Bio-Logic - Spectrometers
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Spectrometers
Rapid-kinetics optical system - MOS-200
The MOS-200 is a simple and efficient optical system designed for RapidKinetics experiments.
MOS-200 associated
with an SFM-400
Stopped-Flow.
Click here to enlarge
The MOS-200 uses a Xe or Xe(Hg) 150 Watts light source attached to a
manual monochromator on an optical bench.
The connection to the Bio-Logic Stopped-Flow is done through a fiber
optic specially designed to match the Stopped-Flow cuvette dimensions.
The signal detection is performed by a photomultiplier directly mounted
on the Stopped-Flow and connected to its control unit. The
photomultiplier can be attached at 180° of the light source or at 90°
allowing absorbance or fluorescence measurements (both at the same
time using an optional additional detection channel). For fluorescence
measurements, standard filters can be installed in front the
photomultiplier tube inside the holder.
The photomultiplier control unit is connected to a 16-bit A/D board
installed in the PC driven by our acquisition and analysis Bio-Kine32
software.
MOS-200 diagram
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Specifications
l Light lamp*
¡ 150 W Xe(Hg) or Xe arc lamp
¡ Wavelength range (nm) : 220 to 700 for Xe(Hg), 200 to
700 for Xe
¡ Stability : better than 1% for Xe(Hg), better than 0.3% for
Xe
¡ Nature of spectrum : "sharp lines" for Xe(Hg), "white" for
Xe.
¡ Standard air cooled with lens
l Light lamp power supply
¡ Ripple (50 or 60 Hz) : Less than 0.15% peak to peak (0.1%
rms)
¡ Low frequency noise : Less than 0.05 % peak to peak
¡ Drift : Less than 0.1% per minute after one hour warm-up.
l Monochromator
¡ Single grating
¡ Large aperture (F/#=3.5) and short focal length (100 mm)
to improve light throughput
¡ Wavelength range : zero order and 200 to 800 nm
¡ Linear dispersion (nm/mm) : 8 (delivered with 1 mm slits)
¡ Accuracy (nm) : +/- 0.5
l Fiber optic
¡ Material : Quartz
¡ Dimensions
n Monochromator end : 1 x 3 mm² (linear to match
the slit image)
n Stopped-Flow end : 1.9 mm diameter (round end to
match cuvette image)
n Length 1.5 m.
l Photomultiplier & control unit
l Data acquisition & data analysis
¡ 16-bit digitization of data
¡ Number of acquisition channels : up to 4. One for the main
signal and the other three for external signals (optional
additional detection channel, temp...)
¡ Rate of data acquisition : 50 µs/sample to 1000 s/sample
¡ Oversampling filtering
¡ Linear or logarithmic time scale acquisition
¡ Full integration of the Bio-Logic stopped-flow software
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Xe(Hg) and Xe Lamp spectra
Options
1. Additional detection channel for simultaneous recordings of
absorbance and fluorescence or of two different fluorescence
wavelength.
2. Reference channel
*Note : Xe(Hg) lamps have a clear advantage in the UV below 300 nm
where many bright lines provide a high light intensity. Strong lines are
also present at higher wavelengths (313, 365, 405, 436, 546, and 577
nm for the most intense ones). In general, use of a Xe(Hg) lamp may
prove to be very advantageous in cases where the highest possible light
intensity is necessary as is the case for fast kinetics fluorescence
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Fast UV/Vis Spectrometer - MOS-250
Multi-mode fast recording spectrometer for rapid reaction
recordings and analysis
A unique instrument to fulfill most of the needs in rapid kinetics
recordings
Can be interfaced with any rapid kinetics reactor via fiber optics
MOS-250 detail. Click
to enlarge
OPERATIONAL MODES
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Fixed wavelength fast kinetics mode
Spectral recordings
SPECTROSCOPIC MODES
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Absorbance
Fluorescence
Light scattering
General features
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MOS-250. Click to
enlarge.
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Illumination spectral range : 220 to 1010 nm (by 1 nm steps)
Emission spectral range : 220 to 1010 nm
Wavelength steps : 1 nm
Bandwidth : 5, 10 and 20 nm (+shutter)
Fiber optics link to the stopped-flow or to an observation cuvette
Built-in reference channel
Full computer control (wavelength and bandwidth)
16-bit digitization of data (instruments delivered after mid-2001)
One single software for fast kinetics and spectral recording
Full integration of the Bio-Logic stopped-flow software
Fast kinetics specifications
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Rate of data acquisition : 50 µs/sample to 1000 s/sample
Number of acquisition channels : up to 4
Oversampling filtering
Linear or logarithmic time scale acquisition
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A view of MOS-250
associated with the
SFM-400 Stopped-flow. Spectral recordings specifications
Click to enlarge
l Two fast scanning direct drive monochromators for illumination
and emission
l Rate of scanning : 0.1 to 130 nm/s
Options
1. Additional detection channel for simultaneous recordings of
absorbance and fluorescence or of two different fluorescence
wavelength.
2. Cuvette holder with programmable Peltier element for
temperature regulation.
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Schematics of the MOS-250 optics
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Performance test in kinetics and scanning modes
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Fast modular UV-Vis spectrophotometer/polarimeter MOS-450
For spectral recording in UV/Vis spectroscopic modes.
Fast recording modular spectrometer and spectropolarimeter for
rapid reaction kinetics and analysis.
A unique instrument to fulfill all the needs in steady state and
rapid kinetics recordings.
The Bio-Logic Modular Optical System 450 (MOS-450) is a family of top
quality components designed for optical measurements of rapid kinetics
experiments with the Bio-Logic Stopped-Flow instruments. Because of its
versatility and its outstanding signal-to-noise ratio in all UV/Vis
spectroscopic modes, the MOS-450 system provides at the same time
first class specifications in steady state and spectral recordings.
The modularity of the MOS-450 spectrometer makes it economical : a
minimum of components to be rearranged for different modes of
detection, and expandable.
MOS-450/AF-CD
associated with an
SFM-400 Stopped-Flow. The MOS-450 spectrometer comes as two basic configurations :
Click to enlarge
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MOS-450/AF-CD
associated with the
steady state
observation cuvette.
Click to enlarge
MOS-450/AF for absorbance and fluorescence modes. This
includes a dual illumination monochromator and single-channel
detection.
MOS-450/AF-CD for absorbance, fluorescence, fluorescence
anisotropy and circular dichroism modes. This includes the same
hardware as the /AF version, with in addition : polarizing optics,
photoelastic modulator and synchronous signal detection.
Additional components can be added to upgrade the system for new
developments or applications. Among these components : additional
detection channel for simultaneous detection of two signals (e.g. CD +
fluorescence), emission monochromator for measurement of emission
spectra, diode array spectrometer, etc...
It's the optical system that grows with your research, not obsolete !
The Excitation Modulated Fluorescence Anisotropy (EMFA ®)
method.
MOS-450/AF-CD
associated with an
SFM-300/400 StoppedFlow
Click to enlarge
MOS-450/CD includes as standard a unique fluorescence anisotropy
measurement mode. The (EMFA®) method uses a fast modulation of
the polarization of illumination light (100 kHz) and synchronous
detection of the fluorescence intensity to achieve a very sensitive and
fast calculation of the sample anisotropy. This requires no mechanical
polarizer rotation nor G-factor correction. It uses only one detection
photomultiplier and values of anisotropy are obtained in single-pass
measurement. It also allows an outstanding simplification of the
anisotropy spectral recordings
This method has been developed and patented by Dr.Y. Dupont at the
Nuclear Research Center in Grenoble. For a detailed description please
refer to : Canet et al. Biophysical Journal
A unique Windows based software is used to control the instrument. It
allows a true "single click" reconfiguration of the MOS-450 instrument
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between any of the operational modes. This instrument configuration is
entirely computer controlled and does not require rewiring or
realignment of the optics.
A few examples among many more:
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"Single click" conversion from full far-UV CD spectrometer into a
transient kinetics recorder in fluorescence.
"Single click" conversion from any of the available mode to a
fluorescence anisotropy spectrometer.
etc...
Spectroscopic Modes
Kinetics Mode
MOS-450/AF
MOS-450/AF-CD
Absorbance
Yes
Yes
Fluorescence
Yes
Yes
Light Scattering
Yes
Yes
Fluorescence Anisotropy
Note 1
Yes
No
Yes
MOS-450/AF
MOS-450/AF-CD
Absorbance
Yes
Yes
Fluorescence Excitation
Yes
Yes
CD
Spectral Scanning
Fluorescence Emission
Note 2
Note 2
Fluorescence Anisotropy
No
Yes
CD
No
Yes
Note 1 : Classic "T" format anisotropy can be installed with the addition of a
second detection channel, one excitation polarizer and two emission polarizers
Note 2 : Requires additional motorized monochromator.
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Features
MOS-450/AF
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Double illumination monochromator at excitation for improved
signal-to-noise ratio and stray light rejection in far UV
Illumination spectral range : 180 to 999 nm
Wavelength steps : 0.25 to 2 nm
Bandwidth of illumination monochromator: 1 to 8 nm (by fixed
exchangeable slits)
150 W Xe or Xe(Hg) arc lamp for illumination
All reflective achromatic optics
Reference diode
Emission spectral range : 200 to 999 nm (with the optional
emission monochromator)
Direct link to the Stopped-Flow or to the observation cuvette
Full computer control with one single software for fast kinetics and
spectral recording
Full integration of the Bio-Logic Stopped-Flow software
Rate of data acquisition : 50 µs/sample to 1000 s/sample
Number of acquisition channels : up to 4
16-bit digitization of the signal (instruments delivered after mid2001)
Oversampling filtering
Linear, logarithmic or free time scale data acquisition
Wavelength reproducibility: +/- 0.1 nm
Stray light at 222 nm: <3 10-5
Noise level in fluorescence mode: water Raman line rms signal to
noise ration: >2000/1
Noise level in absorbance mode: 5 10-5 AU rms at 1 ms
integration time constant
MOS-450/CD
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MgF2 polarizing optics
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Unique single-pass excitation and emission fluorescence
anisotropy spectral recordings (click here for more information)
Noise level in CD mode:
¡ Fast data acquisition: 1 to 2 mD° (rms noise with water in
the cuvette, 222 nm wavelength, 4 nm bandwidth and 1 ms
integration time constant)
¡ Slow data acquisition: 0.04 mD° (in the same conditions as
above but with 1 s integration time constant)
-2
¡ Baseline stability: < 10
mD°/h after 1 h warm-up
Noise level in anisotropy mode:
-3
¡ < 10
rms anisotropy units at 1 ms integration time
constant
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MOS-450 Optional components
Ref.
Design.
049-10
Additional
Detection Channel
049-24
Additional
Motorized
Monochromator
049-30
Upgrade MOS450/AF to MOS450/AF-CD
MOS-450
/AF
Yes
Yes
Yes
MOS-450
/ AF-CD
Description
Yes
For simultaneous
recordings of absorbance
and fluorescence or 2nd
fluorescence emission
wavelength.
Includes:
* Photomultiplier detector
* PMS-250 amplifier
* PM Holder
Yes
Adds the convenience of
fluorescence emission
scans.
Includes : motorized single
grating monochromator
n.a.
Upgrades a MOS-450/AF to
CD and fluorescence
anisotropy capabilities. The
upgraded system is
capable of all the functions
of an MOS-450/ AF-CD
spectrometer.
Includes : MgF2 polarizing
optics and photoelastic
modulator, photomultiplier
detector & PMS-450
amplifier.
Schematic representation of MOS-450/AF-CD (including all options)
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Examples of applications
All examples below have been obtained with the MOS-450/AF-CD
instrument associated either with a stopped-flow instrument or with a
steady state cuvette.
Spectral Recordings (Fluorescence)
Emission fluorescence of lysozyme (30µg/mL)
excitation : 280 nm
Xe(Hg) 150 W, integration time constant : 3 s
Rate of scan : 15 nm/mn
Bandpass : 4 nm at excitation, 8 nm at emission
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Spectral Recordings (Water Raman)
Raman line of water
Excitation : 363 nm
Xe(Hg) 150 W, integration time constant : 3 s
Rate of scan : 15 nm/mn
Bandpass : 4 nm at excitation, 8 nm at emission
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Spectral Recordings (CD)
CD spectrum of lysozyme (100 µg/mL in a 1 mm cuvette)
Xe(Hg) 150 W, integration time constant : 1 s
Rate of scan : 15 nm/mn
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Spectral Recordings (Fluorescence Anisotropy)
Fluorescence anisotropy of alpha-lactalbumin. 1 mg/mL in a 1 cm
cuvette.
Emission > 360 nm.
Transient Kinetics Recordings (Fluorescence)
Fluorescence detected refolding of lysozyme at low enzyme
concentrations. Final concentration : 3 µg/ml ! This shows that kinetics
with 10 times less enzyme (a few 100 ng/ml) may be recorded and
exploited.
Excitation : 280 nm, emission : 330 nm, bandwidth : 6 nm, FC-15
cuvette
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Transient Kinetics Recordings (Fluorescence and CD)
Refolding kinetics of Lysozyme
Followed by CD at 225 nm and simultaneous recording of fluorescence at
>305 nm
Traces correspond to 5 accumulated shots.
Folding was initiated by 10 fold dilution of 3 mg/mL lysozyme
denaturated in 6 M guanidine-cl (final concentration 0.3 mg/mL)
Cuvette light path = 1.5 mm (FC-15 model)
Experiment dead time = 2 ms
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Transient Kinetics Recordings (Fluorescence and Fluorescence
Anisotropy)
Fluorescence anisotropy changes recorded upon refolding of lysozyme
(trace "A").
Reconstructed total protein fluorescence (trace "F") is shown below.
Transient Kinetics Recording (Fluorescence Anisotropy)
Kinetics of refolding of Bovine Alpha-lactalbumin followed by
fluorescence anisotropy
Excitation : 297 nm
Emission : > 345 nm
Transition from molten globule to native state induced by a change from
pH 2 to pH 7
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Transient Kinetics Recordings (absorbance mode)
Experiment shows reduction of a low concentration of DCIP (1.5 µM) by
ascorbic acid. This low concentration was selected to demonstrate the
sensibility of the system in absorbance mode.
It can be seen here that stopped-flow kinetics of amplitude in the range
of 1 mAU are feasible.
This limit is, however, variable and is dependent on the rate constant
that will have to be examined.
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Steady State Measurements at Fixed Wavelength
Titration of calcium induced conformational change of calmodulin
Observation of CD change at 222 nm induced by repeated injections of
small concentrations of Ca2+ and EGTA.
Analysis of the data.
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High Speed Diode-Array Spectrophotometer - MOS-DA
The answer to spectral kinetics acquisition !
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Click to enlarge
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Spectral ranges to suit your experimental needs
Up to 1250 spectra/s (256 points/spectra)
True 100% duty cycle
Kinetics and steady-state modes
Absorbance, transmittance, and photon counting modes
Spectral Kinetics acquisition
Data acquisition and analysis of whole spectra in the millisecond time
range presents a formidable task in terms of electronics and computing
power.
The MOS-DA diode array optical system meets this challenge by
integrating the latest developments in transputer technology and parallel
processing. This allows the MOS-DA to acquire as many as 1250
spectra/s (256 points/spectrum ; 0.8 ms/spectra). Use of the MOS-DA in
conjunction with stopped-flow instrument creates a rapid kinetics system
unmatched by any other with respect to experiment and detection
versatility. Connection of the MOS-DA and stopped-flow systems is made
with fiber optics allowing the MOS-DA to coexist with photomultiplier
detectors and allow quick and easy exchange between the two detection
systems.
MOS-DA Specifications
Number of diodes
256, or 1024 diodes
Spectral resolution
6nm (2nm/diode ; 256 diodes)
2nm (0.8nm/diode ; 1024 diodes)
Maximum Sampling rate
(dependent on model)
1250 spectra/s ; 0.8 ms/spectra
250 spectra/s ; 4ms/spectra
A/D conversion
16 bit
Linear Signal range
0-0.8 a.u. (MMS module)
0-2.0 a.u. (MCS module)
200-740 nm (256 diodes ;
MMS)
Wavelength
range/resolution
300-1100 nm (256
diodes ; MMS)
200-1015nm (1024
diodes ; MCS)
Wavelength accuracy
Better than 0.1 nm
Wavelength
reproducibility
Better than 0.07 nm
Noise
Better than ± 1x10-4 a.u. single scan
Better than ± 1x10-5 a.u. average of 100 scans
Spectra/4Mb memory
(additional 4Mb optional)
256 diodes - 3000 spectra
1024 diodes - 750 spectra
Data Acquisition and Analysis Software
A unique Windows based software is used to control the instrument.
The acquisition software allows acquisition of data over single or
multiple time ranges. Acquisitions can be made using linear sampling,
log-based sampling, or a mixture of both allowing adaptation of the
acquisition to experimental needs.
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Data files are fully compatible with SPECFIT/32 Global Analysis System
for kinetics analysis.
Fast spectral recordings The Diode Array Difference : Diode Array vs. Scanning
with the diode array.
Monochromators
Click here to
enlarge 2D display.
Diode array spectrometers work by continuous and simultaneous
detection of all the wavelength in the focal plane of a fixed
monochromator (sometimes termed polychromator for this reason). The
diode array is installed after the sample and the sample is illuminated by
white light. In contrast, rapid scan systems record spectra using a rapid
scanning monochromator coupled to a photomultiplier for light detection.
Wavelengths are detected one by one. The monochromator can be
installed before the sample which is illuminated by only one wavelength
Fast spectral recordings at a time.
with the diode array.
Click here to
The total overall rate of spectral acquisition of both techniques are
enlarge 3D display.
comparable, but there is a difference in sensitivity and noise level.
Historically there are several misconceptions about the use of diode
arrays vs. rapid scanning monochromator systems. Below are the most
common misconceptions followed by detailed explanations.
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MCS technology
MMS technology
Statement: A PM tube is more sensitive than a diode.
It is true that a PM tube is more sensitive than a diode, but this
fact does not imply that a rapid scan system (which uses a PM
tube) is more sensitive than a diode array (which uses diodes).
The best is to consider a practical case :
Imagine a spectral recording from 300 to 556 nm with an
accuracy of 1 nm. This corresponds to 256 pixels. Assume an
acquisition of 1 spectrum/ms (1000 spectra per seconds).
A rapid scan system will scan from 300 to 556 in one millisecond
in 256 steps, so the time of acquisition at each wavelength will be
1/256 ms or 3.9 µs. Once a wavelength has been scanned, there
will be no more data acquisition during the next 1 ms. The ratio of
acquisition time/sample period is called the Duty Cycle. In this
example, the rapid scan system has a Duty Cycle of 3.9 µs/1 ms
= 0.0039 or 0.39 %. This assumes an ideal rapid scan system
that takes no time to return the monochromator from 556 to 300
nm.
A diode array system will integrate the signal at all wavelengths
for the entire 1 ms period. Here the duty cycle is 1 ms/1 ms = 1
or 100%! In other words, the PM tube in a rapid scan system will
use only 0.39% of the photons while the diode array will use
100% !
The Duty Cycle applies directly to the issue of sensitivity as
follows : for the same light intensity, the signal acquired by the
detection system is proportional to the duty cycle. Applying this to
the example above shows that for the 256 nm scan range the
signal recorded by the PM tube at each wavelength in the rapid
scan system will be 256 times weaker than that recorded by the
diode array system.
Returning to the difference in sensitivity between a PM tube and a
diode, even if a PM tube has a sensitivity ten times higher as
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compared to a diode (and this remains to be proved), the
effective sensitivity of the diode array system will still be 25 times
better as that of the rapid scan system (in a 256 pixel
instrument). This difference in sensitivity in favor of the diode
array can be is experimentally verified !
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Statement: A diode array system uses illumination of the sample
by white light which causes sample bleaching.
It is true that with a diode array the sample is illuminated with
white light as opposed to only one wavelength at a time with a
rapid scan system. Nevertheless, the intensity of light needed to
be used with a diode array is much less than that needed for a
rapid scan system. This is because of the efficient use of photons
by the diode array system due to it's 100 % Duty Cycle. The
diode array can also be used in conjunction with a filter to block a
particular wavelength range in case there is a light sensitive
chromophore in the system or with a computer-controlled shutter
to block the illumination light when acquisition is not being made.
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Separated optical components
These components may be used for MOS-250/450 upgrade as well as for
most of the older versions of Bio-Logic Optical systems.
They may also be used for assembling an optical system under customer
request and specifications.
Finally they may be purchased independently for upgrading or improving
any other third party or home made optical system.
Ref.
Designation
Description
041-12/x
Light source
Includes : arc lamp box with focusing lens,
power supply for Xe or Xe(Hg) lamp up to
200 W
043-10/5
Monochromator
Manual drive monochromator 1200 g/mm
UV, VIS or NIR enhanced holographic
grating
043-10/6
Monochromator
Motorized monochromator 1200 g/mm UV,
VIS or NIR enhanced holographic grating
047-31
Fiber optics
For connecting a monochromators to the
stopped-flow cell or to any observation
cuvette
048-11/x
PMS-250
Photomultiplier and control unit. Includes
high voltage power supply and signal
amplifier. Can be remote controlled from the
MM-450 interface.
043-22/x
MM-450
Interface for software control of the
monochromator movement and/or of the
PMS-250 functions. (for up to 2 x
monochromators and 2 x PMS-250 units)
049-20
Polarizer
Glan Thomson polarizer ( > 240 nm ) For
illumination or analysis
083-30
Data acquisition
Four channels data acquisition. Allows
remote control of and software
monochromator and of PMS-250 units if
used with MM-450 interface. Includes 16-bit
A/D board & 32-bit Bio-Kine32 software
083-01/3
Specfit
Global analysis software by Singular Value
Decomposition (SVD) method and Marquardt
Levenberg simulation of reaction kinetics.
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Light link
The Bio-Logic stopped-flow module should be used with a Bio-Logic
Modular Optical System (MOS). Each MOS has been designed to match
our SFM instruments to obtain the highest performance possible for any
kinetic system.
However, the Bio-Logic stopped-flow module can be adapted to any
good quality optical system. This is accomplished using fiber optic light
links (see Figures) or through direct connection of the SFM to the optical
system.
Contact us for more information.
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Specialized adaptation for Jasco CD spectrometer J-600, J700 & J-800 series
We have designed in collaboration with Jasco a mechanical and optical
adaptation between the Bio-Logic series of stopped-flow instruments and
the Jasco CD spectrometers.
This creates the most efficient and best performing instrument for fast
kinectics CD recordings.
Features
Click to enlarge
SFM-20 / J-810.
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Supports SFM-20, SFM-300, SFM-400 instruments
CD spectra may be recorded either by setting a standard cuvette
in the stopped-flow head or by switching to the spectrometer
built-in cuvette holder.
Precise and reproducible optimization of the light transfer to the
stopped-flow cuvette.
Instant optical switch from the stopped-flow to the spectrometer
cuvette without removing or misaligning the stopped-flow
instrument.
Two 90° ports on the stopped-flow for recordings of the
fluorescence kinetics.
Test experiment
Click to enlarge
SFM-20 / J-810 detail.
see AN8 (PDF file)
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Data Acquisition and Analysis
Acquisition and analysis of signals produced by our optical systems is
carried out using the Bio-Kine32 software. Bio-Kine32 has been designed
to complement our SFM instruments and drive the Bio-Logic
spectrometers.
Bio-Kine32 operates under the latest version of Windows environment
(Win95, Win98, WinME, WinNT, Win2000, WinXP). It uses an A/D board
from National Instruments, probably the best industrial standard in
data acquisition systems.
The Bio-Kine32 software is designed to control the following optical
systems:
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MOS-200
MOS-250
MOS-450/AF & /AF-CD
MOS-DA diode array
Jasco J-810 CD spectrometer
Accessories such as:
¡ Thermostated bath
¡ Peltier cells
¡ Acquisition of any other analog signal (-10/+10V)
It also provides a direct bridge to the Stopped-Flow driver
software.
The Bio-Kine32 software can control these instruments and acquire data
for transient kinetics, spectral scans, act as a virtual chart recorder and
control external devices.
The use of similar controls for all modes makes Bio-Kine32 easy to use
and eliminates the hassles of learning multiple programs for different
types of experiments.
Transient Recorder
The Transient Recorder is similar to a digital oscilloscope.
Click to enlarge
Up four data channels of 8000 points each can be acquired and displayed
simultaneously. Sampling rates from 50 µs/point (20kHz) to 100 s/point
(0.1 Hz) can be used. Both linear and logarithmic sampling is available
through the use of up to three times bases. Data can be acquired in two
different spectroscopic modes simultaneously (Volt, Transmittance,
Absorbance, CD or Anisotropy).
Scanning Spectrophotometer
The Scanning Spectrometer is used to control one or two
monochromators to perform spectral scans.
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Bio-Kine32 is capable of making spectral acquisitions in the same
spectroscopic modes that are available for transient kinetics. In
conjunction with the appropriate spectrometer system, Bio-Kine32 can
act as a full feature absorbance, fluorescence or CD spectrometer.
Chart Recorder
The Chart Recorder is similar to the Transient Recorder, but specialized
for slower acquisitions over long periods of time.
Up to four data channels and two spectroscopic modes can be recorded
simultaneously. Data is displayed in real time, and scrolls along
acquisition window. Files of several million points can be recorded with
http://server2000/rapid-kinetics/spectros.html
18/03/2002
Bio-Logic - Spectrometers
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event markers being added at anytime.
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18/03/2002