TVE 15 067
Examensarbete 30 hp
Oktober 2015
How to succeed with energy efficient
refurbishment measures
A study of the CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP
project and EPC model
Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus
Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper
Department of Engineering Sciences
Abstract
How to succeed with energy efficient refurbishment
measures
Maja Wennerberg Fåhraeus
Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet
UTH-enheten
Besöksadress:
Ångströmlaboratoriet
Lägerhyddsvägen 1
Hus 4, Plan 0
Postadress:
Box 536
751 21 Uppsala
Telefon:
018 – 471 30 03
Telefax:
018 – 471 30 00
Hemsida:
http://www.teknat.uu.se/student
Buildings consume 40 % of Europe’s total energy
consumption and causes 33 % of the CO2 emissions.
(Pol and Lippert, 2010) Existing old buildings,
especially those constructed with limited energy
standards before 1960, are in need of refurbishment
and energy efficiency. (Economidou, 2011)
The thesis is a part of the EU project GrowSmarter,
where smart solutions for sustainable cities are to be
implemented in the lighthouse cities Stockholm,
Cologne and Barcelona. (European Commission, 2014)
The purpose of this thesis is to look into the
experiences, success factors and barriers from the
CONCERTO initiative, BEEM-UP project and EPC model,
focusing on energy efficient refurbishment. The intent
is that e.g. authorities, municipalities, companies and
building owners, who are planning on performing
energy efficient refurbishment measures, can access
identified success factors and barriers in previous
projects of different scale and methods.
The conclusions of this study are that the
communication and cooperation between stakeholders
in a project, knowledge transfer and training of
installers are important factors for successful projects.
Information and involvement of tenants facilitates work
execution, improves results after refurbishment and
increases energy knowledge and awareness. The data
quantity and quality is another influencing factor on
building performance and the difference between
calculated and measured energy savings. Stakeholder
approach, energy performance regulations, ownership
structure and financial status/possibilities for the
building owner can affect project results.
Handledare: Jörgen Wallin
Ämnesgranskare: Björn Palm
Examinator: Nora Masszi
UPTEC FRIST** ***
Acknowledgements.
Jörgen'Wallin'for'being'my'tutor'through'the'work'of'this'thesis'
'
Björn'Palm'for'enabling'this'master’s'thesis'within'the'GrowSmarter'project'
'
Stuart'Alford'and'Valentina'Bonaccorso'for'guidance'to'the'CONCERTO'website'and'database.'
'
Ute'Heda,'contact'for'the'CONCERTO'Hannover'site,'for'useful'documentation'
'
Lotta'Bångens'at'EnergiEffektiviseringsFöretagen,'for'directing'me'to'people'and'companies'with'
EPC'experience'
'
Gunnar'Ericsson'at'Locum'for'input'in'form'of'interview'and'document'on'EPC'
'
Per'Mattson,'Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group,'for'input'in'form'of'interview'on'EPC'experiences'
'
Mattias'Nordström'at'Sweco,'for'sending'me'the'interview'study'from'EPC'projects'
'
Involved'parties'in'the'GrowSmarter'project'for'valuable'experience'and'interesting'meetings'
'
And'last'but'not'least,'to'my'wonderful'family'and'friends'for'their'love,'support'and'
encouragement'
'
.
Abstract(.............................................................................(Fel!'Bokmärket'är'inte'definierat.!
Acknowledgements(...........................................................................................................(1!
Abbreviations(....................................................................................................................(3!
1.(Introduction(...................................................................................................................(4!
1.1!Problem!and!purpose!.................................................................................................................................................!4!
1.2!Question!formulation!and!hypotheses!...............................................................................................................!5!
2.(Methodology(.................................................................................................................(6!
3.(Results(...........................................................................................................................(7!
3.1!CONCERTO!......................................................................................................................................................................!7!
3.1.1$Hannover$....................................................................................................................................................................$12!
3.1.2$Ajaccio$.........................................................................................................................................................................$17!
3.1.3$Conclusions$and$Discussion$CONCERTO$.......................................................................................................$23!
3.2!BEEMDUP!.......................................................................................................................................................................!27!
3.2.1$Alingsås$.......................................................................................................................................................................$32!
3.2.2$Delft$..............................................................................................................................................................................$35!
3.2.3$Paris$.............................................................................................................................................................................$39!
3.2.4$Conclusions$and$Discussion$BEEMGUP$..........................................................................................................$42!
3.3!EPC!–!Energy!Performance!Contracting!.........................................................................................................!47!
3.3.1$Experiences$from$EPC$projects$.........................................................................................................................$49!
3.3.2$Conclusions$and$Discussion$EPC$......................................................................................................................$52!
4.(Final(Conclusions(and(Discussion(..................................................................................(53!
4.1!Success!factors!and!barriers!................................................................................................................................!53!
4.2!Further!project!analysis!.........................................................................................................................................!55!
4.3!Author’s!recommendations!for!a!successful!project!.................................................................................!59!
4.4!Suggestions!of!further!research!.........................................................................................................................!60!
References(.......................................................................................................................(61!
Literature!.............................................................................................................................................................................!61!
Websites!...............................................................................................................................................................................!62!
Interviews!............................................................................................................................................................................!63!
.
'
.
Abbreviations.
RES'''
'
CHP'''
'
BAU'''
'
ICT''
'
HVAC''
'
DHW''
'
LCA''
'
'
Building'envelope''
Rebound'effect''
'
Renewable'energy'sources'
Combined'heat'and'power'plant''
Business'as'usual''
Information'and'communications'technology''
Heating'Ventilation'Air'Conditioning'
Domestic'hot'water'
Life'cycle'analysis'
Physical'separator'of'building'interior'and'exterior'
Reduction'of'expected'gains'from'efficiency'increase'because'of'e.g.''
behavioural'influence''
.
1..Introduction.
1.1.Problem.and.purpose.
The'energy'performance'and'energy'consumption'of'Europe’s'buildings'constitutes'one'of'the'
largest'CO2'emissions'in'this'part'of'the'world.'European'households'in'2009'consumed'68%'of'
the'total'final'energy'use'in'buildings.'(Economidou,'2011)'Buildings'consume'40'%'of'Europe’s'
total'energy'consumption'and'causes'33'%'of'the'CO2'emissions.'Also,'70'%'of'the'EU’s'energy'
consumption'and'about'the'same'share'of'greenhouse'gas'emission'are'concentrated'to'the'city'
areas.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)''
'
Energy'efficiency'is'in'focus'when'constructing'new'buildings,'but'refurbishment'and'energy'
efficiency'of'older'buildings'also'need'to'be'addressed.'The'Europe'building'stock'consists'mainly'
of'these'older'buildings,'over'40'%'of'residential'buildings'were'built'before'the'1960s'when'
building'regulations'were'limited.'The'inadequate'insulation'of'the'building'envelope'in'older'
buildings'is'shown'by'historic'Ucvalue'data,'and'proves'limited'insulation'standards'in'those'
construction'years.'This'means'that'the'potential'for'saving'energy'and'CO2'and'in'this'sector'is'
large.'It'also'in'holds'potential'for'societal'benefits'as'part'of'a'sustainable'future.'(Economidou,'
2011)'
'
The'overall'heating'energy'consumption'in'buildings'have'decreased'since'the'1970s,'as'a'result'
of'improving'measures'in'existing'buildings'and'a'low'heating'demand'in'new'buildings.'At'the'
same'time,'the'electric'energy'consumption'has'increased'due'to'direct'electricity'heating'in'
small'houses,'lighting,'climate'units'and'more'electricity'consuming'gadgets'in'the'households.'
There'is'significant'potential'for'decrease'in'both'heating'and'electricity'consumption.'Even'if'
new'all'buildings'would'be'constructed'to'have'very'low'energy'consumption,'it'would'only'
mean'a'decrease'in'energy'consumption'increase.'That'is,'to'achieve'energy'consumption'
decrease'in'the'overall'building'sector,'measures'in'existing'buildings'is'what'will'make'a'
difference'during'many'years'to'come.'This'requires'efficient'usage'of'resources'allocated'to'
energy'economization.'Also,'the'implemented'measures'and'technical'solutions'chosen'for'
energy'savings'must'demand'reasonable'amounts'of'resources'in'relation'to'the'saved'energy.''
(Abel'and'Elmroth,'2008)''
'
The'building'performance'depends'on'the'building'envelope,'installed'technical'systems,'
climatic'conditions,'social'conditions'(e.g.'fuel'poverty)'and'behavioural'factors'(e.g.'typical'
indoor'temperatures).''
(Economidou,'2011)'
'
Heating,'cooling,'hot'water,'cooking'and'appliances'consume'the'most'energy'in'households;'
around'70%'of'this'energy'is'used'for'space'heating.'Buildings'in'North'&'West'Europe'mostly'
use'gas'and'oil.'In'Central'&'Eastern'Europe'coal'consumption'is'high,'and'district'heating'has'
the'largest'share'of'all'European'regions.'RES'(Renewable'energy'sources)'–'biomass,'
geothermal,'solar'heat'and'wastes'–'contributes'to'the'total'final'energy'consumption'to'a'share'
of'21'%'in'Central'&'Eastern,'12'%'in'South'and'9'%'in'North'&'West'Europe.'(Economidou,'
2011)'
'
The'thesis'is'a'part'of'the'GrowSmarter'project'where'smart'solutions'for'sustainable'cities'are'
to'be'implemented'in'the'lighthouse'cities'Stockholm,'Cologne'and'Barcelona.'The'aim'is'to'
integrate'transport,'energy'and'ICT'sectors.'Through'largecscale'demonstrations,'sustainable'
energy'communities'and'energy'efficient'buildings'will'be'developed'to'improve'the'quality'of'
life'for'European'citizens.'An'energy'consumption'reduction'of'60'%'and'increased'use'of'RES'
aims'at'reducing'the'environmental'impact.'Refurbishment'of'existing'buildings'is'one'part'of'
reaching'this'target.'(European'Commission,'2014)'
'
The'purpose'of'this'thesis'is'to'look'into'the'experiences'from'different'projects'focusing'on'
energy'efficient'refurbishment.'The'intent'is'that'i.e.'authorities,'municipalities,'companies'and'
building'owners,'who'are'planning'on'performing'energy'efficient'refurbishment'measures,'can'
access'identified'success'factors'and'barriers'in'previous'projects'of'different'scale'and'methods.''
'
The'CONCERTO,'BEEMcUP'and'EPC'projects'have'been'studied'since'they'focus'largely'or'solely'
on'energy'efficient'refurbishment.'The'approaches'and'funding'methods'are'somewhat'
different.'Information'and'results'from'each'project'can'be'found'in'the'respective'chapters.'
Readers'can'also'focus'directly'on'the'overall'conclusions'of'this'thesis'and'find'the'common'
success'factors'and'barriers'identified'in'the'projects,'and'final'conclusions.''
1.2.Question.formulation.and.hypotheses.
Have'the'project'sites'studied'reached'their'targets?'Which'technical,'social,'economical'and'
administrative'success'factors'and'barriers'have'been'identified?'What'are'the'reasons'for'these'
success'factors'and'barriers?'Can'similarities'be'found'between'the'projects?'
'
Hypothesis(1:'Cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'
successful'projects.''
'
Hypothesis(2:'Including'focus'on'tenant'involvement'is'believed'to'give'greater'success'that'
projects'only'focussing'on'the'technical'and'economical'aspects.''
'
Hypothesis(3:'Projects'rarely'evaluate'the'outcomes'of'other'previous'projects'to'prevent'
making'the'same'mistakes.'The'reason'for'this'is'believed'to'time'pressure'and/or'that'type'of'
study'not'being'included'in'the'project'budget.''
'
Hypothesis(4:'Economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'
implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.''
'
.
2..Methodology.
The'initial'plan'for'this'thesis'was'to'study'one'successful'and'one'unsuccessful'refurbishment'
project'site'within'each'of'the'EUcinitiative'CONCERTO,'the'BEEMcUP'project'and'from'the'EPC'
model.'The'main'method'is'to'study'whether'a'project'has'reached'its'energy'performance'
targets'and'in'that'way'find'suitable'and'then'to'identify'the'success'factors'and'barriers'
encountered'during'the'project.'The'thesis'looks'into'the'background'of'the'project'sites,'
refurbishment'measures'implemented,'targets'vs.'results,'data'collection,'quality'assurance,'
success'factors'and'barriers.'The'common'factors'of'the'different'projects'are'then'concluded'
and'discussed'to'produce'concrete'results'that'can'be'used'in'future'refurbishment'projects.'''
'
Within'the'CONCERTO'project'there'are'58'communities'to'choose'from,'are'they'are'in'this'
thesis'selected'from'information'on'focus,'target'vs.'results'and'data'quantity'and'quality.'The'
BEEMcUP'project'consisted'of'three'refurbishment'sites'with'quite'clear'results'that'were'all'
analysed'and'compared,'thus'no'selection'of'sites'was'applied.'The'EPC'method'proved'to'be'
difficult'with'respect'to'finding'two'sites'to'compare.'This'is'however'a'wellctested'method'for'
energy'savings,'and'many'relevant'experiences'were'accessible.'Therefore,'already'performed'
interviews'were'analysed'and'completed'with'own'interviews'on'success'factors,'barriers'and'
general'guidelines.''
'
The'frame'of'this'thesis'is'limited'to'including'energy'efficient'refurbishment'of'existing'
residential'buildings.'However,'when'studying'the'EPC'method,'some'examples'from'nonc
residential'building'projects'have'been'included'where'experiences'seemed'relevant'to'include.''
The'financial'models'and'political'circumstances'of'the'projects'have'only'been'studied'briefly'
and'included'if'they'make'success'factors'or'barriers.'
'
Specific'analyses'of'energy'performance'and'degreecday'calculations'are'not'included'in'this'
thesis.'This'detailed'information'can'be'found'in'the'respective'project'documents.''
'
During'the'course'of'the'projects'analysis,'different'categories'for'success'factors'and'barriers'
were'identified'and'defined'according'to'the'following'categories'and'scopes:'
1.(Technical/comfort(
Technology'experience,'sector'education/training,'data'quality'and'quantity,'building'
performance:'energy,'indoor'climate,'comfort.''
'
2.(Social/behavioural(
Public'awareness,'involvement'of'tenants,'information'to'target'groups,'acceptance/attitudes.'
'
3.(Financial(
Energy'costs,'profitability,'financial'support,'recession,'economic'limitations'in'community'etc.'
'
4.(Organizational/planning(
Cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders,'time'planning,'energy'
agencies/assistance,'regulations,'project'coordination,'analysis.''
'
'
.
3..Results.
3.1.CONCERTO.
Method'
The'overall'CONCERTO'approach,'objectives,'results'and'identified'success'factors'and'barriers'
were'studied'to'get'an'overview'of'the'extensive'project.'It'was'then'concluded'that'a'
reasonable'limitation'was'to'study'project'sites'focussing'almost'solely'on'energy'efficient'
refurbishment.'From'these'sites,'the'plan'was'to'pick'one'successful'and'one'unsuccessful'to'
study'more'closely.'For'the'study'of'CONCERTO'in'this'thesis,'the'definition'of'“successful”'is'
that'the'overall'results'for'the'site'is'in'line'with'the'overall'CONCERTO'energy'saving'targets.'A'
project'is'described'as'“unsuccessful”'when'it'shows'modest'energy'savings'results'and'has'not'
reached'the'overall'targets.'Nonetheless,'the'“unsuccessful”'may'have'reached'one'or'more'of'
the'specific'targets'set'for'the'site.''
'
For'this'purpose,'the'CONCERTO'overall'performance'of'the'26'communities'report'(Pol'and'
Lippert,'2010)'was'analysed'to'find'2'sites'among'the'58'communities'involved'in'the'project.'In'
this'thesis,'a'first'selection'of'sites'to'study'is'based'on'information'on'focus,'target'vs.'results'
and'data'quantity'and'quality.'Hannover'and'Amsterdam'seemed'to'be'suitable'objects'to'
compare'when'looking'at'expected'and'monitored'energy'performance'of'existing'buildings'
after'renovation'in'the'report'by'Pol'and'Lippert,'2010'(see'figure'1).'However,'problems'
occurred'when'trying'to'find'specific'facts'and'results'from'the'Amsterdam'site.'Instead,'after'
studying'the'evaluation'of'e.g.'performance'requirements'in'table'6'from'CONCERTO'planning'
and'implementation'process'assessment'report'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010),'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'
Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
and'by'looking'in'the'CONCERTO'database1,'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'were'chosen'as'CONCERTO'
sites'to'include'in'this'thesis.'''
Barriers'and'success'factors'encountered'were'displayed'on'the'CONCERTO'website.'However,'
when'researching'the'reports'of'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'more'closely,'more'factors'were'
discovered'and'added'to'the'lists'to'be'compared.''
'
'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
1
'(databasehttp://concerto.eu/concerto/dbcaccess.html)'
Figure'1.'Expected'and'monitored'energy'performance'of'existing'buildings.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'
'
'
The'CONCERTO'initiative'
CONCERTO'is'a'EU'initiative'within'the'European'Research'Framework'Programme.'The'initiative'
was'established'by'the'European'commission'in'2005'and'started'with'a'network'of'27'cities.'
Five'years'later'the'project'demonstrated'the'benefits'of'growing'knowledge'in'58'cities'in'23'
European'countries.'CONCERTO'highlights'the'coordinating'role'of'local'authorities'in'
sustainable'urban'development,'with'focus'on'energy.'These'demonstration'communities'have'a'
mission'to'research'and'demonstrate'how'the'use'of'renewable'energy'sources'and'energy'
efficiency'measures'in'buildings'can'be'incorporated'on'a'large'scale.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'
'
CONCERTO'aims'to'demonstrate'that'the'energycoptimisation'of'districts'and'communities'as'a'
whole'is'more'costceffective'than'optimising'each'building'individually,'if'all'relevant'
stakeholders'work'together'and'integrate'different'energyctechnologies'in'a'smart'way.'
(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'By'involving'politicians,'stakeholders'and'local'partners'such'as'
housing'associations,'energy'companies,'research,'business'and'interested'inhabitants,'new'
standards'for'the'societies'of'the'future'can'be'developed.'Instead'of'targeting'specific'
technologies'the'cities'themselves'chose'a'set'of'technologies'to'implement,'depending'on'their'
idea'of'sustainable'energy'systems'and'previous'local'energy'planning.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010)'
Campaigns'on'energy'saving'and'publicity'to'attract'new'investors'are'used'as'additional'
measures.'Training'sessions'support'the'construction'measures'and'improve'craft'skills'on'site.'
The'experience'gathered'should'be'made'available'for'other'cities'and'communities.'
(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1))''
Approximately'500'000'inhabitants'will'be'directly'affected'by'the'CONCERTO'project;'5'million'
people'are'indirectly'affected.'The'project'will'produce'about'1'830'000'm2'newly'constructed'or'
refurbished'buildings'and'save'about'530'000'tons'of'CO2cemissions'per'year.'(Pol'and'Lippert,'
2010)'
'
'
'
'
'
Targets'
Fossil'primary'energy'demand'30'%'lower'than'national'regulation'for'reference'
building.2''
• National'targets'and'different'on'community'and'CONCERTO'level'presented'in'figure'2.'
• 20'%'improvement'in'energy'efficiency3'
• 20'%'share'of'renewable'energy2'
• 20'%'reduction'of'greenhouse'gas'emissions2'
(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Figure'2.'Targets'for'energy'efficiency'2010/2016'on'national,'community'and'CONCERTO'level.'
(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
Results'
Most'CONCERTO'communities'reached'an'average'primary'energy'reduction'of'at'least'70'%.'
However,'these'performances'have'been'achieved'based'on'calculated'design'data'but'have'to'
be'confirmed'with'metered'data,'according'to'Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013.'The'same'holds'for'the'
performances'of'refurbished'buildings.'A'reduction'of'primary'energy'demand'by'70'%'for'space'
heating'is'not'uncommon'for'residential'buildings'that'have'been'refurbished'in'CONCERTO.'The'
results'for'different'projects,'building'types,'energy'efficient'refurbishment'measures,'RES'
measures'and'activities'vary'significantly,'according'to'results'in'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'
–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'
Data'collection'
Some'results'from'the'implementation'of'a'monitoring'system'can'be'concluded'from'the'
quality'and'quantity'of'available'and'useful'data'from'project'sites.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
2
'Additional'comparison'for'refurbished'buildings:'Fossil'primary'energy'demand'reduction'after'refurbishment'compared'
to'before'refurbishment.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
3
'Contribution'to'EU'target'for'2020'
'
'
The'data'quantity'corresponds'to'the'number'of'reports,'deliverables'and'data'communicated'to'
CONCERTO'Premium.'A'high'quality'of'data'means'that:'
• Data'complies'with'the'data'requirements'of'CONCERTO'
• Clear'documentation'of'the'metadata'is'offered'
• Unrealistic'data'has'been'checked'and'discussed'with'the'respective'CONCERTO'project.'
(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'
Quality'assurance'
A'quality'assurance'process'of'four'steps'was'defined'to'ensure'a'high'data'quality'within'
CONCERTO.'This'process'is'described'in'figure'3'below.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'
Figure'3.'Description'of'the'quality'assurance'process'in'CONCERTO.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'
'
Success'factors''
Key(success(factors(
Involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'support'in'negotiating'with'building'owners''
Customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'approaches'involving'residents'in'the'
renovation'process''
+ An'effective'integration'of'stakeholders'in'policy'processes'
(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
+
+
Other(
+
+
+
Commitment'of'local'administrations'
A'reasonable'mix'of'stakeholders'
Choice'of'accompanying'activities'such'as'dissemination'of'information'
'
+ Use'of'appropriate'communication'tools'
+ Identification'of'the'right'target'groups'
+ Level'of'awareness'raised'in'the'communities'
+ Participation'of'relevant'decision'makers'
+ User'groups'and'market'actors'
(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
Barriers''
Many'differences'between'barriers'within'CONCERTO'have'been'discovered,'according'to'
CONCERTO'planning'and'implementation'process'assessment'report'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'In'
summary,'the'barriers'encountered'by'the'stakeholders'in'the'CONCERTO'communities'are'not'
only'administrative'and'technical,'but'also'social'and'financial.'They'can'also'be'specific'
depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented.'The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'
administrative'and'legal'barriers'are'most'salient'in'an'analysis'of'all'58'project'sites.'(Di'Nucci'et'
al.,'2010)'
'
Extensive'refurbishment'measures'focusing'on'high'quality'standards'faces'many'barriers,'like'
opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects,'and'are'therefore'still'quite'rare.'E.g.'there'are'
no'supply'and'exhaust'ventilation'systems'with'heat'recovery'in'the'assessed'projects.'
Monitoring'data'from'the'refurbished'buildings'is'available'but'still'insufficient'to'carry'out'a'
costscbenefit'analysis'based'on'the'actual'savings.'(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009)'
'
'
'
'
'
3.1.1.Hannover.
Project'background''
CONCERTO(act2((
act2'stands'for(“Action'of'cities'to'mainstream'energy'efficient'building'and'renewable'energy'
systems'across'Europe”.'
'
The'act2'project'consists'of'Hannover'in'Germany'and'Nantes'in'France'as'demonstration'
communities.'They'both'target'highcenergy'performance'in'urban'renewal'districts.'Koszalin'in'
Poland,'Malmö'in'Sweden'and'Newcastle'in'the'United'Kingdom'are'observer'cities.'Together,'
these'five'cities'work'together'to'implement'concepts'of'energy'provision,'combining'use'of'RES,'
energy'efficiency'technologies,'innovative'energy'management'and'rational'energy'use'on'
district'scale.'(CONCERTO,'21'February'2012'(1))'
'
Site(facts(
Hannover'was'chosen'as'the'successful'refurbishment'site'to'study.'
'
Energy'efficiency'of'buildings'has'also'before'CONCERTO'been'a'key'consideration'in'Hannover,'
about'half'of'the'buildings'were'built'in'the'1950s'and'1960s,'with'poor'energy'performance.'
Hannover'approved'a'local'climate'protection'programme'in'the'mid'1990s'and'has'since'then'
focused'on'energy'efficiency'since'at'least'the'midc1990s.'They'then'started'looking'for'ways'to'
finance'modernization'and'retrofitting'of'buildings,'and'installing'RES'(such'as'solar'collectors).'
(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1))''
'
The'act2'project'in'Hannover'focuses'first'and'foremost'on'the'energy'efficient'retrofitting'of'
residential'buildings'(most'of'them'are'multicfamily'houses'owned'by'housing'companies).'
Another'target'is'to'improve'public'buildings'by'implementing'energy'efficiency'measures'and'
the'use'of'RES'(wood'pellet'boilers).'Also,'solar'energy'is'used'in'three'PV'plants'and'a'solar'
absorber'system'for'a'public'swimming'pool.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
'
Energy'efficient'refurbishment'was'carried'out'in'52'residential'buildings'(398'dwellings'and'
26.000'm2'living'space).'Two'housingcdevelopment'companies'own'the'majority'of'these.'(act2,'
2012,'D'2.11)'Wooden'biomass'is'partly'used'in'the'coal'fuelled'combined'heat'and'power'(CHP)'
plant,'which'supplies'a'large'district'heating'network.'(CONCERTO,'31'October'2013)'
'
The'housing'associations'taking'part'in'this'project'are'large'actors'on'the'housing'market'in'
Hannover:''
• Gundlach'GmbH'&'Co.'KG'Wohnungsunternehmen,'who'describes'themselves'as'a'
sustainable'building'company.''
• Sparc'und'Bauverein'eG'and'Wohnungsgenossenschaft'Herrenhausen'(WGH)'are'coc
operatives.'
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
'
All'three'housing'associations'felt'it'was'very'important'that'the'tenants'actively'supported'
modernisation.'The'goal'was'to'ensure'it'was'implemented'smoothly,'and'that'a'high'level'of'
acceptance'and'satisfaction'was'achieved'on'the'part'of'the'tenants.''
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''
.
.
Refurbishment''
Table'1'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Hannover'
demonstration'buildings.''
'
(
Before(renovation(
After(renovation(
Walls(
Bricks'and'mortar'
10'–'20'cm'insulation''
U'='0.18'–'0.244'[W/m2K]'
Roof(
8'cm'mineral'wool'
16'–'30'cm'insulation''
U'='0.12'–'0.195'[W/m2K]'
Cellar(
Not'specified'
4'–'10'cm'insulation'
U'='0.25'–'0.616'[W/m2K]'
Windows(
Single'glazing'
Low'energy'windows'
U'='0.75'–'1.85'[W/m2K]'
Heating(
Individual'heating'systems'
Centralised,'all'apartments'
connected'to'district'heating'(large'
existing'or'small'new'system)''
Energy(source(for(heating( Gas'
Coal'+'wooden'biomass7''
and(DHW(
Wood'pellets8''
Heat'pump'(heating'only)9'
Gas'boilers'+'solar'collectors10'
Ventilation(
Not'specified'
Ventilation'systems'installed'in'
private'buildings11'
Comfort(
'
Quality'control'and'checking'
airtightness.''
Additional'measures'in'some'
buildings,'e.g.'to'reduce'thermal'
bridges,'balcony'panels'and'
windows'fully'replaced.'
Table'1.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'in'Hannover.'(Act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
'
'
'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
4
'Depending'on'owner'
'Depending'on'isolation'material'and'thickness'
6
'Depending'on'isolation'material'and'thickness'
7
'Heat'supply'from'large'district'heating'system'(CHP'plant):'33'buildings'owned'by'housing'companies.'
8
'Heat'supply'from'local'district'heating'system:'8'buildings'owned'by'housing'companies'and'2'buildings'privately'owned.'
9
'Bivalent'geothermal'electric'heat'pump.'1'building'owned'by'housing'company.''
10
'Solar'heating'for'DHW'and/or'space'heating'depending'on'object.'8'privately'owned'buildings'(4'detached'houses'and'2'
multicoccupancy'objects).'
11
'Ventilation'systems'with'heat'recovery'in'2'of'4'buildings.'None'in'housing'company'buildings.''
5
Targets'vs.'results'
EU'approval'of'the'project'was'delayed,'some'of'the'project'parts'removed'and'others'added.'
Therefore,'a'comparison'of'targeted'and'achieved'savings'is'not'presented'in'project'reports.'
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'But'as'shown'in'table'2,'the'initial'
targets'of'the'CONCERTO'site'of'Hannover'were'from'an'overall'perspective'reached.'Energy'
savings'of'50c70'%'indicate'that'these'buildings'are'performing'better'than'buildings'refurbished'
according'to'BAU'(Business'as'usual)'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10).'
'
(
Target(savings((
Results(savings(
Primary(energy( Approx.'3'000'MWh/y12''
2'630'MWh/y13''
Final(heating(
>2'000'MWh'through'energyc
3'950'MWh15''
14
9
energy (
efficient'thermal'insulation ''
50c70'%16''
Heating(+(DHW( Not'specified'
35c55'%17''
Electricity(
Not'specified'
15c20'%'(300c400'kWh/year)18''
CO2Wemissions19( 500't'
580't'
20
Comfort (
All'apartments'in'line'with'comfort' All'apartments'in'line'with'comfort'
limits'
limits''
Table'2.'Savings'targets'vs.'results'for'Hannover'site.''
'
After'full'refurbishment'all'buildings'have'energetic'standard'considerably'higher'than'
regulation'demands'(main'target'was'to'reach'at'least'regulation'level'that'exist'for'new'
buildings).'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'The'overall'Ucvalue'before'refurbishment'was'1.85'W/m2K,'the'
national'regulations'for'refurbished'buildings'is'0.9'W/m2K'and'the'actual'overall'value'after'
refurbishments'was'0.45'W/m2K.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
'
Actual'savings'made'compared'with'the'savings'planned'is'not'applicable,'since'e.g.'the'
recession'and'a'delay'in'EU'approval'of'the'project'caused'cancellations'of'some'projects'
originally'planned.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
'
Data'collection'
The'general'CONCERTO'data'collection'methodology'was'adapted'to'local'conditions:'
• Metering'of'physical'data,'defined'time'steps'during'a'defined'time'period'(preferred).''
• Collection'of'data'from'energy'consumers'or'providers'(second'choice).'
• Calculation'of'data'with'defined'methodology'(if'other'data'was'not'detailed'enough).'
• Estimation'from'statistical'analysis'basis'(final'option'when'lacking'data)'
(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
12
'Performances'on'which'original'calculations'were'based.'The'goal'of'energy'improvements'was'to'achieve'Concerto’s'
newcbuild'standard'and'the'Kronsberg'redevelopment'standard.'The'building'envelop'should'then'above'all'be'extensively'
redeveloped.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
13
'Multicfamily'houses'only'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
14
'Final'energy'in'this'meaning'is'the'delivered'energy'input'(e.g.'heating'value'of'gas,'oil'or'pellets)'to'the'object'heating'
system,'metered'or'collected'separately'for'the'different'energy'sources.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
15
'Final'heating'energy'saving'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
16
2'
2
'Energy'efficiency'measures.'Before'refurbishment:'140'kWh/m (act2,'2012,'D'2.10),'after'refurbishment:'45c70'kWh/m '
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
17
'The'energy'consumption'for'DHW'was'usually'unknown.'So'the'differentiation'between'heating'and'DHW'could'only'be'
2
calculated'for'the'status'before'renovation.'After'renovation'total'consumption'was'80c90'kWh/m a.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
18
'Electricity'use'in'apartments.'Auxiliary'energy'in'the'form'of'electricity'needed'for'pumps,'ventilation'etc.'mostly'could'
not'be'metered'because'of'economic'reasons'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
19
'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
20
'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
'
The'data'quality'and'data'quantity'were'high'for'the'project'site'Hannover.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
Even'before'the'project'started,'the'local'energy'provider'was'integrated'as'a'project'partner,'
which'facilitated'high'data'quality'and'quantity.'The'energy'management'department'of'
Hannover'municipality'provided'energy'consumption'for'public'buildings.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
!
The'data'was'captured'back'in'2006.'The'results'for'some'buildings'are'available'for'six'heating'
periods.'To'date,'consumer'data'for'a'total'of'38'buildings'with'effective'floor'area'of'19'997'm2'
has'been'analysed.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''
'
Quality'assurance'
It'was'mandatory'for'all'property'developers'to'take'part'in'a'quality'control'program.'The'tool'
was'adapted'for'the'renovation'projects'and'also'proved'its'usefulness.''
'
Quality'control'was'carried'out'to'ensure'that:'
• Climate'shell'of'the'building'met'CONCERTO'standards'
• Minimise'thermal'bridges,'guarantee'airtightness,'prevent'heat'losses'and'poor'quality''
• Construction'work'was'in'line'with'the'plan'
• Guaranteed'quality'of'work'for'tenants'and'property'owners''
'
Control'was'performed'in'5'stages:'
1. Testing'and'checking'of'compliance'with'specified'energy'figure,'verification'issued'
according'to'energycsaving'regulation'
2. Checking'of'project'planning'and'construction'details'(i.e.'thermal'bridges)'
3. Implementation'of'the'project'on'the'construction'site,'studying'of'documentation'
4. Checking'of'air'tightness'and'hydraulic'calibrating'of'heating'and'ventilation'systems''
5. Certificate'issued'
'(Anonymous,'n.d)21''
'
Success'factors''
Technical/comfort(
High'quality'and'quantity'of'data'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
Local'training'ensured'work'quality'and'raised'participant’s'qualification'
Based'on'the'success'factor'above,'a'guide'for'architects'and'designers'was'developed'
Comfort'increase'in'apartments'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'
2013)'
(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))''
'
+
+
+
+
Social/Behavioural(
+
+
+
Strong'support'for'homeowners'making'retrofitting'as'easy'as'possible.'Tenants'were'
informed'about'rent'changes,'energy'and'other'costs'at'an'early'stage'(The'City'of'
Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
A'tenant'advice'service'was'set'up'during'the'construction'phase,'providing'project'
information'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
Energy'advising'campaign'for'tenants'with'low'income.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
21
'PDF'c'act2'toolbox'for'local'players'Y'received'via'email'from'personal'contact'Ute'Heda'from'Stadt'Hannover.''
'
+
+
Dissemination'of'information'to'the'target'groups:'Information'material,'both'for'
tenants'and'promoters'and'the'onlinecplatform22'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
Engagement'of'energy'advisers,'giving'initial'and'intensive'energy'advice'to'homeowners'
and'tenants.'They'also'gave'recommendations'for'retrofitting'measures'and'the'correct'
use'of'wood'pellet'boilers,'solar'thermal'energy'and/or'PV'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'
(2))'
'
Financial(
+ Lowered'energy'costs'(tenants)'
+ Less'sensitivity'to'energy'price'rises'(tenants)'
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)''
'
Organizational/planning(
Establishment'of'the'Climate'Protection'Agency'(“Klimaschutz'Agentur'Region'
Hannover”)'as'an'administrative'and'institutional'body,'which'has'contributed'to'the'
acceleration'of'the'policy'implementation'process.''
+ Employment'of'so'called'“Energy'Assistants”'who'provided'assistance'with'calculating'
energy'consumption,'applications'for'loans'and'grants,'and'quality'assurance.'
(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
'
+
Barriers''
Technical/Comfort((
- Lack'of'experience,'skills'and'knowchow'on'the'part'of'craftsmen'in'the'region'
of'Hannover.''
(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
- Some'groups'still'consider'quality'control'annoying,'time'consuming'and'difficult'to'fit'
with'construction'deadline'pressure.'(Anonymous,'n.d)23'
'
Social/Behavioural(
- Negative'attitudes'towards'modernisation'(lower'energy'bills'are'set'against'rent'rises)'
- Feeling'of'a'lack'of'control'over'the'system'when'dismantling'individual'heating'systems'
and'implementing'centralised'heating'caused'reservations''
- Inconvenience'because'refurbishment'work'were'conducted'on'occupied'apartments'
- Reservations'and'problems'regarding'use'of'new'technologies'(heating'system,'
ventilation'–'which'were'therefore'not'fitted).''
(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'
'
Financial(
- The'Global'Financial'Crisis'had'a'strong'impact'on'CONCERTO'act2'project'causing'delays'
in'the'completion'of'activities.'(Increased'need'to'communicate'measures'to'involved'
stakeholders.)'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
'
Organizational/planning(
- Reluctance'within'the'local'administration'against'a'new'little'tested'technology'(wood'
pellets'boilers).'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
22
'www.klimaallianzchannover.de'
23
'PDF'c'act2'toolbox'for'local'players'Y'received'via'email'from'personal'contact'Ute'Heda'from'Stadt'Hannover.'
3.1.2.Ajaccio.
Project'background''
CONCERTO(cRRescendo((
cRRescendo'stands'for(“Combined'Rational'and'Renewable'Energy'Strategies'in'Cities,'for'
Existing'and'New'Dwellings'to'ensure'Optimal'quality'of'life”.'
'
The'aim'of'the'cRRescendo'project'is'to'integrate'a'sustainability'majority'into'the'energy'
infrastructures'of'buildings.'The'project'demonstrates'the'feasibility'of'this'aim'and'how'to'meet'
the'wishes'of'the'inhabitants;'living'in'a'clean'and'healthy'environment'in'energy'efficient,'
comfortable'homes.'In'this'project'Almere'(Netherlands),'Milton'Keynes'(United'Kingdom),'
Viladecans'(Spain),'and'Ajaccio'(Corsica,'France)'are'demonstration'sites.'(CONCERTO,'21'
February'2012'(2))'
'
Central'in'this'project'is'a'focus'on'ways'to'integrate'measures'for'energy'efficiency'with'
measures'for'increased'use'of'RES.'The'involved'communities'therefore'implements'an'
integrated'strategy'employs'numerous'techniques'of'technology,'polycgeneration'and'targeted'
innovation.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'Taking'buildings'from'the'1960s'and'making'them'more'
energy'efficient'is'one'of'the'main'challenges'being'tackled'by'the'cRRescendo'project.'
(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1))'
'
Site(facts(
Ajaccio'was'chosen'as'the'less'successful'site'to'study.'
'
Ajaccio'is'the'medieval'capital'of'the'French'island'Corsica.'Additional'to'the'challenge'of'
improving'buildings'from'the'1960s,'Ajaccio'faces'the'challenge'of'refurbishing'buildings'in'the'
historic'centre.''
(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1))'
'
Until'2003,'the'awareness'for'en'environmental'approach'was'low'in'Ajaccio.'In'the'site'
demonstrations,'with'focus'on'refurbishment,'conventional'energy'consumption'was'lowered'by'
approximately'20'%.'Corsica'was'lagging'behind'on'sustainability'and'the'timing'for'energy'
efficiency'measures'was'just'right.'When'signing'the'contract'with'the'European'Commission'in'
August'2005,'the'understanding'and'involvement'in'more'conscious'politics'on'environmental'
issues'in'Ajaccio'grew.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
City'of'Ajaccio'was'main'partner'for'the'renovation'area.'Another'partner'was'ADEME,'an'
agency'who'mainly'gives'technical'advices,'support'studies'and'investments'of'energy'
management,'air'quality'and'waste'management.'In'this'project'main'responsibility'for'ADEME'
was'monitoring.'Organisations'Erilia'and'OPH'own'most'of'the'buildings'in'Ajaccio'and'were'
responsible'for'the'refurbishments'and'new'buildings.'In'Ajaccio'427'apartments'have'been'
refurbished'and'346'm2'solar'collectors'installed.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
The'approach'was'to'reduce'CO2cemissions'and'simultaneously'lower'rent'the'for'social'building'
tenants,'e.g.'by'improving'the'building'insulation'to'reduce'heating'during'winter'and'by'
introducing'solar'thermal'collectors'for'DHW'production,'rather'than'gas'fired'boilers.'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
.
.
Refurbishment'
Table'3'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio'
demonstration'buildings.''
'
(
Before(renovation(
After(renovation(
Walls(
Brick'or'concrete'from'the'
U'='0.32'[W/m2K]24'(regulation'0.5)''
look'of'pictures'
U'='0.52'[W/m2K]25'
Roof(
Not'specified'
U'='0.28'[W/m2K]26'(regulation'0.4)'
U'='0.33'[W/m2K]27'
Ground(floor(
Not'specified'
U'='0.37/0.42'[W/m2K]28'(reg.'0.5)'
U'='0.93'[W/m2K]29'
Windows(
Not'specified'
U'='1.81'[W/m2K]30'
U'='3.26'[W/m2K]31'
Heating(
Individual'heating'
Individual'heating'
Energy(source(heating(
Gas'
Gas'+'solar'collectors32'
and(DHW(
Gas33'
Ventilation(
Not'specified'
1.4'air'changes/hour'(installation'of'
mechanical'ventilation)'
'
Comfort(
Not'specified'
Air'quality'measured'by'ADEME'
agency.'
Table'3.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'in'Ajaccio.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
24
'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'
'In'52'apartments'in'the'buildings'of'Saint'Paul,'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area.'The'extra'
effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'
26
'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'
27
'In'52'apartments'in'the'buildings'of'Saint'Paul,'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area.'The'extra'
effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'
28
'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'
29
'In'52'apartments'in'the'buildings'of'Saint'Paul,'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area.'The'extra'
effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'
30
'In'14'buildings'(276'apartments)'in'St'Jean'and'Pietralba'
31
'In'52'apartments'in'the'buildings'of'Saint'Paul,'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area.'The'extra'
effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'building'owner.'
32
'223'buildings'in'Saint'Paul,'Pietralba'and'Monte'e'mare'
33
'196'apartments'in'St'Jean'
25
Targets'vs.'results'
The'primary'energy'savings'compared'to'BAU'are'concluded'as'”comparatively'modest'but'
significant”'for'the'Ajaccio'site.'Variations'of'a'factor'of'10'in'heating'demand'were'found.'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'The'overall'targets'and'results'are'presented'in'table'4.'
'
Energy(
Target(savings((
Results(savings(
34
Primary(energy(
20'%'/'18'% '
~20'%'fossil'energy'reduction'
'
'
'
0.11'GWh35'
Heating(
At'least'40'%'savings'
15'%36/40'%37'
(refurbishment'of'public'
(Replacement'of'heating'
buildings)'
system,'including'old'
'
radiators'and'installation'of'
thermostatic'valves)'
DHW(
Not'specified'
60'%''
(Where'solar'collectors'were'
installed)'
Electricity(
Not'specified'
12c15'%''
(Efficient'lighting'and'
improvement'of'electrical'
installations)'
CO2Wemissions(
At'least'50'%'of'greenhouse'
4'000'tons/year'(ecocbuildings'
gas'emissions'for'government' with'integrated'measures)''
buildings'and'its'main'
institutions'within'8'years.38''
Gas(
20'%?'
17c22'%39''
Table'4.'Savings'targets'vs.'results'for'Ajaccio'site.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
'
'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
34
'cRRescendo'project'goals'according'to'contracts:'20'%'in'2005'changed'to'18'%'in'2012.'
'Measured'results'from'30'%'of'the'dwellings.'Overall'achieved'primary'energy'savings'for'Ajaccio'can'not'be'concluded'
based'on'the'limited'dataset.'Primary'energy'savings'based'on'monitoring'results'cannot'be'compared'directly'to'the'
primary'energy'savings'expected,'since'system'boundaries'may'vary.'
36
'St'Jean:'Measured'electricity'and'heating'consumption'considerably'higher'than'expected.'High'use'if'lightning,'
computers,'printers'and'music'players'were'constantly'on'standcby.'Besides'lack'of'efficiency'measures'differences'in'
function'and'occupation'can'explain'the'variations'(not'thoroughly'studied).''
Saint'Paul:'Buildings'already'improved'compared'to'other'buildings'in'the'area'–'the'extra'effort'to'insulation'walls,'ground'
floor'and'windows'were'not'feasible'for'the'building'owner.''
37
'Pietralba:'Planned'renovations'of'private'homes'were'cancelled'since'inhabitants'had'a'very'low'income'and'couldn’t'
invest,'even'in'refurbishments'with'a'reasonable'paycback'period.''
38
'Grenelle'environment'law'from'2007'set'an'overall'goal'of'reducing'primary'energy'consumption'in'existing'buildings'by'
38'%'by'2020'
39
'For'St'Paul'and'Pietralba:'significant'savings'achieved'through'efficiency'measures'and'solar'collectors.'St'Paul'(12'%'of'all'
refurbished'apartments)'performed'close'to'expectations.'For'Pietralba'(19'%'of'all'refurbished'apartments)'savings'were'
close'to/a'little'lower'than'expected.'
35
'
Data'collection'
The'data'quality'and'data'quantity'was'low'for'the'project'site'of'Ajaccio.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
Technical'research'consisted'predominantly'of'monitoring'the'buildings'and'installations'in'
order'to'verify'whether'original'energy'ambitions'were'met.'Monthly'results'were'gathered'for'
production'and'consumption'of'heating,'cooling'and'electricity.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Reference'monitoring'was'done'in'2'cases'early'in'the'project:'in'historic'apartments'in'the'old'
city'centre'and'in'a'public'office'building.'Gas'consumption'data'from'bills'were'also'collected,'
before'and'after'renovation.'A'measurement'program'was'set'up'to'measure'solar'hot'water'
yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Data'from'utility'bills'turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'
or'could'supply'this'information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Monitoring'campaign'implemented'to'measure'consumption'of'specific'equipment'in'
apartments'before'and'after'renovation.'Social'monitoring'was'carried'out'in'parallel'to'help'
educate'residents'in'energy'saving'and'renewable'energy'(surveys'conducted'in'homes).'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Quality'assurance'
No'information'on'quality'assurance'for'the'cRRescendo'project/Ajaccio'site'was'found'in'
addition'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'quality'assurance'process.40''
'
Success'factors''
Technical/Comfort((
Training'course'organized'in'Corsica,'resulting'in'20'professionals'from'the'industry'
gaining'knowledge'on'environmental'quality.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'
+ Meetings'Thermal'Regulation'2012'for'building'professionals'organized'to'raise'
awareness,'inform'these'professionals'on'good'practices'to'build'in'a'way'that'respects'
thermal'regulation.''
+ Good'architects'and'engineers'who'understood'performance'requirements'and'have'
high'motivation'to'work'together.''
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
+
Social/Behavioural(
+
Information'areas'for'inhabitants'and'interested'parties'provide'individuals'with'advice'
and'practical'solutions,'to'improve'the'energy'performance'or'the'use'of'renewable'
energy,'in'construction'and'renovation'projects.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Financial(
The'combination'of'the'support'from'ANRU'and'the'CONCERTO'initiative'led'to'a'
positive'mix'in'terms'of'standard'and'cost'effectiveness.''
+ Use'of'the'instrument'”Clause'41”'in'this'project'means'that'parties'can'claim'their'costs'
based'on'actual'performance.'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)''
+
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
40
'Request'to'receive'more'documents/information'from'the'project'from'contact'was'not'answered.''
(
Organizational/planning(
+
+
+
+
+
The'project'received'good'benchmark'and'feedback'for'the'regional'energy'observatory.'
(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))''
Connection'of'the'project'to'a'bigger'national'program'was'a'successful'cooperation'and'
enabled'Ajaccio'to'make'the'bigger'project'more'ambitious'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
The'connection'to'a'big'European'project'gave'Ajaccio'prestige'and'recognition'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
Social'housing'landlords'contributed'to'planning'and'several'technical'meetings'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
Ajaccio'learned'a'lot'on'dealing'with'cocownership'of'rented'buildings'(Molenbroek'et'
al.,'2012)'
'
Barriers''
Technical/Comfort((
- Low'quality'and'quantity'of'data'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
- There'was'a'lack'of'training,'especially'for'installers'in'the'building'sector,'and'for'
architects'regarding'the'environmental'quality'of'buildings'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'
(2))'
'
Social/Behavioural((
- Tenants'did'not'understand'intrusive'technical'monitoring'in'the'apartments.'(It'would'
be'better'to'combine'technical'and'social'monitoring'in'one'hand'and'do'it'locally.)'
(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))''
- New'service'charges'were'introduced'in'some'buildings'due'to'risk'perception'of'
maintenance'with'the'relatively'unknown'solar'collector'technology.'This'caused'anxiety'
among'tenants'who'had'been'told'the'refurbishments'would'lower'their'bills'
(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)''
- Tenants'of'refurbished'buildings'were'badly'informed'about'the'project'and'did'not'
understand'why'monitoring'equipment'was'installed.'Getting'appointments'was'difficult'
in'the'beginning'–'difficult'to'find'the'contact'persion'to'inform'tenants'about'arrival'of'
installers.'(For'future'projects'the'municipality'could'make'better'use'of'their'partners'to'
communicate'more'with'inhabitants)'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Financial((
- The'CONCERTO'project'was'delayed'because'communities'did'not'receive'financial'
support'from'the'ANRU41'before'2009.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'
- The'plan'was'to'install'PV'in'119'homes.'This'was'feasible'with'el'tariffs'in'2009,'but'in'
2011'the'tariff'was'lowered'and'PV'was'no'longer'feasible'for'the'owner'and'
refurbishments'in'3'of'8'residential'buildings'were'cancelled'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012).'
'
Organizational/planning(
- Delay'in'financial'approval'from'National'Agency'and'difficulties'in'different'funding'
scheme'synchronizations.'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'
- Problem'with'regulations'regarding'refurbishment'of'the'old'city'centre.42'(Molenbroek'
et'al.,'2012)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
41
'“Agence'Nationale'pour'la'Rénovation'Urbaine”,'created'in'2003'to'improve'quality'of'life'in'specific'areas'characterised'
by'socioceconomic'difficulties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
- Time'was'lost'in'the'beginning'of'the'project'because'not'all'buildings'and'partners'were'
identified.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
- Renovation'is'much'more'complex,'deals'with'a'lot'more'parties'than'new'building'
projects'and'requires'more'planning'and'communication'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
- Overall'coordinator'did'not'have'instruments'effective'to'steer'all'partners'(Molenbroek'
et'al.,'2012)'
'
.
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''
42
'The'intention'was'to'install'solar'collectors,'but'work'can'only'be'performed'on'roofs'visible'from'common'areas,'i.e.'
sidewalks.'Most'buildings'have'facetted'roofs'situated'east'west'and'get'a'lot'of'shade.'The'original'target'of'the'project'in'
this'area'–'to'refurbish'10'buildings'the'old'center'–'was'not'reached.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
3.1.3.Conclusions.and.Discussion.CONCERTO.
CONCERTO'project'
Key(success(factors(
Key'success'factors'are:'involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'support'in'negotiating'with'
building'owners,'customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'approaches'involving'
residents'in'the'renovation'process,'and'effective'integration'of'stakeholders'in'policy'processes.'
(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'All'these'factors'indicate'that'cooperation'and'communication'should'be'
prioritized'throughout'the'project,'which'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis,'that'cooperation'
between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'
'
The'implementation'of'measures'that'affect'the'inhabitants'have'been'well'accepted'in'
communities'where'the'tenants'have'been'involved'and'informed'in'refurbishment'activities'
from'the'project'start.'Turin'and'Hannover'are'examples'of'sites'where'this'has'been'a'success'
factor.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'confirms'hypothesis'2'in'this'thesis;'that'on'focus'involvement'
of'tenants'lead'to'a'more'successful'project'outcome.''
'
The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'administrative'and'legal'barriers'overall'are'the'most'
common.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'seems'reasonable,'since'the'CONCERTO'initiative'in'a'EUc
project'involving'many'communities'in'different'countries.'The'administration'and'legal'issues'
are'most'likely'unavoidable'barriers'that'must'be'overcome'before'a'project'like'this'can'
proceed.''
'
Social'and'financial'barriers'have'also'been'identified,'according'to'project'reports.'All'barriers'
can'be'specific'depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
Extensive'refurbishment'measures'focusing'on'high'quality'standards'faces'many'barriers,'like'
opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects,'and'are'therefore'still'quite'rare.''
(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009)'
'
Different'barriers'were'encountered'during'implementation'in'buildings,'plants'or'CONCERTO'
areas'that'reached'bad'energy'performance'when'high'performance'levels'were'planned.''
These'barriers'could'be'problems'regarding'quality'insurance'on'construction'sites,'reluctance'of'
building'developer'to'stick'to'the'energy'performance'targets,'tenant'behaviour,'etc.'
The'expected'energy'performance'of'buildings,'plants'and'communities'could'in'theory'be'
compared'to'the'actual'figures'generated'through'metering.'However,'this'analysis'can'in'
practice'not'be'done'in'a'systematic'way'since'there'is'no'common'methodology'for'separating'
the'different'effects'that'influence'actual'energy'performance.'It'can'be'done'for'single'buildings'
and'plants,'but'requires'specific'research'and'since'many'parameters'cannot'be'metered'it'often'
means'high'uncertainties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Hannover'and'Ajaccio'
The'main'differences'between'the'sites'of'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'are'presented'in'table'5'below.'
'
Category(
History(
Hannover(
Ajaccio(
Energy'efficiency'of'buildings'
a'key'consideration'also'
before'CONCERTO.'
Low'environmental'
awareness'before'CONCERTO,'
involvement'grew'during'the'
project.'
Building'envelope'Ucvalues'
Building'envelope'Ucvalues'
Climate(shell(and(
lower'than'regulations.'Switch'
mostly'in'line'with'
installations(
to'district'heating'(biomass).'
regulations.'(
After'refurbishment'all'
The'primary'energy'savings'
Targets(and(results(
buildings'have'an'energetic'
compared'to'BAU'are'
standard'considerably'higher' comparatively'modest'“but'
than'regulation'demands.'In'
significant”.'Below'overall'
line'with'overall'CONCERTO'
CONCERTO'targets.(
targets.'
High'
Low'
Data(quality(and(quantity(
High'priority'
Low'priority'
Involvement(of(tenants(
Not'identified'as'an'issue'
In'some'cases'identified'as'an'
Economy(of(tenants(
issue'
Stakeholder'approach.'
Neighbourhood'approach.'
Financing(
Guarantee'for'the'renovation' Funding'by'ANRU'and''
measures'to'be'designed'in'
CONCERTO'(includes'
order'to'reach'the'set'targets( limitations).'
Quality'control'program'for'all' Not'specified'
Quality(assurance(
property'developers'
Table'5.'Comparison'and'main'differences'between'the'Hannover'and'Ajaccio'site.43''
'
The'project'in'Ajaccio'presents'many'administrative/institutional'barriers'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'
2012),'which'conforms'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'analysis.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'In'Hannover,'
social'factors'are'the'most'frequent'barriers'and'also'most'frequent'success'factors'(The'City'of'
Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'One'explanation'for'this'can'be'that'the'
social/tenant'focus'was'very'large'in'the'Hannover'site'and'that'these'factors'therefore'have'
been'evaluated'very'closely.''
'
Hannover'seems'to'be'better'prepared'for'refurbishment'projects.'The'work'to'find'measures'
for'energy'efficiency'in'existing'buildings'was'already'in'motion.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'
(1))'Lack'of'skills'and'training'for'installers'and'craftsmen'is'an'identified'barrier'in'both'
Hannover'and'Ajaccio,'and'they'have'introduced'training'courses'to'deal'with'this'problem.'
Attitudes'of'tenants'are'identified'as'also'barriers'in'both'sites.'Although,'tenant'involvement'
was'a'major'focus'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'the'lack'of'tenant'involvement'turned'out'to'
constitute'major'barriers'for'the'project.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'CONCERTO,'29'
January'2014'(1))'This'confirms'the'hypothesis'of'this'thesis'regarding'the'importance'of'tenant'
involvement'for'the'project'outcome.'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
43
'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1);'The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'
2013;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'act2,'2012,'D'2.11;'act2,'2012,'D'2.10;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
'
The'data'quality'and'quantity'was'high'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'there'were'many'problems'
regarding'data'collection'with'low'quality'and'quantity'as'a'result.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'In'
Ajaccio,'much'data'on'solar'hot'water'yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption'
had'to'be'discarded'due'to'data'errors'that'were'discovered'too'late.'Data'from'utility'bills'
turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'
information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
The'percental'savings'targets'for'Hannover'were'set'much'higher'than'in'Ajaccio.'(act2,'2012,'D'
2.11;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'This'indicates'a'correct'identification'of'initial'possibilities'and'
limitations'for'the'sites.''
'
The'DHW'production'in'buildings'from'solar'collectors'in'Ajaccio'was'almost'in'line'with'
expectations.'Heating'consumption'was'lower'than'expected'after'refurbishment'(not'measured'
before'refurbishment).'This'can'be'explained'by'the'consumption'in'Ajaccio'being'compared'to'
the'overall'consumption'in'France,'while'the'mean'temperature'in'Corsica'is'higher'that'average'
for'France.''Measured'consumption'is'based'on'average'from'different'apartments'with'a'huge'
spread.'Variations'in'heating'consumption'can'probably'be'explained'by'varying'setc
temperatures'and'occupation.'Also'the'heating'period'is'very'short'in'Ajaccio.'(Molenbroek'et'
al.,'2012)'Thus,'many'assumptions'had'to'me'made,'including'extrapolation'and'mean'values'
that'in'fact'may'not'be'applicable'given'the'actual'conditions'of'this'area'and'all'buildings'
included'in'the'calculations.'
'
One'Hannover'project'report'said'that'more'ambitious'measures'have'no'significant'effect'on'
energetic'standard.'Energy'consumption'of'about'60'kWh/m2a'is'very'similar'to'buildings'where'
only'the'glass'in'old'window'frames'have'been'replaced'and'thermal'bridges'only'taken'into'
account'as'dictated'by'basic'requirements.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'Another'report'states'that'
comparison'between'the'buildings'showed'that'more'complex'modernisation'measures,'like'
avoiding'thermal'bridges,'using'more'complex'balcony'insulation'and'new'windows'instead'of'
just'exchanging'the'window'panes,'caused'about'10%'less'heat'consumption.'(The'City'of'
Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'One'possibility'is'that'10'%'savings'seem'
insignificant'in'relation'to'the'ambitious'targets'of'the'act2'project.'To'say'that'10'%'energy'
savings'is'insignificant'may'otherwise'be'questioned.''
'
Results'from'the'Hannover'site'are'somewhat'difficult'to'overlook,'different'report'state'
different'savings'percentages.'No'comparison'of'targeted'and'achieved'savings'was'done'since'
the'included'buildings/measures'was'changed'during'the'course'of'the'project.'This'could'
preferably'have'been'done'anyway'to'give'an'idea'of'the'targets'and'savings,'with'the'changes'
taken'into'consideration.'The'most'interesting'results'have'been'summarized'in'table'1.'For'
more'detailed'numbers'on'savings'of'final'heating'energy,'primary'energy'and'CO2cemissions'in'
different'types'of'buildings'and'for'different'systems'and'installations,'see'Deliverable'2.11'in'
the'act2'project'(act2,'2012,'D'2.11).'
'
In'Ajaccio,'the'area'where'urban'renovation'is'given'highest'priority'fulfils'the'requirements'of'
the'ANRU44'and'has'benefited'from'financial'support'for'the'urban'renovation'programme'PRU.''
Even'though'this'means'strong'financial'support,'it'does'not'cover'energy'efficiency'measures,'
which'instead'can'be'funded'as'part'of'CONCERTO'activities.'Municipal'urban'renewal'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
44
'“Agence'Nationale'pour'la'Rénovation'Urbaine”,'created'in'2003'to'improve'quality'of'life'in'specific'areas'characterised'
by'socioceconomic'difficulties.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
department'manages'the'program'locally.'There'exists'no'local'regulation'for'minimum'energy'
performance'requirements'after'refurbishment;'the'municipality'chose'housing'companies'with'
interests'in'receiving'extra'financial'support'to'achieve'higher'energy'performance.'This'means'
that'progress'very'much'depends'on'the'collaboration'of'housing'associations,'a'flaw'of'this'
strategy.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
((
Hannover'shows'a'successful'example'of'stakeholder'strategy,'according'to'CONCERTO'report.'
Financial'subsidies'for'building'renovation,'including'comprehensive'energy'efficiency,'were'
granted'to'housing'companies'before'the'CONCERTO'project.'Later,'the'housing'companies'
became'contractors'in'CONCERTO.'Subsidies'were'therefore'granted'in'the'special'contracts'
framework'where'energy'performance'requirements'could'be'included.'This'constituted'a'
guarantee'for'the'refurbishment'measures'to'be'designed'in'order'to'reach'the'set'targets.'(Di'
Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
A'conclusion'is'that'stakeholder'approach'and'regulations'regarding'energy'performance'of'
buildings'are'very'different'in'Hannover'and'Ajaccio.'Hannover,'who'also'already'has'a'focus'on'
energy'efficiency'in'buildings'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)),'had'a'strategy'that'guarantees'
energy'savings'according'to'regulations.'In'Ajaccio,'the'strategy'had'no'regulations'and'
therefore'guarantee'for'energy'performance'of'the'refurbished'buildings.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
Any'savings'achieved'seem'to'be'concluded'as'a'success.''
'
'
'
!
3.2.BEEMKUP.
Method'
When'studying'the'BEEMcUP'project'the'first'step'was'to'get'a'proper'overlook'of'the'three'
sites.'The'evaluation'reports'were'very'detailed'and'results'somewhat'differently'presented.'The'
results'were'clear:'the'project'did'generally'not'reach'its'targets'at'the'different'sites.'The'
background'of'the'project'was'looked'into,'the'chosen'measures'for'each'site,'the'results'and'
why'targets'were'not'reached.'The'success'factors'and'barriers'were'divided'into'the'categories'
defined'within'this'thesis.''
'
Quality'assurance'was'identified'to'be'the'same'for'all'sites'/'the'whole'project'and'is'therefore'
only'presented'in'the'project'overview,'not'separately'for'the'three'sites.''
'
Detailed'data'on'calculation'assumptions,'degree'day'corrections'and'specific'solutions'and'
results'for'Alingsås,'Delft'and'Paris'site'can'be'found'in'the'project'reports'but'have'been'chosen'
not'to'be'explained'in'detail'in'this'thesis.'The'error'sources'and'uncertainties'identified'in'the'
project’s'final'monitoring'report'are'summed'and'analysed'in'the'discussion'part'of'this'report.'
'
The'BEEMYUP'project'
The'BEEMcUP'project'is'a'part'of'the'7th'Framework'Programme,'cocfunded'by'the'European'
Commission'(BEEMcUP,'2014).'The'aim'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'is'to'demonstrate'the'
economical,'technical'and'social'feasibility'of'refurbishing'existing'buildings.'Measures'have'
been'implemented'in'the'sites'of'Alingsås'in'Sweden,'Delft'in'the'Netherlands'and'Paris'in'
France.'The'projects'applies'a'longcterm'perspective'and'uses'different'specific'financial'models'
to'enhance'the'potential'for'building'owners'who'want'to'replicate'the'model'in'the'future.'
Many'different'stakeholders'are'involved;'building'owners,'energy'companies,'constructors'and'
universities.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
Energy'performance'targets'are'to'decrease'the'consumption'of'heating'energy'by'75'%,'DHW'
by'45'%'and'electricity'for'lighting'by'42'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
The'BEEMcUP'methodology'is'based'on'comparison'of'a'baseline'period45'(before'
refurbishment)'to'a'reporting'period'(after'refurbishment).'This'requires'wellcdocumented'
energy'consumption'patterns'to'enable'a'comparative'analysis'and'evaluate'the'energy'savings'
in'the'project.'The'building'owner'and'tenants'are'expected'to'be'crucial'for'this'methodology'
throughout'the'project.'Sitecspecific'refurbishment'measures'are'the'key'when'choosing'
monitoring'strategy.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
Calculations'were'performed'in'WP1'to'establish'the'theoretical'energy'performance'of'the'
buildings'before'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'The'buildings'were'analysed'and'all'
stakeholders'gave'their'input'on'targets,'technical'feasibility,'legal'requirements,'costs'and'
potential'for'energy'savings.'The'environmental,'social'and'economical'targets'were'then'
defined'and'finally'led'to'a'methodology'for'choosing'the'best'performance'measures'including'
all'aspects'on'sustainability.'(LUWOGE,'2014)'
'
'
'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
45
'The'time'period'and'parameters'used'to'compare'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment.''
Measures'
The'BEEMcUP'project'targets'the'following'measures:'
• Improvement'of'building'envelope'–'site'specific'(static'measure)'
• ICTc'and'HVACcsystems'(active'measure)'
• Involvement'of'tenants'(social'measure)'
• Innovative'financial'instruments'(economic'measure)'
(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
Individual'measures'implemented'in'each'site'are'described'in'the'separate'site'sections.'
'
Targets'vs.'results'
The'overall'targets'for'the'BEEMcUP'project'and'results'for'the'three'sites'are'shown'in'table'6.'
'
Objectives'of'the'
MONITORED'SAVINGS'(%)' Alingsås'
Delft'
Paris'
BEEMcUP'project'
Heating'
DHW'
80'46'
47
12' '
45'
48
14' '
60c65'
49
0'/'52' '
75'
45'
50
Electricity'
35' '
0'
58'
42'(lighting)'
Table'6.'Calculated'targets'and'monitored'savings'for'the'BEEMYUP'project.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;''
BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Data'collection'
The'overall'data'collection'within'BEEMcUP'consisted'of:''
• Analysis'of'building'typology'(region,'climate,'building'type,'living'area,'tenantctypology)'
• Analysis'between'years,'seasons,'typical'weeks'and'days'etc.'
• Energy'revision:'historical'energy'bills,'tenant'information,'equipment'inventory'and'
typical'use'of'residence.'Multiple'source'data;'combining'measurements,'meter'readings'
and'energy'bills'
• Comparison'to'a'baseline'period,'alternatively'to'a'control'group51'
• Definition'of'indicators'for'various'purposes:'raw'data,'first'level'indicators'and'
opportunity'indicators'
• Definition'of'influencing'factors'and'adjustments'(i.e.'degree'days,'heat'consumption,'
usage)'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
Different'methods'were'used'for'the'three'sites,'depending'on'availability'and'accessibility'of'
data.'For'detailed'information'on'available'data'during'baseline'and'reporting'period,'the'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
46
'After'adjustment'of'heating'control'system.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'Mean'value'from'two'reporting'periods.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
48
'Average'for'all'the'dwellings.'Results'vary'between'+50'%'and'c50'%,'depending'on'individual'installation'choice.'(BEEMc
UP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
49
'Including'reduced'heat'losses'in'DHW'distribution'circuit.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
50
'Mean'value'from'two'reporting'periods.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
51
'According'to'Evaluation,'guidelines,'and'recommendations'for'the'monitoring'of'future'energy'retrofitting,'a'comparison'
of'baseline'and'reporting'period'is'more'suitable'when'evaluating'refurbishment'results,'instead'of'comparison'to'
reference'object,'which'has'proved'to'be'less'reliable.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
47
'
'
recommendation'is'to'read'the'BEEMcUP'Final'Monitoring'Report'where'detailed'tables'can'be'
found.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
Quality'assurance'
The'pilot'sites'are'given'a'toolbox'to'control'the'project'objectives'throughout'the'
refurbishment'process.'A'Quality'Assurance'(QA)'methodology'was'developed'as'a'part'of'the'
BEEMcUP'approach.'The'QA'system'works'as'a'tool'for'systematic'communication'and'routine,'
to'ensure'that'right'responsibilities'and'actions'through'retrofitting,'commissioning'and'
maintenance'phases.'Objectives'are'decided'after'building'inventory'and'tenant'interviews'at'
the'beginning'of'the'project,'to'be'followed'up'by'actors'in'each'stage'of'the'project,'to'ensure'
that'objectives'are'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
To'ensure'optimal'refurbishment'measures'on'each'site'the'solutions'for'optimizing'building'
envelope'was'specific'for'each'site.'All'three'sites'were'analysed'and'discussed'based'on'
potential'for'improvement'of'energy'performance.'Architects'and'construction'specialists'
evaluated'all'measures'based'on'replication'and'innovation'potential.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'
Quistgaard,'2014)'A'methodology'was'developed'to'find'most'effective'refurbishment'
measures.'The'labelling'systems'DNGB,'LEED'and'BREEAM'were'discussed'with'focus'on'their'
economical,'socioccultural'and'ecological'KPIs.'These'were'evaluated'and'the'most'applicable'
indicators'were'included'in'the'BEEMcUP'project'toolkit,'which'compares'and'assesses'
refurbishment'projects'in'different'countries'in'a'holistic'way.'The'BEEMcUP'quality'assurance'
process'is'described'in'figure'4'below.'(LUWOGE,'2014)''
'
'
Figure'4.'Package'variants'development'process.'(LUWOGE,'2014)'
'
Simulations'were'performed'to'find'the'optimal'technical'solutions'that'achieved'in'a'minimum'
performance'in'economic,'social'and'ecological'sustainability'for'each'site.'Many'possible'
'
refurbishment'concepts'were'evaluated'from'an'LCA'perspective'(see'figure'5'below)'to'indicate'
the'optimized'results.'(LUWOGE,'2014)'
'
Technical'site'visits'were'also'performed'to'get'en'a'clear'picture'of'the'site'where'the'
monitoring'system'was'going'to'be'installed.'The'purpose'was'to'get'evidence'of'limitations'
regarding'installations;'structures'or'architecture'that'previously'was'not'identified.'Lack'in'
function'and'comfort'can'also'be'discovered.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
Figure'5.'Ecological'and'economic'indicator'performance'of'all'simulated'729'concepts'for'Paris'site.'
Six'possible'technical'scenarios'were'identified.'Scenario'3'was'chosen'by'the'housing'company.'
(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
The'IPMVP'(International'Performance,'Measurement'and'Verification'Protocol)'is'a'part'of'
developing'the'monitoring'and'verification'plan'and'of'performing'energy'savings'calculations'
and'evaluation.'This'ensures'that'the'need'of'data'and'planned'measurements'will'give'a'
complete'and'detailed'evaluation'of'energy'efficiency.'This'also'allows'for'site'tailored'
methodologies.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
'
Success'factors'
+
+
+
+
Partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'success'factor,'
bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members.'(E.g.'start'the'
project'with'a'kickcoff'meeting.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
One'person'in'building'company'or'social'housing'group'dedicated'to'sustainability'
issues.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Initial'evaluations'of'the'refurbishment'process'show'that'consistent'involvement'of'
tenants'is'important,'lowers'the'execution'costs'and'results'in'a'building'that'is'better'
adapted'to'household'needs.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)''
During'the'refurbishment'work'process,'communication'to'the'tenants'is'very'important,'
to'inform'and'discuss'the'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Barriers'
Disturbance'for'tenants,'e.g.'more'constructor'visits'to'the'dwellings'than'planned.'
Tenants'sometimes'perceived'that'promises'were'not'fulfilled.'
When'giving'tenants'vague'or'too'much'information.'
The'work'with'the'new'project'process'model'used'in'BEEMcUP'would'have'run'more'
smoothly'if'one'project'head'manager'would'have'been'engaged'throughout'the'project,'
according'to'project'documentation.'The'fact'that'people'left'the'project'before'it'was'
finished'and'had'to'be'replaced'by'new'staff'led'to'loss'of'team'spirit.''
- Comparison'of'energy'use'per'living'area'requires'a'more'united'approach'of'
measurement'data'units'in'different'countries.''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
.
-
3.2.1.Alingsås.
Site'facts'
Alingsås'was'chosen'as'the'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'
'
Alingsås'is'situated'in'the'western'part'of'Sweden.'The'municipal'housing'corporation'
Alingsåshem'AB'owns'an'area'called'Brogården,'which'was'built'in'1971c1973'as'a'part'of'
Sweden’s'Million'Homes'Program.'The'area'has'a'culturalchistorical'value'that'Alingsåshem'need'
to'preserve.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
The'buildings'in'Brogården'before'refurbishment'had'poor'standards'on'insulation,'electricity'
and'plumbing'system.'The'buildings'were'draughty'and'contained'many'thermal'bridges.'The'
use'of'DHW'was'high,'soundproofing'is'poor'and'kitchens,'bathrooms'and'common'areas'
needed'to'be'renewed.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
In'line'with'policy'on'social,'economical'and'environmental'sustainability,'Alingsåshem'decided'
to'use'passive'house'technique.'This'means'comprehensive'external'and'internal'reconstruction.''
(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
Refurbishment'
Table'7'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Alingsås'
demonstration'buildings.''
'
(
Before(refurbishment(
After(refurbishment(
Walls(
Curtain'brick'facade''
Well'insulated'passive'house'walls'
U'='0.34c0.58'[W/m2K]'
U'='0.10'[W/m2K]'
Basement(
Concrete,'no'insulation'
Extra'insulation'of'ground'floors''
U'='1.13'[W/m2K]'
U'='0.17'[W/m2K]'
Roof(
Wooden'rood,'thin'mineral'wool'
Attic:'300'mm'mineral'wool''
insulation'on'roof'slab'
Roof:'100'mm'mineral'wool'
2
U'='0.20'[W/m K]'
U'='0.11'[W/m2K]'
Windows(
One'glass'windows'
Cryptone'filled'low'emission'threec
2
U'='3.40'[W/m K]'
glass'windows''
U'='0.85'[W/m2K]'
Heating(
District'heating'(central,'
District'heating'combined'with'
waterborne,'bio'fuels)''
exhaust'air'heat'recovery'
DHW(
District'heating'(centralised'system)'' District'heating''
Water'saving'taps'
Ventilation(
Mechanical'exhaust'air''
Balanced'with'heat'recovery'
ICT((incl.(smart(
No'individual'measurements''
Electricity'individually'measured'
meters)(
DHW'measured'per'dwelling''
Heating'measured'per'building'
Individual'invoices'and'feedback'
introduced'
RES(
District'heating'(98'%'RES)'
District'heating'(98'%'RES)'
Other(energy(
'
Tenants'receive'energy'saving'
savings(
pointers''
Table'7.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Alingsås.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'
D.2.7)''
'
Targets'vs.'results'
Consumption'of'DHW,'electricity'and'heat'decreased'after'refurbishment.'Achieved'heating'
savings'were'80'%52'and'thereby'in'line'with'the'overall'objective'of'the'project.'The'target'for'
DHW'savings,'45'%,'was'too'ambitious;'the'savings'achieved'were'measured'to'12c15'%.'The'
electricity'consumption'decreased'by'33.7'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
The'humidity'was'maximum'60'%'regardless'of'season.'This'factor'is'closely'connected'to'the'
indoor'temperature.'These'parameters'show'the'improvements'from'installing'mechanical'
ventilation.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
The'CO2'level'in'the'dwellings'were'well'below'1000'ppm'after'refurbishment'and'in'line'with'
Swedish'demands.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
Data'collection'
One'building'that'was'representative'for'all'buildings'was'chosen'for'monitoring.'The'baseline'
was'set'up'some'years'before'tenants'moved'out,'which'they'did'during'refurbishment.'The'
reporting'of'measurements'after'refurbishment'was'done'about'one'year'after'the'tenants'had'
moved'back.'Degreecday'adjustment'of'energy'consumption'before'refurbishment'was'applied.'
Since'the'building'had'reached'passive'house'standard'after'renovation,'the'degreecdays'
calculations'had'to'be'adjusted.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
• Comparison'of'energy'consumption'before'and'after'refurbishment,'to'evaluate'energy'
savings'and'compare'them'to'the'overall'BEEMcUP'targets.'
• Comparison'of'expected'and'measured'energy'performance'before'and'after'
refurbishment'in'WP1'within'BEEMcUP.'
• Check'if'results'are'according'to'Swedish'building'rules'and'expected'performance'
calculated'by'building'constructor.''
• Household'electricity'and'common'electricity'measured'during'baseline'period.'These'
two'were'measured'separately'during'reporting'period.''
• Total'electricity'before'and'after'refurbishment'was'used'to'enable'a'comparison.'For'
analysis'of'tenant'behaviour'results'for'household'electricity'was'used'during'reporting'
period.''
• Consumption'of'tap'hot'water'was'during'baseline'period'measured'on'building'level.'
During'reporting'period'it'was'measured'on'apartment'level.''
(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
The'results'are'presented'in'varying'time'scales.'The'yearly'results'presented'as'sum'or'mean'
values'enables'calculations'of'global'savings'and'comparison'of'overall'project'targets.''
(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
Success'factors'
Technical/comfort(
+
+
+
Passive'house'technique'used'for'refurbishment'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Decreased'consumption'of'heating'energy,'DHW'and'electricity'after'refurbishment'
(even'though'targets'for'DHW'and'electricity'were'not'reached)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Comfort'requirements'(temperature,'humidity'and'CO2clevel)'set'by'building'owner'and'
legislation'fulfilled.'Less'draught'in'apartments'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
52
'After'adjustment'of'heating'regulation'system.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
+
Higher'accessibility'for'e.g.'elderly'people'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Social/behavioural(
Tenants'involved'from'the'beginning,'invited'to'discussions'and'information'by'the'
building'owner,'given'the'opportunity'to'influence'the'refurbishments'''
+ Tenants'more'satisfied'with'their'homes'after'refurbishment'than'before'''
+ Energy'bills'controlled'and'paid'by'tenants'after'refurbishment,'which'encourages'
energy'savings''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
+
Financial(
Wellcanalysed'alternatives'and'open'books'with'regular'updates'led'to'fulfilment'of'
economic'objectives.'Despite'of'the'high'investment,'the'paycback'time'is'expected'to'be'
11'years.'If'no'refurbishments'had'been'done,'in'2030'the'area'would'be'a'loss'project,'
according'to'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7''
+ Operation'and'maintenance'costs'lower'after'refurbishment''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)''
'
+
Organizational/planning(
+
+
Selfcinspections'of'building'by'foreman'of'each'trade'meant'strong'responsibility,'pride'
and'participation'of'all'parties'in'contribution'to'the'final'results'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'success'factor,'
bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'
D.2.7)'
'
Barriers'
Technical/comfort(
DHW'consumption'target'proved'to'be'unrealistic'and'over'ambitious.'Consumption'
decreased'by'12'%,'which'means'an'improvement'but'does'not'reach'the'target'of'45'%'''
D Settings'in'heating'system'caused'excess'heat'supply.'This'was'detected'after'reporting'
period'1'and'then'adjusted'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
D
Social/behavioural(
'
- Tenants'had'to'move'out'during'refurbishment'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Financial(
- High'investment'cost,'but'a'better'option'than'not'doing'any'refurbishment'since'that'
would'have'led'to'a'loss'project'in'the'long'run'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Organizational/planning(
No'barriers'identified'
'
'
'
3.2.2.Delft.
Site'facts'
Delft'was'chosen'as'a'less'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'
'
Social'housing'group'Woonbroon'owns'the'project'site'in'Delft'in'the'Netherlands.'
The'building'site'has'specific'identity'and'quality'values.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'
2014)'Before'refurbishment'the'dwellings'had'different'heating'solutions;'some'new'and'some'
up'to'40'years'old'systems.'The'space'heating'was'unevenly'distributed'during'very'cold'
weather,'which'caused'discomfort.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Similar'building'envelope'improvements'have'been'done'in'108'dwellings'of'3'different'types.'
All'dwellings'have'had'new'windows'and'about'50'dwelling'has'had'solar'heating'installed.'The'
tenants'in'34'dwellings'gets'updated'information'on'their'consumption'of'gas'and'electricity'
through'the'installation'of'feedback'system'TOON.'The'tenants'can'also'control'the'heating'in'
the'dwellings'via'an'app.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'dwellings'had'different'energy'savings'measures'implemented.'Other'measures'were'
depending'on'tenants’'choice:'
• New'heater'
• Central'heating'
• Combined'DHW'system'
• Solar'DHW'system'
• TOON'home'management'system''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
'
'
Refurbishment'
Table'8'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Ajaccio'
demonstration'buildings.''
'
(
Before(refurbishment(
After(refurbishment(
Walls(
Brick'facades,'supplement'insolation'for' Repaired,'cleaned'and'
cavities'
hydrophobic;''
U'='1.62'[W/m2K](
U'='0.22'[W/m2K]'
Basement(
Not'insulated''
Insulation'with'reflective'foil;'
U'='1.68'[W/m2K]'
U'='0.20'[W/m2K]'
Roof(
Tiled,'not'insulated'
Extra'insulation:'200'mm'
'
graphite'enhanced'EPS;''
U'='1.39''
U'='0.25'[W/m2K]'
Windows(
Double'glass'in'living'rooms'only,'
HR++'argon'filled'with'
aluminium'frames'on'wood'
reflecting'layer;''
2
U'='6.17c6.75'[W/m K]'
U'<'1.2'[W/m2K]'
Heating(
Different'types'of'old'gas'heaters.''
Fossil'gas.'Individual'choice'
(
No'insulated'distribution.''
of'new'condensing'boilers'
and'solar'collectors.'
Waterborne'radiator'system,'
individually'controlled'
DHW(
Decentralised'system,'fossil'gas'heating.'' Water'saving'showers'
No'energy'saving'measures.''
Ventilation(
Natural''
Mechanical'
ICT((incl.(smart(
None'
Eneco'TOON'Display'–'Home'
meters)(
'
Management'system'
Lighting(
Incandescent'
Not'specified'
RES(
None'
Solar'heating'on'roof'(DHW'
'
and'heating)'
Other(energy(
None'
Tenant'behaviour'focus;'
savings(
'
increased'awareness''
Table'8.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Delft.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Targets'vs.'results'
About'half'of'the'ambitions'were'met.'The'results'vary'a'lot'since'different'refurbishment'
measures'were'implemented'in'different'dwellings'depending'on'the'decisions'of'the'tenants.'
Heating'energy'savings'vary'between'14c55'%.'Results'solely'from'insulation'measures'show'17c
37'%'heating'energy'savings.'The'dwellings'that'have'switched'to'high'efficient'boilers'show'
heating'energy'savings'of'35c50'%'and'the'ones'where'solar'heating'was'installed'show'55'%'
savings.'The'electricity'consumption'decreased'by'4'%'after'refurbishment.53'The'feedback'
system'TOON'led'to'7'%'lower'electricity'consumption'2014.'Many'targets'were'not'reached'
because'of'divergent'input'parameters'for'calculations'and'because'of'tenant'behaviour,'
according'to'the'final'monitoring'report'of'the'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
For'solution'specific'results'–'see'Deliverable'D.3.8'Final'reporting'of'monitoring'results'in'all'
three'sites'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8).'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
53
''The'consumption'is'30'%'lower'then'average'for'the'Netherlands'for'electricity'and'32'%'for'gas.'(“D3.8'Final'Monitoring'
Report”)'
Data'collection'
Monitoring'data'was'analysed'per'dwelling'since'gas'and'electricity'are'measured'separately'for'
all'apartments.'All'dwellings'have'individual'energy'contracts'and'measurements'per'building'
are'therefor'not'possible.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Data'was'collected'by:'
• Reading'energy'meters'in'all'dwellings'(yearly'consumption)'
• Interviews'during'home'visits''
• Detailed'hourly'data'in'4'dwellings'(available'from'energy'company)'
• Interaction'with'a'group'of'people'active'during'refurbishment'with'focus'on'community'
involvement'and'energy'awareness'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Actual'meter'readings'were'in'many'cases'not'returned'and'had'to'be'replaced'by'prognoses.'
The'tenants'also'have'the'freedom'of'choosing'individual'energy'providers,'which'complicates'
the'data'collection'process.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
Success'factors'
Technical/comfort(
More'even'space'heating'and'increased'comfort'
Solar'DHW'heating'systems'and'high'efficient'boilers'have'positive'effect.'(Solar'heating'
system'can'save'about'50'%'heating'energy.)'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
+
+
Social/behavioural((
+
+
Involvement'of'tenants'had'a'positive'effect'on'the'community'and'the'acceptance'of'
refurbishment'in'the'long'run'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Savings'achieved'with'relatively'small'measures'and'low'effect'on'tenants.'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Economical(
+
Savings'achieved'with'relatively'small'measures'and'therefore'low'costs.'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)'
(
Organizational/planning(
No'success'factors'identified'
'
Barriers'
Technical/comfort(
D
D
D
D
Dwellings'with'solar'heating'after'refurbishment'have'an'electric'water'pump'that'led'to'
higher'electricity'consumption'than'before'refurbishment.''
Improvements'from'insulation'measures'of'building'envelope'smaller'than'expected,'
heating'behaviour'not'changed.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Dataset'flaws'complicated'the'analysis'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
Complaints'from'tenants'regarding'unfinished'work'and'poor'quality.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'
D.2.7)'
'
(
(
Social/behavioural((
D
D
D
D
Lack'of'communication'to'tenants'regarding'final'specification'of'window'installations'
and'roof'reparations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Rebound'effect'for'heating'and'DHW'due'to'higher'comfort'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
Tenants'became'somewhat'reluctant'to'the'refurbishments'and'housing'association'due'
to'project'start'delays.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
Complaints'from'tenants'regarding'constructor'behaviour.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Economical(
D
D
D
Real'estate'expert'estimated'that'the'project'investment'would'not'increase'property'
value.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
The'social'housing'group'had'financial'limitations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Lowest'cost'contractor'was'hired;'finalisation'of'building'works'took'longer'than'
expected.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Organizational/planning(
Refurbishment'planning'was'moved'from'experts'in'regular'maintenance'to'a'temporary'
team'with'expertise'within'this'project.'This'did'not'have'a'positive'influence'on'reaching'
targets'and'integrating'community'development.''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
.
D
3.2.3.Paris.
Site'facts'
Paris'was'chosen'as'a'less'successful'site'in'BEEMcUP.'
'
The'refurbishment'site'in'Paris'in'owned'by'ICF'Habitat'Novedis,'which'is'part'of'one'of'the'
largest'housing'companies'in'France.'The'site'consists'of'87'dwellings'in'one'building'that'was'
built'in'1950.'The'building'was'refurbished'in'1993'(boilers,'double'glass'windows'and'
insulation)'but'strongly'needed'of'improvement'regarding'HVAC'system'and'windows.'(Zietara,'
Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
The'flawed'heating'system'led'to'high'energy'consumption,'there'were'thermal'bridges'and'risk'
of'mould'and'moisture'damages.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'A'new'boiler'was'
needed'and'HVAC'system,'electricity'and'plumping'needed'improvement.'Kitchens'and'
bathrooms'needed'to'be'renewed.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'Some'tenants'had'to'be'removed'
temporarily'during'the'refurbishment,'but'most'tenants'stayed'in'dwellings'the'work'execution'
period.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)''
'
Refurbishment'
Table'9'below'shows'the'insulation,'installation'and'system'measures'implemented'in'Paris'
demonstration'buildings.''
'
(
Before(refurbishment(
After(refurbishment(
Walls(
Concrete'structure,'sandwich'insulation'
180'mm'graphite'EPS;''
2
U'='1.40'[W/m K]'!
U'='0.30'[W/m2K]'
Basement((
Concrete''
110'mm'slag'wool''
2
U'='2.24'[W/m K]'(basement'ceiling)'
U'='0.21'[W/m2K]'
Roof(
Concrete'
+200'mm'PUR'on'roof'
'
120'mm'PUR'on'terrace'
U'='3.86'[W/m2K]'
U'='0.16'[W/m2K]'
Windows(
PVC'double'glass,'20'years'old54'
Street'façade:'Wood'
double'glazing'
Courtyard'side:'PVC'
double'glass''
Balcony'bow'windows:'
Aluminium'double'glazing''
(Umean=1.25'[W/m2K])'
Heating(
Common'gas'boilers''
New'gas'condensation'
Floor'heating''
boilers'for'heating'and'
DHW.'
Radiators'with'individual'
thermostats'
DHW(
Individual'electric'boilers''
Centralized'system,'
combined'heat'pump'with'
heat'recovery'from'
wastewater'
Ventilation(
Natural'ventilation'till''
Centralized'system,'
mechanical'exhaust'air'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
54
'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
ICT((incl.(smart(
meters)(
RES(
None'
'
None''
SYNCO'living'system'
(expected'savings'11'%)''
Heat'recovery'from'grey'
water'and'sewage''
Other(energy(
None'
Focus'on'tenant'behaviour'
savings(
and'increased'awareness''
Table'9.'Technical'data'before'and'after'refurbishment'for'buildings'in'Paris.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Targets'vs.'results'
The'calculated'savings'of'gas'consumption'for'heating'between'2011'and'2014'were'60'%'with'
extrapolation'based'on'measurements'January'c'June.'Actual'measurements'January'–'October'
show'savings'of'65'%.'Hardly'any'decrease'in'DHW'consumption'was'observed,'largely'because'
of'large'energy'losses'in'the'distribution'circuit.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'See'also'table'6'in'
section'3.2.'
'
The'common'electricity'consumption'savings'were'36'%'(JanuarycAugust,'2012c2014).'On'
dwelling'level'the'total'electricity'savings'were'58.3'%'and'lighting'electricity'100'%'increase55.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)''
'
Data'collection'
Calculations'of'the'theoretical'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment'were'made'
in'WP1.'A'selection'of'dwellings'has'been'monitored'before'and'after'refurbishment.'Baseline'
was'established'though'analysis'of'energy'bills'and'partial'measurements.'The'plan'was'to'install'
SYNCO'LIVING'to'monitor'consumption'of'heat,'DHW,'electricity'and'indoor'temperature'for'
each'dwelling.'The'refurbishment'works'were'delayed,'and'the'SYNCO'LIVING'system'could'not'
be'installed'in'time'for'evaluation.'Instead,'temporary'equipment'was'installed'in'some'
apartments'to'collect'data'for'2014.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'gas'consumption'from'common'boiler'was'evaluated'through'collection'of'monthly'bills'for'
the'heating'system'of'the'building.'Data'available'from'2007'to'2009'and'2010'to'2014'(when'
project'ended)'for:'
• Individual'electricity'on'dwelling'level''
• Electricity'for'DHW'
• Electricity'for'lighting'
• Comfort'parameters:'Indoor'temperature'and'relative'humidity'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
During'baseline'period'the'gas'consumption'includes'only'heating'(DHW'was'before'
refurbishment'produced'by'electric'energy).'During'reporting'period'the'gas'consumption'
includes'both'heating'in'new'condensation'boilers'and'DHW.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Success'factors'
Technical/comfort(
+
Significant'decrease'of'gas'consumption'during'winter'months''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
55
'Results'should'be'used'with'caution'since'estimation'on'building'level'has'been'done.'
'
Refurbishment'measures'improved'the'thermal'performance'of'the'building,'creating'a'
more'even'temperature'distribution'in'the'dwellings.'A'balanced'indoor'temperature'has'
a'strong'influence'on'tenant'comfort''
+ Air'tightness'improved'after'refurbishment''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
+
Social/behavioural(
+
One'staff'member'of'the'constructing'company'was'assigned'the'specific'task'of'
communicating'with'the'tenants'and'meeting'their'request'whenever'possible'(BEEMc
UP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Financial(
No'success'factors'identified'
'
Organizational/planning(
No'success'factors'identified'
'
Barriers'
Technical/comfort(
D
D
D
D
Large'energy'losses'in'DHW'distribution'circuit.'(To'keep'the'overall'DHW'circulation'
temperature'acceptable'and'stable'the'system'required'24'kWh/m2,'year,'which'
corresponds'to'55'%'of'the'total'energy'production'of'the'boilers.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'
D.3.8)'
Refurbishment'works'were'delayed,'which'caused'problems'with'measurements'during'
reporting'period'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
System'failures'during'the'installation'process'of'DHW'system'BIOFLUIDES'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)'
Large'quantities'of'wood'chips'were'discovered'in'the'DHW'circulation'system'filter,'
which'should'have'been'cleansed'before'new'installation'of'BIOFLUIDES'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)(
'
Social/behavioural(
- More'awareness'regarding'efficient'energy'use'of'the'tenants'is'needed'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Financial(
No'economical'barriers'identified'
'
Organizational/planning(
- Refurbishment'was'delayed'by'7'moths'due'to'problems'with'consumption'reporting'to'
tenants'in'the'program'definition'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'
'
'
'
3.2.4.Conclusions.and.Discussion.BEEMKUP.
Overall,'the'refurbishment'measures'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'led'to'energy'savings'in'all'sites,'
but'not'as'large'savings'as'targeted.'In'short,'high'building'envelope'standards,'high'investment'
cost'and'tenant'involvement'can'be'concluded'to'distinguish'the'Alingsås'refurbishments.'In'
Delft,'financial'limitations,'large'variation'of'implemented'measures,'time'delays'and'problems'
with'data'availability'are'most'salient.'Paris'showed'large'DHW'circulation'losses'and'data'
collection'problems.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'indoor'comfort'and'temperature'distribution'was'improved'in'all'sites.'The'success'of'
tenant'involvement'varies.'Energy'losses'in'the'DHW'distribution'circuit'constitute'a'barrier'and'
the'target'for'hot'water'energy'savings'was'generally'set'too'high.'Discrepancies'between'
calculated'and'metered'energy'consumption,'together'with'lack'of'data'and'the'tenant'
behaviour'factor,'are'in'project'reports'identified'as'the'main'reasons'for'overall'targets'not'
being'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Additional'common'problems'in'the'project'sites'are'the'
available'energy'data'(especially'historic'energy'bills),'adequate'meters'and'sensors,'building'
configuration'limitation'and'the'communication'protocols.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
After'studying'the'project'reports,'the'main'reasons'for'the'project'objectives'not'being'met'are'
in'this'thesis'identified'as:''
• Tenant'behaviour'and'lack'of'information/involvement.'This'even'though'the'social'
measures'were'one'of'the'main'objectives'in'the'BEEMcUP'project.''
• Inadequate'data'quantity'and'quality,'especially'in'Delft'and'Paris.'
• DHW'circulation'losses'in'Alingsås'and'Paris,'where'the'systems'were'centralized'during'
refurbishment.''
• The'target'of'45'%'DHW'energy'savings'was'over'ambitious'and'unrealistic.''
• Many'assumptions'had'to'be'made'due'to'lack'of'data.'
• Cancellation'of'measures.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Ownership'structure'varies.'Companies'own'the'dwellings'in'Alingsås'and'Paris,'while'a'social'
housing'group'that'is'a'noncprofit'organisation'owns'the'dwellings'in'Delft.'People'with'low'
income'are'the'target'group'in'Delft.'In'e.g.'Alingsås'the'company'Alingsåshem'are'supposed'to'
provide'homes'for'“everyone”'and'at'the'same'time'fulfil'the'sustainability'targets'of'the'city.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'The'refurbishment'measures'chosen'in'the'cities'vary'significantly.'The'
buildings'in'Alingsås'are'refurbished'according'to'passivechouse'standards,'with'an'investment'
of'just'over'20'million'Euros'for'144'dwellings.'In'Delft'the'insulation'measures'are'modest'with'
an'investment'cost'of'approx.'3.5'Million'Euros'for'108'dwellings'and'Paris'the'deepcretrofit'led'
to'significantly'improved'insulation'for'an'investment'of'4.2'Million'Euros'for'87'dwellings.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'One'conclusion'is'therefore'that'ownership'structure'and'financial'
status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'the'building'
performance'outcome.'''
'
According'to'the'final'monitoring'report,'possible'explanations'for'differences'between'
calculated'and'measured'values'for'energy'consumption'are:'
• Air'exchange'rate'was'not'measures'before'refurbishment,'which'can'influence'
calculated'results'for'especially'heat'consumption.''
• ICTcsavings'are'based'on'assumptions'due'to'lack'of'data.''
Room'temperature'before'refurbishment'may'have'been'lower'than'the'temperature'
used'in'calculations.'
• Efficiency'of'old'installations'was'assumed'and'could'not'be'calculated'exactly.''
• DHW'consumption'depends'on'tenant'behaviour'and'may'therefore'differ'from'
calculations.''
• The'”rebound'effect”'parameter'can'have'a'large'influence'on'consumption'but'cannot'
be'assumed'or'measured,'which'makes'evaluation'difficult.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
As'can'be'seen'in'the'list'above,'lack'of'data'forced'the'project'to'include'many'assumptions.'A'
conclusion'is'that'the'more'actual,'reliable'data'available'before'and'after'refurbishment,'the'
smaller'the'differences'between'calculations'and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'including'
rebound'effect'is'concluded'as'possible'additional'reason'for'differences'between'calculation'
and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'that'is'also'difficult'to'
evaluate.''
'
When'calculation'the'possible'savings'in'a'project,'it'may'seem'somewhat'unrealistic'to'assume'
that'all'installations'are'functioning'optimally.'Also,'it'can'be'risky'to'make'many'assumptions'
when'it'comes'to'old'installations.'This'may'be'one'explanation'as'to'why'the'hot'water'savings'
were'over'ambitious.''
'
The'project'reports'stated'that'the'operative'temperatures'used'in'the'heating'consumption'
calculations'were'assumed'without'actually'looking'into'the'temperatures'set'in'the'dwellings.'A'
difference'of'one'degree'in'indoor'temperature'can'make'a'large'difference'when'calculating'
energy'savings.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'One'suggestion'is'therefore'to,'if'possible,'perform'onc
site'measurements'before'calculating'savings'targets.''''
'
•
Alingsås'
Consumption'of'DHW,'electricity'and'heat'decreased'after'refurbishment.'Achieved'heating'
savings'were'80'%56'and'thereby'in'line'with'the'overall'objective'of'the'project.''The'target'for'
DHW'savings,'45'%,'was'too'ambitious;'the'savings'achieved'were'measured'to'12c15'%.'The'
electricity'consumption'decreased'by'33.7'%.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Actual'DHW'and'heat'consumption'were'higher'than'what'was'predicted'in'WP1.'The'difference'
can'be'explained'by'calculation'in'WP1'assuming'that'heating'and'ventilation'systems'are'
functioning'optimally.'The'indoor'temperature'in'calculations'was'also'set'lower'than'the'actual'
operation'indoor'temperature'turned'out'to'be.'DHW'circulation'losses'and'tenant'behaviour'
can'explain'can'be'possible'explanations'for'DHW'targets'not'being'reached'in'Alingsås.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Expected'heat'consumption'was'lower'than'measured'during'the'first'reporting'period,'
unnecessary'amounts'of'heat'were'used'during'the'summer'of'2013.'No'district'heating'is'
assumed'to'be'used'during'spring,'summer'and'fall;'heating'was'actually'used'even'in'June'when'
outdoor'temperatures'were'high.'As'a'result,'the'ventilation'system'was'looked'into'and'
exposed'that'the'heating'system'started'as'soon'as'the'outdoor'temperature'was'below'18'
degrees'Celsius'(night'time).'Much'heat'had'been'stored'in'the'building'during'the'day'and'this'
added'heat'was'unnecessary'to'maintain'indoor'comfort'temperature.'A'new'control'strategy'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
56
'Under'rapporteringsperiod'2,'efter'reglering'av'VVScsystem.'
was'therefor'developed'by'the'construction'company'Skanska'and'building'owner'Alingsåshem.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)''
'
DHW'consumption'decreased'during'reporting'period.'Consumption'normally'goes'down'to'zero'
during'night'time,'which'indicates'that'there'is'no'leakage.'Lowcflow'taps'were'installed'during'
refurbishment,'which'is'one'of'the'reasons'for'DHW'savings.'The'savings'were'12c16'%,'almost'
in'line'with'WP1'simulations'where'the'number'was'12.5'%.'The'target'of'45'%'savings'was'over'
ambitious'and'unrealistic.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Why'this'target'was'set'is'unclear'and'project'
coordinator'has'given'no'response'to'questions'sent.''
'
Heat'losses'from'circulation'system'was'calculated'as'11'kWh/m2,'year'after'refurbishment,'
before'it'was'not'measured.'I.e.'SVEBY'give'an'estimation'of'25'kWh/m2,'year,'so'results'can'be'
useful'in'other'projects.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'difference'between'monitored'(33.7'%)'and'calculated'(42'%)'targets'for'electricity'
consumption'can'be'explained'by'tenant'behaviour.'This'factor'is'difficult'to'compare'baseline'to'
reporting'period,'since'new'tenants'moved'into'the'building'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)'Again,'tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'difficult'to'evaluate.'
'
Delft'
The'refurbishment'measures'in'Delft'reached'about'50'%'energy'savings,'compared'to'the'target'
of'75'%'(reboundceffects'included).'The'difference'between'theory'and'practice'is'seen'as'the'
main'cause'of'this,'according'to'Final'Monitoring'Report.'Limitations'in'calculations'and'tenant'
behaviour'may'have'contributed'to'targets'not'being'reached.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'
'
The'calculations'performed'in'WP1'do'not'fully'conform'to'refurbishment'measures'actually'
implemented.'Differences'in'wall'insulation'quality'and'lack'of'floor'insulation'are'the'largest'
differences.'The'percental'savings'are'lower'since'actual'energy'consumption'before'
refurbishment'was'significantly'lower'than'calculated'in'WP1.'The'calculation'also'assumed'that'
the'entire'building'was'heated,'not'just'one'room'per'dwelling,'which'was'the'typical'case'
before'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'efficiency'of'old'boilers'(before'refurbishment)'is'based'on'assumptions,'which'can'disrupt'
calculations'of'data'relative'baseline'period.'The'degreecday'factor'and'air'exchange'rate'are'
additional'factors'that'may'not'be'reliable,'according'to'project'reports.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Involvement'of'TOON'providers'and'tenants'had'a'positive'influence'on'the'community'and'
resulted'in'a'higher'acceptance'of'refurbishments.'The'fact'that'the'rent'would'not'increase'for'
the'tenants'also'made'that'process'easier.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
A'real'estate'expert'stated'that'the'investment'would'not'increase'property'value.'The'housing'
association'also'had'financial'limitations.'These'two'factors'led'to'inadequate'results.''
Refurbishment'measures'were'handled'by'a'temporary'expert'team'within'the'project'instead'
of'by'experts'in'regular'maintenance,'which'has'been'concluded'not'to'have'a'positive'effect'on'
target'reaching,'including'community'integration.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Building'envelope'improvements'are'modest'and'do'not'change'the'heating'habits.'To'see'effect'
the'building'needs'higher'thermal'resistance.'Technical'installation'improvements'have'side'
effects'regarding'energy'consumption,'i.e.'higher'comfort'from'solar'heating'causes'increased'
consumption.'Relatively'small'measures'have'resulted'in'savings,'which'is'seen'as'a'success'even'
though'targets'were'not'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'effects'of'insulation'measures'are'smaller'than'expected'because:'
D Small'reductions'in'window'surface'and'new'type'of'windows'give'solar'radiation'losses.''
D The'insulated'ceilings'borders'on'unheated'attic'spaces'and'often'unheated'bedrooms.''
D Insulation'of'ground'floor'was'cancelled'
D Sealing'cavities'in'walls'had'very'little'impact''
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'feedback'system'TOON'led'to'7'%'lower'electricity'consumption'2014.'Tenants'who'use'high'
efficient'heaters'use'more'electricity.'One'possible'explanation'for'this'is'that'highcincome'
households'have'high'efficient'heaters'and'generally'have'more'electricity'consuming'gadgets'in'
their'home.'The'electricity'consumption'can'change'because'of'household'adaptions,'but'also'
new'installations,'i.e.'solar'heated'DHW,'central'heating,'and'TOONcsystems'on'standcby.'
Dwellings'with'solar'heating'use'electric'water'pump'that'uses'500'kWh/year,'which'leads'to'
higher'consumption.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'results'for'the'Delft'site'was'especially'tricky'to'evaluate'and'present'since'so'many'
different'measure'packages'were'implemented.'A'recommendation'is'to'read'the'project'
documentation'more'closely'for'specific'information'and'results'of'measures'implemented.'
'
Paris'
The'measured'savings'of'gas'consumption'for'heating'are'65'%.'Hardly'any'decrease'in'DHW'
consumption'was'observed,'largely'because'of'large'energy'losses'in'the'distribution'circuit.'
(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'The'common'electricity'consumption'savings'were'36'%.'On'dwelling'
level'the'total'electricity'savings'were'58.3'%'and'lighting'electricity'100'%'increase57.'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.8)''
'
Individual'electricity'was'measured'in'a'number'of'dwellings'and'extrapolated'to'represent'all'
dwellings.'Disconnections'and'damages'to'sensors'led'to'data'loss'and'attenuate'results.''
Results'for'total'and'lighting'electricity'should'also'be'used'with'caution'since'en'estimation'was'
made'for'the'entire'building.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Thermal'energy'data'enables'detailed'analysis'of'the'real'performance'of'the'DHWcsystem'and'
identifies'losses'in'the'distribution'system.'Analysis'of'consumed'gas'and'electricity'are'the'basis'
for'energy'savings'calculations.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'BIOFLUIDES'system'recovers'heat'from'shower,'bath'and'laundry'machines'via'a'heat'
exchanger.'Here,'large'energy'losses'were'discovered.'Installations'showed'no'leakage'(nightc
time'consumption),'which'confirms'that'main'losses'occur'in'the'circulation'system.'The'heat'
losses'from'the'boiler'were'equivalent'to'55'%'of'the'DHW'demand.'Calculations'introduced'
some'parameters'based'on'hypothesis,'which'can'bring'uncertainties'to'the'evaluation.'
Miscalculations'can'occur'due'to'the'absent'information'of'the'efficiency'of'the'boiler'before'
refurbishment.''The'DHW'consumption'was'assumed'to'be'25'l/person'and'day,'when'the'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
57
'Results'should'be'used'with'caution'since'estimation'on'building'level'has'been'done.'
'
French'average'consumption'actually'is'40'l/person'and'day.'This'lead'to'large'differences'in'
calculated'and'measured'consumption'and'savings.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Large'quantities'of'wood'chips'were'found'in'filter'connected'to'the'BIOFLUIDES'system'at'the'
end'of'the'reporting'period.'The'estate'manager'before'new'installation'should'have'cleaned'
this'filter.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'This'is'an'example'of'the'importance'of'communication'
between'the'involved'parties'in'the'project.'
'
Refurbishment'measures'improved'the'thermal'performance'of'the'building'and'caused'more'
homogenous'temperature'distribution'in'dwellings.'The'air'tightness'was'improved'and'air'
leakage'were'removed'during'refurbishments.'There'are'small'temperature'differences'within'
dwelling'areas,'which'indicate'adequate'regulation.'A'stable'indoor'temperature'has'a'large'
effect'on'the'comfort'for'the'tenants,'according'to'final'monitoring'report.'Measurements'of'
indoor'temperature'variations'show'behavioural'influence'on'energy'consumption'depending'
on'preferred'comfort'temperature.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'housing'company'in'Paris'chose'scenario'3'from'the'ecological'and'economic'indicator'
performance'of'all'simulated'729'concepts'for'Paris'site.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'
2014)'According'to'figure'5'that'was'the'worst'choice'on'the'ecological'scale,'and'the'housing'
company'seems'to'have'prioritized'economic'sustainability'before'ecological.'The'overall'BEEMc
UP'project'targets'were'economical,'technical'and'social'feasibility'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'
Quistgaard,'2014).'This'may'be'the'reason'as'to'why'ecological'indicators'are'not'prioritized.''
'
'
'
'
'
3.3.EPC.–.Energy.Performance.Contracting.
Method'
For'the'EPC'model'a'first'step'was'trying'to'find'examples'of'successful'and'less'successful'
projects.'Being'directed'to'projects'not'so'successful'and'trying'to'get'in'contact'with'the'lead'
partner'proved'to'be'a'major'barrier'for'this'project'in'itself.'Difficulties'getting'in'touch'with'
and'getting'information'from'people'with'experience'from'unsuccessful'projects'led'to'the'
development'of'an'alternative'study'approach.'
''
An'interview'study'over'EPC'experiences'of'different'contracting'authorities'gave'a'good'picture'
of'common'success'factors'and'barriers.'This'material'was'useful'when'formulation'questions'
for'other'contacts'with'EPCcexperience.'Interviews'were'then'performed'with'Gunnar'Ericsson'
at'Locum'and'Per'Mattson'at'Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group.'
'
The'general'recommendations'and'“warnings”'from'the'studied'interview'study'have'in'some'
cases'been'interpreted'and'reformulated'as'success'factors'and'barriers.'This'is'done'to'facilitate'
the'comparison'with'the'projects'BEEMcUP'and'CONCERTO.'The'aim'is'to'present'the'factors'
that'usually'lead'to'success'or'failure'in'an'EPCcproject.'
'
The'EPC'model'
EPC'stands'for'Energy'Performance'Contracting.'It'is'a'business'model'used'to'invest'in'energy'
saving'measures'(Epec,'2014,'(4))'and'a'functioning'procurement'for'energy'savings'offering'a'
guarantee'of'performance.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'In'other'words'–'guaranteed'energy'savings'
finances'investments'in'energy'saving'measures.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'
'
EPC'contracts'are'normally'based'on'finding'all'profitable'saving'measures'in'a'property'
portfolio.'The'aim'is'to'decrease'maintenance'costs,'lower'energy'consumption'and'improve'
indoor'climate.'To'ensure'energy'savings'the'same'contractor'is'responsible'for'project'
development,'implementation'and'monitoring.'(Epec,'2014,'(2))'There'is'more'focus'on'the'
environmental'factors'in'EPCcprojects'now'than'before'(Ericsson,'2015).''
'
Successful'projects'are'based'on'a'wellcdefined'process,'holistic'outlook'on'technology,'
organisation'and'economy'and'on'committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders.''
(Epec,'2014,'(2))'The'EPC'model'lowers'the'number'of'procurements'and'saves'time'during'that'
phase.'(Mattson,'2015)'
'
Phases'in'EPC'projects''
Phase(0(–(Project(preparation(and(procurement(
The'property'owner'prepares'the'project,'establishes'the'targets'in'the'organisation'and'
produces'a'procurement'starting'with'a'”competence'and'creativity'test”'for'all'bidders,'often'
with'help'from'an'EPCcconsultant.''
'
Phase(1(–(Project(development(
A'contractor'performs'analysis'of'the'buildings'to'establish'a'baseline'for'measures,'savings,'
costs,'need'of'education'etc.'The'property'owner'participates'in'this'work.''
'
Phase(2(–(Project(implementation(
The'same'contractor'implements'the'agreed'measures'and'trains'the'operating'staff.'The'
property'owner'also'participates'in'this'work.'
'
Phase(3(–(Project(monitoring(
The'same'contractor'leaves'a'savings'guarantee'and'comfort'guarantee'for'all'of'the'payback'
period,'to'ensure'repayment'of'the'investment.'The'operating'organisation'of'the'property'
owner'performs'the'agreed'service'and'operation'work.'(Epec,'2014,'(1))''
'
Refurbishments'
Table'10'below'shows'the'most'common'insulation,'installations'and'system'measures'
implemented'in'EPC'refurbishment'projects.''
'
Common(measures(
1. Installation'of'need'controlled'ventilation,'new'control'and'monitoring'systems,'new'
building'automation'system'
2. Operation'optimization'process'/'heating'system'and'ventilation'adjustment'/'education'
of'operating'staff'/'media'monitoring''
3. Installing'new'ventilation''
4. New'ventilation'med'heat'recovery'
5. Process'heat'recovery''
6. Exchanging'heating'system''
7. Exchanging'heat'exchanger'
8. Isolation'and'window'replacement'
9. Lighting'optimization'
10. Water'saving'measures'
Table'10.'General'measures'in'EPC'projects.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)''
'
Objectives'
Focus'on'the'energy'efficiency'issues'so'that'profitable'projects'are'performed'and'
prioritised'by'the'decision'makers.''
• The'property'owner'gets'access'to'many'competent'resources'during'an'intensive'period'
and'can'implement'a'large'number'of'measures.''
• EPC'projects'require'only'one'procurement,'regardless'of'the'number'of'properties'
included'in'the'project,'which'saves'costs.'
• Increase'the'technical'standard'of'the'buildings'and'decrease'energy'consumption'
without'decreasing'indoor'quality'parameters.''
• Decrease'maintenance'and'operation'costs''
• Collected'documentation'of'the'technical'standard'of'buildings,'basis'for'planned'
maintenance.''
• Raise'the'awareness'and'competence'of'the'staff'through'training.'
(Epec,'2014,'(3))''
'
•
Results'
When'it'comes'to'decreasing'energy'consumption'and'increasing'environmental'gains'for'an'
organisation,'EPC'has'proved'itself'to'be'an'efficient'form'of'procurement,'according'to'Gode'et'
al.,'2007.'Final'performance'is'often'higher'than'guaranteed'(the'idea'of'the'model'is'to'
guarantee'the'client'certain'minimum'savings).'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'There'are'also'bad'
experiences'and'major'barriers'in'EPC'projects.'Unfortunately'the'contracting'authorities'
participating'in'these'projects'have'chosen'not'to'participate'in'the'interview'study'used'as'part'
of'this'thesis.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'This'was'also'the'experience'when'trying'to'find'additional'
knowledge'on'unsuccessful'EPC'projects.''
'
One'example'of'unsuccessful'projects'was'when'a'new'technology,'a'place'built'heating'unit'was'
tested.'There'were'problems'with'leakage'and'the'heat'exchanger;'the'controlling'function'was'
not'functioning'and'there'were'legal'issues'regarding'which'contractor'or'subcontractor'was'
responsible.'(Ericsson,'2015)'
'
The'outcome'of'the'project'can'vary'depending'on'if'the'building'owner'chooses'own'operations'
staff'or'if'an'operations'contractor'is'hired.'(Ericsson,'2015)'
'
Data'collection'
Collection'on'data'is'mainly'carried'out'in'phases'0,'1'and'3.'The'data'collection'can'be'done'by'
installing'energy'meters'or'be'given'access'to'data'from'i.e.'energy'companies.'Results'from'the'
interview'study'made'by'the'Swedish'Environmental'Management'Council'shows'that'this'part'
of'the'project'is'very'important'to'establish'a'baseline'and'make'it'possible'to'calculate'the'
actual'savings.'Problems'with'data'collection'often'delay'the'project.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'
Available'and'reliable'data'for'heat'consumption'is'required'in'order'to'calculate'the'guaranteed'
savings'correctly.'(Ericsson,'2015)'
'
Quality'assurance'
The'quality'assurance'process'is'automatically'included'in'the'project'through'the'guarantee'of'
minimum'savings.'The'demands'for'technical'standards'and'indoor'climate'should'be'included'in'
the'procurement'to'ensure'that'the'contractor'i.e.'not'simply'lowers'the'temperatures'to'save'
energy.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
3.3.1.Experiences.from.EPC.projects.
Interviews'
The'Swedish'Environmental'Management'Council58'performed'an'interview'study'on'
experiences'from'EPC'in'different'contracting'authorities.'
'
Many'participants'of'the'study'are'the'most'satisfied'with:''
• Energy'savings'
• Environmental'benefits'
• Improved'indoor'climate'
• Improved'building'standard'
• One'large'project'instead'of'many'smaller'
• The'holistic'approach'makes'sure'that'the'project'reaches'politicians'and'management'
(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'
Reviews'of'the'education'included'in'an'EPCcproject'are'generally'very'positive,'since'the'staff'of'
the'property'company'can'perform'the'optimization.'To'include'the'whole'organisation,'
establish'the'project'politically'in'an'early'stage,'give'the'decision'makers'and'contractors'good'
and'detailed'statistics'and'focus'on'the'needs'of'the'customer'is'pointed'out'as'an'important'
factor.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''
58
'Miljöstyrningsrådet'
'
The'Danderyd'hospital'had'a'very'high'energy'consumption'with'an'annual'cost'of'32.7'million'
SEK.'The'main'target'for'the'EPC'project'in'the'buildings'was'to'decrease'heating'energy'
consumption.'A'measure'plan'was'developed'in'cooperation'with'energy'engineers'and'the'
Locum'operation'staff'to'find'the'most'profitable'energy'savings.'LCA:s'were'performed'for'the'
possible'measures'to'prioritize'the'most'useful'ones.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
'
Implemented'measures:''
• Heating'adjustment'
• Lighting'control'
• New,'energy'efficient'heat'pumps'
• Heat'recovery'from'cooling'machine'
• Heat'recovery'from'ventilation'
• New'control'and'monitoring'system'
(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
'
Before'the'refurbishments'the'heating'energy'consumption'was'150'kWh/m2,'while'after'
refurbishment'it'was'111'kWh/m2.'The'annual'heating'savings'could'heat'the'whole'Danderyd'
hospital'buildings'during'more'than'half'the'year'and'the'CO2'savings'are'about'395'tons'per'
year.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
'
Success'factors'
Success(factors(
'
+
+
+
+
Understanding'of'the'process'and'contract'(Mattson,'2015)'
Involvement'of'client'(Mattson,'2015)'
Knowledge'transfer,'education'level'depending'on'needs'(Mattson,'2015)'
Enough'own'human'resources'from'client'assigned'to'the'project'(Mattson,'2015)'
Technical/comfort(
+
+
+
+
+
+
Training'included'in'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Engage'energy'suppliers'to'get'a'good'collection'of'statistic'during'the'monitoring'phase'
(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Sufficient'documentation'available'(i.e.'drawings)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Many'details'from'the'contractor'at'the'analysis'phase'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
That'the'temperature'is'evenly'distributed'during'the'hours'of'the'day'(Ericsson,'2015)''
Available'and'reliable'energy'data'and'statistics'(Mattson,'2015)'
(
Social/behavioural(
+
+
+
+
Good'communication'with'the'customer'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
See'the'contractor'as'a'partner'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Discuss'effects'on'building'with'the'building'manager;'e.g.'required'maintenance'after'
refurbishments.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
Always'ask'energy'specialist'in'operations'for'advice'to'use'available'knowledge'during'
the'project.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
'
Economical(
+
+
Make'your'own'savings'calculation'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Brake'down'the'investment'costs'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'
Organizational/planning(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Cooperation'between'client'and'consultant'in'the'beginning'of'the'project,'and'later'
between'client'and'contractor,'with'regular'updates'and'meetings'(Mattson,'2015)'
Aid'of'other'contracting'authorities'that'have'performed'EPC'procurements'(Dalenstam,'
2009)'
Include'climate'demands'in'procurement'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Prioritize'project'leading'skills'when'choosing'contractor'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Create'an'organisation'that'is'engaged'and'agreed'upon'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Each'object'gets'its'own'project'leader'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Plan'for'enough'own'human'resources'throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Continuous'updates'and'communication'with'building'manager'or'energy'controller'
regarding'installation'energy'and'control'system.'(Welleniums'and'Leijonheilm,'2015)'
'
Barriers'
Technical/comfort(
- Insufficient'details'from'building'analysis'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- A'list'including'building'information'on'e.g.'area,'heating,'ventilation'and'insulation'is'
supposed'to'exist'for'all'buildings,'but'is'often'incomplete'due'to'changes'and'poor'
updating'(Mattson,'2015)'
- Monitoring'difficulties'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Authorities'not'given'part'of'bought'energy'analysis'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Training'level'not'suitable'for'all'of'the'staff'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'
Social/behavioural(
- Seeing'the'contractor'as'the'“enemy”'just'looking'to'make'money'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Technical'managers'can'sometimes'experience'the'involvement'of'a'procurement'
consultant'as'criticism'towards'their'competence.'They'may'think'that'they'should'be'
able'to'carry'the'project'themselves.'This'reluctance'often'passes'with'the'realization'of'
project'extent'and'that'the'involvement'of'a'consultant'significantly'can'boost'the'
knowledge'level,'avoid'appeals'and'secure'success'of'the'project'(Mattson,'2015)'
- The'municipal'CEO'may'have'decided'to'go'through'with'the'project'before'involving'the'
technical'manager,'which'can'cause'discourage'(Mattson,'2015)'
'
Economical(
- Disagreement'regarding'profit'sharing'(which'energy'efficient'measures'should'be'
included)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
'
Organizational/planning(
- Decreasing'involvement'of'contractor'during'the'monitoring'phase'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Authorities'entering'deal'with'the'promise'from'the'contractor'that'they'will'handle'
most'part'of'the'project,'when'in'reality'large'own'human'resources'must'be'used'
(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- The'contracts'can'be'tricky'with'many'partners'involved;'client,'contractor,'
subcontractors,'tenants'etc.'(Ericsson,'2015)'
- Not'enough'own'human'resources'planned'for'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Forced'time'plan'(due'to'time'limited'governmental'grants)'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Time'delays'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
- Lack'of'engagement'from'client'can'result'in'a'project'restart'(Mattson,'2015)'
3.3.2.Conclusions.and.Discussion.EPC.
The'participation'from'performers'of'less'successful'projects'was'unfortunately'very'low.'
Fortunately,'previous'studies'and'interviews'performed'within'this'project'gave'quite'a'
unanimous'image'of'what'factors'lead'to'successful'EPC'projects.''
'
According'to'the'original'EPCcmodel'the'following'factors'lead'to'successful'projects:'
• Wellcdefined'process'
• Holistic'outlook'on'technology,'organisation'and'economy'
• Committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders''
(Epec,'2014,'(2))'
'
The'interview'study'read'within'this'project'and'the'interviews'performed'concur'with'the'
identified'success(factors'above'and'can'be'concluded'as:'
+ Early'political'anchoring'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
+ Understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders'
throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
+ Knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
+ Sufficient'own'human'resources'from'client'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015)'
+ Energy'data'collection,'wellcprepared'energy'data'providers'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'
2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
'
The'barriers'can'simply'be'concluded'as'the'reversed'success'factors'above.'That'is,'if'the'
project'fails'to'fulfil'one'of'the'success'factors'above'it'will'most'likely'affect'the'outcome'
negatively.'Time'plans'were'excessed'when'there'was'lack'of'involvement'in'of'client'in'phase'0,'
not'enough'own'human'resources'were'assigned'the'project'and'when'there'were'issues'with'
data'collection'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015).''
'
The'quality'assurance'is'guaranteed'by'the'contract'(the'whole'idea'of'the'EPCcmodel).'(Gode'et'
al.,'2007)'Information'and'involvement'of'tenants'and'user'side'priorities'appear'to'be'low'in'
EPC'project'model'compared'to'the'other'projects.''
'
'
'
'
4..Final.Conclusions.and.Discussion.
4.1.Success.factors.and.barriers.
Identified'key'factors'for'energy'efficient'refurbishment''
•
•
•
•
•
The'communication'and'cooperation'between'stakeholders'in'a'project'is'identified'as'
an'important'factor'for'successful'projects.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'Dalenstam,'2009;'
Mattson,'2015)'Try'not'to'change'stakeholders,'project'leaders'or'staff'during'the'
project'process.'
Training'of'e.g.'installers'(CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'
(2))'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)),'secure'knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'
Mattson,'2015;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012).''
Inform'and'involve'tenants'to'facilitate'work'execution,'improve'results'after'
refurbishment'and'to'increase'energy'knowledge'and'awareness.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'
BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013;'
CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'
The'data'quantity'and'quality'has'an'impact'on'the'final'energy'performance'and'the'
difference'between'calculated'and'measured'energy'savings.'Make'sure'to'establish'a'
good'contact'with'energy'data'providers;'companies,'tenants'etc.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'
Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Stakeholder'approach'and'energy'performance'regulations'may'affect'performance'
results'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1)).'Ownership'structure'and'financial'
status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'in'that'way'
the'building'performance'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'
D.3.8)'''
'
Success'factors'
Key'success'factors'of'the'CONCERTO'initiative'are:'involvement'of'municipal'utilities'and'their'
support'in'negotiating'with'building'owners,'customised'energy'consultancy'and'participative'
approaches'involving'residents'in'the'renovation'process,'and'effective'integration'of'
stakeholders'in'policy'processes.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'All'these'factors'indicate'that'
cooperation'and'communication'should'be'prioritized'throughout'the'project,'which'confirms'
the'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'
one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'It'also'points'at'the'relevance'and'correctness'of'
hypothesis'2;'that'on'focus'involvement'of'tenants'lead'to'a'more'successful'project'outcome.''
'
In'the'BEEMcUP'project,'partnership'and'involvement'project'model'is'believed'to'be'the'key'
success'factor,'bringing'team'spirit'and'deep'dialogue'between'the'project'members.'(E.g.'start'
the'project'with'a'kickcoff'meeting.)'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'This'also'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'
this'thesis.'Initial'evaluations'of'the'refurbishment'process'show'that'consistent'involvement'of'
tenants'is'important,'lowers'the'execution'costs'and'results'in'a'building'that'is'better'adapted'
to'household'needs.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'During'the'refurbishment'
work'process,'communication'to'the'tenants'is'very'important,'to'inform'and'discuss'the'
project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7)'This'confirms'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis.'A'conclusion'in'this'
thesis'is'that'there'seem'to'be'a'minimum'level'of'investment'in'order'to'succeed'in'an'energy'
efficiency'project.'
'
According'to'the'EPC'study'understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'
between'stakeholders'is'vital'to'the'project'outcome'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015),'which'
further'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis.''
'
Barriers'
It'is'difficult'to'compare'administrative/institutional'success'factors'and'barriers,'since'
CONCERTO'is'an'initiative'of'58'communities,'BEEMcUP'is'a'“packagecproject”'and'EPC'is'a'
model'ready'to'be'used.'
'
Comfort'(“rebound'effect”),'tenant'behaviour'and'circulation'losses'were'identified'as'barriers'
for'DHW'consumption/energy'savings'in'the'BEEMcUP'project.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'It'was'
difficult'to'analyse'effects'of'tenant'behaviour.'In'buildings'where'tenants'stayed'in'the'
dwellings'there'can'be'issues'of'disturbance,'acceptance'etc.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'To'
compare'the'results'of'one'site'where'tenants'moved'out'during'refurbishment'to'a'site'where'
tenants'stayed'during'construction'works'perhaps'doesn’t'give'the'most'reliable'results'
regarding'social/behavioural'barriers.''
'
The'CONCERTO'analysis'shows'that'administrative'and'legal'barriers'overall'are'the'most'
common.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'This'seems'reasonable,'since'the'CONCERTO'initiative'in'a'EUc
project'involving'many'communities'in'different'countries.'The'administration'and'legal'issues'
are'most'likely'unavoidable'barriers'that'must'be'overcome'before'a'project'like'this'can'
proceed.'Also'financial'and'social'barriers'have'been'identified,'all'barriers'can'be'specific'
depending'on'the'design'of'the'measures'implemented'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010).'Barriers'identified'
in'CONCERTO'in'sites'where'high'performance'levels'were'planned'faced'problems'regarding'
quality'insurance'on'construction'sites,'reluctance'of'building'developer'to'stick'to'the'energy'
performance'targets,'tenant'behaviour,'etc.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'
'
Extensive'refurbishment'measures'focusing'on'high'quality'standards'faces'many'barriers,'like'
opposition'from'inhabitants'or'financial'aspects'(Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009).'This'confirms'
hypothesis'2'and'4'of'this'thesis,'limited'to'high'quality'refurbishment.''
'
Attitudes'of'tenants'are'identified'as'also'barriers'in'Hannover'and'Ajaccio.'Although,'tenant'
involvement'was'a'major'focus'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'the'lack'of'tenant'involvement'
turned'out'to'constitute'major'barriers'for'the'project.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1);'
CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1))'This'confirms'the'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis'regarding'the'
importance'of'tenant'involvement'for'the'project'outcome.''
'
The'Global'Financial'Crisis'had'a'strong'impact'on'CONCERTO'act2'project'causing'delays'in'the'
completion'of'activities.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'BEEMcUP'results'show'that'financial'
status/possibilities'for'the'building'owner'affects'the'measures'chosen'and'in'that'way'the'
building'performance'after'refurbishment.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'These'
reports'confirm'hypothesis'4'of'this'thesis;'that'economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'
contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.''
'
The'success'of'tenant'involvement'in'BEEMcUP'varies.'Energy'losses'in'the'DHW'distribution'
circuit'constitute'a'barrier'and'the'target'for'hot'water'energy'savings'was'generally'set'too'
high.'Discrepancies'between'calculated'and'metered'energy'consumption,'together'with'lack'of'
data'and'the'tenant'behaviour'factor'(confirmation'of'hypothesis'2'of'this'thesis),'are'in'project'
reports'identified'as'the'main'reasons'for'overall'targets'not'being'met.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
Additional'common'problems'in'the'project'sites'are'the'available'energy'data,'adequate'meters'
and'sensors,'building'configuration'limitation'and'the'communication'protocols'(BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.3.7),'which'further'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'
stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.'
'
There'are'also'bad'experiences'and'major'barriers'in'EPC'projects'(Dalenstam,'2009).'The'
participation'from'performers'of'less'successful'EPC'projects'was'unfortunately'very'low'during'
the'work'of'this'thesis.'Unfortunately'the'contracting'authorities'participating'unsuccessful'
projects'have'chosen'not'to'participate'in'Erfarenheter'från'EPCYprojekt'by'Dalenstam,'2009,'
used'as'part'of'this'thesis.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'This'was'also'the'experience'when'trying'to'find'
additional'knowledge'on'unsuccessful'EPC'projects.''
Fortunately,'previous'studies'and'interviews'performed'within'this'project'gave'quite'a'
unanimous'image'of'what'factors'lead'to'successful'EPC'projects.'The'barriers'can'be'concluded'
as'the'reversed'success'factors.'That'is,'if'the'project'fails'to'fulfil'one'of'the'success'factors'
below'it'will'most'likely'affect'the'outcome'negatively:'''
1. Early'political'anchoring'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
2. Understanding,'engagement,'cooperation'and'communication'between'stakeholders'
throughout'the'project'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
3. Knowledge'transfer'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
4. Sufficient'own'human'resources'from'client'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015)'
5. Energy'data'collection,'wellcprepared'energy'data'providers'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'
2015;'Ericsson,'2015)'
'
Factor'number'2'confirms'hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis;'that'cooperation'between'stakeholders'
throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'projects.''
4.2.Further.project.analysis.
Project'approaches'and'sites'
CONCERTO'highlights'the'coordinating'role'of'local'authorities'in'sustainable'urban'
development,'with'focus'on'energy'(Pol'and'Lippert,'2010).'The'aim'is'to'demonstrate'that'the'
energycoptimisation'of'districts'and'communities'as'a'whole'is'more'costceffective'than'
optimising'each'building'individually,'if'all'relevant'stakeholders'work'together'(correlates'to'
hypothesis'1'of'this'thesis)'and'integrate'different'energyctechnologies'in'a'smart'way.'
(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)''
'
The'aim'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'is'to'demonstrate'the'economical,'technical'and'social'
feasibility'of'refurbishing'existing'buildings.'The'projects'applies'a'longcterm'perspective'and'
uses'different'specific'financial'models'to'enhance'the'potential'for'building'owners'who'want'
to'replicate'the'model'in'the'future.'(Zietara,'Bastiaanssen'and'Quistgaard,'2014)'
'
EPC'is'a'business'model'used'to'invest'in'energy'saving'measures'(Epec,'2014,'(4))'and'a'
functioning'procurement'for'energy'savings'offering'a'guarantee'of'performance.'(Dalenstam,'
2009)''
'
In'Hannover,'energy'efficiency'of'buildings'has'also'before'the'CONCERTO'initiative'been'a'key'
consideration.'(CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1))'In'Ajaccio,'the'awareness'for'en'environmental'
approach'was'low'until'2003.'Corsica'was'lacking'behind'on'sustainability'and'the'timing'for'
energy'efficiency'measures'was'just'right.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'All'three'housing'
associations'in'Hannover'felt'it'was'very'important'that'the'tenants'actively'supported'
modernisation.'(The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013)'Hannover'seems'to'
overall'be'better'prepared'for'refurbishment'projects'than'Ajaccio,'with'historical'energy'
awareness'and'high'energy'performance'targets.'''
'
For'BEEMcUP'in'short,'high'building'envelope'standards,'high'investment'cost'and'tenant'
involvement'can'be'concluded'to'distinguish'the'Alingsås'refurbishments.'In'Delft,'financial'
limitations,'large'variation'of'implemented'measures,'time'delays'and'problems'with'data'
availability'are'most'salient.'Paris'showed'large'DHW'circulation'losses'and'data'collection'
problems.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
Successful'EPC'projects'are'based'on'a'wellcdefined'process,'holistic'outlook'on'technology,'
organisation'and'economy'and'on'committed'people'and'trust'between'the'stakeholders.''
(Epec,'2014,'(2))''
'
Both'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'are'part'of'European'Research'Framework'Programme.'(Pol'and'
Lippert,'2010;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8))'Thus,'in'the'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'projects,'the'
funding'partly'comes'from'the'European'Commission'and'the'targets'are'a'part'of'the'energy'
and'CO2'emission'targets'within'the'EU.'EPC,'on'the'other'hand,'is'a'business'model'with'
performance'guarantee,'so'no'targets'are'set'that'will'not'be'reached'with'the'implemented'
measures.'The'projects'are'therefore'concluded'to'be'difficult'to'compare'when'it'comes'to'
subventions'and'financial'models,'within'the'scope'of'this'thesis.'This'type'of'study'is'suggested'
for'further'research.'
'
Refurbishment'measures'
The'insulation'measures'vary'from'deep'renovation'to'modest'insulation'measures.'Many'sites'
switched'to'more'efficient'heaters'and/or'central'heating'in'the'demonstration'buildings.'
Renewable'energies'were'implemented;'bio'fuels,'solar'collectors,'heat'recovery'systems.'Water'
saving'measures'are'modest,'and'also'the'results'in'DHW'heat'savings.'Home'management'
systems'were'planned'in'many'buildings'but'not'always'implemented'due'to'time'delays'and/or'
technical'issues.'(Act2,'2012,'D'2.11;'Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012;'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'BEEMcUP,'
2014,'D.2.7;'Gode'et'al.,'2007)''
'
One'observation'is'that'the'financial'status'of'the'building'owner'had'a'large'effect'on'ambition,'
implemented'insulation'measures'and'to'what'extent'other'factors'than'economical'were'
considered.'This'confirms'hypothesis'4'of'this'thesis;'that'economical'limitations'strongly'
influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'therefore'the'performance'outcome.'
Changing'from'individual'to'central'heating'appears'to'often'cause'heat'losses'in'the'distribution'
circuit.'Good'communication'and'correct'information'to'tenants'during'refurbishment'works'is'
concluded'as'an'important'factor'for'success.''
'
Targets'vs.'results'
In'CONCERTO,'the'fossil'primary'energy'demand'target'is'30'%'lower'than'national'regulation'for'
reference'building.'There'are'different'national'and'community'targets,'but'contribution'to'the'
overall'EU'targets'is'20'%'reduction'in'energy'consumption'and'CO2'emissions,'and'20'%'share'of'
RES.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'Most'CONCERTO'communities'reached'an'average'primary'
energy'reduction'of'at'least'70'%,'based'on'calculated'design'data,'according'to'Lützkendorf'et'
al.,'2013.'A'reduction'of'primary'energy'demand'by'70'%'for'space'heating'is'not'uncommon'for'
refurbished'residential'buildings.'The'results'for'different'projects,'building'types,'energy'
efficient'refurbishment'measures,'RES'measures'and'activities'vary'significantly,'according'to'
results'in'Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'
Report.'(Lützkendorf'et'al.,'2013)'The'final'results'of'the'whole'CONCERTO'initiative'are'yet'to'be'
studied.'Not'all'project'and'sites'were'finished'when'this'thesis'was'written.'More'
refurbishment'sites'can'be'studied'more'closely'when'additional'results'are'available.''
'
The'initial'targets'of'the'CONCERTO'site'of'Hannover'were,'from'an'overall'perspective,'
achieved.'Energy'savings'of'50c70'%'indicate'that'these'buildings'are'performing'better'than'
buildings'refurbished'according'to'BAU'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10).'After'full'refurbishment'all'buildings'
have'energetic'standard'considerably'higher'than'regulation'demands.'(act2,'2012,'D'2.10)'
The'primary'energy'savings'compared'to'BAU'are'concluded'as'”comparatively'modest'but'
significant”'for'the'Ajaccio'site.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
'
Overall,'the'refurbishment'measures'of'the'BEEMcUP'project'led'to'energy'savings'in'all'sites,'
but'not'as'large'savings'as'targeted.'The'indoor'comfort'and'temperature'distribution'was'
improved'in'all'sites.'There'were'many'DHW'circulation'energy'losses'and'the'DHW'savings'
target'was'too'ambitious.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'Especially'the'DHW'savings'target'was'over'
ambitious.'Why'this'high'target'was'set'in'unclear'and'no'further'information'was'provided'from'
project'contacts'within'the'timeframe'of'this'thesis.''
'
EPC'has'proved'itself'to'be'an'efficient'form'of'procurement'in'projects'on'decreasing'energy'
consumption'and'increasing'environmental'gains'for'an'organisation.'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'This'
model'focuses'mostly'on'contract'details,'procurement'and'energy'performance.'Tenant/target'
group'involvement'appears'not'to'be'a'priority'as'much'as'in'the'CONCERTO'and'BEEMcUP'
project.'The'interest'for'social'aspects'in'projects'can'be'included'in'the'project'through'interest'
from'client'and'contractor.''
'
Data'collection'
The'general'CONCERTO'data'collection'methodology'was'adapted'to'local'conditions:'
• Metering'of'physical'data,'defined'time'steps'during'a'defined'time'period'(preferred).''
• Collection'of'data'from'energy'consumers'or'providers'(second'choice).'
• Calculation'of'data'with'defined'methodology'(if'other'data'was'not'detailed'enough).'
• Estimation'from'statistical'analysis'basis'(final'option'when'lacking'data)'
(act2,'2012,'D'2.11)'
'
The'data'quality'and'quantity'was'high'in'Hannover,'while'in'Ajaccio'there'were'many'problems'
regarding'data'collection'with'low'quality'and'quantity'as'a'result.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'Data'
from'utility'bills'turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected'in'Ajaccio,'not'all'households'
wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'
calculate.'Much'data'on'solar'hot'water'yield,'hot'tap'water'consumption'and'heat'consumption'
also'had'to'be'discarded'due'to'data'errors'that'were'discovered'too'late.'Data'from'utility'bills'
turned'out'to'be'harder'to'get'than'expected,'not'all'households'wanted'to'or'could'supply'this'
information.'Consumption'averages'were'therefore'hard'to'calculate.'(Molenbroek'et'al.,'2012)'
This'shows'the'importance'of'prioritizing'a'high'quality'and'quantity'of'data'before,'during'and'
after'the'refurbishments.'''
'
In'Alingsås'one'building'that'was'representative'for'all'buildings'was'chosen'for'monitoring.'The'
baseline'and'reporting'period'was'established'from'calculations'and'metering'and'presented'in'
different'time'scales.'(BEEMcUP,'2014)'In'Delft'monitoring'data'was'analysed'per'dwelling'since'
gas'and'electricity'are'measured'separately'for'all'apartments.'All'dwellings'have'individual'
energy'contracts'and'measurements'per'building'are'therefor'not'possible.'Data'was'collected'
through'energy'meter'readings,'interviewing'tenants'and'receiving'data'from'the'energy'
company.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'In'Paris'actual'meter'readings'in'many'cases'had'to'be'
replaced'by'prognoses.'The'tenants'also'have'the'freedom'of'choosing'individual'energy'
providers,'which'complicates'the'data'collection'process.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'Calculations'of'
the'theoretical'energy'performance'before'and'after'refurbishment'were'made'in'WP1.'A'
selection'of'dwellings'has'been'monitored'before'and'after'refurbishment.'Baseline'was'
established'though'analysis'of'energy'bills'and'partial'measurements.'The'gas'consumption'from'
common'boiler'was'evaluated'through'collection'of'monthly'bills'for'the'heating'system'of'the'
building.'(BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8)'
'
The'data'collection'can'be'done'by'installing'energy'meters'or'be'given'access'to'data'from'i.e.'
energy'companies.'Results'from'the'interview'study'made'by'Dalenstam,'2009'shows'that'this'
part'of'the'project'is'very'important'to'establish'a'baseline'and'make'it'possible'to'calculate'the'
actual'savings.'Problems'with'data'collection'often'delay'the'project.'(Dalenstam,'2009)'
Available'and'reliable'data'for'heat'consumption'is'required'in'order'to'calculate'the'guaranteed'
savings'correctly.'The'electricity'consumption'is'often'difficult'to'calculate'and'is'therefore'
normally'not'included'in'the'guaranteed'savings.'(Ericsson,'2015)'
'
Lack'of'data'forces'projects'to'include'many'assumptions.'A'conclusion'is'that'the'more'actual,'
reliable'data'available'before'and'after'refurbishment,'the'smaller'the'differences'between'
calculations'and'measurements.'Regular'checks'of'the'accuracy'of'the'data'returned'by'meters'
are'recommended'to'avoid'much'data'having'to'be'discarded.'Tenant'behaviour'including'
rebound'effect'is'concluded'as'possible'additional'reason'for'differences'between'calculation'
and'measurements.'Tenant'behaviour'seems'to'be'an'important'factor'that'is'also'difficult'to'
evaluate.'Adequate'time'and'effort'in'project'start'to'assure'the'data'collection'throughout'the'
project'is'recommended.''
'
Quality'assurance'
In'Hannover,'it'was'mandatory'for'all'property'developers'to'take'part'in'a'quality'control'
program.'Quality'control'was'carried'out'to'ensure'that'climate'shell'met'standards,'minimise'
thermal'bridges,'construction'work'was'according'to'plan'and'guarantee'quality'for'tenants'and'
property'owners.'Control'was'performed'in'5'stages:'
1. Testing'and'checking'of'compliance'with'specified'energy'figure,'verification'issued'
according'to'energycsaving'regulation'
2. Checking'of'project'planning'and'construction'details'(i.e.'thermal'bridges)'
3. Implementation'of'the'project'on'the'construction'site,'studying'of'documentation'
4. Checking'of'air'tightness'and'hydraulic'calibrating'of'heating'and'ventilation'systems''
5. Certificate'issued'
'(Anonymous,'n.d)''
'
No'information'on'quality'assurance'for'the'cRRescendo'project/Ajaccio'site'was'found'in'
addition'to'the'overall'CONCERTO'quality'assurance'process.''
'
Hannover,'who'also'already'has'a'focus'on'energy'efficiency'in'buildings'(CONCERTO,'31'January'
2014'(1)),'had'a'strategy'that'guarantees'energy'savings'according'to'regulations.'In'Ajaccio,'the'
strategy'had'no'regulations'and'therefore'guarantee'for'energy'performance'of'the'refurbished'
buildings.'(Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010)'Any'savings'achieved'seem'to'be'concluded'as'a'success.''
'
EPC'contracts'are'normally'based'on'finding'all'profitable'saving'measures'in'a'property'
portfolio.'The'aim'is'to'decrease'maintenance'costs,'lower'energy'consumption'and'improve'
indoor'climate.'To'ensure'energy'savings'the'same'contractor'is'responsible'for'project'
development,'implementation'and'monitoring.'(Epec,'2014,'(2))'The'quality'assurance'is'
guaranteed'by'the'contract'(the'whole'idea'of'the'EPCcmodel).'(Gode'et'al.,'2007)'
'
A'more'thorough'analysis'of'the'quality'assurance'process'of'various'projects'can'be'carried'out'
to'find'the'best'approach'for'successful'projects.'The'time'plan'of'this'thesis'did'not'allow'a'
more'detailed'study'of'the'quality'assurance,'and'is'therefore'recommended'as'further'
research.'
'
Hypotheses'confirmation'
Hypothesis(1:''
Cooperation'between'stakeholders'throughout'the'project'is'one'key'factor'to'successful'
projects.''
This'hypothesis'is'confirmed'by'various'reports'(Dalenstam,'2009;'Mattson,'2015;'Ericsson,'2015;'
BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.7)'
'
Hypothesis(2:''
Including'focus'on'tenant'involvement'is'believed'to'give'greater'success'that'projects'only'
focussing'on'the'technical'and'economical'aspects.''
The'importance'of'social'aspects'and'tenant'involvement'is'confirmed'by'reports'studied'in'this'
thesis'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'Di'Nucci'et'al.,'2010;'Pol,'Österreicher'and'Iglar,'2009;'BEEMYUP,'
2014,'D.2.7)'
'
Hypothesis(3:''
Projects'rarely'evaluate'the'outcomes'of'other'previous'projects'to'prevent'making'the'same'
mistakes.'The'reason'for'this'is'assumed'to'time'pressure'and/or'that'type'of'study'not'being'
included'in'the'project'budget.''
Through'the'work'of'this'thesis'no'reports'have'contained'information'about'preYstudies'of'other'
projects.'This'fact'is'assessed'to'partly'confirm'the'hypothesis.'However,'whether'time'pressure'
and/or'project'budget'is'the'reason'for'the'potential'lack'of'preYstudies'of'other'projects'is'not'
confirmed'and'needs'to'be'further'analysed.'
'
Hypothesis(4:''
Economical'limitations'strongly'influence'the'contractor'hired,'measures'implemented'and'
therefore'the'performance'outcome.''
Reports'indicate'the'accuracy'of'this'thesis.'(BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.2.7;'BEEMYUP,'2014,'D.3.8;'
CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2))'Further'studies'are'however'needed'to'thoroughly'analyse'this'
factor.'
4.3.Author’s.recommendations.for.a.successful.project.
As'a'final'conclusion'and'interpretation'of'the'results'of'this'thesis,'the'author'will'in'this'chapter'
give'her'personal'guidelines'and'tips'on'how'a'refurbishment'project'can'be'planned'and'
executed'to'achieve'successful'results.''
'
To'ensure'communication'and'cooperation'between'stakeholders'in'a'project,'plan'a'kickcoff'
meeting'where'involved'parties'can'get'to'know'each'other'and'discuss'thoughts,'expectations'
and'aims'with'the'project.'Try'to'include'economical,'technical,'environmental'and'social'
aspects,'for'all'stakeholders'to'see'both'the'shortcterm'and'longcterm'goals'and'benefits.'Have'
an'agenda'with'presentations'of'each'stakeholder'with'time'for'questions'from'the'rest'of'the'
participants.'Make'sure'that'the'responsibilities'of'each'stakeholder'are'clear.'Start'working'on'
an'action'plan'and'an'evaluation'plan'that'need'to'be'read'and'confirmed'by'all'parties'before'
the'actual'refurbishment'work'begins.'Agree'on'how'data'should'be'collected'and'processed.'If'
possible,'try'not'to'change'stakeholders,'project'leaders'or'staff'during'the'project'process.'Plan'
regular'meetings'throughout'the'project,'to'identify'barriers'or'mistakes'as'soon'as'possible.'The'
idea'is'to'get'the'feeling'all'stakeholders'are'working'together'and'all'benefit'from'cooperation,'
and'are'not'competing'with'each'other.'''
'
Investigate'the'need'to'train'e.g.'installers,'make'sure'they'all'have'sufficient'knowledge'about'
the'project,'responsibilities'and'aim'and'are'trained'by'people'with'the'right'experience'if'
necessary.''
'
Inform'and'involve'tenants'in'an'early'stage'in'the'project.'Clarify'how'the'project'will'affect'
them,'both'positively'and'negatively.'Again,'point'to'both'shortcterm'and'longcterm'benefits.'Try'
to'be'creative,'e.g.'have'workshops,'make'a'quiz,'and'give'examples'of'earlier'successful'similar'
projects.'This'will'probably'make'them'feel'more'involved,'they'can'influence'some'parts'of'the'
project'and'may'facilitate'work'execution,'improve'results'after'refurbishment'and'increase'
energy'knowledge'and'awareness.'Give'the'tenants'regular'updates'during'the'refurbishment'
work.'If'possible,'have'one'person'who'mainly'is'responsible'for'the'social'part,'communication'
with'and'information'to'tenants.'
'
To'maximise'data'quantity'and'quality,'make'sure'to'establish'a'good'contact'with'energy'data'
providers;'companies,'tenants'etc.'Avoid'asking'or'searching'for'data'at'the'last'minute,'and'be'
clear'which'type'of'data'is'needed'and'for'what'purpose.''
'
Try'focusing'on'the'main'goal'and'global'importance'of'this'type'of'project'–'energy'efficiency'
towards'economical,'environmental,'technical'and'social'sustainability.''
'
4.4.Suggestions.of.further.research.
Comparison'between'projects'with'different'structure'and'stakeholders.'
'
Recommendations'for'financial'models'used'in'projects.'
'
Demographic'factors'effect'on'project'execution'and'outcome.'
'
Comparison'of'political/administrative/institutional'approaches.'
'
Quality'assurance'process'–'what'are'the'key'factors'during'project'startcup,'execution'and'
evaluation?'
'
Is'there'a'minimum'investment'level'for'successful'refurbishment'projects?'
'
'
'
References.
Literature.
Abel,'E.,'Elmroth,'A.,'2008.'Byggnaden'som'system.'2nd'ed.'Stockholm:'Formas.'
'
act2,'2012.'D'2.10'Scientific'manuscript(s)'that'can'be'submitted'to'a'scientific'journal.'[online]'
proKlima.'Avaliable'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/images/downloads/act2_006255_WP%202_D_2.10_article_en.pd
f>'[Accessed'14'April'2015].''
'
act2,'2012.'D'2.11'Final'Report.'[pdf'via'email]'proKlima.'(Personal'communication,'Ute'Heda'
from'Stadt'Hannover,'13'May'2015)''
'
Anonymous,'n.d.'act2'toolbox'for'local'players.'[pdf'via'email].'(Personal'communication,'Ute'
Heda'from'Stadt'Hannover,'13'May'2015)'''
'
BEEMcUP,'2014.'Deliverable'D.2.7.'Full'retrofitting'process'documentation'of'each'site.'[online]'
Nobatek.'Available'at:'<http://www.beemcup.eu/documents/D_2_7.pdf>'[Accessed'27'February'
2015].''
'
BEEMcUP,'2014.'Deliverable'D.3.7'Evaluation,'guidelines,'and'recommendations'for'the'
monitoring'of'future'energy'retrofitting.'[online]'Nobatek.'Avaliable'at:'<http://www.beemc
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'
BEEMcUP,'2014.'Deliverable'D.3.8'Final'reporting'of'monitoring'results'in'all'three'sites.'[online]'
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2015].'BEEMcUP,'2014,'D.3.8'
'
Dalenstam,'E.,'2009.'Erfarenheter'från'EPCYprojekt.'[pdf,'email]'Miljöstyrningsrådet.'(Personal'
communication,'Mattias'Nordström'SWECO,'23'March'2015)''
'
Di'Nucci,'M.'R.,'Gigler,'U.,'Pol,'O.,'Spitzbart,'C.,'2010.'CONCERTO'planning'and'implementation'
process'assessment'report.'[online]'Wien:'Österreichisches'Forschungsc'und'Prüfzentrum.'
Available'at:'<http://download.steinbeisceuropa.de/concerto/website/CONCERTO_plus_planc
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'
Economidou,'M,'2011.'Europes'buildings'under'the'microscope.'[online]'Buildings'Performance'
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<http://www.bpie.eu/uploads/lib/document/attachment/20/HR_EU_B_under_microscope_stud
y.pdf>'[Accessed'14'April'2015].'
'
European'Commission,'2014.'Grant'Agreement'number'636356'–'GrowSmarter.'Brussels:'
European'Commission'Innovation'and'Networks'Executive'Agency.''
'
Gode,'J.,'Strömberg,'A.,'Axelsson,'U.,'Särnholm,'E.,'2007.'Energy'Performance'Contracting'–'en'
modell'för'minskad'energianvändning'och'miljöpåverkan.'[online]'Avaliable'at:'
<http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/620c5776c3.pdf?pid=3380>'
[Accessed'18'February'2015]''
'
LUWOGE,'2014.'Analysis'of'the'most'optimal'technical'solutions'–'BEEMYUP'toolkit.'[online]'
Barcelona,'Spain,'28c30'October'2014.'World'Sustainable'Building'Congress'Barcelona'2014.'
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2015].''
'
Lützkendorf,'T.,'Platt,'E.,'Kleber,'M.,'McKenna,'R.,'Merkel,'E.,'Seitz,'K.,'Stengel,'J.,'2013.'
Evaluation'of'(Smart)'Solutions'–'Guidebook'for'Assessment'Part'II'–'Final'Assessment'Report.'
[online]'Karlsruhe:'Karlsruhe'Institute'of'Technology.'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/images/library/concerto_guidelines/2013c
12_CONCERTO_Premium_Guidebook_for_Assessment_Part%20IIc
Final_Assessment_Report.pdf>'[Accessed'10'March'2015].''
'
Molenbroek,'E.,'Haaksma,'V.,'Noach,'C.,'ter'Horst,'E.,'2012.'Final'evaluation'report'of'the'
cRRescendo'EU'sustainable'building'project.'[online]'Avaliable'at:'
<http://www.crrescendo.net/pdf/FinalcRRescendoReport.pdf>'[Accessed'14'April'2015].''
'
Pol,'O.,'Lippert,'L.,'2010.'CONCERTO'overall'performance'of'the'26'communities'report.'[online]'
Wien:'Österreichisches'Forschungsc'und'Prüfzentrum.'Avaliable'at:'<http://download.steinbeisc
europa.de/concerto/website/CONCERTO_plus_energycperfomc26_final_long.pdf>'[Accessed'25'
April'2015].'
'
Pol,'O.,'Österreicher,'D.,'Iglar,'B.,'2009.'The'refurbishment'actions'in'the'European'Concerto'
initiative:'first'impact'analysis,'barriers'and'recommendations.'[online]'Wien:'Austrian'Institute'
of'Technology.'Avaliable'at.:'<http://concerto.eu/concerto/images/library/content/otherc
publications/Refurbishment%20Actions.pdf>'[Accessed'13'May'2015].''
'
The'City'of'Hannover’s'Climate'Protection'Bureau,'2013.'Energy'efficiency'refurbishment'of'
multiYfamily'houses.'[pdf,'email]'Hannover.'(Personal'communication,'Ute'Heda'from'Stadt'
Hannover,'13'May'2015).'
'
Zietara,'P.,'Bastiaanssen,'R.,'Quistgaard,'L.,'2014.'Building'Energy'Efficiency'for'Massive'Market'
Uptake.'[online]'Avaliable'at:'<http://www.beemcup.eu/documents/Revista_BEEMcUP_10c
14_lr.pdf>'[Accessed'17'February'2015].''
'
Wellenius,'K.,'Leijonheilm,'M.,'2015.'Danderyds'sjukhus'EPCYprojekt.'[pdf,'email]'(Personal'
communication,'Gunnar'Ericsson'Locum,'28'May'2015).''
Websites.
CONCERTO,'21'February'2012'(1).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:''
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcprojects/sitescconcprojectsc
searchcbycname/sitescconcsitescsearchcbycnamecact2.html>'[Accessed'27'April'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'21'February'2012'(2).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcprojects/sitescconcprojectsc
searchcbycname/crrescendocsites.html>'[Accessed'27'April'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'31'October'2013.'Technologies.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/environmentalctechnologies/technologiescrenewc
technologies/technologiescrenewablectechnologiescseachcbycsite/techcsitescact2c
hannover.html>'[Accessed'30'April'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(1).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcsites/sitescconcsitescsearchc
bycname/sitesccrrescendocajaccio.html>'[Accessed'3'May'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'29'January'2014'(2).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcsites/sitescconcsitescsearchc
bycname/sitesccrrescendocajaccio.html?infolvl=1>'[Accessed'3'May'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(1).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcsites/sitescconcsitescsearchc
bycname/sitescact2channover.html>'[Accessed'25'April'2015].'
'
CONCERTO,'31'January'2014'(2).'Sites'&'Projects.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://concerto.eu/concerto/concertocsitescacprojects/sitescconcsites/sitescconcsitescsearchc
bycname/sitescact2channover.html?infolvl=1>'[Accessed'26'April'2015].''
'
Epec,'2014,'(1).'Affärsprocessen'i'EPC.'[online]'(140209)'Available'at:'
<http://www.epec.se/sv/affarsprocessencicepc/>'[Accessed'29'May'2015].'
'
Epec,'2014,'(2).'Att'arbeta'med'EPC.'[online]'(140209)'Available'at:''
<http://www.epec.se/sv/attcarbetacmedcepc/>'[Accessed'1'June'2015].'
'
Epec,'2014,'(3).'Målen'med'EPC.'[online]'(140209)'Available'at:''
<http://www.epec.se/sv/malencmedcepc/>'[Accessed'2'June'2015].'
'
Epec,'2014,'(4).'Vad'är'EPC?'[online]'(140209)'Available'at:''
<http://www.epec.se/sv/omcoss/>'[Accessed'29'May'2015].'
'
Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group,'2015.'Excellence'in'procurement.'[online]'Available'at:'
<http://www.purchasing.se>'[Accessed'1'June'2015].'
'
Scandinavian'Purchasing'Group,'7'October'2013.'EPC'–'Energy'Performance'Contracting.'[online]'
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Interviews.
Mattson,'P.,'2015.'Success'factors'and'barriers'in'EPC'projects.'Interviewed'by'Maja'Wennerberg'
Fåhraeus.'[FaceTime]'Stockholm/Saltsjöbaden'20150602.''
'
Ericsson,'G.,'2015.'Success'factors'and'barriers'in'EPC'projects.'Interviewed'by'Maja'Wennerberg'
Fåhraeus.'[Telephone]'Stockholm/Saltsjöbaden'20150527.''
.