THE
INSECTS
OF
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
BY
R. J. TILL YARD
M.A., Sc.D. (Cantab.), D.Sc.(Sydney), F.R.S., F.N.Z.Inst,
F.L.S., F.G.S., F.E.S., C.M.Z.S.; Entomologist and Chief of
the Biological Department, Cawthron Institute, Nelson,
N.Z.; Crisp Medallist, Linnean Society of London
(1917) ; formerly Linnean Macleay Fellow in
Zoology, University of Sydney; Author of
The Biology of Drag on flies
With eight plates in colour by
P. TILLYARD, M.A.(T.C.D.)
AUSTRALIA:
ANGUS & R O B E R T S O N , LTD.,
89 C A S T L E R E A G H S T R E E T , S Y D N E Y
1926
w1"-
PREFACE
T H E present volume is intended primarily as a Text-book for use by
students of entomology in Australia and New Zealand, secondarily
for those who have a general interest in the Insect Life of these
countries. Of many good arguments in favour of dealing with
the Insects of Australia and New Zealand in a single volume, the
chief seems to me to be that the New Zealand fauna is in itself
so incomplete that a book on it alone would not give the student a
fair knowledge of the extent and variety of insect life that exists in
most parts of the world. In Australia, on the other hand, all the principal groups are well represented. Thus the New Zealand student can
learn from this book, not only the large number of important types of
insects missing from his own fauna, but also the relationship that exists
between the Australian and New Zealand species of families common
to both; while the Australian student will have his interest stimulated
in a related fauna of which he knows at present all too little, and at the
same time may gather something of the effect of the introduction of a
considerable number of Australian insects into New Zealand.
The limits of the work are obviously those of space. It was held
to be essential that the student should have as complete a general outline as possible of the Classification and Morphology of Insects, before
proceeding to study the more detailed accounts of the separate Orders.
The economic aspect of the subject is so vast that it would require a
separate volume in which to deal with it; at present, the author has had
to be content with indicating the economic significance of e^ch Order
in a short section in each corresponding chapter, and mentioning the
more important economic insects in the accounts of their special families.
The design of each chapter on the Orders of Insects is the same, and
consists of sections dealing with Morphology, Life History, Distribution, Fossil History, Economics and Classification, followed by Keys to
the Suborders, Superfamilies and Families, with accounts of all the
families in each Order. At the beginning of the section on Classification
in each chapter, a Scheme of Classification and Census of Species is
given, in order to offer to the student a clear representation of the
arrangement of Families and Superfamilies within each Order. A
selected list of references is given at the end of each chapter, chiefly of
works of fairly recent date. A Glossary of biological and entomological
terms is added, for the use of the non-biological reader.
It would have been impossible even to have considered undertaking
a work covering so large a field, if it had not been for the generous
promises of assistance made by numerous friends from the start, promises which were most liberally fulfilled when at last the work came to
be undertaken. My thanks are due to my wife for the wash and colour
X
PREFACE
work on outlines in pencil drawn by myself for many of the Plates; to
Mr. W. C. Davies, Curator of the Cawthron Institute, for the photographs from which; the other Plates have been prepared; to Mr. A.
Tonnoir, recently Research Student in Diptera, Cawthron Institute,
now Assistant Curator, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, Mr. A.
Philpott, Assistant Entomologist, and Mr. E. S. Gourlay, Second
Assistant Entomologist, Cawthron Institute, for the drawings from
which the text-figures credited to them have been made. I also wish
to express my deep indebtedness to Dr. A. JefTeris Turner of
Brisbane for the construction of the fine Keys to the Lepidoptera
(Heteroneura), for extensive and valuable notes on Australian Lepidoptera incorporated in Chapter xxviii, for much kindly criticism of
the same chapter, and for very generous loans of material for study and
figuring. To Mr. A. M. Lea, Entomologist of the South Australian
Museum, Adelaide, I am equally deeply indebted for a set of valuable
notes on Australian Coleoptera incorporated in Chapter xx, including
an Australian census for the Order, for much valuable criticism of
the same chapter and for the care taken in selecting the material sent
on loan for study and figuring by the South Australian Museum, and
especially for the loan of the rare Coleopterous Inquilines figured in
Plate 16.
My thanks are also due to the following for loans of specimens
for study and figuring, and for valuable criticisms of the chapters
dealing with the Orders named:—Orthoptera, Dr. A. Eland Shaw,
Goodna, Q.; Isoptera, Mr. G. F. Hill, National Museum, Melbourne;
Anoplura, Professor L. Harrison, Department of Zoology, University
of Sydney; Hemiptera, Mr. F. Muir, H.S.P.A. Experimental Station,
Honolulu, T. H., and Mr. J. G. Myers, Biological Laboratory, Wellington (the Key to the Fulgoroidea on page 165 is adapted from one
prepared by Mr. Muir) ; Coleoptera, Mr. H. J. Carter, Wahroonga,
N.S.W., Mr. T. Sloane, Moorilla, Young, N.S.W., Dr. E. W. Ferguson,
Bureau of Microbiology, Sydney, and Mr. A. E. Brooks, Matamata,
New Zealand, (including census of N. Z. Coleoptera) ; Hymenoptera,
Mr. H. Hacker, Queensland Museum., Brisbane, and Mr. A. P. Dodd,
Commonwealth Prickly Pear Board, Q.; Diptera, Dr. Ferguson, Mr.
Tonnoir, and Mr. G. H. Hardy, Queensland University, Brisbane;
Lepidoptera, Dr. G. A. Waterhouse, Killara, N.S.W., Mr. G. Lyell,
Gisborne, Vic, and Mr. Philpott; General Morphology, Mr. A.. J.
Nicholson, Lecturer in Entomology, University of Sydney. Gifts and
loans of specimens for study and figuring are also gratefully acknowledged from the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the Australian Museum,
Sydney, the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, the National
Museum, Melbourne, the South Australian Museum, Adelaide, and
from Mr. W. W. Froggatt, late Government Entomologist of N.S.W.,
Mr. W. B. Gurney, Government Entomologist of N.S.W., Mr. L. J.
Newman, Government Entomologist of Western Australia, Mr. E. J.
Dumigan, Bald Hills, Queensland, Mr. G. Goldfinch, Rose Bay, Sydney,
Mr. W. H. Davidson, Mount Tambourine, Q., Mr. W. H. Mathews,
Perth, W.A., and Mr. Erasmus Wilson, Melbourne. For valuable
criticisms of chapter xxix and help in supplying geological maps
and data for same, mly thanks are due to Mr. C. Hedley, Scientific
Director of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, Professor W. N.
Benson, Otago University, Dunedin, and Dr. A. B. Walkom, Linnean Society of N.S.W., Sydney. Nor must I omit to mention my
PREFACE
XI
deep sense of the great value of the geological discoveries made
by Professor C. Schuchert and Dr. C. O. Dunbar, of Yale University, New Haven, Co'nn., in the Lower Permian Insect Beds of
Kansas, by Mr. John Mitchell, late Head of the Technical College,
Newcastle, N.S.W., in the Upper Permian Insect Beds of Belmont,
N.S.W., and Mr. B. Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist of
Queensland, in the Upper Triassic Insect Beds of Ipswich, Q. Although
this book has not dealt specifically with those finds^ the author feels
that its plan has been greatly influenced by them and by the. unique
opportunities of study afforded him by their discoverers.
In compiling Chapter xxx, I have had the assistance of valuable
suggestions made by Messrs. A. J. Nicholson, A. Tonnoir, and E. S.
Gourlay, to all of whom my thanks are due for their help.
The text-figures are almost all new, though a few have been
redrawn from specimens or slides from which figures have already
been made for a number of papers published by me in Proc. Linn. Soc.
NSW.,
Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Journ. Linn. Soc,
London, Canad. Entom., N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Technology, Bull. Entom.
Research, Mawson Austr. Antarctic Exped. Reports, Trans. Roy. Soc.
W. Australia and Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia. Figs. F l , F2, FS, F l l ,
F20 and F21 are taken, with slight alterations, from The Biology of
Drag on flies, and my thanks are due to the Cambridge University Press
for permission to use them. Fig. D l is used by permission of the Committee on Printing of the Records of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14. Fig. ZA10 is taken from: a block kindly lent by the Linnean Society of N.S.W. Fig. W5 is from Patton and Cragg's wellknown Text-book of Medical Entomology. Figs. Ol and 0 2 are from
Professor L. Harrison's papers on Parasitology, 1916.
Finally, I desire to express my deep gratitude to the Cawthron
Trustees and to Professor T. H. Easterfield, Director of the Cawthron
Institute, for the generous manner in which, they have extended to me
permission and facilities for the writing of this book as part of the
official programme of my work during the past three years. Without
such permission, and without the full use of the splendid Cawthron
Library and the apparatus of the Biological Department, it would
have been quite impossible to undertake a work of this magnitude.
Cawthron Institute,
19 November, 1924.
RJ.T.
CONTENTS
I.
CLASSIFICATION AND CENSUS
• II.
EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY
III.
INTERNAL
IV.
LIFE
V.
VI.
MORPHOLOGY
HISTORY
THYSANURA
PROTURA
VII.
COLLEMBOLA
VIII.
PLECTOPTERA
IX.
ODONATA
X.
XI.
ORTHOPTERA
XII.
ISOPTERA
DERMAPTERA
XIII.
PERLARIA
XIV.
EMBIARIA
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
/"( , £t/.v. ,1?
(PARANEUROPTERA)
(PLECOPTERA)
ZORAPTERA
COPEOGNATHA
(PSOCOPTERA)
ANOPLURA (INCLUDING MALLOPHAGA)
THYSANOPTERA
HEMIPTERA
XX. COLEOPTERA
XXI.
STREPSIPTERA
XXII.
HYMENOPTERA
XXIII.
NEUROPTERA
XXIV.
MECOPTERA
XXV.
DIPTERA
XXVI.
SIPHONAPTERA
XXVII.
TRICHOPTERA
XXVIII.
XXIX.
(APHANIPTERA)
LEPIDOPTERA
FOSSIL RECORD AND ORIGIN OF THE
AUSTRALIAN
AND NEW ZEALAND INSECT FAUNAS
XXX.
COLLECTION,
SECTS
APPENDIX I.
APPENDIX II.
INDEX
..
PRESERVATION,
..
GLOSSARY
AND
..
..
..
..
STUDY
ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES
..
...
OF
IN
PLATES
ATLAS MOTH—Coscinoscera Hercules MISK. . .
N E W Z E A L A N D INSECTS OP VARIOUS O R D E R S
AUSTRALIAN O D O N A T A (ZYGOPTERA)
AUSTRALIAN O D O N A T A (ANISOPTERA)
AUSTRALIAN ORTHOPTERA, ISOPTERA, A N D H E M I P T E R A
ORTHOPTERA A N D
DERMAPTERA
N E W ZEALAND ORTHOPTERA
TERMITARIA, OR NESTS OP W H I T E A N T S
P L E C T O P T E R A A N D PERLARIA
AUSTRALIAN INSECTS OP VARIOUS O R D E R S
HEMIPTERA
AUSTRALIAN COCCID GALLS
AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA
AUSTRALIAN INQUILINE COLEOPTERA . .
COLEOPTERA (ADEPHAGA TO STAPHYDINOIDEA)
COLEOPTERA
(CLAVICORNIA TO LAMELLICORNIA)
COLEOPTERA (PHYTOPHAGA AND RHYNCHOPHORA)
AUSTRALIAN HYMENOPTERA AND DIPTERA . .
HYMENOPTERA
..
..
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND
AUSTRALIAN NEUROPTERA
DIPTERA
..
..
..
NEUROPTERA
MECOPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA
AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA
LARGEST AUSTRALIAN SWIFT MOTH—Leto stacyi
AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA (HETEROCERA)
NEW ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA
PALE SPECIES
DOPTERA
OF AUSTRALIAN AND NEW
LARGEST AUSTRALIAN HAWK MOTH—Coequosa
AUSTRALIAN LEPIDOPTERA (RHOPALOCERA)
Sc.
27, 30, 32, 3
ZEALAND
LEPI
33
triangularis Do*
34
. . 40, 41 42, 43, 44
CHAPTER XXII
Order HYMENOPTERA
(Saw-flies, Ichneumon-flies, Wasps, Ants, Bees).
Characters. This is one of the most distinct of all Orders of
Insects, easily recognized by the stiff membranous wings coupled
together in flight by means of a series of minute hooks? by the close
union of the first abdominal segment with the thorax, an*d by the presence of a complete ovipositor in the female, often specialized as a sting.
FIG. Tl. Perga dorsalis Leach., female, Australia. Suborder Chalastrogastra, fam.
Tenthredinidae. Length 26 mm. Lettering as in Table on p. 258, New
Notation.
[JE7. 8. G-ourlay del.
I
H e a d
of very variable shape, but usually rather broad, with
/ compound eyes well developed (except in a few blind, wingless forms)
and wide apart; three ocelli usually present in a triangle on vertex.
Antennae usually with scape, pedicel and a variable number of similar
segments forming a flagellum, usually filiform or somewhat thickened,
more rarely moniliform or pectinate; in some forms the scape is lengthened and the antennae elbowed between it and the other segments; in
others, the flagellum may become specialized into ring-segments, funicle
and terminal club (see Chalcidoidea, p. 271); in the highest groups
the antennae have 13 segments in the male, 12 in the female.
CHARACTERS
*
253
Mouth-parts strongly mandibulate; labrum entire; mandibles hard,
toothed; maxillae usually with lacinia, galea and five- or six-segmented
palp; hypopharynx well-developed, tongue-like; labium usually with 4-
FIG. T2. Exeirus lateritius Shuck., male, Australia. Suborder Clistogastra, fam.
Exeiridae. Length 30 mm. Lettering as in Table on p. 258, New Notation,
except r = lr-\-2r in forewing.
IE. S. Gourlay del.
segmented palpi and well-developed ligula, with fused glossae and separate, small paraglossae (fig. T3).
j The mouth-parts of the wasps and short-tongued bees only differ
from the ordinary type in reduction of the size of the palpi, together
with some slight specializations in structure of the labium and maxilla
(fig. T3, D, E ) . In the long-tongued bees, however, a great change is
noticeable; the maxillary~pa1pt_aTe^?Stly reduced, but the galea, labial
palpi and the fused glossae all become greatly elongated, the lastnamed forming the "tongue," and ending in a small spoon (fig. T3, F,
sp) for the extraction of nectar. Further, both maxillae and labium are
hinged, the former between cardo and stipes, the latter between submentum and mentum, so that the whole proboscis can be easily withdrawn and folded down close to the head when not in use.
j
T h o r a x usually very compact, strongly chitinized, remarkable for the more or less complete fusion with it of the first abdominal
/ segment, called the prop odeum or median segment.
The fused
mass formed by union of thorax with propodeum is called the
alitrunk (figs. T4-T6). Usually the prothorax and mesothorax aredistinct, but the propodeum is closely fused with the reduced
, metathorax. Prothorax generally short but broad, the pronotum
usually with two large side-lobes extending back as far as the
tegulae; in some forms (fig. T6) the prothorax is merely a very short
neck or collar, and the side lobes do not reach the tegulae. Mesothorax very large; mesonotum with large scuMwi, often divided into a
central piece and two side-lobes called parapsides; behind it lies a large
CHARACTERS
254
scutellum; axilla of forewing strongly developed; in front of each
axilla is a small lateral sclerite called the tegula; the position of the
posterior ends of the side-lobes of the pronotum with respect to the
tegulae is of great importance in classification (figs. T4-T6). Mesopleura
FIG. T3.
Mouth-parts of Hymenoptera. A, maxilla of Paniscus sp., fam.
Ichneumonidae (X 40) ; B, labium and Hypopharynx of same, lateral view
(X 5 0 ) ; C, ditto, dorsal view (X 5 0 ) ; D, maxilla of Hylaeus
(Prosopis)
capitosus Sm., fam. Hylaeidae (X 40) ; E, labium and Hypopharynx of same,
lateral view (X 50) ; P, right maxilla and labium of Anthophora
cingulata
Fabr., fam. Anthophoridae (left labial palp and paraglossa omitted), lateral
view, dissected (X 1 6 ) ; c, cardo; ga, galea; gl, glossa; hy, Hypopharynx;
Ic, lacinia; lp, labial palp; mt, mentum; mxp, maxillary palp; pg, paraglossa;
sd, salivary duct; sm, submentum; sp, nectar-spoon at tip of tongue; st,
stipes; t, tongue ( = elongated fused glossae).
[JR. J. T. del.
well-developed; mesepisternum usually broad, sometimes with a distinct
piece in front of it called the prepectus (figs. T5, 6, pet) lying beneath
the tegula and behind the pronotal side-lobe; mesepimeron usually
narrow. Mesosternum well-developed, sometimes divided by a median
groove or sulcus. Metathorax distinct and fairly well developed in the
oldest groups, but usually shortened, the metanotum very short, compressed close up to or even partly beneath the mesoscutellum; metapleura
undivided. Prop odeum (first abdominal segment, but dealt with here for
convenience) short in the oldest groups, but often greatly enlarged
and very convex in the higher (figs. T5, 6 ) , closely attached to metathorax. A pair of spiracles (sp!) lie a little below the axillae of the forewings, and a second pair (sp2) on the sides of the propodeum. Legs
255
HYMENOPTERA
always well-developed, all three pairs generally similar; coxae usually
short, sometimes elongated; trochanters small, either simple or divided
more or less distinctly into two segments (fig. T7) ; femora stout, some-
FIG. T4. Lateral view of alitrunk of
Pergo dorsalis Leach, fam. Tenthredinidae. Lettering as in fig. T6.
[R. J. T. del.
FIG. T5. Lateral view of alitrunk of
Calopompilius defensor Sm., fam.
Psammocharidae.
Lettering as in
fig. T6.
[.R. J. T. del.
FIG. T6. Lateral view of alitrunk of
Sceliphron laetum Sm., fam. Sphecidae ; ex, coxa ; epm, epimeron ;
eps, episternum; fw, forewing; g,
gaster; hw, hindwing; Ih, lobe of
prothorax; msn, mesonotum; mtn,
metanotum; mtp, metapleuron ; pet,
prepectus; prn, pronotum; prp, propodeum ; p%, petiole ; <sc, scutellum ;
sp, spiracle.; tg, tegula.
IR. J. T. del.
times clubbed distally or basally; tibiae slender, often thickened distally,
frequently with a pair of apical spurs; tarsi usually with five segments,
(reduced to 4 or 3 in some parasitic forms), the first usually much
longer than the others; last segment with a pair of strong claws and an
empodium.
If
W i n g s (fig. T9) folded in repose flat along back of abdomen,
I one above the other, never held roof-wise. Jmrewing larger than hind,
/ and connected with it in flight by a more or less extensive senes~oTc tiny
'j hooks or hamuli (ham) situated on the costa of the hindwing so as to
-/ engage the recurved posterior margin of the forewing at or before the
/ end of 1A. Membrane of wings very strong, glassy. Venation remarkably modified, both main veins and cross-veins usually very strongly
( formed, arranged so as to divide the wing into a limited number of closed
\ cells of irregular shape and rather large size. Forewing frequently with
a well-developed pterostigma (pt) of hardened chitin; hindwing with
or without a distinct, folded, anal lobe. The venational scheme, so different from that of all other insects, received its own special notation
from Jurine more than a hundred years ago, and this is still in general
use by systematists of the Order. More recently the Comstock-Needham
Notation has been applied by MacGillivray, but with great difficulty,
CHARACTERS
256
owing to the failure tif the nupal tracheation to offer reliable evidence.
This writer has compared the venation of the Order in minute detail
with that of the Dipterous family Bombyliidae, and his hypothesis
assumes a closely parallel line of evolution between the two, for which,
FIG. T7. A, hind leg of an Ichneumon, Paniscus productus Brulle, fam. Ichneumonidae; B, hind leg of a Sphecoid Wasp, Sceliphron laetum Sm., fam.
Sphecidae; ex, coxa; fm. femur; £b, tibia; tr, trochanter; ts, tarsus.
Li2. J. T. del.
however, not a single shred of evidence is forthcoming. This interpretation, given in the second column of the Table on p. 258, has led to
such a complicated notation for certain of the main veins that it has
proved unwieldy in practice. Only very recently the wings of the ancestors of the Order have come to light in the Lower Permian of Kansas,
so beautifully preserved that the whole of the homologies of the veins
at once become clear and of the utmost simplicity. Three genera of
these Protohymenoptera occur, one with fore and hindwings in situ.
The stiff glassiness of the membrane of these wings is most marked, as
is also the strong formation of the pterostigma.
FIG. T8. A , forewing of Protohymen permianus Till. Length 11 mm.; B, pterostigma and apex of forewing of Permohymen schucherti Till. Order Protohymenoptera, Lower Permian of Kansas. Lettering as in Table on p. 258, New
Notation, except R2+3, Ri+^, branches of Rs, and some additional cross-veins.
IR. J. T. del.
Fig. T8A shows the fore wing of Protohymen permianus Till., while
fig. T8B shows the pterostigmatic area of Permohymen. The hindwing
of the latter was slightly shorter, considerably broader basally, the venation not reduced as in Hymenoptera, and no hamuli present. These wings
support the evidence of the early pupal wings of Hymenoptera, in which
the main-veins are well-formed but the cross-veins either absent or only
faintly indicated (except sometimes, mcu2 and icu8) ; in particular, the
absence of rmx and rm2 is mostly striking, these being obviously weak
257
HYMENOPTERA
cross-veins in Jurassic Hymenoptera. The points to notice in the fossil
wings are the very narrow costal area, (in which, however Sc remains
distinct), the encroachment of the pterostigmatic thickening in Permohymen as far as Rs, the apical position of the reduced Rs, (still present
FIG. T9. Wings of Birex juvencus L., male, New Zealand (introd.), fam. Siricidae.
A, to show veins; B, to show cells, etc. Lettering as in Table on p. 258, New
Notation; except ham* hamuli.
, •
.
IR. J. T. del.
in Sirex), the three-branched condition of M, retained only in the
Xyelidae (not Australian), the already strong development of mcuu
the anbranched Cul9 and the generalized anal area bordered by a separate
Cut and with two anal veins; also the general Mecopteroid arrangement
of the cross-veins. From this condition the Hymenopterous venation
evolved (1) by reduction of hindwing (as in Plectoptera) with consequent specialization of anal area of forewing, Cu2 fusing with 1A
and the posterior margin becoming straight, (2) -by fusion of M± with
remnant of Rs distally, and usually partial or nearly complete reduction
of Mo, and (3) by addition of one or two cross-veins (rm±, rm2)
below pterostigma, and gradual switching, in higher types, of the attachment of M1+2 from its original base, first to rm±, then to rnh. In
the Table on p. 258, the homologies of the veins, cross-veins, and
cells are given in full for the New System, the Comstock-Needham
System and the Old or Jurinian* System.
*Named in honour of L. Jurine, in whose fine work "Observations sur les
ailes des HymenoptSres" (Mem. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, 1820, xxiv, pp.177-214, six
plates) it was first set forth.
258
HYMENOPTERA
TABLE OF H Y M E N O P T E R O U S W I N G V E N A T I O N
Comstock-Needham
Old or Jurinian
New Syste m.
Notation.
System.
Name.
Notation. (after MacGillivray).
Name.
Mam Veins :—
Costa
Costa
C
C
Sc
—
Sc
Subcosta
Sc+R+M
Subcostal
Sc+R+M
Principal Vein
or R+M
Radius
R
—
R
—
Radial Sector
Rs
•Ri
Cubitus
Media
Rs & M
M
Radial
1st branch
Mt
R*
—
2nd branch
M2
Rs
3rd branch
M + M1+2 + Mi + i?4+5 Cubital
M 3+ 4
Basal piece of
1st transverse cubital
M1+2
r-m
M1+2
—
Cubitus
Cu
Cu
Median
1st branch*
Cu-i
Cu+CuA-M*+M*+
m+M2.
2nd branch
Cu2
1A
1st Anal
Anal
1A
2A
Accessory2nd Anal
\
2A
3A
Cross-veins:—
Radial (basal piece)
1st radio-median
rmt
Rs (basal piece)
2nd „
rm2
1st inter-median
2nd transverse cubital
imi
i
R5
R
2nd „
im2
3rd
„
„
!
<
I (including basal piece
I
of M2)
Basal
1st medio-cubital
tncth.
m-cn
2nd
„
1st Recurrent
mcu2
;
M3+4
3rd ^ „
2nd
„
mcuz
I
M2
1st inter-cubital
icui
.—
Cu2
1
2nd
„
1st transverse
icih
Cui+M*
3rd
„
icuz
—
Mz
—
cua
Cubito-anal
^~
Cells:—
Costal
c
\
c
Costal
1st subcostal
Sc
lsc
2nd
' —
Sci
2sc
Pterostigma
Pterostigma
pt
:
pt
1st Radial
Ir
R
1st cubital
2nd
„
1st radial
2r
1st Rt
1
-3rd
„
3r
2nd R2
2nd
„
Apical
—
ap
Appendiculate
1st Median.
lm
2nd cubital
R*
2nd
„
2m
3rd
„
\
R*
3rd
„
3m
4th
„
1
R*
4th
„
R2
4m
M*
1st Submedian
1st discoidal
Ism
2nd
1st M2
2sm
2nd
3rd
1st posterior
3sm
Mx
Basimedian
bm
subcostal
M
Basicubital
|
Cu
bcu
median
1st Cubital
Cut
3rd discoidal
leu
2nd
„
Ms
2cu
3rd
„
3cu
2nd M2
2nd posterior
1st Subcubital
lscu
1st A
lanceolate (hindwing)
2nd
2scu
1st A
lanceolate (forewing )
Anal
2nd A
anal
a
Subanal
sa
!
3rd A
—
•That portion of Cu^ which lies between mcu2 and icus, and is often considerably bent, is known in the Jurinian System as the discoidal vein; the following
portion, from icus to mcu3 is called the sutdiscoidal vein. Usually the discoidal
vein is considered to run to the wing-margin, i.e., it includes icu3, and the subdiscoidal vein is then spoken of as arising above, at, or below the middle of the
discoidal vein, according to the comparative lengths of icus and the part of Gut
basad from it. In the MacGillivray notation the discoidal vein is interpreted as
Ms (to wing-margin) and the subdiscoidal vein as a cross vein m.
L
•
1
f
•
—
259 .
HYMENOPTERA
/
A b d o m e n with ten segments, of which the first (propof/deum or median segment) is attached closely to the thorax (see p. 254).
* The second segment is normal in the oldest groups, but in all the rest
it becomes constricted into a petiole or waist. The rest, called the
gaster* may have all the segments visible dorsally or the terminal
ones may be withdrawn so that only from three^ to six segments can be
seen dorsally, as in the higher groups. Tergites usually strongly chitinized, extending laterally downwards so as partially to overlap the sternites which are also frequently very hard, though sometimes soft and with
a median, longitudinal, ventral fold. Abdomen generally sipooth and
shiny, but very hairy in some wasps and most bees. Male with
complex genitalia partly or wholly concealed. The clasping apparatus
is formed by the gonocoxites of the ninth segment with their terminal
styles; there is also a well developed aedeagus, formed from the penis
and its parameres. The tenth segment is much reduced, forming a
small proctiger carrying the anus and a pair of short cerci, which are
sometimes segmented. Female with a complete ovipositor formed from
the three pairs of original gonapophyses, one on seg. 8 and two on seg.
9. In the older groups, this ovipositor is used only for its original
purpose, and is either a horny process for laying eggs in wood, or
___jl£Yeloped into saws for cutting open the leaves or stems of plants. In
the parasitic groups, it becomes a slender terebra, often of great length,
for placing the eggs in the host-insect; while in Ants, Wasps and Bees
it is developed as a weapon of offence, or sting. In each case, the ventral j
valves of seg. 8 form the actual boring or stabbing organ, and are j
^jcalled the jpiculae^ In the terebra and the sting, they are exceedingly
slender, finely toothed or barbed towards their apices; in the Saw-flies,
they become specialized as the saws, the whole or the greater part of their
lower edges being armed with minute teeth or serrated ridges of complex pattern. The inner valves of seg. 9 became the guide of the terebra
or the director of the sting, which is in each case a single grooved organ
formed by fusion of the two original gonapophyses; the director is a
highly specialized guide furnished with two longitudinal beads in its
groove, by means of which the spiculae are held in place. In the Sawflies these valves remain separate, becoming the supports of the saw.
The dorsal valves, or gonocoxites of seg. 9, form the outer sheaths
of the ovipositor or sting, protecting it from injury; in the parasitic
groups, they are not developed, leaving the terebra free. Spiracles eight
pairs in the older groups, placed on the sides of the tergites; the number
is reduced in some of the parasitic groups, e.g., in Chalcidoidea, where
only two pairs are present, on segs. 1 and 8 respectively. Malpighian
tubules numerous, this being the only polynephric Order within the
Endopterygota.
Life History. The egg (fig. T10) is generally elongate oval in
shape, not sharply pointed, without sculpture. The larvae fall into two
distinct types; the phytophagous, caterpillar-like larva of the Saw-flies
and allies, and the parasitic or cell-fed grub of the higher groups. The
former has a large head with strong mandibles, and usually all three
pairs of thoracic legs; in many of the leaf-feeding forms, a series of abdominal prolegs is developed, up to as many as eight pairs; these
prolegs are never arranged, as in Lepidoptera, on segs. 3-6 and 10 only,
and appear to be newly-developed organs rather than the vestiges of true
*This item is used chiefly in the Ants (p. 287), but may conveniently be
extended to other groups not having a constriction between gaster and petiole.
L I F E HISTORY
260
FIG. T10. Eggs of Perga dorsalis Leach, in situ in leaf of Eucalyptus. Australia..
Fam. Tenthredinidae (X 1.1).
[A. Tonnoir del.
FIG. T i l .
Larva of Perga dorsalis Leach (X 1.4).
FIG. T12. Larva of Eumenes
latreilli Sauss. (x 3).
[A. Tonnoir
Australia.
del.
Fam. Eumenidae.
[A. Tonnoir del.
segmental abdominal appendages. In the higher types the head becomes
much reduced, the legs are lost and the larva becomes a whitish or
cream-coloured grub. Such grubs feed in one of the following ways:—
1. As an internal parasite in the still living, active host, or in'
an insect egg, (Ichneumonoidea, Chalcidoidea, Proctotrypoidea, Bethyloidea).
2. As an external parasite on Homoptera (Dryinidae).
3 . As a gall-forming parasite of the leaves, buds or stems of
plants (Cynipoidea and some Chalcidoidea).
4. As an external parasite, devouring the paralyzed host provided by the mother, either in burrows or closed-up cells
(most Vespoidea and Sphecoidea).
5. Living in a nest or cell and fed by adult workers of the
species (Formicoidea and Vespidae).
6. Living in a closed cell stored with plant products (honey
or bee-bread), (most Apoidea).
7. As a secondary parasite on (3), (4) or (5) (Chrysidoidea,
some Chalcidoidea, a few Vespoidea and Apoidea.)
The pupa (fig. T13) is a pupa libera, usually enclosed in an oval
cocoon, spun with coarse, viscous silk from the mouth of the larva.
The cocoons of Saw-flies are placed in the soil, singly or in masses;
those of the higher groups may be of coarse, pale silk, or brownish
and papery in consistency; some forms pupate within the body of the
host or in the cell without a cocoon. In some of the Saw-flies the larva
undergoes an extra ecdysis within the cocoon, often walling up this
shrivelled skin in a separate, closed chamber at the posterior end; it-
261
HYMENOPTERA
then appears as a whitish prepupa with wing-rudiments, which later on
changes to a true pupa by a fresh ecdysis. The total number of instars
is variable, but does not exceed six. The imago sheds the delicate
pupal covering within the cocoon and cuts its
way out with its powerful mandibles. Generally speaking, females are much more abundant
than males in this Order; many parasitic types
are parthenogenetic for considerable periods,
and, in others, the males only live for a short
time.
Distribution. The Order is remarkably
well lepresented in Australia by more than
6000 described species, while many more remain to be discovered. The most abundant
families are the Encyrtidae (652), Formicidae (627), Eulophidae (587), Thynnidae
(438), Hylaeidae (318), Scelionidae (317),
Andrenidae (265), Mutillidae (197), Pteromalidae (190), Chalcididae (167), Eumenidae
(160), Mymaridae (159), Colletidae (137),
and Megachilidae (123). Almost all the prinFIG. T13.
Pupa of Exeirus lateritius cipal families are represented, and one, the
Shuck.
(x 2). AusLarge
tralia. Fam. Exeiri- Megalyridae, is peculiar to Australia.
dae.
[A. Tonnoir del. and showy species are abundant, especially
amongst the Saw-flies and Wasps. In New Zealand the Order is very
poorly represented by little over 300 species*; there are no Saw-flies,
no Siricidae, only one native Xiphydriid and one Oryssid,.no Chrysididae, no Vespoidea except Psammocharidae, and very few Sphecoidea,
Ants and Bees.
Fossil History. The Order is abundantly represented in Tertiary
strata by forms differing little from those of to-day, ants and bees being
fairly numerous. In Mesozoic beds the only known forms are the
large Horntails of the genus Pseudosirex, from the Upper Jurassic of
Bavaria, which closely resembled those of the present day, but had a
simpler venation with only a single cross-vein rm in the forewing.
The geological history of the Order has recently been much more fully
unfolded by-the discovery of representatives of a new Order, Protohymenoptera (fig. T8) in the Lower Permian of Kansas. It also appears
probable that the Upper Carboniferous fossil Sycopteron symmetricum
Bolton from Commentry, France, belongs to this latter Order. Thus
the history of the Hymenoptera can be traced back to the earliest known
insect-bearing strata, though the Order itself appears to have been
the latest of all to evolve, except perhaps the Lepidoptera.
/
Economics. Apart from the Saw-flies, (which are highly injurious
insects, many of the species doing great damage to fruit trees, forest
trees and shrubs), the Cynipoidea and a few Chalcidoidea (which make
galls on trees and plants), and a few obnoxious ants and wasps having
a taste for fruit and household stores, this Order must be reckoned the
most highly beneficial of alLQrders of Insects. The unceasing work of
the thousands "of parasitic Hymenoptera is the principal factor in the
maintenance of the balance of insect-life, whereby hosts of injurious
species of beetles, flies and moths are prevented from overrunning the
world. The studv of the life-histories of such forms, and the utilization
*Including undescribed species known to exist in collections.
HYMENOPTERA
262
of t h e i r a i d i n c h e c k i n g i n t r o d u c e d p e s t s , is o n e of t h e chief h o p e s of
the f u t u r e for economic biology. A n t s , too, o n t h e whole, a r e highly
beneficial i n r e m o v i n g a n d d e s t r o y i n g a n i m a l a n d v e g e t a b l e d e b r i s , t h o u g h
s o m e u n d o u b t e d l y offset t h i s b y t h e f o s t e r i n g c a r e w h i c h t h e y l a v i s h
on aphids a n d scale-insects. T h e H o n e y Bees supply m a n k i n d w i t h t h e
one universally valued insect-food,—honey ; while bees a n d flower-wasps
a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e f e r t i l i z a t i o n of c e r t a i n f r u i t - t r e e s a n d f o d d e r c r o p s , a s w e l l a s of m a n y g a r d e n
flowers.
C L A S S I F I C A T I O N
SCHEME
OF CLASSIFICATION
AND CENSUS
OF
SPECIES
Order HYMENOPTERA 6249 (311)
T E N T H R E D I N O I D E A 82 (2)
Suborder
1.
2.
3.
4.
CHALASTROGASTRA
<^f^a
82 (2)
SlRICIDAE
XlPHYDRIIDAE 1 ( 1 )
TENTHREDINIDAE 80
ORYSSIDAE 1 (1)
(0)
Suborder C L I S T O G A S T R A 6167 (309)
ICHNEU/MONOIDEA310(107)
V I I I . F O R M I C O I D E A 627 (18)
II.
5.
MEGALYRIDAE 19
* 6.
,7.
^ { 8.
10.
STEPHANIDAE
7
(0)
35.
EVANIIDAE 70 ( 2 ) '
ICHNEUMONIDAE 1 1 8 ( 7 0 )
BRACONIDAE 96 (31)
ALYSIIDAE 0 (4)
I I I . C Y N I P O I D E A 7 (1)
11. CYNIPIDAE 3 (0)
12. FIGITIDAE 4 (1)
IV. C H A L C I D O I D E A 2284 (90)
13. CHALCIDIDAE 167 (0)
vl4. PERILAMPIDAE 49 (1)
EuCHARITIDAE 48 ( 2 )
Y15.
16. CALLIMOMIDAE 86 (2)
v 17. AGAONTIDAE 9 (0)
v 18. EURYTOMIDAE 8 8 ( 1 1 )
19. CLEONYMIDAE 44 (0)
v 20. PTEROMALIDAE 190 (20)
w 2 1 . ENCYRTIDAE 652 (12)
/22. EULOPHIDAE 587 (34)
23. ELASMIDAE 100 (4)
,24. TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE 105 (1)
v25. MYMARIDAE 159 (3)
V.
PROCTOTRYPOIDEA
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
FORMICIDAE 627
(18)
(0)
527 (45)
BELYTIDAE 20 (26)
DIAPRIIDAE 77 (11)
PROCTOTRYPIDAE 9 ( 4 )
CERAPHRONIDAE 84 (0)
SCELIONIDAE 317 (2)
PLATYGASTERIDAE 20 (2)
IX.
V E S P O I D E A 991 (13)
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
X.
TRIGONALIDAE 3 (0)
PSAMMOCHARIDAE 1 0 0 ( 1 3 )
T H Y N N I D A E 438 (0)
SCOLIIDAE 49 (0)
MUTILLIDAE 197 (0)
EUMENIDAE 160 ( 0 )
MASARIDAE 22 (0)
VESPIDAE 22 ( 0 ) ^
S P H E C O I D E A 359 (14)
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
XL
AMPULICIDAE 10 (0)
EXEIRIDAE 1 (0)
STIZIDAE 7 (0)
ARPACTIDAE 28 (2)
NYSSONIDAE 44 (6)
NITELIDAE 4 (0)
LARRIDAE 53 *^4)
P H I L A N T H I D A E 25 (0)
BEMBECIDAE 27 (0)
PEMPHREDONIDAE 21 (0)
TRYPOXYLIDAE 57 (4)
SSPHECIDAE 48 (0)
CRABRQNIDAE 34 (4)
A P O I D E A 925 (19)
/
5 7 . COLLETIDAE 1 3 7 ( 8 )
58. HYLAEIDAE 318 (8)
59. ANDRENIDAE 265 (3)
6 0 . NOMADIDAE 1 ( 0 )
61. MELECTIDAE 15 (0)
VI. B E T H Y L O I D E A 97 (2)
62. ANTHOPHORIDAE 17 (0)
32. BETHYLIDAE 38 (2)
63. MEGACHILIDAE 123 (0)
33. DRYJNIDAE 59 (0)
64. XYLQCOPIDAE 3 (0)
65. CERATINIDAE 37 (0)
VII. C H R Y S I D O I D E A 40 (0)
66.
APIDAE 9 ( 0 )
34. CHRYSIDIDAE 40 (0)
- T h e t o t a l s for A u s t r a l i a n V e s p o i d e a , S p h e c o i d e a a n d A p o i d e a h a v e b e e n s u p plied b y M r . H . H a c k e r ; t h a t for A u s t r a l i a n F o r m i c i d e a b y M r . J . C l a r k , B a s t
P e r t h , W . A . ; t h o s e for A u s t r a l i a n C h a l c i d o i d e a w e r e o b t a i n e d b y a d d i n g r e c o r d e d
s p e c i e s b y o t h e r a u t h o r s t o M r . A. A. G i r a u l t ' s t o t a l s ; t h e N . Z . c e n s u s i n c l u d e s
a n u m b e r of u n d e s c r i b e d s p e c i e s k n o w n t o e x i s t i n c o l l e c t i o n s .
CLISTOGASTRA
266
segment. The larva is always a legless grub. The Suborder contains nine Superfamilies, distinguished by the following Key:—
1. Ovipositor issuing from ventral surface of abdomen, usually well
before the tip.
^
2
Ovipositor or sting issuing from tip of abdomen.
4
2. Forewing with well developed pterostigma (rarely slender or linear),
venation usually well-developed; antennae usually with more than 16
segments; trochanters always distinctly two-segmented; abdomen
generally soft ventrally, with a longitudinal median fold.
II. I C H N E U M O N O I D E A ^
Forewing without a pterostigma; venation very incomplete; antennae
usually with not more than 16 segments; trochanters variable;
abdomen without a longitudinal fold; mostly very small insects.
3
3 . Sides of pronotum extending back to tegulae; antennae not elbowed;
trochanters with a single segment.
III. CYNIPOIDEA
Sides of pronotum not extending back to tegulae; antennae more or
less distinctly elbowed (except in Mymaridae) ; trochanters small,
frequently more or less distinctly divided into two segments.
IV. C H A L C I D O I D E A
4. Abdomen with seg. 2 (and sometimes seg. 3 also) constricted off
from the remainder to form a small, distinct nodule or petiole.
VIII. FORMICOIDEAAbdomen with seg. 2 not constricted off from rest.
5
5. Medium to large, brilliantly metallic forms, with sides of pronotum
not extending back to tegulae; hindwing without any closed cells, and
with a strong anal lobe separated from rest of wing by a deep cleft;
abdomen with only three visible dorsal segments; ovipositor tubular
and retractile.
VII.
CHRYSIDOIDEA
Not such insects.
6
6. Small to minute, parasitic forms (rarely up to 6 mm.) ; forewmg
with no closed median cells (with at most a single closed cubital cell),
often with venation greatly reduced or entirely absent; hindwing with
at most a single basal cell, viz., the basirnedian (subcostal).
7
Medium to large forms, (very rarely under 5 mm.), mostly predatory
or nectar-feeding (a few parasitic) ; forewing with venation complete
or nearly so, having at least one closed median cell (two closed cubital
cells) ; hindwing with two basal cells, viz., btn and bcu (subcostal and
median) (open or incompletely closed in Mutillidae), and usually with
two veins extending distally from them.
8
7. Fore femora either greatly swollen or strongly clubbed basally; hindwing with a small but distinct anal lobe, well separated from rest of
wing.
VI. B E T H Y L O I D E A
Fore femora either not swollen, or only clubbed distallv; hindwing
without sin anal lobe.
V. P R O C T O T R Y P O I D E A
8. Sides of pronotum reaching back to tegulae.
IX.-. V E S P O I D E A ^
Pronotum shortened, more or less collar-like, with its sides not reach-,
ing back to tegulae.
9
f
9. Hairs on body simple or only twisted; hind tarsi slender, with seg. 1 '
of normal form.
X. S P H E C O I D E A
Hairs on body mostly branched or feathefed; hind tarsi with seg. 1
enlarged, usually densely haired.
XI. A P O I D E A y
Superfamily II. I C H N E U M O N O I D E A .
This group contains the Ichneumon-flies and their allies, including the Longtailed ^Wasps, which are peculiar to Australia. The venation (figs. T16-19) of the
forewing is fairly complete, with pterostigma present; but Sc is absent, the base
of M is fully aligned with mcu±, and very often the succeeding piece of M h
missing; this leads to forms in which mcu2 becomes aligned with the succeeding
piece of M; the distal stump of the missing piece, if present, is called the
ramellus.
Further, the cross-vein rmi may become aligned with Mx+2, the basal
piece of the latter vein being eliminated. The ovipositor issues ventrally from
the abdomen well before the tip, and the trochanters are divided into two seg^ments. ^ The species are usually of slender, graceful build. The larvae are all
parasitic, a very large number of them on Lepidopterous, Dipterous and Saw-fly
271
HYMENOPTERA
viz., c-\-sc, bm. (=zlr-{-2r)t
3r (called the marginal cell) and sometimes also
a small lm (called the areolet).
There is never a thickened pterostigma,
and the hindwing has no anal lobe. The group differs from the Proctotrypoidea
in having the ovipositor issuing from the abdomen well before the tip; this organ
is beautifully constructed and very mobile, with long, delicate spiculae which can
be coiled up and withdrawn into the abdomen; it resembles most closely the
ovipositor of the Oryssidae.
The two families here dealt with may be separated as follows:—
Abdomen with tergites extending laterally downwards so as to enclose
and hide from view all the sternites except near apex.
Fam.
12.
FIGITTDAE
Abdomen with tergites normal, not extending downwards; most of the
sternites visible.
Fam. 11. CYNIPIDAE
Family 11. Cynipidae [Aus. 3, N.Z. 0]. In Australia the paucity of
species of gall-wasps is in marked contrast with their abundance in other countries ; most of the galls found in Australia are made by Coccidae.
Hypodiranchis
aphidis Frogg. was bred from peach aphis, and may therefore be an introduced
species. Eucoela gracilicornis Cam. and Aulax hypochaeridis Kieff. are common
introduced species in New Zealand, the latter forming galls in the stems of Cat's
Ear (Hypochaeris radicata).
A few undescribed native species exist in Australian
collections.
Family 12.
Figitidae [Aus. 4, N.Z. 1].
The genus Anacharis is represented by a single species in each country (A. australiensis Ashm. and A.
zelandica Ashm.) ; the other Australian species belong to Cothonaspis,
Alhtria
and Trybliographa.
Most of the species parasitize aphids and scale-insects.
Superfamily
IV.
CHALCIDOIDEA.
This great group contains an enormous number of species throughout the
world, but only a fraction of them so far have been described. Chiefly owing to
the work of Girault in Queensland, nearly 2,400 species are already known in
Australia; in New Zealand, on the other hand, scarcely any native species have
so far been described, though there are about 90 undescribed species in various
collections.
The group as a whole is characterized by the small size of most of the species,
the majority measucing from 0.2 mm, to 5 mm. in length, though a few Chalcididae,
Eucharitidae and Perilampidae are fairly large insects, measuring up to 15 mm.
The pronotum does not extend back to the tegulae. Except in the peculiar family
Mymaridae, the antennae (fig. T22) are elbowed, and have a long scape and usually
one or more ring-segments (r) ; these latter are'tiny, annular segments which can
be found, by careful examination, between the pedicel and the funicle; the funicle
itself ( / ) consists of a variable number of narrow cylindrical segments; this in
turn may be succeeded by a terminal club (c), or the funicle may extend to the
apex as an elongated flagellum. The part of the antenna from third segment to
apex inclusive is called the clavola. The total number of segments varies from 4
to 22, but is rarely more than 13.
FIG T22. Diagram of Chalcidoid antenna and
forewing. A, antenna; c, club ; f, funicle;
p, pedicel; r, ring-segments; s, scape; B,
forewing; Trig, marginal vein; pm, postmarginal vein; sm, submarginal vein; st,
stigmatic vein.
The wing-venation has undergone great reduction in all members of the
group. Fig. T22B shows diagrammatically a typical Chalcidoid forewing. The
stout vein arising from the base and running below the costal margin is termed the
CHALCIDOIDEA
272
submarginal vein (sm) ; it appears to be actually R-\-M.
Further distad, this
vein bends and fuses with the costa as far as the pterostigmatic region; this
portion is called the marginal vein (mg).
At the end of the marginal vein there
is a fork, the upper branch of which is apparently simply a continuation of the
marginal vein, and is called the postmarginal vein (pm) ; while the lower branch
passes obliquely downwards in the wing-membrane, and is called the stigmatic
vein (st).
It is seldom that any other veins than these are to be seen; if such
are present, they are much slenderer, and are not used in classification. All stages
of reduction of the above scheme are found, some forms having no^ venation at all.
The hindwing has either no veins at all, or only a single main vein. Both wings
are usually covered with minute hairs, (discal cilia), whose arrangement is of
considerable importance in classification; in addition, they may carry fringes
of longer hairs (marginal
cilia).
.The great majority of species are parasitic forms, some even being secondary
parasites on other parasitic Hymenoptera.
A considerable number live in galls,
either parasitizing the gall-making insects or their larvae, or living as inquilines
in the gall. A few have evolved the gall-making habit themselves; they belong
chiefly to the Perilampidae, Callimomidae, Erytomidae and Eulophidae. Some
minute species parasitize the eggs of other insects. The group is on the whole
highly beneficial to mankind; but it must always be remembered that the value of
any species depends upon the relationship of its host to man, and that, in the case
of special problems, such as the eradication of Prickly Pear in Australia, where
the usual order of things is inverted, chalcids may give much trouble, and may
even, perhaps, in the end, be the deciding factor against the success of the biological
experiment. W i t h these exceptions, it is probably true that the future of the
-biological control of a large number of insect pests is bound up with the careful
study and utilization of members of this group.
Those forms especially which
parasitize the eggs of injurious insects, such as the Homoptera, may prove of
incalculable value to the human race in the future.
The classification of the group is difficult, and the limits of several of the
families here given are not accepted by all authors as the same. Sixteen families
have been recognized so far in Australia; but of these we shall sink the Miscogasteridae as a subfamily of the Pteromalidae, and the Eupelmidae as a subfamily
of the Encyrtidae. Only three families*, the Callimomidae, Eulophidae and
Pteromalidae, have so far been recognized by described species in New Zealand,
but a number of others occur there.
Chalcidoid wasps, except the few large species, should always be mounted
entire at the apex of a small triangular slip of cardboard carried on a pin.
Students would be well advised not to attempt to describe chance specimens, but
only to deal with those whose life-history is known, in so far as they have been
bred out from a recognizable host. Girault described most of the immense number of Australian species standing to his name from single specimens obtained
by indiscriminate sweeping of grass and herbage, while most of his Trichogrammatidae were picked off window-panes. His types are in the Queensland Museum,
Brisbane. The following Key will serve to distinguish the families known to
occur in Australia and New Zealand:—
1. Antennae not elbowed, the scape short, ring-segments absent; ovipositor
usually arising only slightly before end of abdomen; very minute
species having long wing-fringes, hindwing exceedingly narrow, linear,
with a long basal stalk, (tarsi with 4-5 segments).
Fam.
2.
3.
Fam.
4.
25.
MYMARIDXE
Antennae distinctly elbowed, scape usually long, ring-segments nearly
always present; ovipositor arising well before end of abdomen; except
in some Trichogrammatidae, wing-fringes not long and hindwing not
linear or basally stalked.
2
Females with elongate head, deeply grooved longitudinally above; males
wingless, with short antennae having only 3-9 segments, and with
middle legs slender or aborted.
Fam. 17. AGAONTIDAE
Not such insects.
3 ,
Tarsi with 3 segments (very minute species).
24.
TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Tarsi with 4-5 segments.
4
Fore tibiae armed with a strong, curved spur; tarsi almost always 5segmented.
5
Fore tibiae armed with a weak, usually straight, spur; tarsi almost
always 4-segmented.
12
*See footnote to page 276.
273
HYMENOPTERA
5.
6.
7.
Hind femora greatly swollen, often toothed or spiny beneath; hind
tibiae strongly bent.
Fam. 13. CHALCIDIDAE
Hind femora not as above; hind tibiae more or less straight.
6
Thorax very strongly developed, highly arched, usually deeply punctate.
7
m
Thorax not as above (if arched, then not exceptionally enlarged a/s
compared with head and after-body).
8
Mandibles sickle-shaped, with 1-2 teeth on inner margin; gaster with
first segment very large, enclosing all the rest.
Fam.
8.
9.
10.
Fam.
11.
12.
15.
EUCHARITIDAE
Mandibles not sickle-shaped, but with 2-3 apical teeth; gaster with
first two segments enlarged.
Fam. 14. PERILAMPIDAE
Hind coxae five or six times as large as fore, either triangularly compressed or with a sharp edge.
Fam. 16. CALLIMOMIDAE
Hind coxae not as above.
9
Pronotum large.
10
Pronotum small.
11
Pronotum square or rectangular.
Fam. 18. EURYTOMIDAE
Pronotum lengthened, conical, narrowed in front.
19.
CLEONYMIDAE
Middle tibiae long, formed for jumping, with a long or strongly
formed, stout spur.
Fam. 21. ENCYRTIDAE
Middle tibiae normal.
Fam. 20. PTEROMALIDAE
Hind coxae large and broad, hind femora flatly compressed, tarsi very
long.
Fam. 23.
ELASMIDAE
Hind coxae and femora normal, tarsi normal.
Fam. 22. EULOPHIDAE
Family 13.
Chalcididae [Aus. 167, N.Z. 0 ] .
A well-marked family,
easily recognizable by the greatly swollen hind femora, mostly denticulate
beneath, and the strongly bent hind tibiae. Four subfamilies are here recognized,
of which the Leucospidinae are considered by some authors to be deserving of
family r a n k ; the Chalcodectinae are annectent to the Cleonymidae, and the
Podagriinae to the Callimomidae.
-y ' FIG. T23. Brachymeria aurea Gir., female, Australia,
fam. Chalcididae. Length of body 6.5 mm.
IR. J. T. del.
The Leucospidinae are large, handsome species with the forewings folded
longitudinally when at rest and the ovipositor curled up dorsally over the abdomen;
they superficially resemble wasps of the Section Diploptera.
Exoclaenoides
ductus Gir. (pi. 21, fig. 9) is a fine black and red species, about 14 mm. long.
CHALCIDOIDEA
274
The Chalcidinae are stoutly built species with robust, rugose or punctate
thorax and ovipositor mostly short, not projecting. The principal Australian genera
are Brachymeria* and Stomatoceras.
None of the species a r e under 2 mm. and
most of them are over 4 mm. in length. Brachymeria aurea Gir. (fig. T23) is
blackish, with thick golden hairs on thorax and distal half of abdomen, the legs
reddish brown; it parasitizes caterpillars of Delias (fam. Pieridae). B. Hercules
Gir. measures up to 8 mm. long.
The Chalcodectinae, placed by Ashmead in the Cleonymidae, closely res e r v e the preceding subfamily, but have the pronotum shaped as in Cleonymidae.
They are almost confined to Australian and South America. Twenty Australian
species are known, of which the best known belong to Euchrysia,
Agamerion,
Agamerionella and Systolomorphella.
The Podagriinae, placed by Ashmead in the Callimomidae, are distinguished
by their more slender build, less robust thorax and excessively long, straight,
slender and backwardly projecting ovipositor; they are parasites in the eggcapsules of Mantidae.
Twenty Australian species are known, of which more
thaji half belong to the widespread genus Podagrion; Podagrionella and Pachytomoides are genera peculiar to Australia.
Family 14. Perilampidae [Aus. 49, N.Z. 1]. Mostly metallic, strongly
sculptured species with very large, arched thorax, but hind coxae and
femora normal; mandibles with 2-3 apical teeth, not falcate; antennae short, with
12-13 segments; gaster mostly sessile, often triangular, with first two segments
large. T h e dominant genus in Australia is Perilampus, of which 15 species are
known. Perilampoides bicolor Gir. makes small, round, isolated galls on the leaves
of Eucalypts. Several species of Trichilogaster make galls on the twigs and flowerstalks of wattles {Acacia). Many of the species are parasitic m the larvae of
Lepidoptera and Neuroptera.
JTIG. T24.
Metagea rufiventris Ashm., female,
Eucharitidae. Length of body 9 mm.
Australia, fam.
[JB. J. T. del.
Family 15. Eucharitidaef [Aus. 48, N.Z. 2 ] . Closely related to the
preceding family, but distinguished by the falcate mandibles with 1-2 teeth on inner
margin, the gaster with first segment enormously developed, hiding all the rest,
*A11 the Australian species hitherto placed in Ghalcis Fabr. belong to Brachymeria Wwd.; see Gahan & Fagan, Smiths. Inst. Bull. No. 124, 1923, pp.24, 31.
fGreek eucharis graceful, stem eucharit-, hence fam. Eucharitidae, not
Eucharidae.
HYMENOPTERA
2?5
and often laterally flattened; hind coxae and femora slender; thorax enormous,
humped or strongly arched; scutellum often armed with spines or processes; antennae with 10-22 segments. Mostly metallic species with rugose thorax; parasitic
in the nests of ants. The principal Australian genera are Eucharis,
Psilogaster,
Rhipipallus and Stilbula; the last-named contains some handsome species 5-6 mm.
long having the scutellum armed with two long processes and the petiole long and
slender. Metagea rufiventris Ashm. (fig. T 2 4 ) , 9 mm. long, with metallic green
thorax and reddish brown abdomen, is a parasite in the nests of Bull-dog Ants
(genus
Myrmecia).
Family 16.
Callimomidae (Torymidae) [Aus. 86, N.Z. 2 ] .
Thorax
not robust, but prothorax strongly developed; hind coxae very large, either with
a sharp edge or triquetral in form; mostly metallic green, blue or golden species,
with antennae having 11-13 segments. There are three very distinct subfamilies.
The Callimominae are gall-forming species ranging from under 1 mm. to about
3 mm. in length and having the sexes similar; Macrodontomerus
and Callimome
(Torymus) are the chief genera found in Australia; a single species, C. antipodum
Kby., has been recorded from New Zealand. The Megastigminae are distinguished
by having only a single spur on hind tibiae: they are parasitic in galls.
Megastigmus and Neomegastigmus
are both well represented in Australia.
The Idarninae are a remarkable group in wThich the males are wingless, with
the antennae short (sometimes reduced to as little as 3 segments), and differ
greatly in form from the slenderer and more elongated females, which have normal
antennae With 10-13 segments, and a long ovipositor. Like the next family, they
live in figs. Philotrypesis and Sycoryctes are the chief Australian genera; both
sexes of S. australis Frogg. have been well figured by Froggatt (Australian
Insects, pi. xii, figs. 9-11).
Family 17.
Agaontidae* (Blastophagidae) [Aus. 9, N.Z. 0 ] .
A highly
specialized family of fig-dwelling insects, with striking differences between
the sexes; females with very elongate head, longitudinally grooved above, the
antennae with a long scape and 9-13 segments; males blind, wingless, with soft
FIG. T25. Dinoura auriventris Ashm., female,
Australia, fam. Cleonymidae.
Length 7
mm.
IE. S. Gourlay del.
*Greek agomai,
Agaonidae.
to wonder at, stem agaont-,
hence fam. Agaontidae, not
CHALCIDOIDEA
276
integument, greatly reduced antennae, and middle legs either very small, weak
and slender, or entirely absent; these males live inside native figs, and superficially resemble tiny Termites. Pleistodontes imperialis Saund. and P. froggatti
Mayr are found in the fruit of the Moreton Bay Fig (Ficus macrophylla).
The
European Blastophaga psenes L. has been successfully introduced into parts of
Australia* in connection with the cultivating of the Smyrna fig.
Family 18. E u r y t o m i d a e [Aus. 88, N.Z. 11]. Pronotum strongly developed, square or rectangular; legs strong, hind tibiae with two spurs; antennae
with 9-13 segments. Most of the species belong to the dominant genus Eurytoma*,
mostly black in colour, sometimes with greyish or whitish pubescence; they
measure 2-4 mm. in length and are reared from galls. E. acaciae Cam., infests
the seeds of Acacia decurrens in both countries; E. picas Gir. lives in channels
under the bark of Eucalypts. The genus Harmvlita
( = Isosoma) contains a
number of injurious gall-forming species.
The introduced North American
Bruchophagus funebris How. infests clover and lucerne seed.
Family 19. Cleonymidae [Aus. 44, N.Z. 0 ] . Prothorax strongly developed but narrowed in front; hind tibiae with two spurs; antennae with 9-13
segments. The most remarkable of the Australian genera are Thaumasura and
Dinoura.
T. terebrator Wwd. is a slender, metallic purple species 6 mm. long,
with long ovipositor; T. rubrofemoralis Ashm. ?s 10 mm. long, with bronze-green
thorax and blue abdomen. Dinoura has a three-flanged ovipositor like an elongate propeller; the female of D. auriventris Ashm. (fig. T25) is 7 m m long, with
golden-green abdomen, that of D. cyanea Ashm. is 10 mm. long, with blue head
and thorax, and basal half df abdomen yellow; the males are much smaller and
more normally shaped. Other genera found in Australia are Tomocera and Platygerrhus.
Family 20.
Pteromalidae [Aus. 190, N.Z. 20].
Closely allied to the
preceding family, from which it differs chiefly in the small prothorax; mesopleura
with a distinct groove, fore tibiae with strong spur, middle tibiae with short spur.
The subfamily Pteromalinae has only a single spur on the hind tibiae; the genus
Pteromalus is represented in both countries. Girault has made a large number of
FIG. T26. Scutellista cyanea Mot., female, Australia, fam.
Pteromalidae.
Length 1.3 mm.
Below, antenna,
lateral view.
[R. J. T. del.
Australian genera containing two or three species each. Scutellista
cyanea
Mot. (fig. T26) is a stoutly built species of a deep metallic purple colour which
parasitizes Lecanium oleae in Australia and other countries; when at rest the
* Eurytoma
oleariae Mask. (N.Z.) is a platygasterid, see p. 284.
277
HYMENOPTERA
wings are partially covered by the huge scutellum. The species of Coelocyha are
reared from galls on Eucalypts. Mormoniella
(Nasonia)
brevicornis Ashm.
parasitizes sheep-fly maggots and pupae (Calliphorinae). Attempts have been
made to utilize it, both in Australia and New Zealarid, for the control of
these pests, but so far without much success. Spalangia nigra Latr. is a widespread parasite of the House-fly.
The Miscogasterinae, considered by some authors as a distinct family, only
differ in having the hind tibiae with two spurs.
More than 50 Australian
species are known, the principal genera being Miscogaster, Systasis,
Lamprotatus
and Arthrolysis.
Decatomothorax
gallicola Ashm. is a stoutly built, brownish
species reared from galls of the Kurrajong Tree.
Family 21. Encyrtidae [Aus. 652, N.Z. 12]. Antennae with 8-12 segments (six only in a few forms) ; pronotum very short; scutellum usually large.
Middle legs developed for jumping, the tibia widened distally and armed with a
long, thick spur; gaster sessile. In this huge family we include the Eupelminae, considered by some authors as a distinct family, but only differing from the
rest of the Encyrtidae by the presence of parapsidal furrows on the mesonotum.
Most of the species are small, 1-2 mm. long. In the Encyrtinae the principal
genera are Encyrtus and Aphycus; A. lounsheryi How. (fig. T27) is a valuable
FIG. T27. Aphycus lounsheryi How., female, Australia, fam. Encyrtidae. Length 1.1 mm.
IR. J. T. del.
parasite on-hecanium oleae and has considerably reduced the ravages of this scale
in citrus orchards around Sydney; it has also been introduced into California.
Tachinophagus australiensis Gir. parasitizes sheep-fly maggots (Calliphorinae) in
Queensland. Encyrtus flavus How. is an introduced parasite of Coccus hesperidum,
E. inquisitor How. an introduced parasite of Mealy-bugs of the genus Pseudococcus; both of these are found in New Zealand. The Ectrorninae are abundant in
Australia, the principal genera being Coccidoxenns. Epidenocarsis and Anagyris;
Fulgoridicida is important economically, its six species parasitizing the eggs of
plant-hoppers in Queensland. The Signiphorinae contain ten Australian species of
the peculiar genus Signiphora. under 1 mm. long, with 6-segmented antennae. In
the Eupelminae, more than 40 Australian species of Eupelmus^are. recorded, also
one from New Zealand (E. messene W a l k . ) . The family is of great economic
importance, as most of the species are parasites of scale-insects and aphids. An
attempt is at present being made in New Zealand to introduce from America
CHALCIDOIDEA
278
Habrolepis dalmanni Wwd. (originally a European species) the only known parasite of the Oak Scale (Asterolecanium
variolosum Ratz.) which is causing most
serious damage to British Oaks (Quercus robur) around Christchurch.
Family 22.
Eulophidae [Aus. 587, N.Z. 34].
Antennae mostly with
few segments; forewings with mg mostly longer than sm; fore tibiae with a short,
thin and usually straight spur; middle tibiae not formed for jumping; tarsi 4segmented (except in some Aphelininae). There are five subfamilies, Aphelininae,
Eulophinae, Elachertinae, Entedinae and Tetrastichinae. Of these the Aphelininae
have considerable affinity with the previous family, notably in their being parasites
of scale-insects, in their general build, and their ability to jump, although the
middle tarsi are not specialized as in true Encyrtidae. The most abundant genera
are Coccophagus, Aphelinus, Physcus and Ablerus.
The North American-species
Aphelinus mali Hald., recently introduced into New Zealand as a natural control
for Woolly Aphis on apple-trees, has increased to such an extent that this pest
has been almost eliminated from the principal orchard districts; it has also been
introduced from New Zealand into Australia.
The Tetrastichinae are well represented in Australia, the principal genera
being Melittobia, Aprostocetus, Tetrastichus and Ootetrastichus.
The last-named
genus contains small species parasitic in the eggs of Homoptera; O. beatus Perk,
is a Queensland species parasitic in the eggs of the Sugar-cane Hopper
(Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk.) and has been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands with
excellent results. Rhicnopeltella eucalypti Gahan (subfam. Elachertinae) forms
FIG. T28. Rhicnopeltella eucalypti Gahan, female,
Australia and N.Z. (introd.), fam. Eulophidae.
Length 1.8 mm.
IE. S. Gourlay del.
galls on the twigs and leaves of the Tasmanian Blue-gum (Eucalyptus
globulus),
and is doing great damage to plantations in New Zealand.
Zagrammasofnoides
fasciatus Gir. of the same subfamily makes globular, green galls on the leaves
of Bloodwood (Eucalyptus corymbosa).
Entedon metallicus Nees ( = Pleurotropus epigonus Walk.) has been introduced into New Zealand as a parasite of
the Hessian-fly.
Girault has made over 100 genera to contain the numerous Australian species
of this family, but most of them only contain one or two species apiece.
Family 23. Elasmidae [Aus. 100, N.Z. 4 ] . A small family only differing from the previous one in the large, strongly compressed hind coxae and
thick, flatly compressed hind femora; tibiae and tarsi slender, the latter very
long; antennae with 9-10 segments.
Nearly all the specie?* belong to the widespread genus Elasmus, in which the antennae of the male; are branched: they
are small, blackish species, mpstly about 2 mm. long. Euryischia lestophoni How.
is a parasite on the flies of the genus Cryptochaetum
(Lestophonus)
which are
parasites of the Cottony-cushion Scale (Icierya purchasi Mask.).
$
279
HYMENOPTERA
Family 24. Trichogrammatidae [Aus. 105, N.Z. 1].
Tarsi with only
3 segments; antennae with at most 8 segments including a single ring-segment;
hindwings narrow, sometimes linear and with long fringe. The species are all
small, often under 1 mm. long, usually yellowish or brownish in colour, and
chiefly parasitic in the eggs of various insects, or on thrips and leaf-hoppers. The
principal Australian genera are Oligosita, Ufens, Aphelinoidea,
Pterygogramma
FIG. T29. Austromicron
female, Australia,
Length 0.6 mm.
zygopterorum n.g. et sp.,
fam. Trichogrammatidae.
IB. J. T. del.
and Tricho gramma. Austromicron zygopterorum* n.g. et. sp. (fig. T29) is parasitic in the eggs of damsel-flies around Sydney; it can swim, dive and fly with
vigour. Trichogramma pretiosa Riley has been recorded as a parasite of Codlingmoth at Auckland, N.Z.
Family 25.
Mymaridae (Fairy-flies) [Aus. 159, N.Z. 3 ] .
Antennae not
elbowed, at most with 13 segments, and without ring-segments; wings narrow,
more or less stalked basally, with long marginal cilia; venation obsolete; legs long
and thin, tarsi with 4-5 segments; ovipositor arising usually from near end of
abdomen; very minute species, mostly black, with yellow markings; all parasitic in
the eggs of other insects.
This interesting family was formerly associated with the Proctotrypoidea; but,
as the ovipositor does not actually issue from the end of the abdomen, and the
prothorax does not reach back to the tegulae, its natural place is within the Chalcidoidea. About half the Australian species belong to the genera Polynema and
•Genus AUSTROMICRON n.g. (fig. T29) :—Allied to Prestwichia Lubb. and
Oentrobiella Gir., but differing from both in having the gaster short and
broadly sessile, the ovipositor shorter and much less protruded; it also differs
from Prestwichia in having both sexes fully winged, the forewing with narrower
•disc carrying fewer but more distinct lines of cilia, the hindwing with only one
line of discal cilia, the eyes larger; from Centrobiella it also differs in having the
•antennae inserted at the level of the lower third of the eyes (as in Prestwichia),
the forewing much narrower, the marginal cilia much longer. Genotype :—
Austromicron zygopterorum n.sp.; total length, female 0.6 mm., male 0.5 mm.;
medium brown, with black eyes, gaster of male dark brown; other characters
as shown in fig. T29.
Habitat:—National
Park, N.S.W., bred from eggs of
Zygopterous Dragonfiies, Nov. 20th-30th, 1915 and March 23rd-Apr. 6th, 1916.
Types:—Holotype female, allotype male and long series of paratypes in Cawthron
Institute Collection, Nelson, N.Z. My thanks are due to Mr. P. H. Timberlake
of Honolulu for assistance in placing this genus.
PROCTOTRYPOIDEA-
280
Gonatocerus; the largest species, G. spinozai Gir., is 1.8 mm. long. Other Australian genera are Stethynium, Anagrus, Paranagrus, Anaphes and Alaptus; the
last-named contains the smallest known Australian Hymenopteron, A. newtoni
FIG. T30.
Paranagrus
optabilis
Perk.,
female,
Australia,
fam.
Mymaridae.
Length 0.75 mm. (after Perkins).
Gir., 0.25 mm. long. Paranagrus optabilis Perk. (fig. T30) parasitizes the eggs of
the Sugar-cane Hopper (Perkinsiella saccharac'da Kirk.) and has been successfully introduced into the Hawaiian Islands for the control of this pest.
Superfamily V. P R O C T O T R Y P O I D E A ( S E R P H O I D E A ) * .
The members of this group are all parasitic species, mostly of small size;
they can be at once distinguished from the Cynipoidea and Chalcidoidea by the
fact that the ovipositor, which is usually more or less tubular, with fine, hairlike spiculae, issues from the extreme end of the abdomen; they also differ from
the Chalcidoidea in having the sides of the pronotum extending back to the tegulae.
Most of them have the venation greatly reduced, as in the previous superfamily,
but some of the more primitive forms (Belytidae) may have the forewings with
a closed bm and r, and sometimes a closed Ism also (cf. Bethyloidea, figs. T36,
37) ; the hindwing seldom has any clear venation, rarely a single closed cell (bm).
The names given to these closed cells by systematists in the group are the basal
(bm), radial (r) and submedian (Ism).
The antennae may be either elbowed
or straight, but seldom have any ring-segments. The great majority of the species
are beneficial as the larvae live inside the eggs or larvae of other insects, particularly Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidopiera and Diptera.
The two families Bethylidae and Dryinidae, for a long time included within
this group, do not rightly belong here, and are transferred to a new superfamily.
This leaves only seven recognized families, one of which, the Heloridae, is not
found in the Southern Hemisphere. The other six all occur in Australia, and
probably also in New Zealand, if searched for. More than 500 species are
known from Australia, less than SO from New Zealand.
The families may
* be distinguished by the following Key, in which, owing to the presence of a num*The generic name Serphus Schrank, 1780 has priority over Proctotrupes
Latr., 1796, but the latter (or its variant, Proctotrypes) has been in use for such
a long time without challenge that it has a good claim to be considered a nomen
conservandum.
If we also take into consideration the endless confusion that
would be caused in teaching by using the terms Serphidae and Serphoidea, which
are undistinguishable in pronunciation from the well-established Syrphidae and
Syrphoidea in the Order Diptera,, this claim becomes greatly strengthened. For
these reasons, the names Proctotrypidae and Proctotrypoidea are retained in
this book.
/
PLATE 21
HYMENOPTERA
All figures natural size
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
Pterygophorus
cinctus Klug (Fam. TENTHREDINIDAE), female.
Philomastix
macleayi Wwd. (Fam. TENTHREDINIDAE), female.
Stephanus crassicauda Mori. (Fam. STEPHANIDAE) , female.
Hyptiogaster macrononyx Schlett. (Fam. EVANIIDAE), female.
Lissopimpla semipunctata Kby. (Fam. ICHNEUMONIDAE), female.
Echthromorpha
intricatoria Fabr. (Fam. ICHNEUMONIDAE), female.
Paniscus productus Brulle (Fam. ICHNEUMONIDAE), female.
Cremnops dissimilis R. Turn. (Fam. BRACONIDAE), female.
Exoclaenoides cinctus Gir. (Fam. CHALCIDIDAE), female.
Ephutomorpha ferruginata Wwd. (Fam. MUTILLIDAE), male.
Ephutomorpha ferruginata Wwd. (Fam. MUTILLIDAE), female,
Odynerus mirabilis Sauss. (Fam. E U M E N I D A E ) , female.
Rhynchium abispoides M.W. (Fam. E U M E N I D A E ) , male.
Euparagia deceptor Sm. (Fam. MASARIDAE), female.
Polistes tepidus Fabr. (Fam, VESPIDAE), female.
Ropalidia socialistica Sauss. (Fam. VESPIDAE), female.
Myrmecia gulosa Fabr. (Fam. FORMICIDAE), worker.
Myrmecia gulosa Fabr. (Fam.. FORMICIDAE), male.
Myrmecia gulosa Fabr. (Fam. FORMICIDAE), female.
Myrmecia nigrocincta Sm. (Fam. FORMICIDAE), worker.
Leptomyrmex
erythrocephalus Fabr. (Fam. FORMICIDAE), worker.
Camponotus intrepidus Kby. (Fam. FORMICIDAE), soldier.
Exeirus lateritius Shuck. (Fam. EXEIRIDAE), male.
Tachytes nigerrimus Sm. (Fam. LARRIDAE), female, N.Z.
Cerceris froggatti R. Turn. (Fam. P H I L A N T H I D A E ) , female.
Bembex furcata Er. (Fam. BEMBECIDAE), male.
Pison spinolae Shuck. (Fam. TRYPOXYLIDAE), female, N.Z. 4
Chlorion saevum Sm. (Fam. SPHECIDAE), female.
Rhopalum carbonarium Sm. (Fam. CRABRONIDAE), female, N.Z.
Gastropsis pubescens Sm. (Fam. COLLETIDAE), male.
Anthopphora pulchra Sm. (Fam. ANTHOPHORIDAE), fema 1 e.
Lestis aerata Sm. (Fam. XYLOCOPIDAE) , female.
Plate 21
P. Tillyard del.
HYMENOPTERA
306
HYMENOPTERA
duced for the fertilization of Red Clover; but the commonest of these. B. terrestris L., does not possess a tongue long enough to do this. These bees have
gained the objectionable habit of cutting directly into the ovaries of certain flowers
to get at the nectar, and do considerable damage to broad beans.
REFERENCES.
ANDRE, E., 1903. "Mutillidae" in Genera Insectorum, fasc. 11.
ASHMEAD, W. H., 1893. "Monograph of the North American Proctotrypidae," Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington, No. 45; 1904, "Classification of the Chalcid
Plies", Mem. Carnegie Museum, I, iv, pp.226-551.
BERTHOUMIEU, V., 1904. "Ichneumonidae, subfam. Ichheumoninae", in Genera
Insectorum, fasc. 18c.
BISCHOFF, H., 1913. "Chrysididae" in Genera Insectorum, fasc. 151.
BRADLEY, J. C, 1908. "Evaniidae" in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxxiv, pp.103-194.
* BRUES, C. T., 1908. "Scelionidae", in Genera Insectorum, fasc! 80 ; 1922, "Some
Parasitic Hymenoptera from N.Z.", Psyche, xxix, Nos. 5-6.
CAMERON, T., 1909.
"Hymenoptera from Auckland Is.", in The
Subantarctic
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COCKERELL, T. D. A., 1905-1923. Numerous papers on Australian Bees in Ann.
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xxxvi; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1913, 1916; Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1907,
xxiii; Jo'urn. N.Y. Ent. Soc, 1910, xviii; Insecutor Inscitiae Menstr., 1914, i i ;
Entomologist, London, 1910, 1912-1914; Proc Linn. Soc N.S.W., 1911, 1913;
Mem, Qu. Museum, 1916, v ; 1918, vi; 1922, vii.
DALLA TORRE, K. W., 1904. "Vespidae" in Genera Insectorum,, fasc. 19.
——
, and KIEFFER, J. J., 1902. "Cynipidae" in Genera Insectorum, fasc. 9-10.
DODD, A. P., 1913-1924. Numerous papers on Australian Proctotrypoidea in Arch.
Naturg. Berlin, 1913, lxxix, Abt. A.H. 6, pp.164-182 ; 1914 (1913), AM. A.H.
8, pp.77-91; Canadian Entomologist,
1913, xlv, pp.346-7 ; 1914, xlvi, p.60;
Mem. Qu. Museum, 1913, ii, pp.335-9 ; Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, ("Australian Prototrypoidea, Nos. 1-4") 1913, xxxvii, pp.132-181; 1914, xxxviii,
pp.58-131; 1915, xxxix, pp.384-454 ; 1916, xl, pp.9-32 ; Entom. News, Philad.,
1914, xxv, pp.251-257, 350, 416, 455; Proc Roy. Soc. Qu., 1914, xxvi, pp.91-140 ;
Proc Linn. Soc N.S.W., xlv, pp.443-6 ; Trans. Ent. Soc London, 1920,
pp.321-382 ; 1917, "Australian Chalcidoidea" in Trans. Roy. Soc S. Australia.
xli, pp.344-368.
ELLIOTT, E. A., 1919-1922. "Stephanidae" in Entomologist, 1919, pp.28-33, 129-131,
Monograph, Proc Zool. Soc London, 1922, p.705.
EMERY, C , 1910-1922. "Formicidae" in Genera Insectorum, fasc. 102, 1910, (Dorylinae) ; in fasc. 118, 1911, (Ponerinae) ; fasc. 137, 1912, (Dolichoderinae) ;
fasc. 174 a-c, 1922 (Myrmicinae).
FOREL, A., 1905. "Revision of N.Z. Formicidae", Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxvii, pp.353-5.
GIRAULT, A. A., 1912-1916. "Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea", Mem. Qu.
Museum, Brisbane, 1912, i, pt.i (Trichogrammatidae) pp.66-116, pt.ii (Myraaridae), pp.117-175, pt. iii (Elasmidae), pp.176-189 ; 1913, ii, pt.i suppt.
pp.101-6, pt.ii suppt., pp.107-129, pt.iii suppt., pp.130-9, pt.iv (Eulophidae),
pp.140-296, pt.v (Perilampidae), pp.297-302, pt.vi (Pteromalidae), pp.303334 ; 1915, iii, pt.i, 2nd suppt., pp.142-153, pt.ii, 2nd suppt. pp.154-169, pt.iii,
2nd suppt., pp.170-9, pt.iv, suppt., pp.180-299, pt.v, suppt., pp.300-312, pt.vi,
suppt., pp.313-346; 1915, iv, pt.vii (Encyrtidae), pp.1-184, pt.viii (Miscogasteridae), pp.185-202, pt.ix (Cleonymidae), pp.203-224, pt.x (Eucharitidae),
pp.225-237, pt.xi (Eurytomidae), pp.238-274, pt.xii (Callimomidae). pp.275-309,
pt.xiii (Agaontidae), pp.310-3, pt.xiv (Chalcididae), pp.314-365; 1916, v,
General Suppt., pp.205-230; 1911-1921, Numerous papers, chiefly on Australian Chalcidoidea, in Entomologist, 1911, 1913, 1914, 1916; Proc Ent. Soc.
Washington, 1911, 1914; Psyche, 1912; Arch. Naturg. Berlin, 1913; Canadian
Entomologist, 1913-5; Ent. News, Philad.. 1913-4; Journ. Ent. Soc Claremont,
Gal., 1913; Bull. Wisconsin Nat. Hist. Soc (N.S.), 1913; Rev. russ. ent. St.
Petersburg, 1913 ; Trans. Roy. Soc S. Australia; 1913, Zs. wiss. Ins. Biol.,
Berlin, 1914; Insecutor Inscitiae Menstr., 1917-1921; Redia Firenze, 1918; Soc
ent. Stuttgart, 1913-4, and a number of privately-published papers (dates not
available) ; 1913-4, two papers on American Proctotrypoidea, in Proc Ent.
Soc Washington, 1913 and Entomologist, London, 1914; 1914, a paper on
Wasps in Zs. wiss. Inst. Biol., Berlin, 1914, x, pp.28-32.
HACKER, H., 1913-1922. Four short papers in Mem. Qu. Museum; 1913, ii, pp.96-100 ;
1915, iii, pp.137-141; 1918, vi. pp.106-111 ; 1922, vii (with T. D. A. Cockerell),
pp.283-290; 1921, "Catalogue of Australian Bees", Mem. Qu.. Museum, vii,
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HOCKINGS, H. J., 1884. "Notes on two Australian species of Trigona," Trans. Ent.
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JURINE, L., 1820. "Observationes sur les ailes des Hymenopteres," Mem. Reale
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KIEFFER, J. J., 1902-1910.
"Evaniidae" in Genera Insectorum, fasc. 2, 1902;
"Dryinidae" in fasc. 54, 1907 ; "Bethylidae" in fasc. 76, 1908 ; "Stephanidae"
in fasc. 77, 1908; "Ceraphronidae" in fasc. 94, 1909; "Serphidae" in fasc 95,
1.909; "Scelionidae" (suppt.) in fasc. 80&, 1910; "Belytidae" in fasc. 107, 1910;.
"Diapriidae" in fasc. 124, 1911; 1907, "Australian Proctotrypoidea" in Berliner
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