13-ES 102
Time: 3 Hours
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
MEASUREMENTS
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
MODEL PAPER - 1
Max. Marks: 60
10 x 1 = 10M
1. (a) Define the term Measurement with a suitable example.
(b) What do you mean by “Electrode”?
(c) Why PMMC instrument used for dc measurements only?
(d) How do RTDs work?
(e) Define System response.
(f) Give the relation between stress and strain.
(g) Give mechanical analogy for VOLTAGE/Current.
(h) List four non – electrical methods for temperature measurement and explain any two thermometers
in those.
(i) Why and where EMG is used?
(j) Give the principle of strain gauge.
Answer any FIVE questions
5 x 10 = 50M
2. Differentiate Measurements, process of measurement, methods of measurements and Modes of
measurements with suitable examples.
3. How many forces are required for satisfactory measurement of electrical parameter using an electrical
instrument and list the function of each force.
4. Explain the process of generation of EMG signal in the muscles. What type of information is obtained
from EMG signals?
5. What is Lissajous pattern? An oscilloscope is operated in the x-y mode; the Lissajous pattern is
displayed on the oscilloscope screen as shown in below figure.1. If the frequency of the x-input is 1
KHz, then what is the value of y-input frequency?
fig.1
6. List any five physical properties of matter which are used to measure temperature and state clearly how
each is used.
7. Define Humidity, Relative humidity. How they are related and explain the measurement of humidity by
Hygrometers.
8. Differentiate among the terms Force, Torque and stress w.r.t an object and explain any one force
transducer in detail.
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER - 2
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. (a) No measurement process is certain-justify.
(b) What are the qualitative requirements of an EEG amplifier?
(c) How an Electrodynamometer differs from d’Arsonval meter?
(d) What are the dynamic characteristics? How do they differ from static characteristics?
(e) State the Laws of thermocouples.
(f) Define Gauge Factor.
(g) Why shielding is necessary for instruments.
(h) What is secondary transducer?
(i) Define Viscosity. How it will be under temperature variations.
(j) What do you mean by Electron Gun in CRO?
Answer any FIVE questions
5 x 10 = 50M
2. List out the various functional elements in following measurement systems.
a) Instrument used for measurement of electric consumption.
b) System used for indicating temp of water in radiator in four wheelers.
c) System used for indicating quantity of fuel in fuel tank of automobile vehicle.
d) Digital camera
e) Washing machine
3. (a) List different methods of current measurement.
(b) Why PMMC instruments are limited to low range compared to MI instruments? Explain the
effects if it is used in high range measurement.
4. Sketch the block representation of a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope and explain each block in detail.
5. A customer wants to measure the temperature of a metal plate, but can’t decide whether to use a
thermocouple or thermistor. The plate has an emissivity of 0.7. Quick temperature response and long
life are required. Do you recommend using an thermistor or mounting a thermocouple in the plate?
Please choose a sensor type and defend your choice.
6. Write short note on: Notches, Orifice meter, Rotameter
7. Demonstrate how to measure the viscosity of petrol using Falling ball viscometer principle.
8. With a typical lead connections explain the unipolar and bipolar limb leads for an ECG.
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER – 3
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. (a) Explain the terms static error and static correction.
(b) Why errors induces in a measurement process.
(c) Why is instrument calibration necessary?
(d) The EEG waveform used for…..
(e) Give the difference between RTD and Thermistors.
(f) What are the different standard inputs for studying a dynamic response of a system?
(g) What is hygrometer?
(h) List various temperature indicators.
(i) Differentiate Heat and Temperature.
(j) Difference between a notch and weir is….
Answer any FIVE questions
5 x 10 = 50M
2. (a) A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z. Identify and define along with the units any 10
possible electrical/magnetic parameter which has a standard notation.
(b) Draw the block diagrams of generalized measurement system with suitable explanation.
3. (a) Explain how a PMMC movement acts as an ammeter.
(b) Design an ayrton shunt for the current ranges 0-2mA, 0-5mA and 0-10mA using a dc meter
having internal resistance of 10Ω operating under its full scale value of 1mA.
4. (a) Draw a neat block schematic of EMG recording system and explain its operation.
(b) Discuss the design steps involved for EMG amplifiers.
5. (a) Write a short note on: i) electron gun ii) deflection systems iii) delay line iv) trigger circuit.
(b) Mention the conditions for getting flicker free waveform.
6. Describe the construction and working of disappearing filament optical pyrometer. Does the accuracy of
an optical pyrometer depend on its distance from the object? If so, why?
7. Describe various force measuring elements and suggest the best transducer that can measure all directional force.
8. Discuss the features and principle of Falling sphere viscometer and U-tube viscosity meter.
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER – 4
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1.
(a)
What is the difference between Reproducibility & Repeatability.
(b)
Draw the essential blocks of a transducer.
(c)
Why PMMC instrument used for dc measurements only?
(d)
State Fleming’s Left Hand Rule.
(e)
How interference of light classified?
(f )
Mention the advantage of Corrugated diaphragm over flat type.
(g)
Reason why rotameters are vertical mounted only?
(h)
Write the governing laws of thermocouple.
(i)
When you prefer Seger cones in temperature measurement?
(j)
Why Dummy strain gauge is necessary in bridge circuit?
Answer any FIVE questions
5 x 10 = 50M
2. (a) What is transducer? Distinguish Sensor and Transducer with any two examples.
4M
(b) Discuss in detail about resistive potentiometer as passive transducer. Recommend the changes
needed to improve the resolution and sensitivity of potentiometer type transducers.
4M
(c) Derive the relation between displacement and voltage using potentiometer.
3. (a) List different methods of current measurement.
2M
1M
(b) Why PMMC instruments are limited to low range compared to MI instruments?
Explain the effects if it is used in high range measurement.
5M
(c) Design an ayrton shunt for the current ranges 0-2mA, 0-5mA and 0-10mA using a dc meter
having internal resistance of 10Ω operating under its full scale value of 1mA.
4M
4. Write short notes on: (a) Electrodes for ECG (b) Electrodes for EEG
(c) Electrodes for EMG.
5. (a) Compare different pressure sensing devices in various aspects.
5M
(b) How well type-manometer is advantageous than u-tube manometer? Discuss the sensitivity in
measurement by well technique.
5M
6.
(a) Which type of flow meter effectively used in aerospace and airborne applications for energyfuel and cryogenic flow measurements. Explain in detail the scheme of measurement. 5M
(b) When is a turbine meter preferable to orifice plate? Discuss salient features of turbine meter in
measurement of flow.
5M
7.
(a) Differentiate between Heat and Temperature. Mention different principles in measurement of
temperature of a medium.
5M
(b) How surface temperatures measured? Give the details of different temperature indicators.5M
8.
(a) How strain gauges measures strain? Show from theoretical considerations, why the gauge factor Gf
for most strain gauges is nearly 2.0.
4M
(b) How are elastic materials used for force measurements?
4M
(c) Draw a schematic arrangement of prony brake in torque measurement.
2M
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER – 5
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. Consider a man driving a car along a road, who sees the opportunity to pass and decides to accelerate,
(a) If the light waves entering his eyes are considered input and accelerator-pedal travel is taken as
output, is the man functioning as an active or a passive transducer?
(b) If the accelerator-pedal travel is considered input and car velocity as output, is the automobile engine
an active or a passive transducer?
(c) Why the calibration of instrument is necessary before measurement?
(d) How does an Electrodynamometer differs from d’Arsonval movement?
(e) Determine the maximum torque on a current loop having 20 turn, a cross-sectional area of 1 in2, and
experiencing a current of 20 mA. The magnetic field strength is 0.4 Wb/m2.
(f) Differentiate between Heat and Temperature.
(g) Why strain gauges are connected in bridge form for stress analysis?
(h) Reason why mercury is used as manometric fluid mostly?
(i) Is the human heart activity is repeatable or reproducible? Justify your answer.
(j) Suggest a best flow meter to measure the air blowing rate of an air plane.
Answer any FIVE questions
5 x 10 = 50M
2. (a) State Fleming’s Left Hand rule. Derive the expression for force experienced by conductor. 4M
(b) Consider the Wheatstone bridge shown in Figure. When
R3 = R4 = 200Ω
R2 = variable calibrated resistor
R1 = transducer resistance = 40x + 100
i. When x = 0, what is the value of R2 required to balance the
bridge? 3M
ii. If the bridge is operated in a balanced condition in order to
determine the relationship between R2 and x. 3M
measure x,
3. (a) What is pneumatic gauge and how it will help in measurement of
displacement?
(b) How optical interference used in displacement measurement? Explain. Suggest the necessary
changes in design to meet double accuracy in measurement.
4. Compare the salient features of following pressure sensing devices.
i.
Bourdon gauge
ii. Mc Leod gauge
iii. Manometer
Which type of pressure device best used in dynamic measurement conditions? Why.
3x3M
1M
5. (a) Analyze the flow rate measurement of molten steel at 7500C using a best suitable flow meter and
mention the parameters and conditions for accuracy in measurement.
5M
(b) Discuss about the function of hot wire anemometer in flow measurement using a Wheatstone
arrangement. How it improves the sensitivity of measurement?
5M
6. (a) What are Thermistors? How are they constructed? Discuss their resistance-temperature
characteristics.
(b) Distinguish between the temperature sensors Thermocouple and RTD.
(c) Optical pyrometers are radiation detectors. How? Explain.
7.
3M
4M
3M
(a) What is Strain gauge? Derive an expression for gauge factor.
(b) Explain how strain gauges measure the dynamic stress behavior of a cantilever beam.
8.
Why reference electrode is used in biomedical applications. Describe reference electrode in Biochemical
applications.
13-ES 102
MODEL PAPER – 6
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. a) Name static and dynamic characteristics to access the performance of instruments
b) Need of delay line in CRO.
c) Give the significance of using the Units and dimensions in measurements.
d) What is ERG?
e) Reason why shielding is provided for analog type of instruments.
f) The Lissajous pattern obtained in CRO has circular shape estimate the input signals connected to
CRO.
g) Illustrate the principle of interferometer.
h) Differentiate Rotameter with turbine flow meter
i) What is eddy current damping and explain is the mechanism provided in PMMC for smoothening
the oscillation of the pointer.
j) Mention the applications to use non contact temperature measurement systems.
Answer any 5 questions from 2-8 no’s
5 x 10 = 50 marks
2. i) Why PMMC meter cannot be used to measure the AC voltage or current. Is there any way to
measure AC voltage and current using PMMC meters?
ii) The coil of moving coil permanent magnet voltmeter is 40mm long and 30mm wide and has
100turns on it. The control spring exerts a torque of 120 x 10^-6 N-m. When the deflection is 100
divisions on full scale. If the flux density of the magnetic field in the air gap is 0.5wb/m 2, estimate the
resistance that must be put in series with the coil to give 1volt per division. The resistance of the
voltmeter coil may be neglected.
3. i) Estimate all possible characteristics of LVDT transducer for the linear displacement measurement
form the following experimental data.
Vo in mv
Core position
In mm
LVDT O/P
in mm
7
6
5
4
3
1
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
6.9
5
4
3
2.2
1.1
1
1.1
2.2
3.5
4
5
6.5
ii) Infer the shape obtained for the above response of LVDT. Determine the range of accuracy of
LVDT.
4. Block gauges are used as industrial standard. Justify. Give the standard sets of various block gauges
also give the procedure to use them for the thickness measurement.
ii) With neat sketch explain how the photo interference principle used in Michelson’s interferometer.
5. What is EEG and what are the different types of leads used in EEG? What is Ѳ, β, δ waves in EEG? What is the
difference between time domain EEG curve and EEG histogram?
6. i). Identify the fields where there is a necessity of measuring volume and rate of flow. Outline the
factors involved in selection of flow transducers.
ii) Differentiate turbine flow meter with the Rotameter.
7. i) State the various principles used to measure the temperature.
ii) pick an appropriate sensor to detect the temperature fluctuation in the nuclear reactor core where the
estimated temperature to be 500K and the characteristic should be fast in detecting transient changes in
the temperature. Justify your selection. Give in detail working procedure of the selected measurement
system.
8. i) With a neat sketch, describe the method of compensating temperature effect while measuring
the strain of cantilever beam using electrical strain gauge
ii) Derive the expression for measuring torque using prony brake.
13-ES 102
MODEL PAPER – 7
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
(a) Draw the schematic diagram of EDM wattmeter.
(b) Define Young’s modulus. Mention its unit and dimension.
(c) Reason why inductive transducers are passive.
(d) The shape of Lissajous pattern on the screen of CRO is “8” obtain the frequency relation
between the signals connected to CRO.
(e) Why optical method of measuring dimension is indirect.
(f) With the numerical support explain the significance of accuracy and precision of a measurement
process.
(g) Give the calibration procedure to measure pressure using orifice plate.
(h) Identify the principle involved in the measurement of temperature using RTD.
(i) Name few elastic elements used in the measurement of force.
(j) Draw various stain gauge rosettes.
Answer any 5 from 2-8 questions
5*10= 50marks
2. i) Illustrate the generalized measurement systems with neat sketch of an automobile fuel level indication
system.
ii) Identify the static and dynamic characteristics from the following terms with appropriate reasoning
a) Sensitivity b) Resolution c) Lag d) hysteresis e) fidelity
3. i) Discuss the possible errors in PMMC and Moving Iron meters and reason why we can’t use them for
radio frequency ranges of the currents.
ii) Design D.C voltmeter by using direct method with D’arsonval meter of 100Ω and full scale
deflection of 100µA to give the following ranges: 10mV, 1V, and 100V.
iii) A moving coil instrument has a resistance of 10Ω and gives a full-scale deflection when carrying a
current of 50mA. Show how it can be adopted to measure voltage up to 750V and current up to
1000A
4. i) List different types of Oscilloscopes using in the science and technology.
ii) Explain the measurement of amplitude, frequency, and phase by using CRO in detail.
5. i) What is an electrical Bridge? How it is useful in measurement of a quantity.
ii) Describe the measurement of Resistance, capacitance and inductance using bridge circuits.
6. i) Measurement of flow and flow rates are vital parameter in process industry. List out few applications
to select primary and secondary flow measuring devices.
ii) Hot wire anemometers are not to be used for high flow measurements. Elaborate the statement.
Explain the working principle with a suitable application.
7. i) A thermocouple having a sensitivity of 40µV/◦C is calibrated at a reference temperature of 0◦C. However if it
is actually used with a reference temperature of 40◦C, what would be the output at 100◦C?
ii) What are ‘Thermistors’? Show how resistance – temperature characteristics of Thermistors looks like and
comment on its suitability for temperature measurement?
iii) Explain in short how Thermistors differs from a thermocouple as temperature sensors?
8. i) Classify the stress and strain with suitable diagrams and relate them.
ii) Name the significance of connecting more strain gauges in different fashions to assess the deformation that an
object undergoes.
iii) How to improve the bridge sensitivity in bending and axial strain measurement systems.
13-ES 102
MODEL PAPER – 8
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. (a) How many forces are required for satisfactory measurement of electrical parameter using an
electrical instrument and list the function of each force.
(b) Given a frame of permanent moving coil is 6m2. The number of windings around the coil is 50 turns
and flux is 0.12wb/m2. If 1mA current is allowed through the coil, calculate the deflection torque.
(c) Define precision? Why precision of an instrument cannot be used to estimate the quality of a
measuring instrument?
(d) Define GAUGE FACTOR and give its units.
(e) Difference between EEG and EMG.
(f) “Hot wire anemometers are electrical transducers” How?
(g) What is damping and mention the types of damping used in analog meters.
(h) Find the sensitivity of the thermocouple instrument other than sensitivity s=1 and mention its unit.
Input
(ᵒC)
Output
(mV)
40
46
52
58
64
70
76
82
1.5
2
2.5
3.1
3.6
4.1
4.6
5.1
(i) Is orifice plate is a transducer. Justify.
(j) List different types of CROs
5 x 10 = 50
2.
(a) Explain the construction and principle of working of a linear voltage differential transformer
(LVDT). Explain how the magnitude and direction of the displacement of a core of an LVDT
detected?
(b) The output of an LVDT is connected to a 10V voltmeter through an amplifier whose amplification
factor is 500. An output of 5mV appears across the terminals of LVDT when the core moves through
a distance of 0.5 mm. calculate the sensitivity of the LVDT and that of the whole set-up. The
voltmeter scale has 100 divisions. The scale can be read to 1/5 of a division. Calculate the minimum
and maximum displacement of the instrument in mm, and calculate the output of the LVDT when
least count is doubled.
3.
(a) Define the operational constants of a D’arsonval galvanometer. Derive the equation of motion of a
D’arsonval galvanometer in terms of the operational constants.
(b) A basic D’arsonval movement with internal resistance of 100Ω and half scale current deflection
of 0.5 mA is to be converted by direct method into a multirange d.c voltmeter with voltages ranges of
10V, 50V, 250V, and 500V.
4.
(a) Select the suitable AC bridge to measure the output of an inductive transducer. And derive the
balance condition.
(b) Describe with neat sketches, the construction and working principle of the following types of flow
meters i) positive displacement meter ii) Variable head meter
5.
(a) Optical transducers are the accurate method of measuring the displacements, Justify.
(b) Explain the optical method of measuring displacement.
6.
(a) Draw a neat block schematic of EMG recording system and explain its operation.
(b) Briefly explain the procedure of recording of surface EMG potential.
7.
If a part is moving, can I still measure temperature? Explain suitable method for this purpose.
8.
What is a Hygrometer? How it works? Explain the principle of Condensation type hygrometer.
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER – 9
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1.
(a) Is CRO a transducer? Justify.
(b) What is the reason behind the oscillations of the pointer in a PMMC when switch is closed, and name
some mechanism to reduce the oscillations?
(c) An analog ammeter has a linear scale of 50divisions. Its full scale reading is 10A and half scale
division can be read. What is the resolution of the instrument?
(d) Define transducer and Inverse transducer give some application of these transducers?
(e) Define the terms constructive interface and destructive interface.
(f) State the law by which we can find the direction of magnetic field around a current carrying conductor?
(g) Explain the volumetric method of measuring flow.
(h) State the Laws of thermocouple.
(i) Types of transducers used in pyrometer to measure temperature.
(j) How to compensate the temperature effects in strain measurement.
Answer any 5 question from 2-8 No’s
5*10= 50 marks
2. (a) What is the importance of measurement system and explain with suitable applications?
(b) Describe the generalized measurement system with the help of block diagram and explain the
function of each block in fuel level measurement?
(c) Explain any two practical measurement systems with reference to the recognition of different blocks
in the system.
3. (a) Explain how a D’arsonval galvanometer can be used to measure voltage and high current, and
derive the relevant equation for using PMMC as voltmeter and ammeter?
(b) A moving coil ammeter has a fixed shunt of 0.02Ω with a coil circuit resistance of 0.5V across it for
full scale deflection.
i) Calculate the total current.
ii) Calculate the value of shunt resistance to give full scale deflection
when the total current is 10A & 75A
4. (a) What are Lissajous patterns? How they can be generated in a CRO?
(b) A lissajous pattern, as shown in fig.1. is observed on the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope when voltages
of the frequencies fx and fy are applied to the x and y plates respectively. Then value of fx : fy is?
Fig.1
5. (a) Describe the principle of operation of McLeod gauge.
(b) Compare the methods of pressure measurement using diaphragm and bellow.
6. (a) Explain the EEG machine with suitable block diagram.
(b) Discuss the 10-20 electrode placement system for EEG.
7. It is required to measure the surface temperatures at several points along a pipe line. Explain suitable
method for this purpose.
8. (a)
Why strain gauges are called electrical transducers. How the dummy gauges used in the
measurement of strain.
(b) List out various methods to measure torque. Narrate each one with empherical support.
13-ES 102
I/IV B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATIONS
MODEL PAPER – 10
FIRST SEMESTER
Time: 3 Hours
MEASUREMENTS
Max. Marks: 60
Answer all questions. Each question carries equal marks.
Write your answers sequentially.
10 x 1 = 10M
1. (a) Differentiate Resolution from Threshold?
(b) A 2mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 300Ω is to be converted into a 0-250mA.
Calculate the shunt resistance required.
(c) Draw the block diagram for closed loop controller system.
(d) Does changes in ambient air pressure affect an absolute pressure reading?
(e) What is vena contracta?
(f) How can I choose between thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTD’s),
Thermistors when measuring temperature?
(g) Sketch a model EMG waveform.
(h) What is ERG?
(i) Explain short notes on mechanical absorption dynamometer?
(j)Give the relation between stress and strain?
5 x 10 = 50
2.
a) Describe the properties of materials used for piezo-electric transducers, and give the suitable
expression. Explain the application of piezoelectric transducers
b) An instrument used for measuring displacement gives following values in five trials. Compare
precision of each reading.
Exp. No
1
2
3
4
5
Displacement (mm)
10.5
10.7
9.8
11
10.1
3. (a) Explain the construction and working principle of Electrodynamometer as Ammeter, as voltmeter
and as wattmeter?
(b) Write short note on Rectifier type Voltmeters.
4.
(a) Explain why moving iron instrument can be used on both A.C and D.C, and discuss the
following types of errors in moving iron instrument.
(i) Error on account of stray magnetic fields
(ii) Error on account of change of frequency
(b) Explain various principles of Electrical instruments on which they can work.
5.
Describe the neat sketch the construction and working principle of the following types of flow
meters
i. Positive displacement meter
ii. Variable head meter
6.
(a) Describe the method for measurement of differential pressure using an inductive transducer?
(b)A McLeod guage has volume of bulb ,capillary and tube down to its opening equal to 90 cm 3
and a capillary diameter of 1mm .Calculate the pressure indicated by a reading of 3cm on a
capillary tube
7.
(a) Discuss the static and dynamic errors that might arise in electrical type thermometers and
pyrometer, indicating their likely magnitudes.
b) . A 10 Ω copper resistor at 20ᵒC is to be used to indicate the temperature of bearing of machine.
What resistance should not be exceeded if the maximum bearing temperature is not to exceed
150ᵒC. The resistance temperature coefficient of copper is 0.00393Ω/Ω-ᵒC and 20ᵒC.
8.
(a) Discuss the use of unbounded wire resistance strain gauges in applications requiring the
measurement of
(i) Tensile and compressive strain
(ii) Compressive strain
(b) A single electrical resistance strain gauge of resistance 120Ω and sensitivity(F) of 2.0 is
bounded to steel having a elastic limit stress of 400 MN-m2 and modulus of elasticity 200GN-m2
calculate the change in strain.
****