Thomas A. Ernst, PE
Engineering Technologies, Inc.
Buildings consume 39% of all energy in the U.S.
(as per the Department of Energy).
Nearly 33% of energy consumed by buildings is
used for lighting (as per the Department of Energy).
This means that nearly 13% of all energy used in
the U.S. is for lighting.
Buildings consume 39% of all energy in the U.S.
(as per the Department of Energy).
Nearly 33% of energy consumed by buildings is
used for lighting (as per the Department of Energy).
This means that nearly 13% of all energy used in
the U.S. is for lighting.
Lower energy
consumption
means lower
energy bills!
Captain Obvious
1994: T12 40-W Electronic Ballasts
Still a lot of Incandescent in use
Still a lot of Magnetic Ballasts in use
Very little in controls
1995: Primarily Specified T8 32-W Electronic
Ballasts
Very little Incandescent being specified
Very little in controls
1995 - 2005 Not much changed in 10 years
Ballast got better
Compact fluorescent being used more
T5 lamps come upon the scene
Fiber optics was introduced
2006: T8 32 W Electronic Ballast
2004 Nebraska LB888 passed in the Unicameral (2003 IECC)
2006 Nebraska started requiring designs to be compliant
Nebraska Energy Office (www.neo.gov)
Occupancy sensors
Control systems to schedule “OFF” times
Energy Allowances (W/SQFT)
2011: T8 32 W Electronic Ballasts
2009 IECC adopted
Occupancy Sensors
Daylight harvesting
Energy allowances were reduced
Control systems are being networked
LED light fixtures
2014  Coming later in presentation
Lumen – amount of visual light emitted
Foot Candle – unit of measure = 1 Lumen per 1 square foot
Efficiency or Efficacy:
How energy efficienct is a light source
Measured in lumens/Watt
Lamp Temperature
The color a lamp produces
Expressed in Kelvin (K)
5,000K (blueish white, cool)
2,700K (yellowish to red, warm)
Match flame ~ 1,700K
Overcast daylight ~ 6,500K
CRI: Color Rendering Index
Measure of how well a light source reflects to true colors of an object
compared to natural light
Fluorescent range between 50-90
LED’s range between 80 with some claims of 98
Efficacy (LPW): the higher, the better
Cost: lower the better
CRI:
higher the better
Lamp Life:
higher the better
Lamp Temperature: Manufacturing, Retail,
Office, Educational, Health Care
Listings: UL, damp, wet, IC, hazardous, vandal
Aesthetics
Direct/Indirect
Lumens: 1,700
Watts:
41
Lumens: 1,800
Watts:
28
Efficacy = 41%
Efficacy = 64.3%
Fluorescent
LED
Lumens: 5,700
Watts: 66.8
Lumens: 4,548
Watts:
50
Efficacy = 64.3%
Efficacy = 91%
Fluorescent
$85 - $125
LED
$90 - $100
Fluorescent: 20,000 HRS / 10 hrs / 5 days / 52 wks = 7.7 years
Metal Halide: 15,000 HRS / 10 hrs / 5 days / 52 wks = 5.8 years
Incandescent:
PAR 38:
MR16:
LED:
2,000 HRS / 10 hrs / 5 days / 52 wks = .77 years
6,000 HRS / 10 hrs / 5 days / 52 wks = 2.3 years
50,000 HRS / 10 hrs / 5 days / 52 wks = 19.2 years
* Environment, starts/stops all effect lamp life and are not considered in this example.
Engineer
Architect
Interior Designer
Direct/Indirect
Indirect
Direct
Efficacy (LPW): the higher, the better
Cost: lower the better
CRI:
higher the better
Lamp Life:
higher the better
Lamp Temperature: Manufacturing, Retail,
Office, Educational, Health Care
Listings: UL, damp, wet, IC, hazardous, vandal
Aesthetics
Direct/Indirect
1. Determine the use of the space and what we want to
accomplish with the lighting.
Upgrade existing?
Lower energy costs?
Improve light levels?
Improve employee productivity?
Better controllability?
Add architectural appeal to the space?
2. Determine the budget.
Is it predetermined?
If budget isn’t set, discuss types of fixtures to
be used and develop an acceptable scheme
and budget.
Calculations
Occupancy Sensors
Low voltage
Line voltage
Wireless
Passive Infrared, Ultrasonic,
dual technology
Sensitivity, timeout, orientation
Coverage – directional, square footage
Combination – photocell/dimmer
Interface with temperature controls
Manual “ON”
Coordinate with light source
Fluorescent use program ballasts to
lengthen lamp life
LED’s not affected
Relay Panels
Relay ratings: amps, type of loads, contact longevity
Timeclock function
Daylight Savings
Astronomical function
Number of channels
Override flash
Network multiple panels
PROS
Good method for automatically controlling a lighting system and to
meet Energy Code.
Will provide energy savings when used.
Initial cost is less than a digital control system.
CONS
Control of lights is dependent on how they are wired.
Changing zones is costly to rewire.
Digital Addressed Lighting Interface (DALI)
Eaton’s Cooper Controls Fifthlight
Lutron’s EcoSystem
Distributed based lighting control systems
Encelium Lighting Control
N-Light
Wireless digital lighting control systems
Eaton’s Luma-Watt
Limelight
PROS
Control circuits independent of circuiting
Easy to program light fixtures: individual or
group
Modifying zones or individual light fixtures done
by programming, no rewiring.
System reporting for:
Energy savings
Maintenance and control
Load shedding
CON
Initial cost is more than analog based or
sensor/relay system.
1. Change to a lower wattage fluorescent lamp
with a higher color temperature rating.
2. Research ballast and lamp combinations for
best energy savings.
3. Replace all incandescent lamps.
4. Replace older energy inefficient fixtures.
5. Add wireless occupancy sensors.
6. Talk with staff about shutting lights off.
1. Conduct a lighting audit of your facility
 Determine types of lighting in existing facility.
 Find low-hanging fruit.
 Determine existing foot candle levels and recommend
possible reductions or needed increases.
 Suggest possible changes.
 Look at different lighting schemes.


Replace fixtures
Add controls
 Help develop budget, cost savings/payback, plan of
action.
2. Upgrade fixtures
3. Install control systems
Energy Code is going to help drive designs, fixture technology, and
control systems.
Nebraska is governed by IECC 2009
IECC 2012 is the next version
Lighting allowance go down for:
Office Buildings
Fire Stations
Warehouses
Commissioning is required
LED Fixtures will continue to become more affordable.
Light output (lumens) to the energy being used (Watts) will
continue to improve.
Better quality of light – CRI values +90
Controllability of lamp temperature (LED’s)
Of great interest to Healthcare.
Automate system to better simulate the day/night lighting cycle.
More Wireless Control Systems
New shapes and sizes:
Due to smaller size of LED lamps, fixtures will vary on size and scale
Fixtures will not need to conform to standard fluorescent lamp lengths and
sizes
Lights can be incorporated into other systems such as furniture, structures,
pathways, etc
Organic LED’s
A thin film of organic compound which emits light in response to electrical
current.
Lightweight and flexible
Can wrap any object and turn it into a light source
Challenges:
Fragile
Lifespan
Blue spectrum fades sooner than other frequencies
Thomas A. Ernst, PE
Engineering Technologies, Inc.