0(@5&.50()**b0(,-&(?#G.I($M(M692&'956B(?&9?$'?(M$'(K&5?G'692(M692&'(M$'"&?(59.(%&9.692T(Journal of the
Virtual Reality Society of Japan,(h3S7(369(85;59&?&70(
,5"-6T( F0T( [0( ='56T(59.( ,0@5&.50( bcee0( ,&B&Q&V6?#&9"&( ?6KGB5#$'( H6#-( 5'#6M6"65B( '&5B6#I( 3b7( Q( .&?629( 59.( &O5BG5#6$9( $M( 5(
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,5250(<0(bccd0(=(K$.&B($M(#-&(9&G'$9QKG?"GB$Q?J&B&#5B(?I?#&K(M$'(-GK59(B$"$K$#6$90(Biolog. Cybern0(+SXc+obbb0((
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Site:
beb
RIKEN Brain Science Institute
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi
Satiama 351-1098 Japan
http://www.bsp.brain.riken.jp/
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Date Visited:(
(
WTEC Attendees:(
(
Hosts:
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(
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BACKGROUND
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FUNDING SOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION
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Industrial Collaborations
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Academic Collaborations
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
Short- and Long-Term Scientific Goals
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.6?&5?&0(,-6?(;'&B6K695'I(H$'J(H5?(;G%B6?-&.(69(Clinical Neurophysiology(346"-$"J6(&#(5B0()**d70(,-&(H$'J(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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Competitive Advantages Compared to the World
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REFERENCES
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'&"&9#0-#KB”%"6(35""&??&.($9(859G5'I()dT()**+70(
46"-$"J6T( =0T( 59.( F0( =K5'60( )**)0( Adaptive blind signal and image rocessing: Learning algorithms and applications.(
/&?#(FG??&VT(P92B59.X(8$-9(/6B&I(`(F$9?0((
46"-$"J6T(=0(59.(D0<0(<&$'26&O0()**S0(1B69.(?$G'"&(?&;5'5#6$9(5B2$'6#-K?(H6#-(K5#'6V("$9?#'569#?0(IEICE Transactions
on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications, and Computer Sciences(PehQ=3b7Xd))odSb0((
46"-$"J6T( =0T( F0_0( F-6?-J69T( ,0( @G?-5T( •0( _&$9$H6"]T( ,0( =?5.5T( 59.( ,0( :G'5"-60( )**d0( PP<( M6B#&'692( %5?&.( $9( %B69.(
?$G'"&(?&;5'5#6$9(31FF7(M$'(&5'BI(.&#&"#6$9($M(=B]-&6K&'W?(.6?&5?&0(Clin. Neurophysiol.(bbh3S7X+)coS+0(
[$I5T(,0T(,0(,595J5T(=0(46"-$"J60(,0(@G'5J5K60T(<0([$'6T(59.(80=0(4-5K%&'?0()**d0(F#&'&$;-$96"(9$6?&('&.G"#6$9(G?692(
5("$K%69&.(?B6.692(?G%?;5"&(;'$Z&"#6$9(59.(5.5;#6O&(?6295B(&9-59"&K&9#0(IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio
Processing bS3S7XS*coS)*0((
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Shanghai Institute of Brain Functional Genomics
The Key Laboratories of MOE and SSTC
East China Normal University
Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
http://sbg.ecnu.edu.cn/english/intro.asp
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BACKGROUND
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FUNDING SOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION
Funding Sources
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Commercialization
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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Competitive Advantages Compared to World
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REFERENCES
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M'&&BI(%&-5O692(K6"&0(J. Neurosci. Meth.(bddX)eoSe0(
_69(_0T(\0(!?59T(F0(F-$-5KT(/0(869T(/0(•G$T(59.(80•0(,?6&90()**d0(U.&9#6M6"5#6$9($M(9&#H$'JQB&O&B("$.692(G96#?(M$'('&5BQ
#6K&('&;'&?&9#5#6$9($M(&;6?$.6"(&V;&'6&9"&?(69(#-&(-6;;$"5K;G?0(PNAS(b*)3b+7Xhb)dohbS*0(
_69T(_0T(\0(!?59T(59.(80•0(,?6&90()**h0(!'2596]692(;'69"6;B&?($M('&5BQ#6K&(K&K$'I(&9"$.692X(9&G'5B("B6aG&(5??&K%B6&?(59.(
G96O&'?5B(9&G'5B("$.&?0(Trends Neurosci.()c3b7XReod+0((
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Site:
Shanghai Jiao-Tong University
Institute of Laser Medicine and Biophotonics
Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
http://www.sjtu.edu.cn/english/index/index.htm
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BACKGROUND
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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Site:
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Tsinghua University Department of Biomedical Engineering
School of Medicine
Beijing 100084, P. R. China
http://neuro.med.tsinghua.edu.cn/
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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Perception and
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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Site:
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Tsinghua University Institute of Microelectronics
Beijing 100084, P.R. China
http://www.ime.tsinghua.edu.cn/english/index.htm
Date Visited:(
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FUNDING SOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
BCI-related projects at the Institute of Microelectronics at Tsinghua University(
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Background of Bidirectional Wireless Monitoring System for Orthopedic Implants
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IC Design of Digital Wireless Endoscopic Capsule System
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CMOS Chip Design Study of Neurorecording and Signal Processing in Implantable BCI
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Multimode, Multichannel Cochlear Implant
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IMETU DIVISIONS
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Integrated Circuits Processing Technology Division
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IC and System Designs Research Division
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Micro/Nanodevices System Division
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CAD Technology Division
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Competitive Advantages Compared to the World
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REFERENCES
,?692-G5(N96O&'?6#IT(U9?#6#G#&($M(@6"'$&B&"#'$96"?0()**h0(=99G5B(\&;$'#0(
,?692-G5(N96O&'?6#IT(U9?#6#G#&($M(@6"'$&B&"#'$96"?(H&%?6#&T(-##;XffHHH06K&0#?692-G50&.G0"9f&92B6?-f69.&V0-#K(35""&??&.(
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Site:
Waseda University
Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience
Takashi Matsumoto Laboratory
3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku-ku
Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
http://www.matsumoto.elec.waseda.ac.jp/english/
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Date Visited:(
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BACKGROUND
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FUNDING SOURCES AND COMMERCIALIZATION
Industrial Collaborations
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Academic Collaborations
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
>'0(@5#?GK$#$(59.(-6?(B5%$'5#$'I(#&5K("$9.G"#("G##692Q&.2&('&?&5'"-(69#$(K5#-&K5#6"5B(K$.&B692(K&#-$.?(
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1B5"JH&BB6]&.( ?&aG&9#65B( @$9#&( 45'B$0( Annual Conference of the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS2006)(
dhod+0(
@5#?G6T(=0T(F0(4B6;;692.5B&T(59.(,0(@5#?GK$#$0()**h0(=(?&aG&9#65B(@$9#&(45'B$(K&#-$.(M$'(15I&?659(M5"&('&"$296#6$90(
Joint IAPR International Workshops On Structural and Syntactic Pattern Recognition (SSPR 2006) 59. Statistical
Techniques in Pattern Recognition (SPR 2006)(d+eodeh0((
@5#?GK$#$T(,0()**+0(!9B69&(15I&?659(K$.&B692(59.(;'&.6"#6$9($M(.I95K6"5B(?I?#&K?X(F&aG&9#65B(@$9#&(45'B$(5;;'$5"-0(
Methods of Information in Medicine(RhXchQb*b0((
@5#?GK$#$T( ,0T( 59.( :0( ^$?G60( )**+0( =.5;#5#6$9( 59.( "-592&( .&#&"#6$9( H6#-( 5( ?&aG&9#65B( @$9#&( 45'B$( ?"-&K&0( IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics(S+3S7Xdc)Qh*h0((
@G'5K5#?GT(>0T(@0(:$9.$T(@0(F5?5J6T(F0(,5"-6%595T(59.(,0(@5#?GK$#$0()**h0(=(@5'J$O("-569(@$9#&(45'B$(5B2$'6#-K(
M$'(15I&?659(.I95K6"(?6295#G'&(O&'6M6"5#6$90(IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security(b3b7X))oSR0(
L5J5.5T(^0T(59.(,0(@5#?GK$#$0()**h0(=(15I&?659("-592&(.&#&"#6$9(M$'(G9J9$H9(9$9B69&5'(?I?#&K?X(!9B69&(?&aG&9#65B(
@$9#&( 45'B$( 5;;'$5"-0( Joint 3rd International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems 59. 7th
International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS & ISIS 2006)()*o)R0(
L5J5.5T(^0T(^0(@$G'6T(^0([$92$T(59.(,0(@5#?GK$#$0()**h0(<6%%?1$$?#X(=(%$$?#692(5B2$'6#-K(G?692(5(?&aG&9#65B(@$9#&(
45'B$(5;;'$5"-0(IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing )dco)hR0(
!-I5T(80T(^0(L5J5.5T(:0(^5K5.5T(59.(,0(@5#?GK$#$0()**h0(@$9#&(45'B$(B$"5B6]5#6$9(H6#-("-592&(.&#&"#6$9(K$.&B0(2006
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Site:
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Wuhan University
College of Chemistry and Molecular Science
Luojia Hill, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
http://www.whu.edu.cn/en/
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BACKGROUND
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Funding Sources and Commercialization
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Industrial Collaborations
D'$M&??$'(>G59(-5?(H$'J&.($9(69#'5"$"-B&5'(&B&"#'$.&?(59.(6?(69#&'&?#&.(69(#-&(.&O&B$;K&9#($M(69#'5"'5965B(
&B&"#'$.&?( 59.( #-&6'( "-5'5"#&'6]5#6$90( F-&( "$BB5%$'5#&?( "B$?&BI( H6#-( 5( -62-Q#&"-( "$K;59IT( /G-59( <'&&9#&J(
F"6&9#6M6"( D#I0T( _#.0( ,-&( 696#65B( K5'J&#( $M( #-&( "$K;59I( 6?( 9&G'5B( ?"6&9#6M6"( '&?&5'"-( 59.( K&.6"5B( '&?&5'"-(
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Academic Collaborations
D'$M&??$'( >G59( "$9#69G&?( "$BB5%$'5#6$9?( H6#-( #-&( 69O&?#625#$'?( 5#( #-&( 4$$;&'5#6O&( \&?&5'"-( 4&9#&'( M$'(
4$"-B&5'( UK;B59#( 59.( [&5'692( =6.( U99$O5#6$9( $M( #-&( 16$96"( P5'( U9?#6#G#&( 69( @&B%$G'9&T( =G?#'5B650( U9(
5..6#6$9T(?-&(6?(.&O&B$;692(#6&?(H6#-($#-&'(69O&?#625#$'?(5#(/G-59(N96O&'?6#I(59.(,?692-G5(N96O&'?6#I0(
Research and Development Activities
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?G'M5"&?( 59.( ;B5#69GK0( F-&( 6?( "G''&9#BI( .&O&B$;692( ?6K;B&( 59.( '&B65%B&( ?G'M5"&( K$.6M6"5#6$9( K&#-$.?( M$'(
6'6.6GK( $V6.&( &B&"#'$.&?( 59.( K6"'$;$'$G?( D#( &B&"#'$.&?0( ,-&( B5#&?#( 9&HBI( .&O&B$;&.( ;$'$G?( D#( &B&"#'$.&?(
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59.(69O$BO&.(?#G.6&?(&V#&9.692(#$(?6V(K$9#-? in vivoT(H-6"-(6?(5(O&'I(2$$.(#&?#%&.(?I?#&K(M$'(G9.&'?#59.692(
;$#&9#65B("-592&?(69(&B&"#'$.&?(5?(5(MG9"#6$9($M(#6K&(in vivo0((
D'$M&??$'( >G59( -5?( %&&9( B&??( "$9"&'9&.( H6#-( 5"#G5B( &B&"#'$;-I?6$B$26"5B( K&5?G'&?T( H-6"-( 5'&( "'6#6"5B( M$'(
G9.&'?#59.692( #-&( ;&'M$'K59"&( ;'$;&'#6&?( $M( #-&( .&O6"&( in vivo0( ,-&( 9&G'5B( &B&"#'$.&( '&?&5'"-( 2'$G;( 5#(
/G-59(N96O&'?6#I(6?(M$"G?692($9(&B&"#'$.&Q9&G'5B(69#&'M5"&(%6$"$K;5#6%6B6#I0(
Electrode-Neural Interface Biocompatibility
,6??G&( '&?;$9?&?( #-5#( "5G?&( .&#&'6$'5#6$9( $M( MG9"#6$9( $M( 6K;B59#&.( &B&"#'$.&( 5''5I?( 5'&( 5( K5Z$'( ;'$%B&KT(
69"BG.692(59(69"'&5?&(69(?#6KGB5#6$9(#-'&?-$B.(59.(&B&"#'$.&(6K;&.59"&(5?(H&BB(5?(9$6?&0(D'$M0(>G59W?(#&5K(
;'$;$?&?(5(K$.&B($M(#-&(&B&"#'$.&Q9&G'5B(#6??G&(69#&'M5"&(59.(5(K$.6M6"5#6$9(?#'5#&2IT(?-$H9(69(A62G'&(40SdT(
H-6"-(2G6.&?(6#?('&?&5'"-(#$H5'.(5(9&G'5B(#6??G&QM'6&9.BI(&B&"#'$.&(5''5I0((
Communication
eQ
eQ
eQ
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eQ
eQ
eQ
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Stimulation & Recording
-
+
+
-
+
…
+
-
+
Na+ ClQ
- -
+
-
Double Layer
Increase safe charge
injection, reduce impedance
Tissue Response
Reduce tissue response
promote neuron in-growth
Electrode –neural interface modification strategy
(
A62G'&(40Sd0(=9(&B&"#'$.&Q9&G'5B(#6??G&(69#&'M5"&(K$.&B(59.(K$.6M6"5#6$9(?#'5#&2I0(
4G''&9#BIT(;$'$G?(D#(59.(U'6.6GK($V6.&(&B&"#'$.&?("$5#&.(H6#-(%6$"$K;5#6%B&(-I.'$Q2&B(M6BK(5'&(%&692(?#G.6&.(
69(#-&(B5%$'5#$'I(59.(H6BB(%&(5;;B6&.(#$(@P@FQ%5?&.(K6"'$&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?0((
Safe Electrical Stimulation Study
F5M&(&B&"#'6"5B(9&G'5B(?#6KGB5#6$9(-5?(#H$("'6#&'65X(3b7(6#(.$&?(9$#("5G?&(&V#'5("&BBGB5'(MBG6.(&B&"#'$BI?6?T(59.(
3)7( 6#( K696K6]&?( &B&"#'$.&( "$''$?6$90( PB&"#'$.&( .&?629T( ?#6KGB5#6$9( H5O&M$'KT( 59.( ?#6KGB5#$'( .&?629( 5BB(
"$9#'6%G#&(#$(#-6?(6??G&0(N9.&'?#59.692(#-&(&MM&"#?($M(#-&(M5"#$'?(59.(69"'&5?692(#-&(?5M&#I(K5'269(5'&(#-&(2$5B?(
$M( "G''&9#( ?#G.I0( ,-&( /G-59( '&?&5'"-&'?( 5'&( .&O&B$;692( 5( #&"-96aG&( $M( '&5BQ#6K&( K$96#$'692( $M( &B&"#'$.&(
;$#&9#65B(.G'692(&B&"#'6"5B(?#6KGB5#6$9(G?692(5(;?&G.$'&M&'&9"&(&B&"#'$.&(69("-'$96"(596K5B?0(
Surface Biopotential Sensor
=(?69#&'&.(=2f=24B(&B&"#'$.&(H6#-(5(?;&"65B(;$?#(#'&5#K&9#(6?(%&692(.&O&B$;&.(M$'(5;;B6"5#6$9?(69(PP<T(5?(
H&BB(5?(5;;B6"5#6$9?(69(9&H(PP<(M&&.%5"J(?I?#&K?0(L&H("$9.G"#6O&(2&B?(G?&.(H6#-(#-&(?&9?$'(5'&(5B?$(G9.&'(
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
D'$M&??$'(>G59(B&5.?(5('&B5#6O&BI(9&H('&?&5'"-(2'$G;($9(MB&V6%B&(K6"'$&B&"#'$.&?(#-5#(6#(-5?(5;;B6&.(;'6K5'6BI(
#$( 69#'5"$"-B&5'( 5;;B6"5#6$9?0( [&'( 69#&'&?#?( 5'&( 69( #-&( .&O&B$;K&9#( $M( 69#'5"'5965B( &B&"#'$.&?( 59.( #-&(
.&O&B$;K&9#( $M( %&##&'( K6"'$&B&"#'$.&?( M$'( B$92Q#&'K( 6K;B59#5#6$90( [&'( &B&"#'$"-&K6"5B( #&"-9$B$26&?( 5'&(
2$$.(M$'(.&#&'K69692(;$#&9#65B("-592&?(in vivoT(H6#-(MG'#-&'(5;;B6"5#6$9(69(&B&"#'$;-I?6$B$26"5B('&"$'.692?0(
,-6?( "$GB.( %&( 5( ;$H&'MGB( 5;;'$5"-( M$'( .&#&'K69692( H5I?( #$( 6K;'$O&( #-&( B$92&O6#I( 59.( ;&'M$'K59"&(
;'$;&'#6&?( $M( 69.H&BB692( &B&"#'$;-I?6$B$26"5B( &B&"#'$.&?( 59.( ?#6KGB5#692( &B&"#'$.&?( M$'( 14U( 5;;B6"5#6$9?0(
D'$M&??$'(>G59W?(H$'J(6?("$K;B&K&9#5'I(#$(5..6#6$95B(H$'J(#-5#(6?(2$692($9(5#(/G-59(N96O&'?6#IT(.6'&"#&.(
%I(D'$M&??$'(/592(59.(#-&([NF,(<'$G;0(U9(;5'#6"GB5'T(#-&(MB&V6%B&(&B&"#'$.&(#&"-9$B$2I(#-5#(D'$M&??$'(>G59(
-5?(%&&9(H$'J692($9(69("$9ZG9"#6$9(H6#-("$BB5%$'5#$'?(K5I(%&(5;;B6"5%B&(#$(#-&(?;695B("$'.(?#6KGB5#6$9(H$'J(
#-5#(6?(%&692("5''6&.($G#(69("$9ZG9"#6$9(H6#-(>'0(/592(59.("$H$'J&'?0(
Competitive Advantages Compared to World
D'$M&??$'( >G59( -5?( &V"&BB&9#( &B&"#'$"-&K6"5B( ?J6BB?( M$'( ?#G.6&?( $M( ;$#&9#65B( "-592&?( $M( &B&"#'$.&?(in vivo0(
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K6"'$&B&"#'$.&(5''5I?(59.(14U(#&"-9$B$2I0((
REFERENCES
>G59T( ^0^0T( <0@0( 4B5'JT( 59.( \0F040( 4$H590( )**R0( =( ?#G.I( $M( 69#'5"$"-B&5'( &B&"#'$.&?( 59.( #6??G&( 69#&'M5"&( %I(
&B&"#'$"-&K6"5B(6K;&.59"&(K&#-$.?(in vivo0(Biomaterials()dXSebSoSe)e0(
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APPENDIX D. GLOSSARY
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