Performance Products
Metalworking Chemicals
Product Information
Huntsman Metalworking Chemicals
Table of Contents
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Huntsman Capabilities
Huntsman Products
Amines for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . . . . . .4
Comparison of Important Properties
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Bis-(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA)
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
XTA-771
Ethanolamines
Other Amines
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . .29
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Alcohol Alkoxylates
EO/PO Block Copolymers
Alcohol Ethoxylates
Fatty Acid and Castor Oil Ethoxylates
Phosphate Esters
Formulated Emulsifiers
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry . . .45
Alkylate H-230L
JEFFOX® WL-series Functional Fluids
Glycols
Regional Product Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
DEHSCOFIX®, DGA®, DIGLYCOLAMINE®, EMPICOL®, EMPILAN®, EMPIPHOS®, JEFFAMINE®, JEFFOX®,
LAUREX®, POGOL®, SURFOL®, SURFONAMINE®, and SURFONIC® are registered trademarks of
Huntsman Corporation or an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries.
DMDGA™ is a trademark of Huntsman Corporation of an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries.
CORFREE® is a trademark of Invista North America.
TEFLON® is a trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company.
VITON® is a trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC.
1
SECTION 1
Introduction
Huntsman Capabilities
Huntsman is committed to producing a broad range of
the highest quality amines, surfactants and related
chemicals for the metalworking industry, and is the
logical choice to be your key supplier for the formulation
of your metalworking fluids.
Huntsman is an integrated supplier, producing not only
the finished amines and surfactants but many of the
basic raw materials used to manufacture those products.
Huntsman is a global supplier, manufacturing
products for the metalworking industry in the United
States, Australia, and multiple European countries.
Our skilled and knowledgeable sales force markets
2
our products worldwide, assisted by an extensive
distributor network.
Huntsman is an innovative supplier. With the support
of state of the art research, development and pilot
facilities we will work closely with you to help
formulate products that meet your exacting needs.
Huntsman Products
Huntsman manufactures a broad range of amines,
surfactants, and related products essential in
formulating metalworking fluids. Table 1.1 lists
primary application areas for each of the product
types. Similar tables including trademarked product
names by region can be found in Section 5.
Introduction
Intermediates
Anti-mist Additives
Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-Foamants
Coupling Agents
Lubricity Additives
Emulsifiers
Corrosion Inhibitors
Product
Alkalinity Control
Table 1.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry
Primary Amines
Tertiary Amines
Polyetheramines
Linear Alcohols
Alcohol Ethoxylates
Alcohol Alkoxylates
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
Castor Oil Ethoxylates
EO/PO Block and Reverse
Block Copolymers
Phosphate Esters
Sodium Isethionate
Functional Fluids
Glycols
Glycol Ethers
3
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Huntsman is a major integrated supplier of amines,
many of which have application in the metalworking
industry. We have developed and continue to support
our amine process technologies in fully equipped
laboratories and pilot facilities in the United States
and Europe. This section demonstrates our ongoing
commitment to our amine customers in the
metalworking industry.
metalworking. A comparison of cobalt leaching by
commonly used metalworking amines is plotted in
Figure 2.2.
Included in Section 2 is information on various
amines commonly used in the metalworking industry.
The first part of this section contains comparison
data for these amines while the last part of this
section individually discusses several Huntsman
amines used in the metalworking industry. These
products include DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, bis(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA), SURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine, triethanolamine (TEA),
diethanolamine (DEA), and others.
MIPA. It is somewhat more alkaline than either DEA or
DIPA (diispropanolamine).
Comparison of Important Properties
A list of amines commonly used in metalworking is
given in Table 2.1, with Huntsman product offerings
highlighted. Table 2.2 further discusses commonly
used amines in metalworking, listing the CAS
numbers, as well as regulatory information.
Volatility is an important consideration in metalworking
applications where misting is a concern. Data
included in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.1 illustrate the low
volatility of Huntsman products, such as
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, monoethanolamine (MEA),
DEA, TEA and BHEMA, relative to other amines
commonly used in metalworking applications.
Cobalt leaching is another important factor in
4
The pH measurements on solutions of various amines at
several different concentrations in water are given in Table
2.4. These data are indicative of the relative efficiency of
the amines as alkalinity control agents. Generally,
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is less alkaline than MEA and
Titration curves are presented for several of the more
common metalworking amines with some of the more
common metalworking acids in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5.
Boric acid is a well-known component of metalworking
fluids, which imparts both corrosion resistance and
enhanced biostability. Both salts and condensates of
boric acid with a variety of amines have been employed.
Data in the literature suggest that the boric acid adduct of
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is quite effective in maintaining
pH and resisting biodegradation (Table 2.5).
Published information (Table 2.6) comparing the tendency
to form N-nitrosoamines in prototype synthetic and semisynthetic cutting fluids shows a pronounced tendency to
form these carcinogenic materials from secondary amines
like DEA and diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Primary amines,
like DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent, do not show this tendency.
Another important aspect in metalworking is corrosion.
Aluminum staining/corrosion data is compared in Tables
2.7, 2.8, and 2.9. Figure 2.6 compares magnesium
staining by various amines.
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.1 - Amines for Metalworking
Physical Properties
Amine Type
DGA® Agent
MEA
AMP
MIPA
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Appearance
DEA
DIPA
TEA
Secondary* Secondary* Tertiary
BHEMA
APM
Tertiary
Prim/Tert
Clear and free of suspended material
Color, Pt-Co
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
<15
Equivalent Weight
105
61
94
75
105
133
149
119
144**
pKa, 20°C
9.45
10.03
9.82
9.40
8.88
8.70
7.76
8.59
10.04
pH, 5% aqueous solution
11.30
11.56
11.46
11.40
10.98
10.84
10.38
10.79
11.59
Boiling Point, °C, 760 mmHg
223
171
165
158
268
246
340
247
224
Vapor Pressure, 20°C, mmHg
0.004
0.4
0.7
0.6
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<1
Freezing Point, °C
-12.5
10
30 (dry)
25
28
44
21
-21
<-45
Flash Point, °C
124
95
78
71
149
260
202
126
86
Viscosity, cSt, 30°C
20
18.9
90
23
352
870
429
56
Dermal LD50, mg/kg
>3000
1025
>2000
1600
>3000
>3000
Oral LD50, mg/kg
2560
2100
2900
2700
1410
>2000
Acute Fish LC50, mg/l
460
>500
331
220-460
0.1
>450
Acute Daphnia EC50, mg/l
190
>100
193
108
55
1530
Acute Algae IC50, mg/l
160
7.5–75
520
23
>10
169
Mutagenic
No
No
No
No
(*)
(*)
No
No
Dermal Sensitizer
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
1
1
—
1
1
1
1
1
Environmental, Health &
Safety Concerns
WGK Classification
* Secondary amines prone to N-nitrosamine formation
**Equivalent weight is for primary amine function only
Data sources: Huntsman, literature
Huntsman products in bold type.
5
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.2 - Common Amine Components of Metalworking Fluid Formulations
6
CAS#
European
Classification
U.S. DOT
Classification
Packing
Group
Exposure
Limits
Authority
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol
929-06-6
Corrosive
Corrosive
III
None
—
MIPA
Isopropanolamine
78-96-6
Corrosive
Corrosive
II
None
—
AMP
amino methyl propanol alternative
124-68-5
Irritant
None
—
None
—
BHEMA
Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine
105-59-9
Irritant
None
—
None
—
TEA
Triethanolamine
102-71-6
None
None
—
5 mg/m3 TWA
ACGIH TLV
DEA
Diethanolamine
111-42-2
Irritant
None
—
15 mg/m3 TWA
ACGIH TLV
MEA
Monoethanolamine
141-43-5
Harmful
Corrosive
III
6 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA PEL
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.3 - Relative Volatility of Selected Amines Used in Metalworking
Vapor Pressure, mmHg
20°C
100°C
150°C
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Boiling Point,°C,
760 mmHg
Flash Point,
°C
0.004
5.5
68.5
223
124
MEA
0.2
48.2
387
171
95
MIPA
0.5
79.8
560
158
71
AMP
0.7
59
457
165
—
Amine in Vapor Phase (Wt%)
Figure 2.1 - Volatility of Some Common Metalworking Amine Solutions*
*Plots correspond to a 10 wt% aqueous amine sample and were constructed using data obtained in vapor-liquid equilibrium determinations.
7
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 2.2 - Cobalt Leaching by Commonly Used Metalworking Amines*
*Samples are 1 wt% aqueous solutions of amine containing 1500 ppm cobalt powder. The pH of each solution is adjusted to the desired pH level with acetic
acid. Dissolved cobalt is measured after 21 days.
8
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.4 - pH of Metalworking Amines as a Function of Concentration at 25°C1
Amine Concentrate (wt%)
1
5
10
15
20
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol
11.30
11.57
11.74
11.86
MEA
Monoethanolamine
11.56
11.79
11.94
12.03
JEFFAMINE®
D-400 Polyetheramine
11.00
11.19
11.27
11.35
AMP
amino methyl propanol alternative
11.40
11.69
11.84
11.95
MIPA
Monoisopropanolamine
11.40
11.66
11.81
11.95
DEA
Diethanolamine
10.98
11.18
11.31
11.38
DIPA
Diisopropanolamine
10.84
10.90
10.97
11.02
TEA
Triethanolamine
10.38
10.61
10.73
10.80
BHEMA
Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine
10.79
10.97
11.07
11.13
DMDGATM Aminoalcohol
N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-aminoethoxy)-ethanol
11.12
11.87
11.47
11.58
APM
Aminopropylmorpholine
11.59
11.87
12.05
12.23
pH data was determined using a pre-calibrated Beckman 12pH Meter and Cole Parmer sealed combination electrode with a silver/silver chloride reference
electrode. Solutions were allowed to equilibrate 10 minutes prior to measurement.
9
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 2.3 - Titration Curves of Various Metalworking Amines with Decanoic Acid
Figure 2.4 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with Isononaoic Acid
10
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 2.5 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines
with CORFREE® M1 Corrosion Inhibitor
mL of 5% amine solution
Table 2.5 - pH Stability of Boric Acid Derivative of Aminoalcohols1
pH
Initial
6 days
12 days
18 days
30 days
% Change
Adduct with DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Odor
10.20
none
10.18
none
10.08
none
10.05
none
10.01
none
-1.9
Adduct with MEA Odor
10.0
none
9.98
none
9.80
none
9.70
weak
9.60
weak
-10.0
Adduct with DEA Odor
10.41
none
10.36
none
10.21
none
10.07
none
9.99
none
-4.0
Adduct with TEA Odor
10.10
none
10.08
none
10.05
none
10.02
none
9.80
none
-2.2
“Antimicrobial Properties of the Products from the Reaction of Various Aminoalcohols and Boric Anhydride”
S. Wantanabe, T. Fujita, M. Sakamoto, and W. Aono
Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 19 (1988), pp 191-195
1
11
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.6 - Nitrosoamine Formation in Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Cutting Fluids
Semi-synthetic Cutting Fluid1
ppb Nitrosoamine
Secondary Amine
DEA
Diisopropanol Amine
336
414
Primary Amine
MEA
Monoisopropanol Amine
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
14
18
24
Tertiary Amine
TEA
113
Control
Synthetic Cutting Fluid2
9
ppb Nitrosoamine
Secondary Amine
DEA
Primary Amine
MEA
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
1
2
609,000
None detected
None detected
Conditions: 5% emulsion, 50 ppm Na nitrite, 60°C, 1 week
Reference: J. Hübner in T + S Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik, 3, 1996
Literature: R.N. Loeppky, T.J. Hansen, and L.K. Keefter, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 21, 607-613, 1993
Nitrite-free cutting fluid after exposure to nitric oxide in air for three hours
Table 2.7 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion Summary of Results
•
•
•
•
•
•
12
Aluminum staining/corrosion is pH dependent
Aluminum staining/corrosion is also dependent on the presence of other common additives (such as fatty acids)
Tests run at pH=8.8 suggest that DGA® Agent may provide an advantage over other amines
Solutions of TEA showed much more significant staining/corrosion than any other amines tested
Test time was 24 hours at ambient temperature
Corrosion documented by weighing the test coupons before and after the test; dissolved Al in solution measured by ICP
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.8 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion
Dissolved Al (ppm)
Al 6061
Al 2024
Amine*
Al 7075
Al 390
DGA® Agent
5
5.5
7.6
9
AMP
9
7.9
12
11.5
TEA
155
195
235
215
XTA-771
11
9.3
14
14
BHEMA
7.2
4.8
8.6
9
DEA
7.9
9.3
10
11
MEA
—
—
—
10
Blank
<1
<1
<1
<1
* 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of amine; pH adjusted with acetic acid
13
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.9 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion with Fatty Acid
Amine
Isononanoic acid salt*
Al 7075
Dissolved Al (ppm)
Al 6061
Al 2024
DGA® Agent
2.6
3.4
5
3.9
AMP
3.6
3.4
3.7
2.2
TEA
10
30
3.7
2.2
XTA-771
3.0
2.6
2.7
2.2
BHEMA
2.2
3.0
<1
<1
DEA
2.5
<1
1.2
<1
MEA
1.9
<1
2.6
<1
Blank
4.1
<1
6.7
6.0
* 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of salt (1:1); pH adjusted with KOH
Figure 2.6 - Effect of Amines on Magnesium % Wt Loss From Coupons
14
Al 390
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Table 2.13 lists the countries with DIGLYCOLAMINE®
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is an essentially colorless,
slightly viscous liquid. The product is a non-volatile
primary amine with a low tendency to leach cobalt,
aluminum, or copper. Features and benefits of DGA®
Agent are listed in Table 2.10.
Agent registrations. Table 2.14 lists TSCA registrations
for amides and salts of DGA® Agent.
A comparison of hard water tolerance of salts of
neodecanoic acid with either DGA® agent or DEA is
presented in Table 2.15.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent has an excellent toxicity
profile as summarized in Table 2.11. Numerous physical
properties of DGA® Agent are listed in Table 2.12.
Table 2.10 - Features and Benefits of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent in Metalworking
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Primary Amine
Isomeric with DEA
Inventory listed (TSCA, EINECS, MITI, DSL, AICS)
Used commercially in U.S. and Europe as DEA replacement
Huntsman manufactures in U.S. and Europe
Low toxicity profile
Non-mutagenic
Non-dermal sensitizer
Lower volatility, higher boiling and flash points than other DEA substitutes
Lower freezing points than other DEA substitutes
Provides buffering and corrosion protection
Lime-tolerant
Readily forms amides
Benefits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
DEA free
Reacts readily with acids to form amides and salts
Stoichiometrically equivalent to DEA
Readily available globally
Minimal disposal problems
Reduced volatility and respiratory concerns; Good cold weather handling
Similar to DEA in providing buffering capacity
Amides provide lubricity, emulsification, hard water stability
15
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.11 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Toxicity Profile
Mammalian Toxicity
Oral LD50
2.56 g/kg in rats; considered slightly toxic by ingestion (1991).
Dermal LD50
Greater than 3.0 g/kg in rabbits; considered practically non-toxic by dermal absorption (1990).
Dermal Irritation
Draize dermal irritation score in rabbits is 8.0 of 8.0; considered to be a dermal corrosive (1992).
Ocular Irritation
Due to dermal corrosivity, an ocular irritation study is considered to be inappropriate and has not been performed. Draize
ocular irritation score (rabbit) is estimated to be 50 to 80/100; considered to be severely irritating/corrosive to the eyes.
Dermal Sensitization
Not a sensitizer in guinea pigs when induced and challenged at 105 using the Beuhler study protocol (1991).
Genetic Toxicity
Ames Assay
Negative with and without metabolic activation in a plate incorporation assay, using concentrations up to 10,000 ug/plate in
Salmonella tester strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 (1982).
UDS Assay
Negative at culture concentrations up to 1% in DMSO. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under the
test protocol (1982).
Cell Transformation Test
Negative at culture concentration up to 1563 nl/ml. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under the test
protocol (1982).
16
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.12 - Physical Properties of DIGYCOLAMINE® Agent
Boiling point, °C , 760 mmHg
221
Critical constants*
Critical temperature, °C
Critical pressure, psi
Critical density, g/cc
401.40
42.98
0.322
Density, g/ml
60°F
77°F
1.0585
1.0508
Flash point, °F, PMCC
255
Freezing point, °C
-12.5
Heat of vaporization, 760 mmHg, Btu/lb
219.14
Ionization constant, 25°C, KD
3.6 x 10-5
Refractive index, nD, 20°C
1.4598
Specific gravity, 20/20°C
1.0560
Specific heat of liquid, Btu/lb/°F
60°F
180°F
0.571
0.623
Thermal conductivity, 68°F, Btu/hr, sq ft, °F/ft
0.121
Vapor pressure, 68°F, mmHg
0.004*
Viscosity, 60°F, cp
40
Weight, 60°F, lb/gal
8.8
* calculated
Table 2.13 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent Registrations
Country
United States
Europe
Canada
Australia
Japan
Korea
Inventory
CAS#
TSCA
EINECS
DSL
AICS
MITI
ECL
929-06-6
213-195-5
929-06-6
929-06-6
(2)-3202
2-709
17
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.14 - DIGLYCOLAMINE® Amide and Salt Registrations
Inventory
PMN#
Amides
CAS#
TSCA
99-350
DGA® Amide of Neodecanoic acid
212335-62-1
TSCA
99-351
DGA® Amide of Coco Fatty acid
212335-59-6
TSCA
99-352
DGA® Amide of Dodecanoic acid
20138-28-7
TSCA
99-353
DGA® Amide of Decanoic acid
158948-13-1
TSCA
99-358
DGA® Amide of Castor-oil Fatty acid
212335-58-5
Testing Required
99-354
DGA® Amide of Tall Oil Fatty acid
213702-37-5
Testing Required
99-355
DGA® Amide of Octadecanoic acid
32425-87-9
Testing Required
99-356
DGA® Amide of Isooctadecanoic acid
212335-61-0
Testing Required
99-357
DGA® Amide of Soya Fatty acid
212335-57-4
Salts
18
TSCA
99-544
DGA® Salt of Tall Oil Fatty acid
216593-48-5
TSCA
99-545
DGA® Salt of Octadecanoic acid
216583-60-7
TSCA
99-546
DGA® Salt of Isooctadecanoic acid
216583-91-4
TSCA
99-547
DGA® Salt of Soya Fatty acid
216593-49-6
TSCA
99-548
DGA® Salt of Castor-oil Fatty acid
216593-54-3
TSCA
99-583
DGA® Salt of Coco Fatty acid
216593-55-4
TSCA
99-584
DGA® Salt of Dodecanoic acid
78543-39-2
TSCA
99-585
DGA® Salt of Neodecanoic acid
216853-95-8
TSCA
99-586
DGA® Salt of Decanoic acid
216583-94-7
TSCA
99-587
DGA® Salt of Nonanoic acid
216583-66-3
TSCA
99-588
DGA® Salt of Boric acid
124756-59-8
TSCA
01-308
DGA® Salt of Dodecanedioic acid
292601-80-0
TSCA
01-309
DGA® Salt of Undecanedioic acid
292601-81-1
TSCA
01-310
DGA® Salt of Decanedioic acid
292601-82-2
TSCA
01-307
DGA® Salt of CORFREE® M1 inhibitor
292849-36-6
TSCA
01-311
DGA® Salt of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-hexanoic acid
292601-83-3
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.15 - Hard Water Tolerance of Neodecanoic Acid Salts of
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent vs. DEA
Hardness, ppm
0
114
342
1000
Temperature, 25°C
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
DEA
C
C
C
C
C
SH
C
SH
Temperature, 60°C
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
DEA
C
C
C
SH
C
SH
C
SH
Notes: Salts used at 1% level
Acid type influences hard water tolerance
C = Clear
SH = Slight Haze
19
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
Data comparing the physical properties of DGA®
Agent and another commonly used metalworking
amine are given in Table 2.16. Both products are
relatively strong amines with about the same
equivalent weight. The boiling point, flash point, and
vapor pressure of DGA® Agent indicate DGA® Agent
is a less volatile amine. This could be an important
factor where misting and odor are concerns. Both
amines have similar toxicity profiles.
Table 2.16 - DGA® Agent Physical Properties
Physical Properties
DGA® Agent
AMP
Primary
Primary
Equivalent weight
105
93.7
Boiling point, °C, 760 mmHg
223
165
Vapor Pressure, 20°C, mmHg
0.004
0.08
Freezing Point, °C
-12.5
-2
63
27
561
147
pH, 5% aqueous solution
11.3
11.4
Flash point, °C
124
78
Dermal LD50, mg/kg
>3000
>2000
Oral LD50, mg/kg
2560
2900
Acute fish LC50, mg/l
460
331
Acute daphnia EC50, mg/l
190
193
Acute algae IC50, mg/l
160
520
Mutagenic
No
No
Dermal Sensitizer
No
No
Amine type
Viscosity, cSt, 10°C
25°C
Environmental, Health, and Safety
20
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Because AMP is a slightly stronger amine than DGA®
Agent, it gives a directionally higher pH in solution
(Table 2.17). When these amines are used to provide
reserve alkalinity (buffering), we recommend the
inclusion of a weaker amine like TEA (Triethanolamine).
Reserve alkalinity is a function of the amount of amine
present. With strong amines, less amine is required to
reach a given pH target, hence reducing the amount
available for buffering. Inclusion of TEA will increase
the amount of amine present without appreciably
increasing the pH. The effect of blending TEA with
either DGA® Agent or AMP on pH and alkalinity of 5%
aqueous solutions is given in Table 2.17. The data
indicate AMP is a more basic amine giving a
directionally lower reserve alkalinity with TEA than
DGA® Agent with TEA.
Table 2.17 - pH and Reserve Alkalinity of 5% Aqueous Amine Solutions
1
pH
Reserve Alkalinity 1
TEA
10.4
—
DGA® Agent
11.3
17.8
AMP
11.4
16.8
DGA® Agent/TEA (2.5%/2.5%)
11.1
21.6
AMP/TEA (2.5%/2.5%)
11.3
20.6
As neodecanoic acid salt (ASTM D1121)
The breakpoints obtained from iron chip corrosion tests
on borate salts of DGA® Agent and AMP are provided
in Table 2.18. DGA® Agent and AMP are seen to be
equivalent in their effect on corrosion of cast iron chips
as defined by the ASTM D4627 test.
The test solutions were made up of 1:1 amine/boric acid, at
1.5M concentration. This corresponds to 15.75 weight %
DGA® Agent, 13.35 weight % AMP, and 9.27 weight %
boric acid. The pH of all solutions was 10.1. The tests
were run according to ASTM D4627-92, utilizing 10
dilutions of the test solutions in calcium chloride water. A
second set of tests were also performed by making the
dilutions using calcium chloride water containing 10 times
the standard method concentration. There was no
observable effect on the breakpoints.
Table 2.18 - Amine Borate Chip Rust Test Results
Amine
Breakpoint
Breakpoint (10X)
DGA® Agent/Borate
4.0
4.0
DGA® Agent/Borate - repeat
4.0
4.0
AMP/Borate
4.0
4.0
AMP/Borate - repeat
4.0
4.0
21
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
DGA® Agent and AMP have a similar cobalt leaching
profile, while DGA® Agent is better toward copper
(Table 2.19). Foam properties, as measured on 1%
solutions of the neodecanoic acid salts of both amines,
are essentially equivalent.
Table 2.19* - Cobalt and Copper Leaching Comparison
Co
Cu
DI water (control)
11.0
0
DGA® Agent
24.4
107.5
AMP
17.8
207.5
*Angus Chemical Company data
Electrochemical tests1 were performed to measure the
corrosion rate of aluminum and carbon steel in amineborate solutions. The corrosion rate of aluminum in the
presence of only the amine borates or amine borates
and KOH, used to adjust to a constant pH, was
moderate, in the range of 2.4 to 6.0 mpy. There was
essentially no difference among the three amines.
Corrosion of carbon steel was very low, at an average
of 0.05 mpy. The data are given in the table below. We
conclude on the basis of this testing there are no
difference in the corrosion protection for aluminum and
steel provided by the amine borates prepared from
DGA® Agent, DEA, and AMP.
Table 2.20 - Aluminum Corrosion Rates
1
Amine Salt
pH
Aluminum (mpy)
Steel (mpy)
DGA® Agent Borate
9.6
4.9 ± 0.3
0.040 ± 0.012
DEA Borate
9.3
2.7 ± 0.3
0.060 ± 0.016
AMP Borate
9.8
5.4 ± 0.6
0.040 ± 0.0006
DGA® Agent Borate
10.1
3.2 ± 0.9
Not determined
DEA Borate
10.1
5.8 ± 1.9
Not determined
AMP Borate
10.1
3.8 ± 1.2
Not determined
The amines were prepared as 1:1 mole ratio salts with boric acid at a concentration of 0.1M. The solutions were tested at the as-prepared pH (shown in Table 2.20)
and also at a pH value of 10.1, adjusted using KOH. The corrosion rates were measured using electrochemical polarization resistance over a four-hour period.
Aluminum alloy 7075 (UNS A97075) and 1020 carbon steel were freshly polished before each test. All tests were performed at room temperature (22°C) under
continuous aeration and with moderate stirring.
22
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Handling, Storage and Shipping of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
General
The handling and storage of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
present no unusual problems. Huntsman Corporation’s
Technical Services team is available to assist those
persons desiring additional information.
Maintaining Specifications
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is hygroscopic and will
absorb water vapor when exposed to a moist
atmosphere. If water content is to be minimized, a dry
inert gas pad under a few ounces of pressure should be
used on the storage tanks. A gas pad should also be
used if low color is important, since absorbed
atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide will cause
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent to develop color. Since
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is basic, it will react with
acidic gases; hence carbon dioxide and natural gas
containing acidic sulfur compounds cannot be used.
Nitrogen is quite suitable.
The solvent properties and alkaline nature of
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent should also be considered
when installing handling and storage facilities.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent may react with copper to
form complex salts. The use of copper and alloys
containing copper should be avoided in equipment that
will contact DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent or its aqueous
solutions. Carbon steel storage tanks constructed
according to a recognized code are generally
satisfactory. In cases where low color is important,
stainless steel is preferred.
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is not compatible with
phenolic resin linings. Steam coils with sufficient surface
area to heat the tank contents using low-pressure steam
should be built into the tank about six inches above the
floor. The coils should be constructed in such a manner
as to allow the condensate to drain. Stainless steel coils
are preferred, particularly when low color
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is important. If steam heat is
to be used continuously to prevent high viscosities or
freezing, a temperature regulator that throttles either the
steam or condensate should be installed.
In situations where the ambient temperature is low, tank
insulation is desirable. Asphalt-cork or urethane foam
insulation sprayed onto the outer wall is satisfactory. If
a nitrogen pad is used, pressure relief and vacuum relief
valves of a suitable capacity should be installed. The
system may consist of a cylinder of nitrogen, a pressure
reducing valve, a pressure relief valve, and a line to the
top of the storage tank. Tankage should be diked and
electrically bonded and grouped.
Transfer Lines
Carbon steel transfer lines at least two inches in diameter
and joined by welds or flanges are suitable. Screwed
joints are subject to failure unless back-welded because
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent will leach conventional pipe
dopes. U.S. Rubber 899 gasket material, polypropylene,
Teflon® elastomer, or their equivalents are satisfactory for
use with flanged connections in DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Agent service. Avoid the use of nitrile rubbers such as
neoprene, Buna-N or Viton® rubber.
If the ambient temperature is below 20°F, the transfer
line for the pure product should be steam traced and
insulated. Steam tracing can be accomplished by
affixing copper tubing of approximately 3/8-inch
23
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
diameter to the underside of the line, insulating the tube
to the line, and using low-pressure steam in the tubing.
For flexible connections, stainless steel hose is preferred
to rubber since rubber will generally deteriorate in
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent service and increase the
color of the product with time and temperature.
Systems that are insulated and steam traced should
be preheated in cool weather before being put into
service. Normally, 15 to 30 minutes of applying steam
to the tubing will adequately warm, but not overheat,
the system.
Transfer piping and pumps may be equipped with a
nitrogen padding system so the DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Agent can be pressured out of the lines when an
extended idle period is contemplated. This practice
will help losses and color increases that would result if
the DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent were allowed to remain
in the lines.
constructed of welded carbon steel and have bottomunloading fittings and steam coils.
Deliveries can also be made in insulated, stainless steel,
full or compartmented tank wagons with steam coils. If
requested, tank wagons can be equipped with
unloading pumps and hoses.
Drums of DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent can be shipped in
truckload or less-than-truckload quantities. The net
weight of a drum is 480 pounds; the gross weight is
approximately 519 pounds per drum. Drums are
UN1A1 or UN1H1, nonreturnable.
Under U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and
Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG)
regulations, the proper shipping name for
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent is “2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol”,
identification number UN 3055. This product is considered
a corrosive material (TDG hazard class 8) and requires a
“CORROSIVE” label for shipping.
Shipping Information
DIGLYCOLAMINE®
Delivery of
Agent can be made in
10,000 and 20,000-gallon tank cars. These cars are
24
For further information, please refer to the Material
Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
BHEMA
BHEMA is a low-volatility tertiary amine which may
be useful as an alternative to TEA. It has low acute
toxicity, and low nitrosamine potential. These
features, as well as other features of BHEMA are
summarized in Table 2.21. Toxicity and
environmental profiles are presented in Tables 2.22
and 2.23. Registration information for salts of
BHEMA are listed in Table 2.24.
Table 2.21 - Features and Benefits of BHEMA
Features
•
•
•
•
Benefits
Alternative to TEA
Low mammalian and aquatic toxicity
Low potential for nitrosamine formation
Effective in single amine formulations
•
•
•
•
Low volatility, which reduces airborne exposure
Not classified as corrosive under DOT
Shows lower tendency to stain than TEA
Slightly stronger base and lower molecular weight than TEA, so less
amine is required for pH development
• Good reserve alkalinity
• Good copper and cobalt leaching characteristics
Table 2.22 - BHEMA Toxicity Profile
Test
Result
Interpretation
Dermal LD50 - Rabbit
>2000 mg/kg
Practically nontoxic
Dermal Irritation - Rabbit
None -> slightly irritating
Eye Irritation - Rabbit
Irritating
BHEMA is alkaline.
90-day subchronic dermal study - rat
LOAEL: 250 mg/kg/d
NOAEL: 100 mg/kg/d
Effects limited to skin effects from irritation
Genotoxicity
Negative
In-vivo and in-vitro studies
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
25
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Table 2.23 - BHEMA Environmental Profile
Test
Value
Interpretation
Octanol:water partition coefficient (log Kow)
-1.08
Very water soluble; low bioaccumulation potential
Fish Toxicity
3 species
LC50 760-2000 mg/l
Practically nontoxic
Invertabrate Toxicity
(Daphnia)
EC50 230 mg/l
Practically nontoxic
Algal Tox
EC50 26-45 mg/l
EPA slightly toxic
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
Table 2.24 - BHEMA Salt Registrations
TSCA, DSL and EINECS Registrations Pending
Inventory
PMN#
Salts
CAS#
TSCA
P-05-782
BHEMA Salt of CORFREE® M1 inhibitor
843644-84-8
TSCA
P-05-787
BHEMA Salt of Tall Oil Fatty Acids
843644-82-6
TSCA
P-05-789
BHEMA Salt of Neodecanoic Acid
842129-84-4
TSCA
P-05-786
BHEMA Salt of Nonanoic Acid
842126-27-6
TSCA
P-05-788
BHEMA Salt of Decanoic Acid
842126-13-0
Data Source: IUCLID monograph
26
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine is butoxypropyl
amine. It is a water white liquid with a low viscosity
and very low molecular weight. More features and
benefits are discussed in Table 2.25. Figure 2.7
displays the physical properties for SURFONAMINE®
MW-781 amine.
Table 2.25 - Features and Benefits of SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine
Features
•
•
•
•
Strong primary amine (7.6 meq/g total amine)
Possible candidate for Borate production
Very low molecular weight (131 g/mol)
Inventory listed (TSCA, ENICS, NDSL)
Figure 2.7 -
Benefits
• Multipurpose additive for synthetic and semi-synthetic formulations
• Viscosity is 2 cSt; Melting point is -47oC
• Has surfactant properties; coupling agent/solubilizer (somewhat foamy
if neutralized to a low pH)
• Possible vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 Amine Physical Properties
27
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry
Ethanolamines
The ethanolamines used for metalworking are MEA
(Monoethanolamine), DEA (Diethanolamine), and TEA
(Triethanolamine). DEA has been used for a number of
years in metalworking applications. MEA and TEA are
often used in combination with each other. MEA has a
high pH and TEA has a low pH.
Other Amines
Some other metalworking amines that can be used
include XTA-771, JEFFAMINE® D-2000
polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE® D-230
polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE® D-400
polyoxypropylenediamine, and JEFFAMINE® T-403
polyetheramine.
XTA-771
XTA-771 is a polyoxyalkylene amine with three
primary amine groups per molecule. The features
and benefits are listed in Table 2.26.
Table 2.26 - Features and Benefits of XTA-771
•
•
•
•
Low tendency to leach cobalt from tooling
Low tendency to leach copper
Provides added lubricity
Three primary amine groups per molecule
JEFFAMINE® D-2000 Polyoxypropylenediamine
JEFFAMINE® D-2000 polyoxypropylenediamine acts as
a defoamer in metalworking applications. The features
and benefits are listed in Table 2.27.
Table 2.27 - Features and Benefits of JEFFAMINE® D-2000 Amine
• Hydrophobic amine
• Gives defoaming performance in semi-synthetic, but especially synthetic formulations
• Fatty acids amides of JEFFAMINE® D-2000 amine may work even better
28
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
Nonylphenol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® N Series Surfactants
The main area of application in metalworking fluids for
the SURFONIC N series surfactants is in the
emulsification of oils. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs)
are highly effective materials for formulating soluble
oil, semisynthetic and metal cleaning compounds.
These surfactants have excellent emulsification
properties when used with naphthenic and paraffinic
oils. In general two or three ethoxylates of different
Hydrophile/Lipophile Balance (HLB) are blended in
order to get the best emulsification, especially when
formulating products for high hard water tolerance.
Higher HLB products will improve hard water
tolerance and hinder soft water tolerance.
Combinations of NPEs such as SURFONIC products
N-95 with N-40 or N-102 with N-60 are excellent
starting points for formulation work. The nonylphenol
ethoxylates tend to have lower foam and lower pour
points than the equivalent alkyl alcohol ethoxylates. The
SURFONIC N series products are biodegradable and
are compatible with sulfonates, fatty acid salts and
most other metalworking additives. To complete a
formulation, products such as an amide based on
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent for corrosion control and
lubricity, PEG esters for lubricity, phosphate esters for
extreme pressure (EP) enhancement and amines for
alkalinity enhancement can be added.
Nonylphenol ethoxylates are also widely used in metal
cleaning compounds, where they act to scavenge
residual fluids, to enhance wetting and rinsing of parts,
and to disperse swarf left on parts. Formulations based
on NPEs can be used to clean parts from stamping and
forming operations where they help to disperse waxy
carriers left from the lubricant.
The wetting performance of the SURFONIC N series
products as a function of ethylene oxide (EO) content is
illustrated in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. The maximum wetting
performance of the water-soluble SURFONIC N series
products is seen with products containing 8.5 - 9.5
moles of EO per mole of nonylphenol. (Fig. 3.1)
Products containing 15 or more moles of EO are useful
as dispersants for graphite, metal cuttings and the like.
Many cleaning formulations use caustic additives to
help saponify fatty materials on the substrate. In
order to make NPEs soluble in potassium hydroxide
(KOH), for instance, a phosphate ester can be used.
Figure 3.2 shows the effectiveness of a phosphate
ester at solubilizing SURFONIC N-95 surfactant in
KOH solutions.
The physical and surfactant properties of the
SURFONIC N series products are shown in Table 3.1.
29
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.1 - SURFONIC® N-Series Nonylphenol Ethoxylates
SURFONIC
Product
Appearance
at 25°C
HLB
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
Viscosity,
cPs, 25°C
Cloud
Point
Wetting
Time1,
seconds
CMC,
ppm
Ross Miles
Foam2,
100 SUS
mm, Initial Naphthenic
Solubility
100 SUS
Paraffinic
Water
Function
Clear liquid
7.7
-4
1.01
294
243
8
S
S
I
Emulsifier for
soluble oils and
semisynthetics
N-40
Clear liquid
8.9
-7
1.026
255
343
10
S
S
I
Emulsifier for
soluble oils and
semisynthetics
N-60
Clear liquid
10.9
-7
1.041
239
843
12
S
I
D
Emulsifier for
soluble oils and
semisynthetics
N-85
Clear liquid
12.6
10
1.056
251
444
6.3
47
14
I
I
S
Emulsifier for
soluble oils and
semisynthetics
N-95
Clear liquid
13.1
4
1.061
293
544
6.4
48
80
I
I
S
Emulsifier for soluble
oils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-100
Clear liquid
13.3
3
1.064
250
654
7.9
50
85
I
I
S
Emulsifier for soluble
oils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-102
Clear liquid
13.5
6
1.065
290
714
10.5
54
85
I
I
S
Emulsifier for soluble
oils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
N-120
Clear liquid
14.1
3
1.070
308
525
17.1
57
110
I
I
S
Emulsifier for soluble
oils & semisynthetics,
metal cleaners
23
1.065
306
655
52
100
120
I
I
S
Improves hard water
tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
I
I
S
Improves hard water
tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
I
I
S
Improves hard water
tolerance of soluble oil
and semisynthetics
White semisolid 15
NB-307
Clear liquid
17.1
2
1.02
785
NB-407
Clear liquid
17.8
5
1.022
765
0.1% solution, 25°C
30
Pour
Point,
°C
N-31.5
N-150
1
®
2
0.1% solution, 120°F
3
Water titration, mls H2O to cloud
500
4
°C, 1% aqueous solution
5
°C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 3.1 - Draves Wetting Times for Water-Soluble SURFONIC® N Series Products
Figure 3.2 - Effect of Phosphate Ester on Solubility
of SURFONIC® N-95 surfactant KOH Solutions
4% SURFONIC® N-95 surfactant
in KOH solutions
31
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Octylphenol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® OP Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC OP series surfactants are ethoxylates of
octylphenol. The properties of octylphenol ethoxylates
(OPEs) are similar to those of nonylphenol ethoxylates
of similar HLB.
and semisynthetic formulations. The SURFONIC OP
series products are stable in dilute hydrochloric and
phosphoric acids. This characteristic suggests usefulness
in acid cleaning, pickling and phosphating formulations.
Three main application areas exist in metalworking for
OPEs: acid-based cleaners, emulsifiers for soluble oils,
The physical and surfactant properties of the SURFONIC
OP series products are shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 - SURFONIC® OP Series Octylphenol Ethoxylates
HLB
Pour
Point,
°C
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
Viscosity,
cPs, 25°C
Cloud
Point
Liquid
5.1
-9
0.985
790
OP-35
Liquid
8.6
-23
1.023
OP-70
Liquid
12.0
-26
OP-100
Liquid
13.6
OP-120
Liquid
14.4
1
®
Appearance
at 25°C
OP-15
SURFONIC
Product
0.1% solution, 25°C
32
2
100 SUS
Naphthenic
Solubility
100 SUS
Paraffinic
Water
Function
152
S
S
I
Oil soluble coupler
and defoamer for
semisynthetic and soluble
oil formulations
370
242
S
S
I
Emulsifier for soluble
oil formulations
1.054
260
233
3.5
90
S
S
S
Emulsifier for
semisynthetic formulations
2
1.065
240
663
3.6
200
I
I
S
Emulsifier for semisynthetic
formulations. Wetting agent
for phosphoric and
hydrochloric acids
16
1.071
330
584
250
I
I
S
Improves hard water
tolerance of soluble
oil and semisynthetic
formulations
Water titration, mls H2O to cloud
3
Wetting
Time1,
seconds
°C, 1% aqueous solution
CMC,
ppm
4
°C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Alcohol Alkoxylates – SURFONIC® LF, P and JL Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC® LF and P product families are made
up of ethoxylated, propoxylated linear alcohols. The
choice of alcohol and the addition patterns for ethylene
oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) give the
alkoxylated products their unique properties.
The alcohol alkoxylates are ideally suited for
metalworking operations. They tend to have low foam
generation characteristics and some products can act
as defoamers in water-based systems. All of the
surfactants in this group will solubilize the components
of carboxylate-based corrosion inhibitors in water.
These surfactants are best suited to synthetic and
semisynthetic formulations. Several products such as
SURFONIC P1 surfactant are also used in soluble oil
formulations. SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is useful in
low-foam semisynthetic cutting fluids.
SURFONIC P5 surfactant is used in some acid cleaners
and in rinse aid applications. Several of the SURFONIC
LF series products, particularly SURFONIC LF-37 and
LF-18 surfactants are useful as rinse aid and cleaning
actives in metal cleaning operations.
SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is used in the production
of low-foaming, highly effective microemulsion cleaners
using d-Limonene as the solvent phase. Formulations of
this type can be used to remove a variety of
metalworking compounds from metal parts. The
formulations have very low foam and can be used in
spray applications.
The SURFONIC LF and P series products offer a boost
in lubricity, making them multifunctional in semisynthetic
and synthetic formulations. Falex wear data are offered
on a simple formulation containing several of these
products. When the formulation is changed to include a
phosphate ester (SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant),
dramatically improved Falex wear performance is
observed. The synergy between the alkoxylated
nonionic surfactant and the anionic phosphate ester is
also observed with the SURFONIC POA block
copolymer surfactants. By careful selection of the
phosphate ester and the SURFONIC LF or P series
product, it is possible to get emulsification,
solubilization, lubricity, extreme pressure characteristics
and corrosion protection in one pair of surfactants. The
multifunctional nature of these products makes them
ideal candidates for many metalworking formulations.
SURFONIC® JL-80X surfactant is used in some metal
cleaning operations. The unique structure of this
product eliminates the gel phase common to alcohol
ethoxylates in aqueous solutions. This characteristic
allows the formulator to blend the surfactant into a
formulation without regard to any gelling problems.
The physical and surfactant properties of the
SURFONIC LF and P series products are shown in
Table 3.3.
A comparison of the dynamic surface tension
characteristics of the SURFONIC alcohol alkoxylates is
presented in Figure 3.3.
33
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.3 - SURFONIC® LF, P and JL Series Alcohol Alkoxylates
SURFONIC
Product
1
®
Appearance
at 25°C
HLB
Pour
Point,
°C
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
Viscosity,
cPs, 25°C
Cloud
Point, °C
1% aq.
Wetting
Time1,
seconds
4.8
LF-17
Clear liquid
-12
0.998
96
34
LF-18
Clear liquid
-6
1.013
240
17
LF-37
Clear to
hazy liquid
-12
0.9904
at 100°F
96
17
LF-41
Clear to
hazy liquid
1.0343
260
P1
Clear to
hazy liquid
7.0
-30
0.975
P3
Clear to
hazy liquid
9.0
-30
P5
Clear to
hazy liquid
10.0
P6
Falex Wear, 875 pounds
Formulation A Formulation B
Teeth Wear (T)
Teeth Wear
Torque in-lbs (IP)
65 T
15 IP
Ross Miles
Solubility
CMC, Foam Height2,
100 SUS 100 SUS
ppm mm, Initial/ 5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic
Water
Function
6.6
6/0
I
I
D
Wetting agent for
acid cleaning
operations, low foam
emulsifier/rinse aid
22 T
21 IP
63
5
0/0
I
I
D
Low foam additive for
semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations,
active defoamer in metal
cleaning operations
18
26 T
29 IP
82
30
0/0
S
I
S
Low foam emulsifier
for semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations
37
9.3
75 T
17 IP
66
34.2
0/0
I
I
S
90
25
26.9
19 T
19 IP
89
4.8
0/0
S
S
S
Solubilizer/emulsifier
for semisynthetic
formulations. Emulsifier/
rinse aid for metal
cleaners. Low foam.
Wetting agent in
dilute acid.
0.973
56
35
13.7
13 T
22 IP
125
4.5
66/11
S
I
S
Rinse aid for cleaners/
secondary emulsifier
for semisynthetic,
wetting agent in
dilute acid.
-26
0.985
85
45
15.7
16 T
20 IP
55
6.2
75/5
S
I
S
Hydrophilic emulsifie
for semisynthetic,
soluble in dilute acid
Clear to
hazy liquid
4
1.018
353
26.8
31 T
15 IP
61
4.9
0/0
I
I
D
Low foam additive for
semisynthetic and
synthetic formulations,
active defoamer
in metal
cleaning operations.
L4-29X
Solid
37
1.018
596
at 100°F
75
10 T
15 IP
84
3.9
I
I
S
High molecular
weight emulsifier
for semisynthetic
and soluble oils,
offers some thickening
JL-80X
Clear liquid
-5
1.003
51
59
18 T
22 IP
83
I
I
S
Prime surfactant in
cleaners
0.1% solution, 25°C
2
0.1% solution, 120°F
3
9.8
75/70
°C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC surfactant, 97% water.
Formulation B: 0.17% TEA. 0.15% CORFREE® M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA® Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC surfactant, 99% water.
34
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Surface Tension, mN/m
Figure 3.3 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC® Alcohol Alkoxylates
Bubble rate, bubbles/second
35
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
EO/PO Block Copolymers – SURFONIC® POA Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC® POA block copolymers are very useful
in a variety of metalworking operations. These products
are made by the sequential addition of ethylene oxide
and propylene oxide. The functional attributes of these
products — defoaming, wetting, lubricity, solubilization,
emulsification, thickening and dispersion — all depend
on the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide, the
molecular weight of the product and the blocking
pattern of the molecule. Properties of the SURFONIC
POA products are given in Table 3.4.
Soluble Oils
Small amounts of low HLB products such as
SURFONIC POA-L101 and POA-L61 surfactants can
be used in soluble oils to promote solubilization of the
oil in the concentrate. Under actual use conditions,
these products can act as defoamers and can boost
lubricity, especially in the presence of a phosphate
ester. Higher HLB products will improve removal of the
soluble oil formulation from parts and equipment.
Semisynthetic Formulations
SURFONIC POA-25R2 surfactant is an excellent choice
for use in semisynthetic formulations. It will tend to
lower the foam of the system, promote good lubricity,
and help to solubilize naphthenic oil and carboxylate
corrosion inhibitors. If fine particles are present in the
system, POA-25R2 can form a weak association with
the particles and produce a thickening effect, which can
lead to reduced misting and “sling.”
In semisynthetic formulations, SURFONIC POA-L61 and
POA-L101 surfactants offer reduced foam and
improved lubricity. SURFONIC POA-L62 surfactant
helps with wetting of metal parts.
36
Synthetic Formulations
Synthetic formulations depend on products like the
SURFONIC POA block copolymers for low-foam
characteristics, enhanced solubilization of the corrosion
inhibitor salts, and a major part of the system lubricity.
The SURFONIC POA products have an inverse solubility
coefficient, which means that at some temperature,
known as the cloud point, the nonionic surfactant will
come out of solution and act as an oil. When the
temperature drops below the cloud point, the surfactant
becomes soluble again and redissolves into the water.
The lubricity offered by many nonionic surfactants is
partly due to the “oiling out” phenomenon. The
SURFONIC LF and P series products also show
lubricity effects above the cloud point. Careful selection
of SURFONIC POA surfactants for a particular
application can give formulations with low foam, high
lubricity and high stability.
Forming Lubricants
In many forming operations it is possible to replace an
oil-based lubricant with a simple synthetic formulation.
This formulation might contain a SURFONIC POA
copolymer, a phosphate ester for extreme pressure
activity and corrosion protection, and water. This type of
formulation offers several advantages: the number of
parts that can be formed between die service is
increased, the parts have better surface finish and the
formed parts are easier to clean. Many metalworking
operations using oil-based fluids can benefit from
substitution with water-based synthetic formulations
using the SURFONIC POA series of materials.
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.4 - SURFONIC® POA Series Block Copolymers
Appearance
at 25°C
HLB
POA-L61
Liquid
3
-30
1.017
360
24
POA-L62
Liquid
7
-4
1.04
150
32
60.7
11 T
24 IP
POA-L62LF
Liquid
6.6
-10
1.04
460
28
27.7
POA-L101
Liquid
1
-23
1.02
800
15
POA-17R2
Liquid
1.03
2053
35
POA-25R2
Liquid
1.02
570
30
SURFONIC
Product
1
0.1% solution, 25°C
6.3
2
-5
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
Viscosity,
cPs, 25°C
Cloud
Point, °C
1% aq.
0.1% solution, 120°F
3
Wetting
Time1,
seconds
Falex Wear, 875 pounds
Formulation A
Formulation B Ross Miles
Solubility
Teeth Wear (T)
Foam Height2,
100 SUS 100 SUS
Teeth Wear
Torque in-lbs (IP)
mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic
Pour
Point,
°C
®
10 T
22 IP
117
Water
Function
6/0
I
I
D
Defoamer for synthetic
and semisynthetic fluids.
Lubricity enhancement.
40/10
I
I
S
Active for cleaners.
Lubricity enhancement.
11 T
22 IP
43/5.5
I
I
S
Defoamer and lubricant
additive.
12 T
24 IP
0/0
I
I
S
Solubilizer for semisynthetic
and synthetic fluids.
0/0
I
I
S
Lubricant in synthetic
fluids and solubilizer in
semisynthetic fluids.
15 T
22 IP
138
57
37.8°C
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 97% Water.
Formulation B: 0.17% TEA, 0.15% CORFREE® M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA® Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 99% Water.
37
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® L Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC® L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are
biodegradable, nonionic surfactants produced by the
addition of ethylene oxide to linear, primary alcohols.
Their physical appearance at room temperature varies
from clear liquids to white waxy solids, depending on the
alcohol used and the degree of ethoxylation. The
Huntsman line of linear alcohol ethoxylates is made from
alcohols containing only even carbon numbers in the
alkyl groups; the structure of these alcohols closely
matches that of alcohols from natural sources.
Ethoxylates are made from a blend of the alcohol
homologues. It is possible to deduce the product
composition from the product name; for instance,
SURFONIC L24-3 surfactant is a blend of C12, C14 and
C16 linear alcohols reacted with three moles of ethylene
oxide. Properties of the SURFONIC L series products are
listed in Table 3.5.
The SURFONIC L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are
widely used as emulsifiers, cleaners, penetrants and
wetting agents in metalworking formulations. Appropriate
selection of the alcohol chain length and degree of
ethoxylation can provide the surfactant properties
required for a particular application.
Products with a short alcohol chain and low degree of
ethoxylation, such as SURFONIC L12-3 surfactant, are
good solubilization agents. In microemulsion cleaners and
semisynthetic cutting fluids, they help to dissolve or
“couple” oily materials into the water-based formulation.
In some applications they can serve the same function as
a glycol ether with the added advantage of having low
vapor pressure. In metal cleaning operations, low-mole
alcohol ethoxylates are often blended with higher-mole
ethoxylates to give a formulated product with enhanced
oil removal, dispersant and emulsification properties.
38
Alcohol ethoxylates with 10-12 or 12-14 carbons and
about 6 EO units are prime cleaning agents for
metalworking operations. Products in this range, like
SURFONIC L12-6 surfactant, have the fastest surface
dynamics; their nature allows them to migrate to and
stabilize new surfaces quickly. This property is illustrated
by the dynamic surface tension measurement (Figure
3.4).
Alcohol ethoxylates with 12-14 carbons and 7-12 moles
of EO are used in soluble oil and semisynthetic cutting
fluids, particularly in paraffinic systems. Typically two
alcohol ethoxylates are used in a formulation to give a
wide range of good emulsification performance. Certain
pairs of surfactants compliment each other well in
emulsification applications. A blend of SURFONIC L249 and SURFONIC L24-4 surfactants in a 1:2 ratio is
often an optimal system. Higher EO products like
SURFONIC L24-22 surfactant can be used to improve
the hard water tolerance of a formulation and can
improve the dispersibility of graphite or other particles in
a metal cleaning formulation.
At certain water/surfactant ratios, approximately in the
30-70% surfactant range, the alcohol ethoxylates
exhibit a gel phase. In this range, an aqueous surfactant
system will be a gel at room temperature but will
become an isotropic solution at temperatures above the
gel temperature. Glycol ethers, ethanolamines and
some anionic materials can be added to the system to
reduce the gel phase.
When formulating with alcohol ethoxylates, one can
avoid extended mixing times by selecting an
appropriate order of addition (add surfactant to water)
and by using heat during blending.
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC® L Series Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates
SURFONIC
Product
6
Appearance
at 25°C
HLB
Pour
Point,
°C
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
Viscosity,
cPs, 25°C
Cloud
Point
Wetting
Time1,
seconds
CMC,
ppm
Ross Miles
Foam Height2,
100 SUS
mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic
Solubility
100 SUS
Paraffinic
Water
S
S
I
111/9
S
I
S
Prime wetting agent
for water-based
metal cleaners.
118/8
I
I
S
Prime wetting agent
in metal cleaners.
S
S
I
Oil soluble additive
for water-based cleaners.
Additive for rolling oils.
Function
L12-3
Clear to
hazy liquid
9.0
-9
0.932
35
453
L12-6
Clear to
hazy liquid
12.4
10
0.9820
43
505
4.0
L12-8
Clear to
hazy liquid
13.6
18
1.004
98
805
8.4
L24-2
Clear to
hazy liquid
6.2
10
0.903
25
L24-3
Clear to
hazy liquid
8.0
4.4
0.9239
25
453
S
S
I
Oil soluble additive
for water-based cleaners
and hydrophobic esters.
L24-4
Clear to
hazy liquid
9.4
4.4
0.9432
31
813
S
S
I
Oil soluble additive
for water-based cleaners
and hydrophobic esters.
L24-5
Clear to
hazy liquid
10.6
10
0.9626
44
734
S
S
D
Emulsifier for
soluble oils.
15.6
0.9824
47
505
8.7
16
98/15
S
S
S
Emulsifier for
soluble oils.
L24-7
1
®
Clear to slightly 11.9
turbid liquid
91
L24-9
White
semisolid
13
21
0.9935
61
755
13.9
25
104/10
S
I
S
Emulsifier for
semisynthetic
formulations.
L24-12
Waxy solid
14.4
29.4
1.0075
at 100°F
47
at 140°F
686
35.1
29
113/11
I
I
S
Improves hard
water tolerance
of soluble oils.
L24-22
Waxy solid
16.6
39
1.0309
at 140°F
46
at 140°F
I
I
S
Improves hard water
tolerance of soluble oils.
Good dispersing.
L46-7
White
semisolid
11.6
21.1
0.979
63
S
S
S
0.1% solution, 25°C 2 0.1% solution, 120°F
°C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
3
505
20.6
Water titration, mls H20 to cloud
12
4
76/25
°C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol
5
°C, 1% aqueous solution
39
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 3.4 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC® L Series Alcohol Ethoxylates
40
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® E Series Surfactants
Castor Oil Ethoxylates – SURFONIC® CO Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC® E series fatty acid ethoxylates and the
SURFONIC CO® series castor oil ethoxylates produced
by Huntsman are important groups of products in the
formulation of metalworking lubricants.
The SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are
excellent emulsifiers for many oils used in metalworking.
The large size of the castor oil hydrophobe helps the
ethoxylated castor oil stay partially in the oil phase even
when highly ethoxylated or used in formulations with high
water/oil ratios. The castor oil ethoxylates are generally
low foaming.
(especially the dioleates) generally are soluble in the
kerosene-type cuts used in traditional cold rolling
lubricants. The PEG esters are also stable in the fatty
alcohol products used in the same application. Excellent
aluminum rolling oils can be produced using blends of
PEG diesters, castor oil ethoxylates, fatty alcohols such
as SURFOL® 1416 alcohol and phosphate esters like
SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant with alkanolamines such
as DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent.
Properties of the SURFONIC E series PEG ester and the
SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are shown in
Table 3.6.
Typically, PEG esters offer lower staining potential on
aluminum than straight fatty acids. The PEG esters
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC® E Series Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
SURFONIC® CO Series Castor Oil Ethoxylates
Appearance
at 25°C
HLB
Specific
Gravity,
25/25°C
E400-MO
Liquid
11.8
1.013
CO-15
Liquid
8.2
1.04
CO-25
Liquid
10.7
CO-30
Liquid
11.7
SURFONIC
Product
1
2
®
Falex Wear1, Ross Miles
# teeth at Foam Height2,
Viscosity,
875 lbs
mm, Initial/
100 SUS
cPs, 25°C direct load
5 minute
Naphthenic
Solubility
100 SUS
Paraffinic
Water
Function
40
5/0
I
I
D
Emulsifier and lubricity additive.
59
64
2.5/2
I
S
I
Emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
1.03
66
55
4.4/3
I
S
I
Emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
1.04
71
80
5.1/3
I
S
I
Hydrophilic emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
Formulation: 3% surfactant, 1% TEA-99 in water
0.1% solution, 120°F
41
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Phosphate Esters – SURFONIC® PE Series Surfactants
Phosphate esters provide extreme pressure properties
to water-based and semisynthetic formulations.
Additionally they provide lubricity and emulsification of
other actives in metalworking formulations and they
solubilize nonionic surfactants into caustic- or silicatecontaining metal cleaning formulations. Many of the
phosphate esters also offer some cleaning activity in
metal cleaning operations. The phosphate esters in the
SURFONIC® PE product family also provide corrosion
resistance in many formulations.
Properties of the SURFONIC PE series products are
given in Table 3.7.
SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester gives excellent
extreme pressure (EP) performance. Micrographs
showing actual Falex pin-and-vee blocks from several EP
tests are presented in Figures 3.5a and 3.5b.
SURFONIC PE-1218 phosphate ester is able to solubilize
nonionic surfactants in high electrolyte solutions such as
those containing sodium silicate; this is particularly useful
in cleaner formulations where the silicate is added to
increase alkalinity and to provide corrosion inhibition.
Table 3.7 - SURFONIC® PE Series Phosphate Esters
2
Falex EP in 100 SUS
Naphthenic Oil
(2% Surfactant in 100
SUS Naphthenic Oil)
Max Load1,
Torque at
Carried, psi
4500 psi
Hydrophobe
Acid # at
pH 5-5.5
Acid # at
pH 9-9
PE-1198
Aromatic
68
103
80/40
85/32
4700
41
750
59 at 750 psi
Hydrotrope in cleaners, EP
in water-based systems
PE-2258
Aliphatic
83
135
97/53
91/53
4700
61
4700
48
Solubilizer in semisynthetics,
offers mild EP, good lubricity
PE-1218
Aromatic
115
220
98/53
95/52
2700
90
750
19 at 750 psi
Hydrotrope for cleaners
PE-1265
Aliphatic
76
135
PE-2852
Aliphatic
97
142
PE-533
Aliphatic
65
100
PE-BP2
Aliphatic
PE-2200
Aliphatic
SURFONIC
Product
1
Foam Height2,
mm, Initial/5
min., 114 PPM
Hardness
(response to
nonionic)
Foam Height1,
mm, Initial/5
min.,
114 PPM
Hardness
®
Falex EP in water
(1.5% Surfactant
2% TEA-99)
Max Load
Torque at
Carried, psi
4500 psi
Function
310
Neutralized
Neutralized
Formulation for foam height test: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), Water 114 ppm hardness (94.5%).
Formulation for foam height test for response to nonionic: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), SURFONIC® LF-18 surfactant (1.5%), Water (94%).
42
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 3.5a - Micrograph of Vee Block from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC®
PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
Figure 3.5b - Micrograph of Pin from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC
PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
43
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry
Formulated Emulsifiers – SURFONIC® MW-100 Additive
SURFONIC® MW-100 additive is a single-component
emulsifier for vegetable oil. This emulsifier is designed to
enhance the metalworking properties of vegetable oilbased lubricants.
Table 3.8 - Features and Benefits of SURFONIC® MW-100 Additive
•
•
•
•
•
44
Inherently low-foaming
Compatible with phosphate esters for extreme pressure service
Useful in formulating stable macro- or microemulsions
Low pour point (-2°C) for easy handling
Low toxicity
SECTION 4
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Huntsman produces a number of other chemicals
useful in the metalworking industry, from chemical
intermediates to functional fluids to various glycols.
Linear Alkylbenzene Highboiler for Sulfonation Feedstock – Alkylate H-230L
Alkylate H-230L, a synthetic sulfonation feedstock widely
used in the metalworking industry to augment natural
sodium petroleum sulfonate, is produced by the
alkylation of benzene with olefins using an HF-catalyzed
process. The product is a blend of alkyl tetralins, dialkyl
benzenes, and alkyl naphthalenes and diphenyl alkanes.
The carbon number distribution peaks at C23.
diphenylalkanes is shown in Table 4.1; structures are
illustrated in Figure 4.2.
The structures for the important constituents of this
product are shown in Figure 4.1. The typical carbon
distribution of the dialkylbenzenes, tetralins, and
Sulfonation can be accomplished using air/SO3 or oleum.
The actual reaction conditions will vary according to the
desired product and process used for sulfonation.
The actual level of each chemical species depends on
the alkylation feedstock. The average molecular weight of
Alkylate H-230L varies from 315-320, giving average
sulfonic acid molecular weights of 413-418 g/mole.
Table 4.1 - Distribution of Chemical Types in Alkylate H-230L
Component
Percent
Alkyl- and Dialkylbenzenes
74.2
Tetralins/Indanes
10.3
Dihydronaphthalenes/Indenes
1.8
Alkylnaphthalenes
3.9
Diphenylalkanes
6.5
Diphenylalkenes
3.2
Anthracenes
0.2
45
SECTION 4
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 4.1 - Carbon Number Distribution of Alkylate H-230L
46
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Figure 4.2 - Alkylate H-230 L Constituents
Alkyltetralins
Alkylindanes
Alkyldehydro
naphthalenes
Alkylindenes
Alkylnaphthalenes
Condensed
Aromatics
Diphenylalkanes
47
SECTION 4
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
JEFFOX® WL Series Functional Fluids
The JEFFOX® functional fluids are alkoxylates of mono-,
di- or tri-functional starting materials. These versatile
fluids have varying degrees of solubility in water and oil.
As lubricants, the fluids possess many desirable
properties of natural lubricants and have distinctive
properties of their own which recommend their use in
difficult applications such as metalworking fluids and
machine lubricants. The JEFFOX fluids have good
lubricating ability, even under high pressure, and high
viscosity indexes, which enable them to be used over a
wide range of temperatures.
In metalworking applications, the fluids permit high
production rates, excellent finishes and longer tool life.
Water-soluble fluids are especially convenient because
they may be washed from the work piece with cool water
to permit finishing operations.
The higher molecular weight JEFFOX WL fluids exhibit
inverse solubility behavior with respect to temperature.
This property can be used advantageously in water-based
metalworking fluids. When the water-based fluid comes
in contact with the hot tool and work piece, the lubricant
drops out of the solution and coats the metal surface.
This behavior takes full advantage of the cooling capability
of water and the excellent lubricity of the base fluid.
Because the JEFFOX fluids are transparent liquids, they
allow delicate operations on small metal pieces to be
observed easily.
Typical applications include:
• steel deep drawing
• tempered spring steel pressing
• nickel-plated steel drawing
• copper drawing
The fluids can also act as carriers for diamond powder
cutting or polishing agents.
Properties of the JEFFOX functional fluids are listed in
Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 - JEFFOX® Functional Fluids
JEFFOX®
Product
Average
Molecular
Weight
Functionality
Appearance
at 25°C
Viscosity,
SUS,
100°F
WL-440
488
Tri
Clear liquid
WL-590
990
Tri
WL-660
1800
WL-1400X2
WL-5000
48
150°F
Density,
lb/gal
20°C
Flash Point,
COC, °F
Pour
Point, °F
100
30
9.6
545
-30
508
135
43
9.3
500
0
660
471
158
60
8.7
475
-45
Clear amber liquid
1400
970
299
109
9.2
595
0
Clear amber liquid
5000
3556
1107
409
8.8
460
-10
60°F
Viscosity, cSt
100°F
440
386
Clear liquid
590
Mono
Clear liquid
2500
Di
4365
Mono
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry
Polyethylene Glycols -- POGOL® Series PEGs
Huntsman manufactures a number of polyethylene
glycol products. The POGOL product family has
numerous uses in metalworking and allied industries.
The largest use of the POGOL products is the
manufacture of PEG esters; through reaction of
polyethylene glycol with fatty acids such as lauric, oleic,
tall oil, castor and soya fatty acids, very useful lubricants
can be produced.
Typically the reaction is carried out between 140°C and
250°C with a nitrogen purge. Catalysts are not
necessary but they do substantially increase the
reaction rate. For the lightest color products, noncatalytic procedures are used. Color inhibitors can be
added to the product to give yet lighter products.
Typical catalysts, such as pTSA, methane sulfonic acid
and tin-based catalysts can be used or sodium bisulfite
can also be used. Typical levels of catalyst are from
0.1% to 1% of the raw materials.
The POGOL polyethylene glycols are also useful
additives in hydraulic fluids where they offer suitable
lubricity and compatibility and can be conveniently
formulated with phosphate esters for extreme pressure
(EP) properties. The products act as thickening agents
and can be used for viscosity control.
POGOL 200 polyethylene glycol can be used as a
dispersant and carrier in the production of silicon
carbide slurries by attrition grinding. Typically a 35%
aqueous suspension can be produced, stabilized by
about 3% of POGOL 200 glycol.
POGOL products can also be used in the machining of
silicon wafers or for other semiconductor uses. Lapping
compounds to polish metal or semiconductor surfaces
are produced using POGOL polyethylene glycols; the
polyethylene glycol products help to disperse the
lapping abrasive. The high water solubility of the
POGOL products makes it easy to rinse the polished
substrate cleanly.
Some POGOL products are used as carrier solvents for
release agents in aluminum die cast operations.
Characteristics and properties of the POGOL®
polyethylene glycols are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 - POGOL® Polyethylene Glycols
POGOL®
Product
Average
Molecular
Weight
Molecular
Weight
Range
Average
EO Units
Density,
g/ml
at 20°C
Melt/Freeze
Range, °C
Viscosity, cSt
at 37.8°C
Flash Point,
PMCC
°F
Pt-Co
Color
pH,
5%
aqueous
200
200
190-210
4.2
1.124
-
25
>300
<50
5.5 - 7.0
300
300
285-315
6.4
1.125
-15 to -8
37
>350
<50
5.5 - 7.0
400
400
380-420
8.7
1.125
4 to 8
42
390
<50
5.5 - 7.0
600
600
570-630
13.2
1.126
20 to 25
64
410
<50
5.5 - 7.0
49
SECTION 5
Regional Product Offerings
Primary Amines
Monoethanolamine
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine
Tertiary Amines
Triethanolamine
BHEMA
Alkoxylated Amines
SURFONIC® PEA-25 surfactant
SURFONIC® T amine surfactants
Polyetheramines
JEFFAMINE® D series amines
JEFFAMINE® T-403 amine
SURFONAMINE® MNPA-1000 amine
Linear Alcohols
SURFOL® 1214 fatty alcohol
SURFOL® 1416 fatty alcohol
Alcohol Ethoxylates
SURFONIC® L series surfactants
Alcohol Alkoxylates
SURFONIC® LF series surfactants
SURFONIC® P series surfactants
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
SURFONIC® N series surfactants
SURFONIC® OP series surfactants
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
SURFONIC® E400-MO surfactant
50
Intermediates
Anti-mist Additives
Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-Foamants
Coupling Agents
Lubricity Additives
Emulsifiers
Corrosion Inhibitors
Product
Alkalinity Control
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – North America
Regional Product Offerings
Intermediates
Continued
Anti-mist Additives
Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-Foamants
Coupling Agents
Lubricity Additives
Emulsifiers
Corrosion Inhibitors
Product
Alkalinity Control
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – North America
Castor Oil Ethoxylates
SURFONIC® CO series surfactants
EO/PO Block and Reverse
Block Copolymers
SURFONIC® POA series surfactants
Phosphate Esters
SURFONIC® PE-1198 surfactant
SURFONIC® PE-BP2 surfactant
Sodium Isethionate
Functional Fluids
JEFFOX® functional fluids
Glycols
Diethylene glycol
Propylene glycol
POGOL® polyethylene glycols
51
SECTION 5
Regional Product Offerings
Primary Amines
DIGLYCOLAMINE® Agent
SURFONAMINE® MW-781 amine
Monoethanolamine
Tertiary Amines
BHEMA
Alkoxylated Amines
EMPILAN® AMT series surfactants
Triethanolamine
Polyetheramines
JEFFAMINE® D series amines
JEFFAMINE® T-403 amine
SURFONAMINE® MNPA-1000 amine
Linear Alcohols
LAUREX® fatty alcohols
Alcohol Ethoxylates
EMPILAN® K series surfactants
Alcohol Alkoxylates
EMPILAN® PF series surfactants
SURFONIC® LF series surfactants
SURFONIC® P series surfactants
Alkylphenol Ethoxylates
EMPILAN® NP series surfactants
EMPILAN® OPE series surfactants
Fatty Acid Ethoxylates
EMPILAN® BQ series surfactants
52
Intermediates
Anti-mist Additives
Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-Foamants
Coupling Agents
Lubricity Additives
Emulsifiers
Corrosion Inhibitors
Product
Alkalinity Control
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – Europe
Regional Product Offerings
Intermediates
Anti-mist Additives
Continued
Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-Foamants
Coupling Agents
Lubricity Additives
Emulsifiers
Corrosion Inhibitors
Product
Alkalinity Control
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry – Europe
Castor Oil Ethoxylates
DEHSCOFIX® CO series surfactants
EO/PO Block and Reverse
Block Copolymers
EMPILAN® P series surfactants
Phosphate Esters
EMPIPHOS® O3D surfactant
EMPIPHOS® A5D surfactant
EMPIPHOS® DF series surfactants
Functional Fluids
JEFFOX® functional fluids
Ether Carboxylates
EMPICOL® C series surfactants
Fatty Alkanolamides
EMPILAN® alkanolamides
53
SECTION 6
Regional Contact Information
HUNTSMAN
PERFORMANCE
PRODUCTS
Americas
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Business Offices
10003 Woodloch Forest Drive
The Woodlands, TX 77380
281-719-6000
281-719-6416 fax
Huntsman Belgium BVBA
Everslaan 45
B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
Huntsman (Singapore) Pte Ltd
150 Beach Road #14-05/08
Gateway West
Singapore 189720
+65 6390 0371
+65 6296 3368 fax
Huntsman Belgium BVBA
Everslaan 45
B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
Huntsman Corporation Australia
Pty Ltd
61 Market Road
Brooklyn, Victoria 3012
Australia
+61 3 9933 6633
+61 3 9933 6600 fax
Marketing
281-719-6000
281-719-6055 fax
+44-1946-694108
+44-1946-694891 fax
+60 3 7954 0842
+60 3 7958 1677 fax
Research & Development
281-719-7400
281-719-7555 fax
+44-121-550-6187
+44-121-550-1765 fax
281-719-7400
281-719-7555 fax
Technical Services
281-719-7780
281-719-7555 fax
+44-121-550-6187
+44-121-550-1765 fax
+61 3 9933 6666
+61 3 9933 6600 fax
Technology Center
Huntsman Advanced
Technology Center
8600 Gosling Road
The Woodlands, TX 77381
281-719-7400
281-719-7500 fax
Customer Service
800-852-4957
54
+65 6390 0371
Copyright ©2005 Huntsman Corporation
Huntsman Corporation warrants only that its
products meet the specifications stated herein.
Typical properties, where stated, are to be
considered as representative of current production
and should not be treated as specifications. While all
the information presented in this document is
believed to be reliable and to represent the best
available data on these products, NO GUARANTEE,
WARRANTY, OR REPRESENTATION IS MADE,
INTENDED, OR IMPLIED AS TO THE
CORRECTNESS OR SUFFICIENCY OF ANY
INFORMATION, OR AS TO THE SUITABILITY OF
ANY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FOR ANY
PARTICULAR USE, OR THAT ANY CHEMICAL
COMPOUNDS OR USE THEREOF ARE NOT
SUBJECT TO A CLAIM BY A THIRD PARTY FOR
INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT OR OTHER
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. EACH USER
SHOULD CONDUCT A SUFFICIENT
INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH THE SUITABILITY
OF ANY PRODUCT FOR ITS INTENDED USE.
Products may be toxic and require special
precautions in handling. For all products listed, user
should obtain detailed information on toxicity,
together with proper shipping, handling, and storage
procedures, and comply with all applicable safety
and environmental standards.
10003 Woodloch Forest Drive
The Woodlands, Texas 77380
281-719-6000
Technical Services Section
8600 Gosling Rd.
The Woodlands, Texas 77381
281-719-7780
www.huntsman.com/metalworking
NYSE: HUN
©2005
HUNTSMAN CORPORATION