A Common Straight Emergency
Power System
y
Scenario
Commercial
Utility Power
Emergency
Generators
Transfer Switchgear
UPS System
Network
Computer
Loads

UPS Batteries


Generator Paralleling
g
Control Switchgear
Air conditioning, Lighting,
Mechanical, Building Loads, etc.

Normal Operation
Commercial
Utility Power
Emergency
Generators
Transfer Switchgear
UPS System
Network
Computer
Loads

UPS Batteries Cooling & Lighting


Generator Paralleling
g
Control Switchgear
T Computers
To
C
t
Air conditioning, Lighting,
Mechanical Loads, etc.

Utility
Goes
When Bus
Power
FirstBlack
Fails
Commercial
Utility Power
Emergency
Generators
Transfer Switchgear
UPS System

UPS Batteries


Generator Paralleling
g
Control Switchgear
Network
UPS System
Computer
p
Immediately
Loads
Assumes
Computer
Loads
Air conditioning, Lighting,
Mechanical Loads, etc.
Generators
Then
When Utility
y Feed
Power
Building Loads Through
is Restored…
Switchgear and Transfer
Switches
System Automatically Returns to
Normal Operation
Commercial
Utility Power
Emergency
Generators
Transfer Switchgear
UPS System
Network
Computer
Loads

UPS Batteries Cooling & Lighting


Generator Paralleling
g
Control Switchgear
T Computers
To
C
t
Air conditioning, Lighting,
Mechanical Loads, etc.

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCHES
Definition:
An Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) is a, high speed switching device designed to
safely transfer electrical loads from a power source to an alternate power source
upon reduction or loss of voltage & to retransfer to the original source when
power is restored.

ATS APPLICATIONS
Where does an ATS fit into a Building Distribution System?

Unloaded
Engine
Load
is fed
Utility
engine
shutsgis
down
by
y Utility
emergency
is y
Restored
cool
down
power
system
returned
Simple
One--line,
One
of ATS
Transferring
Between
Utility &
Generator
Lost
toperiod
normal
operation

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN
AUTOMATIC
U O
C TRANSFER
S
S
SWITCH
C
1. Switching
Section
3. PLC Control
2. Voltage
Sensing
& Control
Section
• In an “over center,” (spring loaded design). The mechanisms which drive
the contacts utilize a spring assisted motor operated concept. This design
provides for a “quick“quick-break, quick
quick--make” operation, with full arc
interruption under maximum voltage and amperage
interruption,
amperage.
Over
O
e Ce
Center
e
Spring Mechanism
Initial Point of Contact
A Critical Component:
Transfer Contacts
Russelectric
2000 ampere
rated movable
finger contact
assembly

T
Transfer
f Switch
S it h Controls...
C t l
Any PLC Controller should operate with
an industry standard open architecture
communication protocol for Windows
compatible, high speed serial
communications via multi
multi--drop
connection, fiber optic, or wireless to
other controllers and/or to a master
terminal.
terminal
System settings should be performed
locally, through a menu driven touch
screen or remotely
remotely, to master terminal/s
terminal/s.
The Microprocessor (PLC)
Controller is designed
specifically to be the central
operating system for
Transfer Switches and will
communicate with any open
architecture
hit t
protocol
t
l device.
d i
It is integrated into the
h d wired
hard
i d circuitry.
i it O
Opto
Optot Isolators carry signals
between PLC logic and
traditional electroelectromechanical controls.
FEATURES COMMON TO ALL RUSSELECTRIC
TRANSFER SWITCHES
•UL LISTED through 4000 amperes for 2, 3, and 4 pole configurations
•Simple unidirectional motor operator
•High-Speed transfer mechanism
•Rapid arc quenching
•Safe manual operator provides same instantaneous contact opening
and
contact closing speed as electrical operator (on all open transition
transfer
switches)
•Positive mechanical and electrical interlocking (on all open transition
transfer switches)
•100% Continuous duty rated (6x for motor inrush)
•The Industry’s Highest 3-Cycle Close and Withstand Ratings
•Open
Open type (switchboard construction available)
Let’s discuss 4 pole
(switched neutral designs)…

Fully Rated Switched Neutral:
Normal Source
Neutral Breaks
N
L
Emergency
Makes
Before
Vs
Overlapping NeutralE
(One Line of Neutral Bus. or, 4th pole)
(Same construction and withstand rating as the main power poles)
Overlapping Neutral
(Other Approach)
Normal Source
Neutral
B
Breaks
k
Before
L
Emergency
g
y Source
Neutral
Makes
N
N
N
E
(One Line of Neutral Bus or, 4th pole)
Switching inductive loads...
Dual Motor Operated
Transfer Switch

Motor #1
drives the
normal source
contacts
open
N
LL
M1
M2
The load source
is disconnected
for an
adjustable
period to allow
regenerative
power to decay
Motor #2
th d
then
drives
i
th
the
emergency
source
contacts
closed
Transfer Switches with Bypass Isolation
Overview

Bypass
yp
Isolation Switches
Definition:
A manuallyy operated
p
device used in conjunction
j
with a transfer switch
to provide a means of directly connecting load conductors to a power
source and of disconnecting the transfer switch.

Standards
The Applicable Standards are:
•ANSI
•UL
•IEEE
•NEMA

Application:
pp

RTB(D) - Load Break Design: Where a bypass
isolation switch is required and simplicity of operation
is critical during an emergency condition

Lets Talk Conceptually About Load
Load Break & No Load Break
Bypass
yp
Switches
ATS
ATS
ATS
ATS
ATS
ATS
RTB(D) - Load
LoadBreak design
Break
(Break--Before
(Break
Before-Contacts
Make Bypass)


RTB(D) - Load
L d
Break design
(Break--Before(Break
BeforeM k B
Make
Bypass))
NORM
NORM
NORM
NORM
NORM
ISOLATE
ISOLATE
ISOLATE
ISOLATE
ISOLATE
ISOLATE
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
BPN
BPE
BPN AUTO
BPE
BPN
BPE
BPN
BPE
BPN
BPE
BPN
BPE
Load
Momentarily
Disconnected
BPN
BPN
BPN
BPN
BPN
BPN
BPE
BPE
BPE
BPE
BPE
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
NORMAL
LOAD
BYPASSED
TO NORMAL
Bypass
If the transfer
Emergency
Handle
switch portion
Power
Switch &
is bypassed
Available
Can
rack back
Bypassed
isolated
to in no
Should
Normal
matter
what
position
normal
to and the
thenormal
ATS
isl power
in.
Source
return
Emergency
fails an engine
switch can
EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY start signal will
EMERGENCYinitiate...
EMERGENCY
EMERGENCY
still be
racked in

Benefits of the Load Break
Bypass Design




Power can be maintained to load during ATS failure
Provides a means of bypassing the ATS for
maintenance
No elaborate system of electrical solenoids
solenoids, electrical
interlocks or mechanical interlocks
Fast, Simple and Easy Operation

Benefits of the No Load Break
Bypass Design


Power can be maintained to load during ATS failure
Provides a means of bypassing the ATS for
maintenance without load interruption

Operation
p
– (Load
(
Break Bypass
yp
Switch))
1. Observe - that the source is available
2. Slide - the handle over to the
desired/available source
3. Pull - the bypass handle down
4 Pull - isolating handle to isolate ATS
4.

1. Observe - that the source is available

2. Slide - the handle over to the desired/available source
and
d 3.
3 P
Pull
ll - the
th b
bypass h
handle
dl d
down

4. Pull - isolating handle to isolate ATS

Rack-out - Remove ATS if desired

If Normal Source is lost while Isolated or Racked out
- Engine start signal will automatically be given. When
Emergency source is available, bypass to Emergency

Slide Bypass Handle over to Emergency

Pull Down Bypass Handle to Emergency

Important
p
Construction Features






12-gauge steel enclosure
12Plenty of cable bending space
No aluminum bus or components
Bus connections - Belleville type compression
washers
Self--aligning ATS drawSelf
draw-out
Maintain Engine Start on Bypass to Emergency

R
Russelectric
l t i ATS Ratings,
R ti
3-Cycle Close and Withstand

100 - 400 Ampere
42,000 Amps

600 - 800 Ampere
65,000 Amps

1000 - 1200 Ampere 85,000
85 000 Amps

1600 - 4000 Ampere 100,000 Amps

Additional Power Monitoring
g ((Upgrade)
pg
)

AC P
Power M
Monitor
it
– Transducer Section
– Protective Relay Section
Current
T
Transformers
f
AC Power Monitor
Power Monitoring
g cont.

AC Power Monitor
Transducer Section
+True RMS voltage measurement of each phase of both the normal and
emergency sources
+Frequency of both sources
+True RMS current of each phase
+Power factor relative to either voltage source
+Phase sequence of each source
+True and reactive power consumption

AC P
Power M
Monitor
it
Protective Relay Section
+Undervoltage and underfrequency sensing of each source
+Overvoltage and overfrequency sensing of each source
+Phase reversal protection of each source
+Voltage differential protection of each source
+Synchronizing check between the normal and emergency sources
Power Monitoring cont.


P
Power
M it i
Monitoring
Historical Data
– Logs
g the last 100 events
– No more codes

Serial Communications
Power Monitoring & Control Screen

ModBus Communications
Amps
Amps
Amps
KWatts
Norm
Emer
480Av
A -5.400
B 403
Date
07/04/02
Amps
A
Norm
Emer
480
KVars
B -11.76
C 411
38Av
Time
12:15:
Amps
B
12.82
Norm
Emer
480 v
C
A
TSE
Closed
KVA
Amps
C 0.42409 A
Norm
Emer
Freq#100
Event
PF
A
B
C
403 A
411 A
409 A
Amperes
Emer
A - B 480 v
Emer
B - C 480 v
Emer
C - A 480 v
Emer Freq
Emergency
g
y
Voltage
Norm
A - B 480 v
Norm
B - C 480 v
Norm
C - A 480 v
Norm Freq
Normal
Voltage
o tage
KWatts
KVars
KVA
PF
Date
Time
TSE
5.400
11.76
12.82
0.42
07/04/02
12:15:38
Closed
Event #100
KW, Kvar, KVA, PF
First
Status
Screen
Historical Data
– Logs the last 100 events
– In English; No more codes
ATS Control Screens, Ethernet, Fiber Optic or Web Based
Main Screen

Example: Normal Real Time Trend
(Shown flat
flat--lining)

Power Monitoring cont.



P
Power
M it i
Monitoring
Historical Data
Serial Communications
– Plugs directly into Microprocessor
Generator Control Switchgear
Types of Systems
E
Emergency
S
Systems
• Peak
P k Shave
Sh
• Utility Parallel
• Cogeneration
g
Prime Power Systems
T pes of Operational Modes
Types
• Open Transition
• Closed Transition

Open Transition Mode
An open transition mode of operation is a method of transferring a load
between two sources with an interruption of power during the transfer.

Load Control
Load priority - The load priority scheme in an
emergency system is based upon the number of
engine
i generators.
t
Load shed - Failure of an engine generator causes the
lowest priority level load to be shed.
Load shed bypass - Manually override the load shed
control so that a previously shed load can be rere-added
even though the emergency system does not have all of
the engine generators available.
available
Load Demand - The number of engine generators
required to be on line is based upon the bus kW
kW.

Closed Transition Mode
A closed transition mode of operation is a
method of either:
1) Transferring a facility’s load between the utility
and generator or 2) operating a generator in
continuous parallel with the utility service, without
an interruption of service.


Whyy Would
ou d A Facility
ac y Prefer
ee aC
Closed
osed Transition
a s o
Mode of Operation?
•
Desire not to interrupt loads during
transfers back to the utility after a power
outage
•
Participation in a Utility sponsored load
reduction program

Advantages of a Switchgear Controlled Closed
Transition Mode of Operation




Active phase lock synchronization of generator to the
utility
Gradual transfer of load between utility and generator
eliminating unwanted system transients
Utility involvement and approval
Protection of each source from the other while
paralleled

2 Common Classes of Switchgear
Manufactured
•
Low Voltage Switchgear
600 VAC and below
•
Medium
Medi m Voltage S
Switchgear
itchgear
5 kV, 15 kV and 27 kV
•
Equipment Should be Manufactured to the
following Standards: ANSI, NEMA, UL
•
All Equipment Should be listed and
labeled in UL under the Manufacturer’s
name

Low Voltage
g Switchgear
g
•
Metal enclosed construction
•
Two UL Standards apply:
• 891
• 1558
•
Bus sizes: 1000 through 10,000
amperes
•
Two bus bracing ratings:
• 100 kA
• 200 kA

UL 891
UL 1558
4000A Rated Bus - UL 891
Switchgear Bus Construction
•Built To UL Std. 891
•Less Robust Construction
•Rated (but not tested) For 65,000 AIC
Short Circuit Withstand
4000A Rated Bus - UL 1558
UL 1558 Switchgear Construction
•Built To UL Std. 1558
•The Most Robust In Terms Of Bus
Work, Bracing, Insulation, And
Short Circuit Withstand
•Rated & Tested For 200,000 AIC
Short Circuit Withstand
UL 891
UL 1558
4000A Rated Bus - UL 891
4000A Rated Bus - UL 1558
More on Construction - Metal Enclosed
•
Voltages up to 600 VAC
•
Insulated main bus not required
•
Insulated bus joints not required
•
Circuit breakers can either be
fixed mounted or drawdraw-out
•
Draw
Draw--out breakers can have
exposed
p
cradle stationary
y
contacts when the breaker
element is removed
•
PT’s are fixed mounted in main
bus compartment

M di
Medium
V
Voltage
lt
S
Switchgear
it h
•
M t l - clad
Metal
l d construction
t ti
•
UL Standard for Metal
Metal--Clad
switchgear over 600 VAC
DLAH Standard for Metal Clad
Swgr over 600 Volts
Swgr.,
•
Bus sizes: 1000, 2000 & 3000
amperes
•
Bus braced for 1000 MVA

More on Construction - Metal Clad
•
Voltages above 600 VAC
•
Insulated main bus
•
Insulated bus joints
•
Circuit breakers must be draw
draw--out
•
Ci it b
Circuit
breakers
k
mustt h
have shutters
h tt
tto
barrier cradle stationary contacts
when the breaker element is removed
•
PT’s required to be drawdraw-out with automatic
disconnect means or fixed mounted in an isolated
compartment accessible only after power
removed

More on Construction - Metal Clad

More on Construction - Metal Clad

More on Construction - Metal Clad

Critical Facilities and Built in Redundancy
Does Your BackBack-up System Have a Back
Back--up System?
Important Questions & Considerations
Cost,, in terms of life safetyy or financial loss,, as the result of a catastrophic
p
power
p
failure.
In the case of healthcare, you may be thinking: “One
One can never put a price on life and
limb”…
Or in the case of protecting data, you may be thinking:
“The cost of an outage would far exceed that of any price differential in emergency
equipment, or maybe even the cost of an entire system”…
Up--front cost of Original Equipment is a Major Consideration
Up
When considering the criticality of protecting facilities from power outages, it’s
prudent to be aware of the differences in design philosophies between the various
manufacturers of emergency power equipment.
Depending on the facility, a power control system
which provides full manual backback-up to insure a means
for controlling the system in the event of complete PLC
failure my be a wise choice.
Digital
Control
Manual Controls
Let us consider the importance of redundant
Digital Control …
Dual Redundant PLC’s, running in tandem
(Hot Back
Back--up)
With Separate and Distributed I/O Rack in the Master Cubicle
Why is Full Manual BackBack-up important?
important?...
In complex and critical applications, where you may someday be reduced to relying on pure manual
control –as a result of a major failure, you really need an isolated, hardwired fully independent means to
be able to perform all functions manually.
It’s vital to be able to:
•Be in a quiet area, away from engine noise to calmly navigate your system through a crisis period.
•Be able to control engines… Start them, get them synchronized and paralleled to the Emergency Bus…
Perform Load Shed, load add functions…
•Be able to control the system as it relates to the Utility side of the infrastructure
Utility paralleling, metering, tie breaker control, etc.
Please be aware that:
•Some manufacturers offer packages with no means of hardwired manual back
back--up.
up
•Some offer full manual backback-up, but only outside of their standard package.
•Some offer semi manual backback-up, where some functions and controls are hardwired, with metering
remaining digital (virtual).
Typical Control Package
•Navigation Screen
•System Oneline
•System Legend
•ATS Oneline
•Transfer Controls
•Transfer Control Help
•Engine
E i S
Setpoints
t i t and
d St
Status
t
•Engine Setpoints and Status Help
•Engine Metering
•Generator Demand
•Generator Demand Help
•Load Control Setpoints
•Load Control Setpoints Help
•Load Priorities
•Load Priorities Help
•System Information
•Programmed
g
Alarms

SCADA
• SYSTEM
• CONTROL
•AND
• DATA
• ACQUISITION
Consider anyy Existing
g Site Criteria
Before Developing the SCADA System
An ac
active
eo
one
onee-line
e for
o sys
system
e ssimulation
ua o
and/or control.
To follow are Various
SCADA examples
S t
System
One
OneO -Line
Li
Fully Customizable
to your Preference,
Line Weights
Weights,
Colors & Graphics
From Simple...
T Complex
To
C
l
O More
Or
M
Complex!
C
l !
E
Example
l
E
Example
l
E
Example
l
Not All SCADA is
the Same, so
Our Designs
g
Meet all
Requirements.
q
Active Alarm Legend
Active alarms show
Real--time High
Real
Priority Situations
that need to be
Rectified
Immediately
Al
Alarm
&E
Eventt Hi
History
t
Event History Configurable
Log File stored on
computer hard drive for
365 days, very useful for
problem diagnostics
diagnostics.
Setpoints PopPop-up Screen
Password Protected
Setpoints are Adjustable
Timers Give Actual
Values
Write Back to PLC
Historical Trending
Trending Files Also
St d on Hard
Stored
H d
Drive for Later
R i
Review
24 hour Load
Demand Trending
Display Priority
Screen
Communications Screen
1
Communications Screen
2
Switchgear Elevation
Control Room Elevation
Critical Distribution Elevation
Substation Elevation
UPS Elevation #1
Controls Zoom In #1
Controls are password
protected and display or control
plant status and operations.
Real Time Functionality
Web View for Remote Access
& Operation of Plant
-Password ProtectedProtected(Web Access Suite Voyager )
tm