Technical Proposal (February 1998)
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H H S( 1& B svu 7} H ¼ H 4 yu7.|b} 2tH 2H k( &D*77svu } 2tH 2tH .1B x&w6.|b}S H H ' &DB &u9.| }Q H H $98 (
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x< +y&/
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xn!+ &(^+ ( &'uu<B H
')( s,
8 srB-B $Q8 wt"t&w%<8 ( .UF u<F * ( (8 s,+8+!. $7B x 2x w%n+ wtyx/0 "=.@4 #* "%n+ s,8 #
4 &1%8 $"t4 !udw68.D0 |7sr.@vB &w%s-'. u
svuc|&"tsr. $98 4 <8='. ucx<!+ &(y8 }S+.14 s u#yx>
F s w ( &'u#xl
x!w%!"64 s u#yx0 "6.14 . w ( !" 4 n8. u x<y+ &(k8 H !wt&s-vB yx
xs,8=!+ $9868 s-'. u!+ &'uq G0l'. $u xq<B-%8 F ( !"t )yP H
p u9. w ( !""XF &(]w=. 8 &"E+ ( 0l. ""* ( (8 s,+J
8 !(@'. u#xlw ( w &u#x&'"tx 2 7. xB s,8 w=./8 w%$#x( 4 n8. uKx<y+ &(
8 w ( &w
&"tJ" &"t:'. "!|!u0l. "%s xxyu]s u2w ( w &u#x#&" x 2 7. xB H
7. " !Å &14*9B } 4 n8. ux<!+ &(8z5 !uy"t&w%yx7(w ( * !u '5 $#s u`* "6.+ <86%8 <
8 &"t#Ì "68 w:'. " x!"svu*w ( >F &D]
svudw%!" &1+ w%s-'. u
}&'u#xKw ( !sv" " &u9+ ( s u75 0 " &1+ wtsr. u98 &"thvB <868vB sr vB (
H .UF !|!" }w ( <%8 x w=q
. &b<+ w%yx d(2u<F * ( (8 s,+8 z
!+ &(G4. x<8a4 &(!Å ( svs w&8 s-y &'7B |7sr.@vB &w%svu7
5 b<+ w
w ( "=. $75 ( svudw%y"0 y"%yu9+ }dsr
0 u<F* ( (8 s,+8 s,8~#* "%n8 yuw )) H
s-4 srB &"6B (}&`vB &'"=5 ] b<+ wh+!. $7vB x_ /%8 !yufs u_w ( !u !"6'5 (f&@8 (k44 w%"t(Y.DA
0 w ( B <* w=. u #* &'s "E8i* "6. x$9!+ yxsvu
8 xn!+ &(8 ) 6 H
')( y"%A&'"%:4 &u7(KF &(8 w6.iBr.k.@i0l'. "&i%8 sr5 uK.10 uF
( & &'u#x
* ( (8 s,+8 H uc&DB-BQy+ &1%8 <y8 }1B &"6'5 u7$74 !"E8.10 Q.'w c
4 <8='. u98 &"tJ"%o$#s "tyx~} &u#x4 &u7(2xs y"%yuwx<y+ &(
4. x<8 ( &|' w=. J"%n+!'. uQ8 wt"%$9+ w% x H
y D "&]
.14*#&'"% x;w=. .w ( !" &1+<+ Bv!" &w6.'"E8w ( &w &"t9s uÊ.1* !" &wtsr.uÊ." $u#xy"i+!.u98wt"%$Q+ w%s-.'u
}w ( FsrB-B 2d(
0 &" w ( 4.@8w>+.1*s-.'$Q8#8=.'$"E+ K.D0 4 <8=.'u98y}x$#qw6.
w ( ( -s 5 ( +!=" .S8=8"8%< + w%-s .'u &u x ( sr5 ( B $74 svu7.@8%s w( HAp
|&"ts !w( .10 ( &'x6" .'9u 8yM} 8%9$ + ( @& 8 % } } & } ( &'u#x
#&"t1( .9u 8y} t&"tG
*=" .xQ$ + yxS&w ( rs 5 ( " &wt H
')( r!Å* !"trs 4 yuK
w *7B &9u 8c=w .}.1* !" &wt/
Fs w (
&uS&|'y"t1& 5'
Bv7$ 4 s 9u .@8%s w>
( .10 *)y1 6$+!4 G8 } F ( ,s + (
8 ( .'7$ B x
.wt&'s u#y
x 0 6" .14Dw ( 5s uu#s 7u 5#.D0 .@* !" &wtrs .u H $u#us 9u 5_&wqw ( ,s 8hBv7$ 4 sv7u .@8%s w( ( 1& 8h0 $"%w ( y"
&'x|&'udwtD& 5< 8 H ')( x wt< + =w .'$
" .++!7$ *#&Qu + (S"%< 4 &'s Qu 8B-.UFJ}
&u x9" &'xs &wtrs .ucxD& 4 1& 5'z,s 8"% x9$ +!yx H |!ud6w 8&"t 7x .14 svu#&wtyx_7(Ê8%s 9u 51BvK
*9*fs udw%y"t@& + wtrs .9u 8w ( &wq&"t2y@& 8( 6w .
&u D& Bvk( 8% H ')( i
Bv7$ 4 s 7u .S8s w(l&wJw ( svudw%!" 1& + w%-s .'u
!B658EF?7N<C:=<>587?
HCD ) 0D H>E <>7@RS7N<CB#P:NH><>58M098D :N? T :N?K<C5C#P:NHG<C58M098D
E><C:=<>DLE U
*Q.s udwi+!&'uC A'<*w &w s wE8 u7.14 svu#&DBX|&DBv$F ( s-B Sw ( B $9
4 svu7.S8 s w%sv<8&w w ( G.w ( !"Xs udwt!" &1+ wtsr.u^*[.'svudw68X&"t s u95/* "6.15 "%n8=%8 s |Bv(]s uQ+ "ty&18%yxFw6.]w ( !sv"xn8s-5'u |&1B $n8 H
')( s,8"F s-BrB &1BrB-.UF w ( 9Å* y"%s-4 !udwJw=.C+.1B-B n+ w x&wt&K0l.'"
4 &u7( (y&'"68 $u x!"±+!'. uQ8 w &udws+!. u#xs w%s-'. u98 Hap Q.$w )
`*#&sv"EJ
8 &"t Åk* <+ w% x*w62
. >* "6. x$9!+ yxFs u'. u#(y&'"
.D0 x&w & wt&D7 svu75 H
')( Cx w%n+ w6'. "s-
8 x<%8 s-'5 u x;w=l
. !Å*7B-'. s w w ( Bv&'"=5 cu7$74 y".10 ( &x"=. u98#* "=. x$Q+ yxk&ww ( s u/'. " x!"w6.i4 &D "* "t<+ s,%8 sr. u8 w%$ xs n8.10 &1%8 (k44 w%"ts n8 &u#xÊ.Dz
0 " &"tqx<!+ &(8 s ukw ( 4 <8='. uy%8 (8 wt4>8 H
w ( &@8 & ( s-5 ( * !"=0l'. "64 &'u9+ wt"%s-515 !":F ( s,+ ( s-8 "=. $98 w
&u#x#.1* w%s-
4 s,%8 yx w=.:+!.@BrvB <+ w 4 <8='. u98 !+ s yudw=vB ('}#&@8 x
'. u#* &"%w%s,+!vB <8$
F s w ( B &"6'5 w%" &u9%8 |'y"6%8 4.14 yuwt$7[
4 &'u#x
xs,8*7B &1!+ yxSx<y+ &(9|'y"wts-!+ <8 H
')( x w%n+ w6'. "G!+ &u]"t<+'. u98 w%"t$9+ w & x<y+ &(q|!"%w%!Å
F s w ( |'y"%( 51.k. x"t<8=.1vB $w%s-'. u5&u x * "6. |ds x Å!+ B-B yudw
#* &"%w%s,+!vB Js x!udw%srÌQy+ &w%s-'. uK0l. "+ ( &"6'5 x^* &"%w%s,+!vB <8 H Å7!+ B B yudwA|'!"%w%*
Å "t<8=.1vB $w%s-'. uls-J
8 n8=%8 !udwtsv&1B0l'. ""8 w%$#x(7svu72
5 w( "t&1* s xB (.@86+ s-BrB &wts u95 & 4 <8='. uQ8 &u#xsvu:#* &'"wts-!+ $7vB &'"bw ( ys "
&1%8 (k4
4 !w%"ts n8 H w &1B-8=. ( B-*98 w=9
. "tyx$Q+ "+!.@4 svu#& w=. "%s,
+ #&1+Ek'5 "6'. $#u#x>F ( yuq"t<+'. u98 w%"t$9+ wts u95 " &"t xn!+ &(8 H
às w ( '. $w 8 <#* &" &wts u95} &1'. u98K0 "6.14 * sr. u9y8 }J"%n+!'. u f
8 wt"%$Q+ w% x xn!+ &(k
8 &'"% ( &|ds-vB ( +!'. u wt&1
4 svu#&w%yx 7( ,
¼ + ) } & ¼ ) +[&'u#x
& ¼ + ¼ ) x<y+ &(k8 H ')( <%8 svudw%"67. x$9+ $#u77 u7.U
F u
8 (8 w%<4 &w%s,
+ !"t"=. "6
8 svu*w ( >4 y&1%8 $"tyx &1%8 (S44 wt"%(
s u x<!+ &(y8 }±%8 svu9+ 2w ( <%8 *xn!+ &(4. x<8
4 &(#F B-B ( &|'z&@8 (k44 w%"tsv<8 w6.k. H ')( 4 &1%8 $"%<4 !udw
.D0 w ( ys "&@8 (k44 wt"%sv<8 s,8 &DB,8
. s udwt!"t<8 w%svu75 H ')( &s-vB s w(
w=. xs,8 wts u75 $s,8 ( &1'. u98s0 "6.14 * s-'. u98 s,8 &1B-8=. n8=%8 !udwtsv&1B70l'. "
& &+ ¼ ) }F ( !"t w ( h4 &'s uK &1+Ek'5 "6'. $u xt+!.14 n8
0 "=.@4 & &+ ) x<y+ &(k8 H ')( ;" &uQ+ ( s u95y0 " &1+ w%s-'. u.10 & &+ ) s,A
8 n8 wtsr4 &wtyx;w6*
. 9wt!u wtsr4 <8
vB &'"=5 !"Jw ( &u & &+ ¼ ) } &'u#x u7. |7sr.@vB &w%s-'. u;s-8
!Å* <+ wtyx H ')( y"%0l'. "t'}~
F s w ( '. $wi%8 #* &'"t&w%svu7l
5 w ( 2w?F±.
' &'7Bv ) H ) a Å* <+ w%yx u7$74 !"E8}.D0*y|'yuwE8 "%n+!.'u 8wt"%$Q+ w% x. svuqs u.uc(y&'" ) d8#.D0zx#&wt& wt&1dsvu75 Fs w ( &ul&|!" &D5"B $94svu7.S8s w(C.D0 ) 16+!4 8 }
0l'. "8=.14 :+ ( &u#uB,8 H
n!+ &(
s-%8 s 9B svu
2 . x<8
" Hm 0 "t&@+ wtsr. u <+.'u98w%" H
, g wt&D5
m l) r
H
¼ ) m l) r
)
, g w &D5
) m l) r
m l) r
!q #"±¼ $ g wt&D5
m
l)
, ¼
m l) r
¼ 0
d
& & g wt&D5
) m l) t
m ) l) & & ¼ g w &D5
H )G
l) r
&' q "- g wt&15
' '& 7Bv) H a Å* n+ w% x^*#"%n+ s,8s-.'uK.'ucw ( A&'u751Bv<8±.D0 w ( $u#s w &"ts w( wt"%s &u951Bv<8±.'w &svuyxq7( w ( S!Å* !"tsr4 !udw
s u>.u(y&"s.D0 x&w &wt&1dsvu75 H * <+!sv&1B90 &wt$"%n8
.D0bw ( x!w%n+ w=."y}s H H *#&'"wts-+B zsvxyudw%srÌQ+!&w%s-.'u9&u x !Å7+ <BrBv!udwxn+!&(
w%s-4 S"t<8=.1vB $wtsr.u } &'"%qs u xs-+y&wtyxF ( !ukw ( y(K&"tqs-4*Q."w &udw H w &s-B-8>+y&uK K0l.'$u#xksvu &"%w# .10w ( s,8
x.+ $74 yuw H
&'"t&14 w%y" <!+ &( 2 7. x
Åk*9Br.s wtyx^0 y&wt$"t<8).D0 )(' &"p
m * !u7
&'u#x u7.
4 g 0
5 $m s u
H
¼ 8<*#&" &wtsr.u
< 2
* !u75 $s u w%"t! ' oK d
H
<7 H )
¼ 8 <#* &" &wtsr. u
&'u#x !q #"±%
4
H )
¼ $
H <7 H 0 < > 0
& &u#x & - &+ ¼ ) ¼ %8 #* &'"t&w%s-'. uq&'u#x 0
¼ - ¼ - ¼ &u#x
H @<7 H
)
¼ 8 <#* &" &wtsr. u
, ¼ ¼ ¼ & &u#x &' !q #"> 0
H )
&
)
7
$
*
S
=
w
.
d 7
J
&
&
#
u
x
&
&
+
+ ( &u#uB,8!} &18%(k44 !w%"ts n8zsvu & &+ ¼ ) x<+y&(8
F~.$7B xl ^8%!"tsr.$98=B (*xsrBv$w% x H2 &"%w%s,+!Bvs xyuwts§Ì[+!&wtsr.u
s-
8 &1B-8=. u! xyx^0l.'"Xw ( J"t<+!.u98w%"t$9+ wtsr.u^.D0 ¼
x<y+ &(!8 }dw=. "tyx$9+ :+!.@4 svu#&w='. "ts,z
+ #&@+Ek'5 "6.'$u#x H
às w ( w ( y+ &D#* &'s-B s w%sv<S
f
8 x<86+ "tsv xr&[.|'} s-C
8 svxy&DB-vB (%8 $s w%yxDw6. x!w%!"64 s u#\&DB-9
B w ( r&'u751vB <8y.D0
w ( w?F±. $us wt&'"%s w( w%"ts &u75@B n_
8 $98 svu75 ( s-5 ( 8 wt&wts-8 w%s,+8
x&w & H ' &'7Bvk) H )8 ( .UF9
8 w ( F!Å* <+ w%yxru7$74 !"E8K.D0
. svu "%n+!. u98 wt"%$Q+ w% x !|!udw68s0l'. "|&"tsr. $98 4 <8='. u>Ì u#&DBM8 w &w%n
8 svuA'. u ('y&'") "8 .D0 x&wt&w &D7 s u95 H sr4 $7B &w%s-'. u
8 w%$ xs n8/8 ( .UF w ( &w*w ( x wt<+ w='. "ls-8
&7Bvw6. wt"%s-515 !"&'u#x9"t<+'. u98 w%"t$9+ wy}ds uS&'xxs w%s-'. u9w=.##Ì u#&DB
8 w &wt<8>
F s w ( . u7B (}+ ( &"6'5 xy* &"%w%s,+!vB <y8 }X&1B-8=F
. w ( .S8 *s u +!vB $#xsvu7A
5 &:* ( . w=. u'. " H ')( s-8 yu ( &'u9+ n8 w ( !+ &1#* &s-B s w(K.D0 w ( AÅk* !"ts-
4 yudwzw=q
. x wt!"6
4 svu;2yF s w ( . $wzw ( '. "t wts-y+ &D
B $u9!+ !"%wt&'s udw(t0 "6.14 w ( C* !u75 $svu_&14*7B s w%$ x'}
&u#x w=]
. &DB-B-.U
F w ( svudw%!"t<8 w%svu7q
5 "t&xsv&w%sv|'* yu7'5 $#s u;x !+ &(8 w=. "8 wt$#xsvyx H
' &'7B ) H G8 $744 &"ts,8 n8 w ( Å* n+ w% x* "t<+ s,%8 sr. u. u
w ( &u75@B n8.D0 w ( $u#s w &"ts w(cw%"tsv&'u751vB <
8 &'u#x2w ( %8 !u9%8 s w%sv|7s w( w=. & & .S8=!+ srB-B &w%s-'. uQ!8 }D. wt&'s u#yx&U0 w%y"'. u#(y&'"
.D0 x&w &qwt&D7 svu75 H w&DB,82
. svu#xs,!+ &wt<
8 w ( cxn!+ &(C4. x<8
$9%8 yxF&u#x*w ( s-4*Q. "w &udwG0 y&wt$"t<8G.D0 w ( x w%n+ w=. "xs,8=!+ $98=%8 yxS&[.|' H
u*&'xxs wtsr. u]w=q
. s u7|'n8 wtsrd5 &wts u75 |ds-.1B &wtsr. u]s u 4 <8='. u x<y+ &(ky8 }w ( ±* ( (%8 s-+<8* "6.1'5 " &D44 s.10 w ( !Å* !"tsr4 !udw±
F srB-bB s u9+B $ x$8 w%$ xs n8s.1
0 " &"t &u#x
cx .@86+ s-BrB &wtsr. u98 &'u#x ( 4 <8='. ukx<y+ &(k8 H 7'. "
!+ &(y8 } z
!Å &D4*7vB '}#w ( &s-vB s w(qw=9
. "t<+'. u98 w%"t$9+ ww ( #vB &'"=5 Jud$94 y"M.10 ¼ 0 x<y+ &(k8f'5 sv|'yuAs u ' &'7Bvz) H ) x4'. u 8 wt"t&w%n
8 w ( &wJw ( ;!Å* !"tsr4 yuwy+ &u`8 wt$#x(F|&" sr. $98:'. w ( y" x<y+ &(/4. x<8"'5 !u#!" &w% xFd(*w ( c 8 0
H * "6.k!+ <86!8 }M8 $9+ ( &@8 ¼ E 0 r &u x & - 0 S
+!. u98 wt"%$Q+ w%s-'. u.D0 ¼ 8 ( '. $7B x &1B-8=z
. )*Q.S8 8 sv7Bv H ')( hvB &'"=5 9u7$74 !"E8.1z
0 "t<+!. u98 w%"t$9+ wtyx;!|!udw68
!Å* <+ wtyxF&DB-Br.UF 8 &"E+ ( <
8 w=2
. 4 &'x#0l. ":8 $"6* "ts-%8 svu75
b<+ w68 svu w ( <%8 " &"tXx<y+ &($4. xn8 H |!udw68 uyyx xAw6.
8 wt$#x( w ( n8 ~* "6.k!+ <868 n8j
F s-BrBS#* &186~8 w ( s8 wt&'u#x&" x y|'<B G CH D ) D0H>E <>7Q7H>R5 < :N989 F ? DQ'ML5 <>D T O=:N7?E><C:=<CD0E U
w=. !|'<B w%"ts-515'y"s+ $w68 H u9B ( w ( y|'B
&DB-51.'"ts w ( 4
F srB-B~u! xqw=. w%$u x2&1++.'" xsvu751Bv( H
D
&]
H ( "%s,8wt!u98=.'uq wz&1B H } z
) )
'9H
P t
2 H ¼G.#&(&@8 ( s &u#xA¼ H[2 &18=&xF&#} "6.15 H ')( ." H
( (8 H )
H
p"H9#H &1 ( &"6.| }q ' !ww H
) ) H
!0l
. "J!Å &D4*7vB '} 2H H { &|B &v} 2 .7x!"tu
( (8 H ww H ) ` H
H Ã.1Br0 !u98 w%ys u
} ) ''
) 7H
S "H &'s #Q. } ( (8
H y| #H !ww H )
) H
:H 2H &"tu w%w wz&1B H } ( ( H !| H »
) ' )'}
&u#xC) ' . ('y&'"* &"%w%s &DB $7* x#&w%#0l'. "w ( q) '
yxs w%s-'. u ¾ a ( w%w=* a ' * x75 H B 7B H 51. | =!H
A7'. " &2"%n+ !udw &'u#&DvB (8 s,!8 }a8 y0l'. "A
Å &D4*7vB H & p 9H
5 &u#s usb!wX&1B H } )
&u#x fz
A7'. "F&_"%n+ yuwl"%y|dsvJ
F }"%8 ! p"H q $" &18 &'u#x :H
2 z ) ' H
MvB !s,86+ ( !" } ' ¾2
) PJ7'. ""t<!+ !udw$F±'. "6b
}d8 y 2
H { "=. u#&$*&'u#x H '. u x'. u } ( (8 H !| H »
) ' 7 pH H &u x&}
H H ^zsvu7C
5 } ( (8 H !| H »
) ' #H
{ "=.S8=8=4 &u }
H sv"y}&u#x :H &wwt&1y s } fzp s¾
) ' :H MvB !s,86+ ( !" } w ( udw H (k4* H
'. u &|7(DaB &|1'. $#" ( (8 s,+y8 } &'udwt& &"t#&'"t&#}
' ) ) ' H
))K !:0l
. "zÅ &14*7B H Ã.1Br0 !uQ8 wt!svu &u#x H sH F
à $ }
( (8 H y| H w%w H
) '' 7H
) H ( #
. } 2tHj2 s,8 s &D]
&u x H f
à (kvB !" } ( (8 H !| H
'
'
7
H
»
) )s"q
,
*
*+*
*
*,
*
OR38;BVU/2>
A
op/SU/]1 U@C>
&a
±
%!#&
−
2s-8&8svu75@B &'"=4 8=* n+ wt"=.@4!w%y"±Fs w ( &#0l.'"6F&'"tx
&9u 5'$7B &"K+!.|'y"t&15'0 "6.14 &D*9*"=.xÅs-4 &w%<B (V)y4 " &'x_w6.
4 " &'xs uw ( !u#xsvu75i u7.'u !u#xs u75 *7B &u H
')( ^
+ ( .',s + i
.10w ( cx!w%n + =w ."
" 5'< .14 wt"%(ls-84.w%sv|&wtyx
7( w (
0 1& + wAw ( &w &w ( -s 5 ( yu!6" 5'sv< 8[.w ( w ( &'u#x
( &'x=" .9u 8 &"t~ *"ty7x .14 s u &ud=w Bv"
( *6" .x9$ + x svu w ( 8tD& 4 0l.'6" FX&" "
x +!.u'}'
& 0 y&w%$"tX! Å*7B-.'s w% x svu w ( ± Ä &1| .$" wtD& 5 H
')( ,s 8-s 8 x< 4.9u 8w%" &w% x svuk rs 5 H H ^
) F ( y"%cw ( K
*Q.@Bv&'"
&9u 51Bv< 8.D0w ( 2 &u#x ( &'x6" .'Qu 8#+yD& B,+ 7$ B &wtyxK7(;w ( ' p !|!ud#
w 5!uy"t&=w ." &"t^
*9Br.'ww% x H ')( K
*Q.@Bv&'"
&9u 51Bv9-s 8x Ì#uy
x Fs w ( "t< 8=* n + wA6w . w ( c yD& 4 D& Å7,s 8Asvu
w( :
*7*A+ !udwt"% .10 4 1& 868)8( 8w%< 4 H
rs 5$"tq H A
8 ( .UF8w ( ^
4.14 !udwt7$ 4 x-s 8w%"tsv$w%-s .'Qu 8
0l.'" xn +!&( 8 svud=w . }&u G
x 0l.'" w ( .S8~ F ( !"t
w ( 4.14 yuw t
& .D0J[.w ( *-s .'9u 8q&"tC
4 y@& 8$"tyx_svufw ( 8=* n + w%6" .14 !w%!" H ')( x< +!"% 1& 8%:
.D0 w ( x!w%< + =w ." 1& +<+ < * wt&'9u + $
0l." ( rs 5 ( 4.@4yudwt&-s 8x$=w .w ( :
B-.@868±.D0a*#&"%w%s +!Bv< 8z < Br.UF ) 4" &'x H u w ( "
B-.UF 4.14 !udw%9$ 4 "t 5rs .u }
w( "
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500
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VDET
TRACK
ECAL
HCAL
MUON
Data
rates
RICH
40 MHz
Fixed latency
3.2 µs
Level 1
Trigger
40 TB/s
1 MHz
Timing L0
&
Fast
L1
40 kHz
Control
Front-End Electronics
1 TB/s
Front-End Multiplexers (FEM)
1 MHz
Variable latency
<256 µs
Front-End Links
RU
RU
LAN
Level 0
Trigger
4 GB/s
Readout units (RU)
RU
2-4 GB/s
Readout Network
SFC
Variable latency
L2 ~10 ms
L3 ~200 ms
Storage
SFC Sub-Farm Controllers (SFC)
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
Trigger Level 2 & 3
Event Filter
Control
&
Monitoring
20 MB/s
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max. crane coverage 11000 mm
250 mrad
point 7
6300 mm
1850 mm
point 1
max. permissible height 13000 mm
Transfert Cryoline
650 | LHC machine
11250 mm
19700 mm
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Radiation shielding wall
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point 1
Installation of the lower
cold boxes | LHC machine
Fast electronics
Personnel access
PM 85
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Counting rooms
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LHC ring
center
I.P.
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PX 84
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point 7
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PX 84
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#
LIP8 (cm-2s-1)
10 33
Range of
LHCb
Luminosities
10 32
10 31
0
10
20
30
40
50
ß*IP8 (m)
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r (mm)
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500
Vertex detector tank
300 mrad
400
300
200
25 mrad
100
0
10 mrad
15 mrad
flange17o
weld
half aperture (at injection)
0
IP8
5
10
15
20
z (m)
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(*
19
20
m
5450 mm
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[aO[aw|wk| c?|
m
15
3600 mm
8900 mm
2500 mm
CuNi
Al-casing
Al jacket
760
792
15
8.97
Electrical
casing
B (T)
20
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0.78
15
33
73
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SS-vacuumchamber
Shield
1
G10 pipe
330
By at Θ x = Θ y = 0 mrad
By at Θ x = Θ y = 200 mrad
Bx at Θ x = Θ y = 200 mrad
Bz at Θ x = Θ y = 200 mrad
1.25
Tie Rode
0.75
1040
200
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0.5
0.25
0
-0.25
-0.5
-0.75
-1
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Z (cm)
K Vyn?h]Mk|¥kÐAo[ae\Yh]Mb·eM!XZ[aÉwX!VQS[]\YOwg
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61° silicon vertex detector elements
φ−detector
r-detector
(strips not to scale)
256 + 640
= 896 strips
2´384 + 256 + 241
= 1265 strips
80 µm
44 - 105 µm
60 µm
40 µm
40 104 µm
40 µm
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1.0
2.5
[cm]
6.0 1.0
2.5
4.1 [cm] 6.0
Occupancy (%)
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0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
φ detector
R detector
1
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
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470 mrad
Aluminium
330 mrad
Stainless steel
600 mm
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Al readout electrodes
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14
1 MeV equivalent neutrons / cm 2
10
station 6
station 17
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Typical n in n detector, after 2x10 p / cm2 .
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13
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Temperature (˚C)
Thermal r unaway
Front-End chip
221952 Amplifiers/Shapers
Clock 40MHz
Analog pipeline (128 cells)
L0 Accept 1MHz
Derandomizer (8/16 cells)
Analog MUX 32:1 @ 40MHz
Driver
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
"
%
102 units *68 channels
Amplifier
Read-Out Electronics
FADC
Trigger Link
L1 Trigger interface
L1 Buffer
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10m
Analog Data Links (6936 twisted pairs)
Power Density( µ W/mm2 )
Front-End Electronics
Vacuum tank
Detector
L1 Buffer
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
TTC Link
TTC interface
L1 Accept 40 kHz
Control Link
Control interface
Read-out interface
Optical Data Links
60m
Processing Electronics
52 units *16
channels
DSPs
DAQ interface
Control Link
Control interface
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strip at 1 cm radius
strip at 6 cm radius
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"
*
*
*
*
DRIFTELECTRODE
100 µm
2.0 mm
GEM - FOIL
50 µm
GAP:
60 µm
CATHODE:
90 µm
2.0 mm
ANODE:
10 µm
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DIAMOND COATING
PITCH: 2 2 0 µ m
*
6
250
8
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Factor 50 PA
4
10
V Gem = 305 V
V Gem = 470 V
3
10
Factor 2.7 PA
V Gem = 0 V
U(D) = 5000 V
2
10
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
Cathode Voltage (V)
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*
r2 * dn/dA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
station number
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
MSGC occupancy
hottest region
mean
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
station number
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Cr 100 nm
Cu 800 nm
Ni 100 nm
Gas Inlet
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400
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50
100
150
200
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10
15
20
80
60
40
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20
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p [GeV/c]
10000
8000
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(c)
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Gas (C4F10)
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point
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Centre-of-curvature
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8000
6000
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330
2000
0
10000
4000
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∆θc [mrad]
Photodetectors
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Radius (cm)
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Photocathode
Photocathode
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Height (cm)
6
4
Electrode
3
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detector
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1
Focussing
electrodes
Photoelectron
trajectories
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Base-plate
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1 cm
HPD envelope
Dispensers
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Press
30 cm
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Event Display of Run 487 (6225 triggers)
60
HPD 4
40
HPD 3
1131 photons
1320 photons
mm
20
HPD 5
0
-20
1204 photons
HPD 2
1038 photons
HPD 1
38605 photons
-40
HPD 6
HPD 7
-60
1147 photons
#
-80
-60
-40
#&%
-20
M
0
mm'
1137 photons
20
40
60
80
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4cm × 8cm pads
32 cm
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240 cm
176 cm
§
96 cm
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Region IV: 2176 pads
8cm × 16 cm pads
304 cm
368 cm
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30cm x 18cm
Region I: 1480 pads
1cm × 2cm pads
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HV plane
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connector
0.8 mm
Ground Plane
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leads to pads
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melamine/phenolic
sheets (0.9 mm)
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"physical" pads
232k
MRPC
"Periphery" 45k logical channels
2/1 Or's
40 MHz
Adjustable
45k
Delays current mode
twisted pair
M5
bi-polar
Penn ASD8
M4
Rutherford
RAL110
Level-0
Pipeline
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Trigger
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Detector Description
Detector Front End
Build Events
Reconstruct
Align+Calibrate
Events
Detector
simulation
Simulated
Raw data
MC
Truth
L2/L3 Triggers
Raw data
[real or simulated]
(Reco . objects)
Trigger data
Raw data
MC Truth
Physics
generators
Reco .
objects
Alignment+Calibration
Constants
Reco .
objects
Data Store
Reco . objects
MC Truth
(Raw data)
Analysis
objects
Reco .
objects
Analysis objects
MC Truth
(Reco . objects)
(Raw data)
Make selections
Design selections
Private
Analysis
objects
Analyse
Physics Results
Selection Criteria
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• Coordination, Planning, Resources
Applications
Reconstruction Analysis
Computing
Facilities
•Farms
•Desktop
•Storage
•Network
•Operating
System
•Level 2
•Level 3
•Prompt Rec.
•Full Rec.
•Calibration
•Framework
•Tools
Simulation
•GEANT4
Framework
•Tools
•Production
DAQ
Controls
•Event
Builder
•Readout
Network
•Interfaces
•Links
•Crates
•DCS
•LHC
•Safety
•Run Control
Control
Room
Software
Engineering
Group
•Operations
•Consoles
•Shift Crew
Enviroment
•Methods
•Tools
•Code
Management
•Quality
•Documentation
•Training
•Licenses
•Collaboration
Tools
Re-usable Components
•Data Management : Event Store, Geometry, Database Utilities, ODBMS, MSS
•Architecture : Frameworks, Component model, Distributed system
•Toolkits : GUI, Histograms, Communications
•Utilities : data quality monitoring, event display, bookkeeping
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Rn <YH$O RDEYHr
iE|C RP;:\ < V>AD?BCFAuARNXH H M < ?V¥T>E.q AD: C P;ADHW\R O : ASk HG£HG£@U ± JKb: T P UC P RD=>H{1H < RNH.
<UB:T P H[_ <YP y O O EY: AD
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EOQ< H0RNR C O
T H P T>A,C P RH :[H O E$E ?³: T q P ANR ADb HGA U T;qlRDC ;qFHADE RDRDH C
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MC OLP < ?RN=;XHH 1< <NRDH:LH.< M 'RDH$CF Ahn U;<aH.H.O RDRNHHG<DE|M R :LC < P OQVGHGPC UP E$T>qlb T>ADC9;U;P;:C \ P;< \ O qFRD<Nq¥=O RD: =>ASHH
TBMCRNRY=ASO CtUBP>H :M[JK<D:L:RNM =;M H
H P A IRNT HGM¬E.R :M OQH <8O H.ASRNOLT H P;< \H M EGH E.PH :L;RGJ V R M[:LE.M H <NH OP R O0OQRb < HoEYHG
BA AZ
RD< CHrA : qlRDT;HrRDU C :LP:QJ RDRN=>=;H H < HrE q:P AR < TsE|qFRDHGHrA U < RNC =;MHOQR< ?EYX
iH A < RDH._u­=>CFHA
´H$>Xµ'H P¶·RNA ´sb ¸¶º¹ ¤¥M«OQP U´>»{¶·¼ ¤¥M½JK:L< C P H$q O ASRDCtE
<RDH < AG9;V :< OQ<YOQOLM < < RNH.CFP E$RNqlH H<: CFCFADUBHGHOLU P P;OQRD\ ClP;s\ E T;O q RDOQP C :L<P < HG A : ClRDqFTB=<RDRNC :L=;P H
<NA aO :QDJ xoORD`®=>:H < E M : T OQH P;<OQZZ
T>ASOQT PADHGU HrUUR xz: =i?=;E H O : qFH E$RDT;=;
qHrO ASRDXHrH A b g@<N:RNqFT>y HGUBA0O y;CFCHGCFA qlC RDRD:QCF=;JHGH{A J T>RDJKql:L= < HGRNOH =;RSRDH,H <DUBHLPVC ¤<R HrVzE :¾1A \LVuP ² C H Z
RDM C :LH.P RD= = : O U XLb H8 P;yIJKH$:LH <NP M[T>O ADRDHGC :LUP{R JK: <N:LXLM H < CRNJ =;?'H RD¦ =;H{xo§WH. v E.:CFH < P ¨ E.? T :L:QP J RNn =;H CFAZ
RDU HrO E|RNR HG:A < OLCFPA U O U;M UBT HG:U°P VBC EJ¿OQO P X UBO CtClUq O O y>RDqlHGHAGV V JK< :HG< A sRD=;HrE|H
RDH$CFXLqFHGHGE.ql?R <Nb :LP E OQP UBC Z
PC >: \ =;JsClOQRNO AP CH$P qFHG: RNE|=;R :L<DH P :b MO OQU,\LP EY=H.RDOQCtM EE$ysqlH T><4ASRD~ H ¨< =k .O VsA ClP;R: CtAWE :LE <N:L< P HrADA CFU;:LH P< HGU U Z
R yIH ;= R
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k!
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! "#! "³+$-#42{)%$½/}-7
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O X : T O <u: : ANE.<1CF:Qqlq JO RNC :P OA b _u:=;M CtAaOQCFAP O EYP>=;\ CFH$XZ HGU'O yi<D? :PM JKH <NO :LASM T < C P;\
RDEY=;= HOQ<N\ H X :QJT UBHGE O RD?=;H qFH ;E$R E :LP A OQP U?iC
OQ:LyP A = b U J RD=>H4R OQ\\ RDC P;=;\H
ql= H O BU R <D::P PCtA~ C b OH b UB*y C < Hr),E|R +G|<NV : :UB< T>RNE|=;R H{:LR J OQRD\=>\ HC P;UB\ HG
E OLO :L? P :QE J :LRDP =;R H,O C Py AZ
RDRD=;=;H4H A Z O &@X T : OQT < <z
:QJKJ <N:LRN=;M H RN=;OQH4< H U;P HGRoE Oy ?'Z = EYO = U O <NC :LP P y-O Ra) UBHrEE )O ? A$ V>ClRDqFq=;ysH P H
E :<D< v°HGHE.;RDqFR ?:LP CFUBA H OQP < RDH Cl>< .HHG&@U T;b C < HGUR : ysHCtUBH P RNCsHGU
T>ADC P>\ C PBJK:<SZ
M<O RDC :LP:LM JK<D:M P RD=> H ¨ T :LP;PJK:L<Nn M[H$RDO HrE|:LR :P<hJK<DOQ:P M URD=>H
E O q :L< C Mb H : Z
RD< HHrUBAGT>VrE$E HRD=>y;HoC E :LHGPU R OLM CRN=C P>C O RDC :LP yi?
RDC H$qFHGE.R <N:LP A RN=;JK<DH:MaDExo:` P XH_ <DZ
ASC : :LC P P A$R VjMR <NHO O EY
BAST A < OQHr< U'H C < P H'&@RDT;=;CH< HG1UH R< :RDH.= O nXLH H$RDO HrRE|qlR H :O < ASb R _u:L=;P HHaA/10 O E$:QH J
Ok qFb qhª'qF¯ H BR :Le3PB2jZ Rb OL\ E OQP UBP CFU O PRDHr9 A\ CtA b k< .Hª &@b k T;C < HGU R : ysH < O y : XH
qlaH B<D:R P;:P\ HGA R OQJK<N\:LM O A{§W4y ARN=;AD) H$H$?H *E = OC )5XLH +':C UBHr:E OADCl?BRDA$H,V¥VRNEYRD=;= = CtOQAO <NR E.\ TBHR <DR : : UBHGT>UBRD=TsE$H:E.HGADOHA
<N: U;<NT>:LE.PBHrZU4OLyi\ ?4y6OQ)7P + b O J¥M[:L< HoRD= OLP:LP H OQMP T :LPBO Z:L<1 :LP H
RDH$=;qFHGHE.² R =>COQ\ :L=;P;HGRZ ASR 8R OQ\/ E0 E OQC PP U;UBCFH U CFO U EYO RD='RDHHrR AH$OQB\ OQCF<ASE$RNH,q AGO VuASADHGAoRDql=;HrCtAhE|HRNEYHGE = U : ADT>UBH ASPCFCU P;b \ RDH aDxoCRN` =
JK<DOQ:< M< RDCtE.y qFH1Z = bCtUBO HU P <N:LRDClP s< E UBOJKHr:RDE C< :LO ?BP Ahb §W= O AXASH HGOLH OP P0q JKOQ<D<N:O\ M®H89C M C <Y\ O b O k E.ª R b OQV$OL<
<NOLOL:L<M{P ZZ A
H.&@RNT;H C < VHGU9;: R : =_uO =;XH H H OQP HC M VRN=;O HE|R E OQ<YUBOQCtUM H.RNRNHH <8R EYClRD
B= A < HrA H IHGE.H R
R\L: < H RDO =>RDHH < RD=< C OQMP OQ < ?b £ V X H < =;RDH H$< Ha´1>oCRNCt= A}RDO =;HuADC H \<DP <NC:LI<}E :LOQPP E.9 HL: <V b 9 :3P[= O?´ U >QZ V
URDB= ClRDOLC P:LP Vs£0R M[<YO M·EY
BAOQP M U TsO ARW/1=0 O \LXL< H H OOQRNP H < C M RD= OQO PE.R £ b ! OL¯<NOLH$M H$3e RD2jH b < qlRHrADCFAA
O qtA :W< H.&T>C < HGU
RN= O R}RD=>HR <NO EY
iAw= O XLH O R¿qlH O ASR :LP HzA O E$H
K from b decays
K from other sources
100
80
}
:}
}
}
120
60
40
}
20
:}
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
9 OQC \ <YTOQM< H k ª < b @4\L¨ P H O ADOQT P < HGUJKUB:LCt< AR < CFy;OLTB<D\ RNC :P:QOQJ :PRD=>H C M O E|R
H.RNH ASC ClsE E$H EY= HGU
A CRN=G/C0
H £ b ¼ ¯ H$ = 2 JK<N:LM y Z = O U <N:LP UBHGE O ?iA OLP U JK<D:M¬: RN=;H <
A¾: E¿T ¾< E$F HGb AGVL_uC P=;HWHG
XLOLH P:LPRYA A OQ<=>H H << HH'&@:LT;P C H< Hr( U[RM : HG= A :LO PXLH UBO HGRoE O qFH?LO HGAU R C :LP P R :H
O ANA : E.C O RNHGU1H < RDH. n H$RDHGE.R :< =;ClR b
O: OL\LC P P­:iR : :UM P HC M O ADTOQO :< E|HGPBR UZ Z OQC OLP \ <NOLRDM=;OQH,P H.RD1H <H <O MRNH.H O ADn T < H.< RNH HGM E.RH :LP < R b R : J8: yBM{R :O <C P H
RDRD==;H P RN=;H8HE
OLP UBCtU R O RNH E CRN='UBCtRNU =;HRDH=;C AD\ T =;HrXiACF8R XL/1HrA{0RDCt=;AaHrEYAS= H: ASE$H TBP RNAGb V
M H P _u<R=>CtKH0AhLOASNTC PRP OXRDH Ct< AASRNHGCFEql? O qIH <N<N: <D:P :L<< :QRDJ}C :LJKOQ:LP>P'< O q¥O P RASJ:? M[P;I M\KMLOOH.NQR Pi< OQ~? k\hM ROLPH O SASS T LONQLO< NQPH P Z
CFM A=;HrRDHA=;:H HP aA <DC :P P;R Ct<N\QA¥: Z RDRUB=>OLT>H\
E.H.HJK <NO OQE.E|P CFRNH C :C <NPE.< ? b
HrUBU T>ADE$E$ClCly;qFqqFOUBHRDC CA :L: P T A < E$R:QH J°P :QHGJTBaRU <Y<NO :Lq?P>( \
R= OQOQ\ P A E$b HG9>U:LC < J (E$TBV RNMA HrOQA < :H P O A$Vi;RN=;qFClH HrU a<N :L=;P;Ct\LEYZ = R OQ< \8H ¡ JKHr<YE|O RE.RDUBC :LHGPE O CF?iAhA H PBO RZ
HOQOQP < UqF? RD=>H$<NC : < IUBH Hr< E ORDC? M H <Nb : UB_uT>=;E.WH RNAw(U X :aM P;HG: A R :LP <DA : :XiANCtUBE.CFH¿qFq T>O ASRDHH J T;<YO qQ>R OQCFUB\ qFA ? b
§ OQP;< : RDRDCtE.=;qFH HG< A b A : _uT <=;E$HH E.:QTBJsRYaA8<DUB:CtP;AD\E$T>R ADOQAD\ HGAU CtA O My : CtXLASCtH UBHOQP < HRNCIEY=E O : RNADC H :P PR:L: J
M[O BC M CtASH I KMLONTPi~ k R M S LONQP b
PC OQ\ :LY P H0 HGR XL: : H RNP = R P< b HGO H0J¿ADM{C:LM < :T;< H
qlP;R \RNOL= P OQH :{P: OT>:AP R H0OQ<N\R OLOQAz< \ E : H$T;BqtCF@ U ASMRNAGyIVBH :LRD=>P H< HrysASH HrP AP RR
RH$qFHGE|R CFAo<D:EYP = ViRDAS=>H H P
EGEOQ:LP UBb C R =;ClH EY=i? T VRN=;H
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4
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\LUBO :LC< HCFM[HGA M b (o<?UBClE I:LHJKM :H<y>C PRO C P;R \ C RN< =;H \LH\ A ADH <aOQOLUP<NO U;RDH$CqFOL? H \ M H O H RO ASR \LT :< <HrU,E xoRNH ]
AH$MXLAD?H O < qFV qFHGJK:ASH.R'< R RDA=;CFR HGOH A RN>CFAS=@RDCt?BE ADH O CFEGqEYA ='H s<DR<NH :L<SC <JK:E<DH MOQP OLP yIE.UH HR :ASRDyBT>R UBO E CFC HGP RNAoHGH U RN=;b H ?` : V@X:jRDH u=;<DH ZZ
9M C \ :T P < H JK<Nk :Lª M b kA@ _u=>¤H M H O ADT < HGUB¤/C0«OLP UBCtAS: R < Cly;<T;RDC : :LP < KJ :L< ysO qFHGq1H RP OL\LT>\ ADCHGP;U \ b H$giC M E$ClT>H qP O E.RD? C :LPOQP AU RNT>aUB<DCFHG:AP;\QAD=Z R :jOL \JKRN<Y= O O E.RRDC RN:L=;P H[= R OOLX\QHZ
PC T HGXLH A P RYA =>Hy-< H ) :LP HDVsy-( ) M HGEA :L) P BU HrE O ?LU HrURNC =;P H R : A ¾E¿T ¾E$F HGAGb V \ASC C \LP;P \ ClsH.E OQE.P CFRDH qFP ?
E.ys? H$ROQ P HGU H Pa<NUB:LCP>\QH <Z RH OQP \{RUBJK<YHrO E E.O RD? C :LM[P : U UB: HGA P>:~K RWClX RDOQ=><C P?
}
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d0 / σd0
}
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}u}
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=}
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m}
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1}
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180
120
m}
}u}
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100
80
60
:}
40
20
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
pT [GeV/c]
}
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b → µ decays
b → c → µ decays
other sources
140
}
}
}
160
}
5
}
{}
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:M P>O :LP JK<N:LM <NO OQP O O P;\
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A Z
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ASC HrUH V » = !´ #"QVBR H.;E.HGHGU
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pTB [GeV/c]
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Minimum (d0/σd)
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δz/σδz
9 O C \ T <\H <D: k ª P b @ ~ n <DCt: AR < CFP y;TBRNP C :P A JK::L< J ASC \LP>M{O q : ~ : MC P RNAY:L < OLOLP P U
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200
150
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250
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60
140
50
120
40
30
60
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30
20
40
10
20
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2.5
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100
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50
20
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0.495
160
60
150
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5.1
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k£ : k£
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C M[\LP>O O UBqT H CtJKA U:L<wO < EYHr=;=E CFql:LO H8PqFql
AH R H$P;< H \ T>H E.b R Z
C P;\ ( :V ) n : ² : @
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BA OL< H < .H &T>C < HGUR : = O XH O R
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:LP H0=;ClRoP C P RNO=;H0:L1P H < RD<NH.: On H.RNHGE.R :L~KJK<a<D:OLMP URN=;H OQ< RDC Z
=E.qFOOQH<A4CFRDU;CtR E.H: qFH RDyIZ ClRHs? E s\LH
< RDH C =iO ? RNH < : RDRD=;= y HrOLASP­Cty;A CFb £qlC Rb ? V JK:< RN=;RNH,=;HASHGaqlHrDxoE|RN`0HGU
_u=;H n : OLP U8² : E OLP UBCtU O RNHGA M[O UBH JK<N:LM D
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OLP XLU{H < RDRN=;CFE$HGHGC AG<oVGMC² b HO E¿bAN¾AS HrF A
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)
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RD=;H8² U HGA UBHGE ? U;T>E|RYA
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Without RICH
300
L}
200
100
With RICH
"}
}
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}
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>9 :L<<O ( < :V E OLP: UBCtUO O RNHLOVRDM=>O H n : ² : P E : M ª y;¨ C P>O RDC :L2 P
Ct:LA J RNH.=;&@H T;(C :VHGUMR O AD=A b XLH ANA CRN=;C HG = _u=>
OA P>RN\HCFA J ( ? Z:L£ OQJ P U n ZmM : R HGA :L% < P XL H < < RNCFE$E HGM A : OQOQ< P H U< M[H'RN&@=;:LT;H'< C < U;HrHGUE OLO R P?:
qFªLH £L£}¤¥RD= M OLP RNU'=;H qlHr( ADAuV RNCF= A OQP H.&[T>EC M HGUb R yIH H
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P yI H.R H$H P
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E : ADC P H :LJ RN=;H OQP;\ qlH
yIH.R H$H P RN=;H M[:LM H PBZ
RNE TOQMP U;CFXU HGO E.RDR H
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_u=>H O y>A : qFTBRDH
X O qFT;H :QJ RD=>H8E : ADC P H :QJ RD=;H OLP;\ qFH
yRNI=;H.HR n H$H < P HGASRDR =;JKH <YOQM[M :H M OQH P P U RDT RDM =;H XLnHrE|R M{:<1:M :QJ H RDP =>RDHhT M
OQ:LM P T>CASP R
yIHqFHGANAoRD= OLP£ b ¹ b
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n < ) D² E1P,² FO OQPM U'OQ¾ <aE¿u¾ OFbU;HGE O ?'EY= OQP;P H$qtA OQ< H < HrE :LP;Z
AR Ts_ E|ORDHry;UqFH C k ª b ¼ASADC T M[Clq M[OL< CtAD? HGA¿RN=;HWADC \P>O qsH. E.CFH P E$ClHrA OjJ Z
RDRDH=;< HX C OQP < X C OQ: <T>C AOLP< HrR EZmM:P O AADR A0< TsUBE|CtRDACR :L< PCFy;ASTBRDRNH C s:APb :L9 J C \ RNT=;<H H n k ª: ²b k : AS= E :jOQ P;ZA
URBzCtU :O \RNHG:iA : U[JK:X< H R < < RDC Ct\LE.\ HrHA < OQHG<U-H ( < Hr:V E :) P An R < : Ts² E|RD Hr: U H$b XL_uH P =;RNH AhMC P,O AN A =;< CtHGEYA = Z
: qFTBRDC :LP A :LJ RD=;H n : OQP URD=;H ( :V M HGA :LP A OQ< H cib £ OLP U
}
}
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0
4.5
+
5
−
+
−
5.5
2
m(K π K π ) [GeV/c ]
6
9 C \ T < H k ª b k JK@:L< : P X OQ< C n OLP : R ZmM : O ADA P U;CFASR Oj< J Cly>TB<RDCO :LP :i: :QJ
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ASOQ= < H:jOa P b ClRD= : TBR OQP ? OL< RNCFE$qlH CFUBH P RDClsE O RDC :LP«~K: sH P
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}
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n £ :b £ ² :
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10
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10
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3
2
10
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RDR HOLP C E.H Ctb A
ASP T IC P H E.qFC T>ADClXHADHGy U°yVHGU;XLH H P RYAaASRNR =;H4RNq CO RDRDH RD<W=>< H$HGC ADT;C qR0C PO
AST P< HG:LAN< ASUBC :LH P< RJp:8O E|< R H :LO <aEY:L=4JRDM[=>H :L<< H0H.&@RDT;= C OL< PHGU[k AD£LH £ P b ADClRDCFX@ClR? CRN= O
< HrAR < CtE|:RNHGP UA< OQM < ;O[qFH OQ:Q< J ADC:iM : T;q PO RDHrUJK:y < O EY
\L: <N: T P UHGXLH P RY< A$V
RDASA=;RHG<NqlHHrO E|CRDP RNHrCU;UClXiRNCt= EUBO T ClR RDO H qLO H.C P>E.OCFH qHP yqE$ClO HrEYA AD
HJp\LO <NE.Hr: R U T:<P CtU ASHZ R bRD:Q= _uZ AD=;CAS\CtHA¥P>E$=O TBqO RNA°<NA OUBRDH C M[=>:H ::QPBH J Z
qln HrAD: A{² RN =: bºOQP © k ClRDE =³OLP RD=;ysH H O < EYHr=;ASClH HGP XLRHrU ASR JKO :RN< CFASRDRDCt=;E$HA UB:QHrJ E ADO C ? M T;( q :V O RDHr) U
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y qF<NHGOLANPAEYRD=;= C OLP;P\
JKOQ<NP;O \ E|RNC :P OL:LP J RN=;Hq O RS<NRN:LH P;< \ U;H IOH P U;A C b PO U>UBCRNC :P:LP RD=;H
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;T =< H R k ª b Ak b _u=;H < H RDJK=>:LH< HLV AO Tq OL<DE$\ HGHAGV AST A < ADHG= ANASC :LP:QC J y O EYC
Z
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RM H OQP E AoR : UBCFASU T RDHrA< HGANAu_uy O=;EYH
\L² <N: T P XLU H b RNH. ClXHGA RD=;H
<E CRNH P < C O{RD=;OQH< H < O HrE :>PqlCFAHGR U < @TsE|RDC :LP V
RD=;H JK: qFq :j C P;\ ADH$qFHGE|RNC :P
_u=;HR <NOLP ASXH < ASHH P H <D\ ? :QJ RN=;H ;= : R :LP E OQP UBC Z
U O RDH
R : H$;E.H$HrU ! ¯ HG ¦ qlHrE|R <N:LMOL\LP H$RDCtE,E.qFT>ARNH < CFA : q O RNC :P @ RD=;H <NO RDC :
:Lª J H P ª H <D\ ?{UBH : ASCl< RDC :LP C P 8E$H$qFH qIE$£ qlTs A! RNH JK<:A < OLP U
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~ ²Fw¾E R ~ ² : ªª ¨ HG = 2 }
}u}
10
4
1
0
2
4
6
8
ET (γ) [GeV/c2]
10
KJ9 <D:LC:\\ M <NT OL< M(H :V k b )ª b k ² @ : _u =;~ H : C P 0 RNAY A sOQHrP E|UR < y T y'My O:QEYJ
RD\L=;<NH: T >P = U : ~R =;:LCFP A AZ
R
_u=;H sH < UBH \L< H$H :QJ@JK< H$HGU :LM :LJ RN=;HADHGE :LP U OL< ? Z
XLH < RNH. >RaR : ysH ¹ _u=;HuASH OQ<YO RNC :P C :LP U OQ< ?XLH < RNCFE$HGAGVP yIH H.Rk ª4H$H M[P M < C MOL< ? OQP U8ASHrE Z
_u=;HC M O E|R OQ<YOQM H.RNH <~ 9A:j[R : RD=;H < C MOL< ?
XLH < RNH. :LJ y : RN='R <NO EY
BAR : H.;E.HGHGU ! ££¤¥M _u=;H1R <NOLP ADXLH < ADH M[:LM H P RNT M :LJ RD=;H² : !V /10 ~ ² : .V
R : H$;E.H$HrU k ¯ HG = 2 ² : : q OL< CtA O RDC :LP E.TBR @ RD=;H OLP;\ qFH[ysH$R HGH P RD=;H
( :V OLP U²FC P RD=;H8² : < HGASR JK<NOLM H0R : A O RNCFA J ?
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
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}
}
200
10 3
150
10 2
100
10
50
1
0
1
10 3
1.5
M (K−π+) [GeV/c2]
2
0
10
20
30
40
δz [mm]
50
100
80
10 2
60
40
10
20
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
d0 [mm]
2
0
0
2
0
0.1
4
6
8
0.2
0.3
0.4
pT (K−π+) [GeV/c]
40
100
30
75
20
50
10
0
25
−1
−0.5
0
0.5
1
0
9 \ < k ª bk ! @
< :LP :QJ MO P Z
DRy C yC:LP Ty XO HOLEY
< C \LO <Ny;: qFT HGAP UJK_u:L<~ =;=>(H4CFAS:V UBR :Ct) AS\LR <YOQ² Cly;M T;: RD b C ~ A : C P RNAYRD=; H OQP U4C CP E.qFAST>HGASqlHrCFXLE H
cos(pΒ, pΚ)
}
θB [rad]
_( O:V y;) qFH ² k ª : b ¹ @ UBHrE giO T?BM[A$V MOQPOQ<U ? JK:L:Q< J y yRD=;y H O EY
H$\L<NE$: ClTH PP E.U,CFHGC AP ! JK:¾ < b
_uO =;;H qlCFP HGT U M b ysH < A OQ< H \ CFXLH P0 ClRD= : TBRRD=;H1R < C \L\ H < ADH$qFHGE.RDC :LP
xvwz`
TBR xzy O E$E$H BR OQP E$H
² £ b k : ¢ y Z y
££ bb L£ £ £b £Lb £@k !ª ¹
vv £k _ v < C \L\ _ H < < C HG\LU \ H < HrU
²² FF OQOQPP U'U'¾¾ EE­CF< UBHrHE P:LPRDClAsR E < OT>RDE.C RD:LC P:LP ££ bb ¹¹ ££ £ bZ k
² : M[b U Ob J ADb AaADE$HGTBE :R P U OL< ?XH < RDH. ££ bdb ¹Lc ¼ ££ bbdck !ª
R H k ª4M{M
££ bdb ¢c £ £ £ b £Lb kL¢ k !
L
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4
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9:
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£
b
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E : A ~ % £ ¢ _u=;H : IH P C P;\OLP;\ qFHysH$R HGH P RD=;H M{:M H P RDT M
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RDH.¥V $ % £ k <NO U b
JKn9 :LCF< \ ASRb AD< Ck Cl\y>ª P>TBb kO RD!>qC :Lb OLP P A U³:QJ C RDP =;E.HhqFT>U;ADCFClXANE H< C yM y®C P>HGO XLRNHC P>P \RYA$&@V T OQOL< P HRDClADRD=CFHG:jA1aT>P ADHGCU°P V
C _u=;H ( ZmM HGA :LP C P X OQ< C OLP R MO ANA}UBCFASR < CFy;TBRDC :LP ysH JK:L< H
OQP OjJ <
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H <CFRNA HrH U{¢ cH$RDXL=;¨ H HrPHGASRNH[A =bE.2T;_u RN=;bA0H CF_uA
=;ADCtH =UiRNAD= C \:QP>J O RDq =; H C <P C HrU E :j: P ACFR A< TsUBE|H.RD Hr PU HG( U
R : yI( H O EY
\L£<N£ : T ¨ P H$U Ct= A 2 HrAOQRN<NC M: T O P RNU HGU­RN=;yiH ?­P;AN:LE M O qlC C P>P;O \ q RD( =>H MPO TANA M{b Z
yIH <o:QJ°O EGE.H ;RDHGU[HGXLH P RYAC POQP H P q OQ<N\ HGU MO ANA C P U :j
}
}
3}
:}
b)
10 5
10 2
10
10
10
2
4.5
5
5.5
6
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
9~K: C \ T P< H k ª b k :Lª \@ <NOL_uM =;Ha²OLP Fw¾E Oj J M<­O AN~ A}OU;CFASR < Cly>TBRDC :LP :ys\L<YH OQJK:LM < H
RDy =>O sH{EYH
AD\H$<DqFHG: =;E.T CtRDAP CR :LU P b CtA O ;qFClHrU U JK:LRN<[H ~pO = ( :V RNEY) =;HrU² =;: CF ASR ~ ysWy y
}
M (K−π+γ) [GeV/c2]
}u}
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−1
4
}
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1
10
10
1
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10 4
3
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10 6
a)
KJ <D< :M ! :LR P :4¢[JK¯ :LH$< OQ= P2 b OQ_uJ =;H0< y y'y O EY
\L<N::LTP P U O M[O ADAoUBCtA Z
RAS= Cl:jy>aTBRDP C C PyI9 H C \ b Hk ª b k ªoU ~ ysRDH JK:LRD< =;R HW< C AD\H$\ qFHGH E.< RDHGCUH$XLCFAH P RNA ;b qFCFU HGU{P qlCF? A
RD= O < ANH$A H'O H$qFq X<H HGP E RN:A P : ASTBR < R T>:LE|RNJ C : PM < H'ClqF&@qFCT;:C P< H M\ H H P P H RN<YA O b RDHrUy yHGXLH P RYA
¦ E.OQCFH < P E.CFHGA M[JKM[:L< OL< RD=;H ADC \LP P>O q O OQP U k C ª P b E.qFb T>ADClX©H y y
P
H$(uX H ~ (RNA :V ) H ² AD: T °¶ Ct! ADHG ¹ U C k £ F_ y; qF!LH RD=;H ¹ ASC \LP>O q Z CR RN:L= Z
y O EY
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!
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MOQ< CFADHGU b¿© ClRD=RN=;H JK: qFq :j C P;\[O ANAST M ;RDC :LP A @
O £ ¨ '
<k BD: b R :LP `y;T & P y;EY=;T HrP A
EY= E Z: E qF<DqFCF: UBADC ADP;C P;\\,O R
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k£ EM F AF V
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CP asymmetry
Input parameters
α = 90°
∆P/T = 0°
Fitted parameters
α = 89° ± 2°
∆P/T = −15° ± 11°
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m2 (π0π+) [GeV/c2]
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B0 → ρπ
Dalitz plot π0π+π−
25
20
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5
10
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20
25
30
m2 (π0π−) [GeV/c2]
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_u =;HX'EYys= HrOQE P>O P TsH$ASq H( RD:X=;H ) O nX : XF T ¾ <'E:QJ CtA,RD=;EYH = : ( ADH :X P O RR:ClRNM A,H U;O HGADET O < ? H
CF_ A:R\ OLH$\LRD=;\ HHG<0U T ClP>RD=OLM RNy;=;CH[\ TC P : ClT>RDCADO ql?q yiO ? X : RNT =;< HC PBADC JK\L:P<DM:QO J RNCRN:=;P H V¥n RN=;XF CFA b
:O qFANq E.:jCF<Y qlO OA RNHGO :LU PADH1OQ:L/ P J OLU<NO RDRD= C ::L: ADP HyIRN=H.OR O R8H$:L= H P,PO XJK<RDH =;P>H': H$RGXPV H OQP P RNb UARD=;= H OP R4E.H[= : ORD=>XHH
H.n iXF R ¾EE.RDEYC = OQP>P H$RDq =>O H qtA : ADE$= ClqFO q AhRDRDC =;H{q OQ<N'H \ &@HGT;ASH RWXiE.Ct? ASCFy;_uqFH=;Hy <Y( OQPX EY) = Z
COQP>P \U<YCtOAoRDRDC =;:H <:LH JJK:LO < qFH0q RD( =;:X H EYM[= : OLASP;RhP ASHGT>qFA'CR OT y;P qFUBH0H R< : E /I:LHP <DADJKCF:LU;<NH M <YO RDO C :LUBP C Z V
< HrE|R :LM P H P O AST O < H J M PH P R ::LPJ ': X.Vyi?;RS<DRN: C P>\ <SZRD=;HhM ADT M¬:LJ< R o: Z
RDH.C:L/ P:QJH T RNP C R OLq \L\T HrUE|RNHGC XLH P A0RYRA b RD=>H%/ /sH RDC H4UBCtAR CFy;T
P :LM< OUBH < M R : M{AZ RNT>UB?RN:i=;: HADH P ADClRDOLCFX@< ClR?R <D: JK:L'<NM X OLP:PU
AH OL<YOM R X|/;:LV <qlHrO A AD:QADTBJ¿MC JpO HGAT AR RD¨ =;qlH=:LCF
LP / HGRDOQqlH4CF<Y= OQx M OL<H.U³qRN: H >< H$RNA XA \ H CFP XLRNH AH9P b /IC_uP H =;_ H O Jpy;O qlAH RHrU k \ ¢ H b PBª Z b
¦O :LEYP = A P>OQ\M /;: qFH,:PCFA \ H P OQH <W<NO:QRDJ HrU O O ClRD= O O P;A\ R O RNb CFASb RDCtE$P AE :L<N< P;H \ Z
A
¼ / ¢ V ££LUB£ C T P R R OQ\\ HGH8U®?ASH C \LPsO q
UH$XHR P RNR A
iJK:C < RDVs=;C H H 'C E$X qlT>M U;CH OjZ
AS T < H X M M H P H RGO V ADT :<< H M H V P ªLR£Lb £ _uR OQ=;\LH\ HGy UO EYAD
C \\<DP>: O T q0P H$UXH UBP CtRNAAR < CFJKy;:LTB< RNRDC :=;P H
JKCFO Aw:L< R O <N,
LOLH\ P4X <O ¶ AyI:L H$P C P;\ < X RN¶ =;Hu£ A b OLM _u<N:H =;OCtA8Aw< RDCtA=;HaM E :ADCP \ADP>H O< Xq@O UBRD<NCtCFA: XLR H< OCFy;O TBA
RNRDC :=;P H
qJK:j<NXLO H E|H RN<hC :JKPH :L< :LHGRNJ E =;y HO ASyEYR
O \LEYT><N
E.: \LRDT HG<NP:U TU / P R UOQ/I\RN\H= HGOQU PRDC O JKAW:LH < = RNO =;ClXiqFH4CqP>/ AD\{C \L: P>y ADO E$qCly;bqFqqFO?_uRDys=>HrUHH
O M : ªQ£@± b OLM O <YOQ\ <N: <DZ
RDCFOQA C < M HHADTsADAS<T HrHGUA : HGJKqFU:TB< RDR C H:LO P,yIEY='OQH P HGU XLH O P XLR H b <N_uOL\=;HHaA <D:P;H \QZ R XOLH \ / <DH : y / O y>/IClqFHCR?
P H : YhT>< ADP ql?OR OLJK\L:L\ < HrURN=;: A H OQM M /;OH qFOQHGPZmA :Q( J :X H$qFXLC JH H$P RDRNC AM < OQH <P H8. ; RDRD¶ HrUk AD= C M Xb T;OLqlR P OjU Z
RDA=;R O H RNCFASHGRDq CtE RDO CFXLqH / ( < HGX E$UBCFADHGC :E P? : yBRCtUiO RDC P=HGUBU Cl:H P H RD=;E$HrH AS'H / OQX =<YOQM X H._uRNH =>< HA
CFUBA H \P CFE.XLH H JKP :<C P Ou_ P;O:y;PBqlZ H &GH k <N¢ : b X O OLqFPT;UH :QC P J UB'CtEO X RN= HGAX¥RDE= OQO PRoOUBq C < < H HrO E|UBRo?H$XiysC H Z
: yBJ R O <C P HGU P OQJ RDH OQ<a< :P :LHJ8?L< H OQP>< PVBC P>J \ 'X = XoCFO A O RhqFH O O ASR :j£i ± < b
§AS= :RNHT;qtU­RDH ysH?LADHTB AE.CFH P RTR : U;C CFASRDCVhP;RN\ =;T>HCFAD=AR ,RDCt ASRDX Ct= E X'q./¶ ªH±
JK<D:M &$H <D: bk
O ¢ b :j < :LJ JK:L< Z
CJ P>H < \ H _P R OLE$HLy;\LV°\qlH HrEYU= : H$ASXLH HP ADP = RRN:A \yIAH HPRN=;RNH =;<NH OHRDHrE.HrASHU T>P qR RY<NA ClO RDq= X ;OO qFRYT;(A H :X :Q JzCt O'UiRD< =HGXzE.U;HT>CP AJ RZ
RD P=;H RD:L=;< H.HrRNASCFHE O ;qRNA/ < y HG:U;RDCFE.= RDC :LPX OQ:QPJ U '' X = X X OQ< ¶H;£ B HGk U­¢ EF R ::: : RD=; HGcrC m< b
R:Q< J T;RDHW=;X HO qlE T;OQHrP A UBb CtU¦ O RDOLHGM A{/;R qlOQHr\A \ :LHGJU / O <NA[: /I= H O <DXiZ RNC CP;M \H: U;ANCFE.ASCFRql< O Cly>RNHGTBU RDC :LOQP < HA
ARDSC= :L:jP aUBP T;C H0PR 9 : C \'b k X ¢ = bdcibX_uCtA =>P;H0: U RaOLADM C \/;P C CP>I\E OQ:QP J R RDO=;RuHRD( =>:X H0: EYAN= E.: CFqFASq H OQP Z
XT;OHGqFA T;:LH J :Q'J k ¢@X ±= V@X|y;V TBO RoAaE UB: H T;M{qtU:P yIASHR <YADO C \RDHrP UClsC E P,OLP 9 R C \ JK:LT < < H q OLk <D¢\ bHa¼ Xb O q Z
800
600
400
∆ms = 10 ps
−1
∆ms = 30 ps
−1
0
200
150
100
50
0
tagged
tagged as having oscillated
tagged as having oscillated
(background only)
200
Entries per 0.02 ps
Entries per 0.05 ps
_OQP O Uy;qF'H k X¢ = b @ X :g@yBR OR ORDCtC AP RNHrCFEU O JKq<N:LT M P E.;H <RYRA O :QC PJ RT ? P R :LOQP \L\ HG. U8 A ¶ OQM k /;= qF HGAX
:Q:QJJ ( O :X O ) O n XF P;¾\ Eb E OLP UBCtU O RNHGAGVIH.&@T;ClX O qlH P RWR ::P H?H OL<
U R R
iC
_ < T;H £ 'b £L£ X = X 0´ £ ~ k£L=£@ ª X /> A ´ ~ '0£ X £ = c X
££ bb ££ 00££ ££L£k £ />A 00££ ££L¢c
££ bb £k ¼¢ 00££ ££ kk ¹ª />/>AA 00££ £L£¢ª
££ bb ££ 00££ ££ k c />/>AA 00££ ££
¼
/>A
0
1
2
3
4
5
Proper time (ps)
9n C \ T < H kOQ¢ P bc @ O ] <D: /s\ H <SP Z RD<NC MO HU; CFASR < Cly>TBzRD:C :LP A :L< J P( :X O ) Z
T;M[HGXFO A B¾:LC EM J TE M{Z U;qFX ClCFb
U H$_uqFRDCl==;HrA:@H: E$U H T <;H XLRaHGRARD: HGU;U RNCF=;A/;H
qClORDR =:?R RORD=>q°H A OQU;< M HGCAD/;T;H qFqHGR HA b :LRzJ X RD=;q H
Fraction of events tagged as having oscillated per 0.05 ps
1
∆Γs/Γs = 16%
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
∆Γs/Γs = 80%
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ps
:J9 ANC < E.\ CFT Pql < O H RNHGO k U ¢ bO ¼ A @ O4:Q9>J J <NT O P E|E|RDRDC :LC :LP P:Q:Q~ J OQJ P H$/ XL<DH : P /sRNH A{< R RDOLC M\L\ k HHG£ V U JK:LO < A{R o= bO: XiUBC P;C J \ Z
E;.H T Ra< H R XL: HrR}A¥RDX =>UBH
CFqlAT;/;R Hr: q OAR ?aO q°RD=>A 'OQH M< XHr/;= ASqFT>HGAqX R b :LJ RNU =;H MO XB¶ C M T M{/sZ AqlCFF
LHGqlCF= _u:i:=;UH
'
_R O O C y;P qFHGH U kJK<N¢ :Lb M @ ;giRYAR O :LRNJCFASRRDOQCtE \O \ q[HrU,T P A E.OLHM < R/>O qlHrC P A R?:LJ :L( P :X ) n X XF : ¾y E Z
E OLP UBCtU O RNHGAGVBH'&@T;CFX O qFH P RaR :[:LP H0?H OL<a:QJ U O R O R O
iC P>\ b
_ k< T;£ H />A F X 0£ ´ £L~ £ ¼ /sX A F
££ />A F 00££ ££ kk k /sA F
@£ªL£ />/>AA FF 00££ ££ kk ¢ /s/sAA FF
/>A F
¼ /sA F
J :iRN=;: HJE :P <D< HGE.:LR P M C P JKC : M TP M ~p:Q J RD=;H P H: \O RDCFXLO Hoq O:L\LZ
qFyICl
HH$RDqFCl=;= H'E UO ADH[T C J E.RNRD=;C H X CtO A qFT;H T :QJ U =;X CtCtEYA =P;AS: = RT;R :iqtU : q OQq <N\ Hr?B.A V
RDX =>O HqFT;P H RD:L=;J H AR O X RNCtCFAwASRDXCtHE <O ?qA T MP OE.HqFq < VrR RO ? C /;P RCtE? O qF:LqF?0P qFHGRDAN=;A¥H RN= M OQH P4O £ADT b k < ±HGU b
M` :jT M H$OXC PH M <E V}< H ORDO =;ASH(Hr< A / M<N: CRNy P =O y; ClqFClP;R?: X b R :L9>: P;:L\ < P XL< UH < RD:?=;Hq OL<Da\ <NH0:LXP;O \qlT;M HrP AC P :QC ZZJ
Xi CF=;U;H T X< O H[qsRNX =;O HHqlT>OQHGADAPsT O :LHqFJ ?i ADHCtAR¿= X1CFO EA AOLP A :ysMq HhH H$;ADH HE.PqFT>/ ASUBClRDHGADCFU[XiADClCy>RC P? qlHb RDVQ=>y;_uH TB=;<R1HH C \ ASC RUB:LOQCP Z
RDO Ct/ASRD/ Ct<DE : O Bq°C ADMC \LO P RDClHGsql?E OLyIP H E.H a < CRD:QRDJ¿H P,O O( A:X ¢: ANE.CFqFq O RDC :LP ADC \P>O q°E OQP
LONTP = . ~ k R M S LONTP R ~ X ´ = k
k
~
¢
b
OQP =;H < H OQ\ \ LONQP CtAOLP RD=;HO R : R O q P P T M yIH <OQM :QJ8< HGE ~ :LP \ASP>R O< T>E|OLRNP HG¹U
yA OQO M UEY
/;\R qF<DHL: V T S HGP L U­U>NTP .E V RN=; .H UB aCtU RN<D=;:RNH P;HG\QA[JKZ<NRCO OLE|\ RDRDC =;:L/ PH<N: yA:QJO y;( CF/;ql:X C qFRH ?LADCV \LADOLP>C P O U'qzC´ Pq RNRN=;=;U HH
/RDCl<NR:? /I­H <DUBZ RNHrC EM < HH O < ASHGHrA A1: XLqFTBH RN< C ? :P&T>~ CFASEYHG
iHWqF? _ O O y;A qFH k ¢ X b ª C P b E <_uH =;O HADHG&@A T OLOLP PBU Z
Ct/ AWOLX<NOLH M< ?H$RDADHH <P b ADClRDCFXLH8R : ´ V =>CFEY=CtAWRD=;H < H JK:L< H O E < T>E$C O q
M{:< < O MO :QJ OLP : O P
UT>BCAD< C HrP>§ E|\ RNRDql? =;HJK<D:H OQM M HGRD/;ql=>C qFHCRNy>AT>qlOLH{UBM H¿HG/;AS;RDqlR CHrMA :QH$J@RDRDH Jp= O : ASU R ¨ ¢:E P b RDHzP yIx RNH OQ=;< CtqA :yBM R HGXLH.C RDH =P HG:RYU A U
OP H <NM / OL<N:OLM ~ H.RDH < V°RD=;PH ( :X OLM<D: />qlC RD<ST>Z U;MH 0 V M <T;qlRDC /;qFCl:LHrP A
RDJ T=>P HzE.RNRDH C :LP A E :LAJ RD=;H X ( :X C ADC RD\L=>P>H7O /q b /s_uH =;H RDC OQM Ho/;UBqFCCtRNAST>R UBClHy;T;0 RDC CtA
MMHO O ASMT < HGM{U Z O Ro;BHGU:i: X O qlMT>HGA :Q:J b X|VBT>ADO C P;\{O ASO R OLP P U OL< <DU Z
RE O: CT P BP RC R?O TCFqlA qsOLRD=;P qlCFH
LHrHGJ AH qlRNCFO =C MRDT O < RDUHGH A :Q:QJH.J RNRNk= =;= H WU JpV O AS R RY=;Ah¨ CtEYAS=:R P RNR RNCFO H
AS
LRDx HGCtE A0OL< Cq°qP : T R :A OQE$O HM{E ZZ
/;H. qFHLE$VoClHC P P E.E.qF?T>VUBRDC =;P;H[\ UBRDCt=;AH R < CF/ y;<DTB: RN/sC H:<SPZ RD:QC MJ RNH=;H{UBH<y /sO H EYP
UB\LH <NP : E.T H P U¥:LVJ OLRNP =;U H
RDAD=>= H:j : A
ADE$RDCl=>qFq HO RDASC C:L\LP P CU sOQE MOQP /;E$C HP;\ U;¶ T;Hk R= : ´ 'O AX b O,9 J T C \ P T E|< RNH C :Pk ¢ :Qb ¹ J
M O
X H O OQClRP\C : P P y>UBADCFH E < O OQX RNP O HGRDA{C :LRD:QP,= J°O :LO R J :L( P :X OH: H.ANE.ª /ICFqFqHGO E.~RDRNC A{b :LP bR :A yIH CH RNª= O y;O qFJ HASR ROQ: Z
RDR Ct< AST;RDH8CtE X OqqlADT;C H :QCJIE E.XaH CtAhqFHGANRAuqlH RD= ASOQR P ´ ¼ />C A H F V :L< H$1BE$C qlTsRN=;UBHH
_x O OQy;< qqF:'H \ k H ¢ P b ªH <Y@ O R ] :L<hOL<NJKOL:M < H. RDH < AX ADTsH ASP HrADUClRDCFC X@P ClR?RN=;ASH RDT>JpUBO ASCFHGR AGV¥¨ T>:LADPC P>RN\H
J T;O qFql?O Z < HrO E :LP P AR P< T>:LE.PRDHrU ( OQ:X < ) OQP n XF ¾E < E OLP UBCtP;U \'O RN< HGA O JK<N:LM P
U R X b R
LH C H4?H V URN=;H HrAST;qlRDC H EY=C
k bdc
¦ P OL<NOLM <
aHraE HGb E OL:LE.P P CFUH ASR R <E$OQT>? \E.\/RDHGHrU'U H$H$XXHH H$PP RDHRNRNAA DLONQP ¶¶¶¹ £¢ VV ªQ/s££A ££ F
( :X /;T < CR? . ¶ £ b ¹ ª
© <N:LP;\ OL\ <D: O S LONQP £ b £
] <N: /IH ¨ < RDHR COLM P H /( < :X HrA yqF:C J qlH$y>T;RDRDClC qFCM C:LRP?H ´k = XD¶¶¶ k b ª Jc A />A
( :X CtUiRD=,UBClH < H P E$H 'Xs¶ k ¢@± X
ª¹ @± ª ´xovM H.H ;O ADE.Tq b < :QH MJ H P R X :QJX O qFT;HGAX TT//RR :: ª ¼¼ />/>AA FF
Significance (σ)
15
10
> 5 σ signal
5
95% CL exclusion
0
0
20
40
60
80
,
100
∆ms (ps−1)
9 C \ O T < H:P k ¢ b ¹\LPs@ O g@R OO RDCtAORNCFJ E O P qaADC \:LP PCI:LE J OQP E.H :Lb J RD=>H-( :X \P : AJ ZZ
CRDFE.E CtCFAqlOQRNP CFERNE$COH'q4CtA T ASP :C E.y;H R < O R qC O P C HrP A U R? O A:LT P k = E.RD´ RD=>C H V : ANE.=;CFHql < O HRNC ´:X P _uOLCtA{M =;HRD/;=;qlADH,ClCRDTsASUBR C OQHLZ V
M H O ADT < HGU,C POJpO ASOLR P ¨ :LP RDHx OQ< q : A kOL¢@M ± /;bqlH \ H P H <YO OLRNP HGU
URDBCtH$ECRNqFO C = MqzTCl RDP HrE.UH X < yiR ?'
¶ O C RDP =; RH? R :LzP : URNE$=;'T H < XL/ X HG<N= A : /I< X HH <D¶ Z HGRDE.C RNM AaH RN=;< HHGA _u:k qF=;´TBH,RNAC R:y O PRDCt:QA U ZJ
´ ¶ JA b
X O qF¶T;HGA k :L¢ J@ª b X_u=;O R HrASH¹ ªX ± O qFT;xoHGvA :LTJ /­ R :X{ª ¼ E :/><DA < FHGA/ :~K P U=>H R< :H
X¶ c ª4OQP U¹ k V < HrA
/IHGE.RDCFXLHGql? b
© CRN=;C P RN=;Hg@R OQP U OL< U ¨ : UBHGq V :P H
= O A cr
~ k ¢ b £
' X = X ¶ ~mª ¢ ¢ k £ F CRN= OLP T P E$H < R O C P R?C P UBH1/IH P U;H P R :QJ xo² ¨ M[O R < C
(
¼
HR$OqFH C MP RH?LP V RY A =;OLCtEYP =U CFAuMH$O C /IP qlHG?E.RDHrUBU T>HR : R : U;HGRDE =;< HH O =ASHO U C P <D:RDP =>CFHEJ T T;P RDTE.H< <SH Z b
_uAST =;< HH <M H JKH :P < R HV:QJC J ' X X CFClqFA4qq yIOLH <D\ / H :< ANRNAD=Cly;OQqFP H OQJ¼ RDH /><A:F P jH8V O,?LH MOQ<H Oj:QZJ
UO EGO ER :LO < R UBO C
@P;C \ P;\R :~ AS¦C P &@E$T HO C RNP C :RNP= O kR¿¢ E bO AS£ H 'OQP UX = X CFql7H / £<N: Xi CFUBH £ OL P£
C¨ P UB: CUB< H$HGqmE.V R O M qRNH= O : ADT T \ < = H M H ClRDP = R :LO J q OQ<N\ H0X T P CE.RNH=;< C RP O RNC P =;RH
? bgiR OQP U OQ< U
! # !% 3 $}&|/¿& #&Y/ /¿2 OLP;\ R M O < JK<D:M
O
Cql_uPCF
L=;R HG:H qlCF= n :iX : ²U0qFH ; RN b A OL < P HTsRDºAS=;HrCtUACtA JKAS:LRD< TsHUBUBHG?LADE VT O ?ADHrH1OU/ ASOQ? <YM[O RDM H H.MR (< OCFX,HGiA UBC M:LHGJ E T RDM4=;?BH AZ
n O XE ² F k OLª P b kU[ RN=;H M[n MXF OQD² < E P>O qIASR O RDHGA ~p¦ &T O RDC :LP P k ¢ b ¹ b
JK_OQ:LM <8y;:qFH P H?LH OQ<Y<O AS:LT :J U O R~ O CtASR HrO AW
iC RNP>n =;\ Hb H.§W/IqRNHG= E.: RDTHG~ U\ =H$XRDH=>Hn RUB?iHGClE HGO qFU;? AZ
CFC PA C/RN/;C < O qFHrCqRNUBT>(CtE|UBXRDH HrC UP R RRD: :C n yI* XEH ² (F X
£ ) OL P ¹;UV°XE RNC P=;² RH: F¿UB n Hr= E XF O ²D? (E <YX
O ) OQRNHG< AH JKO XF:q <M[D² RDE: =;AS HR *
CFU;H P ¦ RDXLCtE H O P q°RNUBA T;OQH
< HR : \ RNH =;P H H <N<NO O RD/;HGCtU U : ADCE$RNCl= qFq O 'RDC :LPX = A b XD¶ £ k ¢JK:L<
XUBOQClI< CH : < T>H PAE.X HrO A qlT; Hr'3A 24(:Q'6J 5 b X _u=;¶ H JK< H$HX / = OL <NX OLM OLP H.URDH < ASAR <NOQ:L< P>H \Q* Z%-/;* = OLO P ADU H
: n ~n
OQ<N\ ~ OLP OQ<N\ P
P>X V O '%qsAS R XO* % = RN*HGAGX V OL< UP HGU0A/IRDHG=>E|H RN%;ClaXH$<NC qF:L? P;RD\L~ =>E Z JwRH OQ¦ ;\u&@R4JKT <YROO E|RDCRN:LC :P XE P k² S ¢ FLOb NQk Pu OQb < XF H gi²C P EHGE.qlH
M : H O ADT < HGO U{T>ADC P>\ ( :X JK):L< n XF ¾ EUBP HGE \O ?BP A$VL<YRDO=;HG? :P OLb < Ha>iHrU
R RDY =>HADC P;X \qlT>¦ HG&@AuT T>O RNADHGC :U P k ¢ b RNk =; Hy H$: XRD=
H RNR =;H H OLP;H \ qFH RNC R OLP U
RDys=;H0H{UBAH.R RN<DH :<NP;M \QC Z P C P HrRNU H b <YO` E.:jRDC :LH$P XH/;< = VQO RDAD=>HHUBADClH P H AD< CHRNClP XiE$ClHR?{ R '3: 2 '6R 5 E OL P
UJKB:LH1< /IUBH PClU;H A < H:LP P Rh X O '3qF24T;HG'6A 5 :LOQJ P U X OLX|P V U O Aa ADR= :j a P C OQP P _U O y;qFb H k ¢ b ¢
\L:QJ<N: B±T _uP =;UHP = H$O IXLHrHoE|OQyIR M[H$H:Q: P J PASR RDoT>:Q: UBJ CFnHGE U4:P C RP < CFUBOy;H$TBR RNO \C Cl:<Dq Pb: A,§ P P R : T OQP RDP =>E.H H < :QR Jy O kOC P £@EYR
± ? Z
C= P O A RN=;OH C P OLHM{RD\ =;:qFC H T \ PCly>R qlH :QJ T H$yIROHrEYE|
R[\LE <N:L: XM ¾'T P / y U OL< EYJKHr<N
U:LM R : T : RDRD=;=>U HH < A(R U O RDUBCtHGASRDE CtO E ?BO A q
H§W<NAo<D:AS<8= :j:LaP P C P R gi HG E.¿RDC V}:LPHGXLkH ªPbdc OjJRDRN=>H H< H$k £ /IHG?E.H RDOLHr< U A y :LOJWEY<
T \P;<DP: TC P;P \ U b
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