http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=de6AHkIxX1s
“Two thousand scientists,
in a hundred countries,
engaged in the most elaborate,
well organized scientific
collaboration in the history
of humankind, have produced
a consensus that we will
face a string of terrible
catastrophes unless we act
to prepare ourselves and
deal with the underlying
causes of global warming.”
AL GORE, speech at
National Sierra Club
Convention, Sept. 9, 2005
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnjx6KETmi4
Exercise 17
Gasoline Usage
65,000 people purchase gasoline in Morgantown
1 car / person
30 miles / day
18 miles / gallon
$3.89 / gallon
How many gallons/yr?
What is the total cost of gasoline/yr?
What is the total cost to each driver/yr?
Exercise 17
65,000 . 30 miles . 365 days .
gal
=
days
yr
18 miles
??? gal
yr
http://wvmdtaskforce.com
This is the bottom split of the
Waynesburg Coal. We could
see the sulfur and observe the
difference between the coal and
the binder or shale between
the top and bottom coal.
2nd Stop
Dogwood Lakes AMD Treatment Plant
Schedule
Wed, Mar 7
Fri, Mar 9
Mon, Mar 12
Wed, Mar 14
Fri, Mar 16
Mon, Mar 19
Wed, Mar 21
Fri, Mar 23
Air Pollution (# 13)
Acid Deposition (# 14)
Indoor Air Pollution (#15)
Climate Change
Global Warming
Ozone
Marcellus Shale
TEST #3
What did you smell this morning?
Get outside!
OZONE THINNING
Great Success Story!
Large Antarctic Ozone thinning three times the size of the United States. September, 2000.
III. Ozone Depletion (Hole vs thinning)
A. Ozone (O3) in the lower stratosphere (13 miles up)
filters out damaging UV radiation.
- 95% of harmful UV radiation is screened by ozone.
Water vapor, O2, and O3 all absorb UV radiation
Especially critical at poles… atmosphere thinner
O3 decreases are around 4% since 1980s (20% over poles)
Earth’s
Atmosphere
Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
200 400 600 800 1,000
75
Temperature
110
Pressure
65
Thermosphere
100
Altitude (kilometers)
90
Mesopause
55
Heating via
ozone
Mesosphere 45
80
70
Stratopause
60
35
50
Stratosphere
40
25
30
Tropopause
Ozone “layer” 15
Heating from the
earth
5
Troposphere
20
10
0
Altitude (miles)
120
0
–80 –40
0
40
80
Temperature (˚C)
120
Ozone Layer
13 miles up from surface
Don’t get Confused!
Ozone Thinning is NOT Global Warming
or the Greenhouse Effect!
Large Antarctic Ozone thinning three times the size of
the United States. September, 2000.
III. Ozone Depletion
Radiation linked to DNA damage, sunburn,
skin cancer, other skin ailments.
Skin Cancers
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Melanoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Evidence suggests worse sunburns,
more eye cataracts, more skin cancers,
more immune system problems.
What about plants and animals?
B. Ozone
Creation
1. O3 is created when the sun shines!
Energy + O2  O + O
Energy + O2 + O  O3
Seasonal Effects:
Arctic Nights (3-4 months of little or no sun)
Wind Slows reducing turbulence and mixing
Much more hazard over Antarctica, than Arctic
C. Ozone destruction
1. NO from N2O attacks O3 (natural)
2. Other compounds created by man
attack O3 such as CFCs
(Chlorofluorocarbons)
3. Equilibrium between
creation ----------- destruction
seasonality
Ozone Destruction
CFCs are man-made substances
CFCl3
CF2Cl2
CFCs
CFC - 11
CFCl3
Freon
CFC - 12
CF2Cl2
Freon
CFC - 113
C2F5Cl
Solvent
Others
HCClF2, CF2BrCl, CCl4
3. “Rule of 90" for naming CFC
compounds and determining
structure.
CFC-11
11 + 90 =
1 0 1
C H F
The rest are Cl!
Can you draw CFC 113 and CFC 141?
Cl Cl
113 + 90 = 2 0 3
Cl - C - C - F
CHF
F F
Cl
!
F - C - Cl
!
Cl
141 + 90 = 231
CHF
CFC Story
1930 - Thomas Midgley, a chemist for DuPont, created CFCs (gas above
20OC). Freon was stable, odorless, non-flammable, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and
cheap! DuPont used Freon as a refrigerant, in plastic foams, in aerosols, and in
electronics.
1930 – Sidney Chapman discovered ozone and its occurrence.
1970 – Paul Crutzen found that ozone was decomposed by nitrous oxides.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
1971 – Harold Johnson noted exhaust from aircraft (NOx) destroyed ozone
1974 – Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina (Nature article) on destruction
of ozone by CFCs (Freon). Shocked CFC industry!
1979 – Restrictions on Freons
1982 – Scientists noted thinning of ozone layer over Antarctica – more debate
1987 – Montreal Protocal (51 nations, cut CFC by 35% by 2000)
1988 – CFC industry acknowledged the effect of CFC on ozone
1990 – London CFC – Ozone Meeting (124 nations)
1992 – Copenhagen Protocal, (189 nations) Complete phase out of CFCs
1995 – Rowland and Molina – Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Protecting the Ozone Layer
• Montreal Protocol: Reducing CFC emissions
– 1987, Montreal, 51 nations, voluntary, stop CFC production
• London Protocal
– 1990, London, 124 nations, no accord, China & Japan
• Copenhagen Protocol
– 1992, Copenhagen, 189 nations, phase out all CFC by 2030.
•
2009 – US proposed expanding ozone protection agreements
• International cooperation – a few CFC producers will decrease
production because of international treaties.
Hailed as an example of exceptional international cooperation
• Individuals Matter - What do you do with your refrigerator and
A/C?
Reducing Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation
What Can You Do?
Reducing Exposure to UV-Radiation
• Stay out of the sun, especially between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M.
•Do not use tanning parlors or sunlamps.
• When in the sun, wear protective clothing and sun–
glasses that protect against UV-A and UV-B radiation.
• Be aware that overcast skies do not protect you.
• Use a sunscreen with a protection factor of 15 or 25 if you have light skin.
• Examine your skin and scalp at least once a month for moles or warts that
change in size, shape, or color or sores that keep oozing, bleeding, and crusting
over. If you observe any of these signs, consult a doctor immediately.
Why should we care?
-Human Health
-Plant Health
-Other organisms
Don’t forget the
effects of Nitrous oxides
as natural ozone depleters
How about aircraft?!
In my view, this is a real success story!
TEST!
Risk
Outdoor Air Pollution
Acid Deposition
Thermal Inversions
Indoor Air Pollution
Climate Change
Ozone