Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and Electric-Field Sensor Designer Reference Manual RS08 Microcontrollers DRM085 Rev. 0 10/2006 freescale.com Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and Electric-Field Sensor Designer Reference Manual by: Ulises Corrales Manuel Davalos Allan Led Collins RTAC Americas Mexico Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0, Draft A. 09/2006 Freescale Semiconductor 3 Revision History To provide the most up-to-date information, the revision of our documents on the World Wide Web will be the most current. Your printed copy may be an earlier revision. To verify that you have the latest information available, refer to http://www.freescale.com The following revision history table summarizes changes contained in this document. For your convenience, the page number designators are linked to the appropriate location. Revision History Date Revision Level 07/2006 0 Description Page Number(s) Initial release N/A Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0, Draft A. 09/2006 4 Freescale Semiconductor Chapter 1 Designer Reference Manual Usage Notes 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 Intended Application Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quick Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MC9RS08KA2 PADL Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 7 7 Chapter 2 Hardware Description 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piano Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimmer Light Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MC9RS08KA2 Microcontroller Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical-Field Imaging Device (MC34940). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MC9RS08KA2 PADL Reference Design Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MC9RS08KA2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical Field (MC34940). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Board Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PADL Components Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Layout Explanation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PCB Board Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Component Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Layout Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 15 15 15 15 16 Chapter 3 Firmware Description 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.3 3.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firmware Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Project Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coding Convention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Project Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MCU Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Software Interrupts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Variables of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Firmware Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 21 21 21 21 Appendix A BOM and Schematics Appendix B Glossary Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and Electric-Field Sesnsor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 5 Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and Electric-Field Sesnsor 6 Freescale Semiconductor Chapter 1 Designer Reference Manual Usage Notes 1.1 Intended Application Functionality This reference design demonstrates the application of Freescale’s MC9RS08KA2 microcontroller and the MC34940 electrical field. This demonstration shows the connection between MC9RS08KA2 and the electrical-field sensor. This demonstration can play seven musical notes (C, D, E, F, G, A, B) and be heard in a buzzer. A switch can change a piano function to a dimmer-light function with one electrode divided into five parts of varying intensity. One electrode connects to the electrical field when the demonstration works on a dimmer function. When the demonstration works in piano function, the electrical field is connected to seven electrodes. The MC9RS08KA2 PADL reference design is intended for the toy industry and for use in some lighting devices (for example, lamps). 1.2 Quick Start The demonstration shows the connection between the MC9RS08KA2 ultra low-end, 8-bit microcontroller and the MC34940, an electrical-field imaging device. 1.2.1 System Requirements This demonstration needs only a 12 V DC external power supply to work properly. 1.2.2 MC9RS08KA2 PADL Setup The MC9RS08KA2 PADL demonstration requires no setup. The board is distributed with the application loaded in the MC9RS08KA2 flash memory. Changing between functions depends on the switch position. Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 are pictures of the reference design board. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 7 Subject to Change Without Notice Designer Reference Manual Usage Notes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Figure 1-1. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Board (Front) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Figure 1-2. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Board (Back) Switch — Selects between piano and dimmer light. BDM connector Power supply Buzzer Dimmer electrodes Piano electrodes Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 8 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice To run the demonstration: 1. Put the switch in position 1 or position 2. a. Position 1 selects dimming mode. b. Position 2 selects piano mode. 2. Connect the 12 V DC power supply to the demo board. 3. Start pressing the electrodes. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 9 Subject to Change Without Notice Designer Reference Manual Usage Notes Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 10 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Chapter 2 Hardware Description 2.1 Introduction This section describes the module design and features. Figure 2-1 shows the basic blocks of each reference design component. Power Supply 3.3 V Regulator 1 DC Bulb, 1 Buzzer Switch Function 1 or 2 MC9RS08KA2 Electrical Field Electrodes Figure 2-1. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Building Block This demo has two functions (both use the electrical-field sensor): • Piano • Light dimmer 2.1.1 Piano Function In the piano function, MC9RS08KA2 is connected to the electrical field (MC34940), the seven electrodes (from the seven different musical notes), and a buzzer (Figure 2-2). Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 11 Subject to Change Without Notice Hardware Description MC34940 A B C MC9RS08KA2 B E7 Level E6 A E5 G E4 F E3 E D C E2 E1 Shield Power Stage Buzzer Figure 2-2. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Function 1 Logic Diagram 2.1.2 Dimmer Light Function When the demo runs in dimmer light function, the MC9RS08KA2 MCU is connected to an electrical field and DC bulb. The electrical field is also connected to a divided electrode. Figure 2-3 shows the logic block diagram for function 2. MC34940 A MC9RS08KA2 Level E1 Shield Power Stage DC Bulb Figure 2-3. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Function 2 Logic Diagram 2.2 Technical Data This section provides technical details of the MC9RS08KA2 PADL and components in this reference design. 2.2.1 MC9RS08KA2 Microcontroller Unit The MC9RS08KA2 is the control unit for the PADL and part of the RS08 family. MC9RS08KA2 features: • 8-bit RS08 CPU – Analog comparator (ACMP) Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 12 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice MC9RS08KA2 PADL Reference Design Architecture • • • – Keyboard interrupt (KBI) – Pending interrupt indication – Background debug mode (BDM) Reset, clock, COP watchdog 6-bit port with digital filtering and programmable rising- or falling-edge trigger Memory – 2K flash EEPROM – 63 bytes RAM MC9RS08KA2 functions: • Controls the MC34940 (electrical field) • Generates the pulse width modulation (PWM) for the dimming light and musical notes • Switches between PADL functions • Processes data 2.2.2 Electrical-Field Imaging Device (MC34940) MC34940 is a sensor that detects objects in an electrical field. In this demonstration, it detects the user’s hands. Features: • Supports up to nine electrodes and two references or electrodes • Shield driver for driving remote electrodes through coaxial cables • Lamp driver output • Watchdog and power-on reset timer • High-purity sine wave generator tunable with external resistor Function: • Relays electrode status to microcontroller 2.3 MC9RS08KA2 PADL Reference Design Architecture 2.3.1 MC9RS08KA2 The MC9RS08KA2 controls the application. The application occupies these modules: • General-purpose input/output pins (GPIO) • Analog comparator (ACMP) • Modulo timer (MTIM) 2.3.2 Electrical Field (MC34940) The MC34940 generates a low radio frequency sine wave with nominal 5 V peak-to-peak amplitude. An internal multiplexer routes the signal to one of seven terminals under the ABC input terminals. A receiver multiplexer connected to the selected electrode simultaneously routes its signal to a detector that converts the sine wave to a DC level. The DC level is filtered by an external capacitor, and that value is multiplied so the value offset is less sensitive to objects near the signal. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 13 Hardware Description A capacitor is formed between the driving electrode and the object, each forming a plate that holds the electrical charge. The voltage measured is an inverse function of the capacitance among the electrode being measured, the surrounding electrodes, and other objects in the electrical field surrounding the electrode. Increasing capacitance decreases voltage. The basic building block for these devices is found in Figure 2-4 and shows its connections and functionality, the shield module, and the electrode select. MC34940 VCCCAP ROSC 47 μF 47 μF 39 kΩ VDDCAP LPCAP MCU 10 nF Analog In Electrode Select LEVEL 3 A, B, C Shield Enable E1 SHIELDEN Field Electrodes (E1 through E7) +12 V VPWR E7 TEST AGND GND Figure 2-4. Electrical-Field Building Block 2.4 Board Layout The detailed layout, schematic, and bill of materials (BOM) of the MC9RS08KA2 PADL reference design are shown in this section. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 14 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice 2.4.1 PADL Components Board Figure 2-5. PADL Component Side 2.4.2 General Layout Explanation The circuit board layout considerations are dominated by: • Minimizing size • The need to conduct high currents into the module, to the power drivers, and then out of the module 2.4.3 PCB Board Size The circuit board size is 7.1 x 3.8 inches. 2.4.4 Component Placement Before laying out the PCB, components were placed on the PCB. Figure 2-6 shows the separated main blocks. Low-level analog, digital circuitry, and high-current switches were separated to maintain signal integrity. MC9RS08KA2 Switch Op Amps Power Supply Power Surge Light Bulb and Buzzer Electrical Field Piano and Light Dimmer Electrodes Figure 2-6. PADL Board and Main Blocks Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 15 Subject to Change Without Notice Hardware Description • • • • BDM Connector—Near the MC9RS08KA2 microcontroller. Power Stage Block—Digital devices are separated from the high-current management blocks. Electrical-Field Footprints—Electrodes must be near the electrical-field electrodes to avoid parasite capacitance. Via Dimensions and Spacing—Electrode spacing is 244 mil. The electrode width is 636 mil, and the electrode height is 1476 mil. The vias spacing is 35 mil. 2.4.5 Layout Layers 2.4.5.1 Top Layer The low-analog and digital signals are separated from battery and high current traces to avoid interference between the signals; the signals from the piano and dimmer electrodes are near the electrical-field device. Figure 2-7. Top Layer 2.4.5.2 Bottom Layer Similar to the top layer, the low-analog and digital signals are separated from battery and high current traces to avoid interference between the signals (Figure 2-8). Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 16 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Figure 2-8. Bottom Layer Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 17 Subject to Change Without Notice Hardware Description Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 18 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Chapter 3 Firmware Description 3.1 Introduction This section describes MC9RS08KA2 PADL firmware. 3.1.1 Firmware Basics This project was written using the CodeWarrior™ V 5.1 development tool. The application source file for this demo was written in assembly language. 3.1.2 Application Basics The application demonstrates how to connect the MC9RS08KA2 to the MC34940. 3.2 Project Introduction This section introduces and describes firmware implementation of the PADL project. 3.2.1 Coding Convention All source code was written using guidelines to make the final product more readable. The most important guidelines: • Variables—Begin in uppercase to distinguish between words. • Subroutines—In uppercase only at the beginning and are underscored to distinguish between words. • Macros—Uppercase; underscores distinguish between words. • Tags—In the first column of every row. 3.2.2 List of Project Files These files are required for the project: • Project files—PADL.mcp is the CodeWarrior Project file. • Configuration files—MC9RS08KA2.inc contains definitions. Derivative.inc contains watchdog feed macro. • Application source files—Main.asm contains the demonstration’s main application. 3.2.3 MCU Peripherals This section briefly describes the RS08 peripherals used in the project and summarizes the necessary microcontroller resources. The MC9RS08KA2 MCU is used in this demonstration with the SOIC 8-pin package. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 19 Subject to Change Without Notice Firmware Description 3.2.3.1 GPIO Module If the demonstration is in piano mode, the GPIO module is configured as follows: • Outputs—PTA1 (pin 7), PTA3 (pin 2), PTA4 (pin 6), and PTA5 (pin 5). • Inputs—PTA0 (pin 8) and PTA2 (pin 1). PTA3, PTA4, and PTA5 are the selectors of electrodes. PTA1 is the PWM output (this signal goes to a buzzer create a sound). PTA2 selects between function 1 and function 2. PTA0 goes to the level signal; it indicates whether an electrode was pressed. If the demonstration is in dimmer mode, the GPIO module is configured: • Outputs—PTA1 (pin 7) and PTA4 (pin 4). • Inputs—PTA0 (pin 8) and PTA2 (pin 1). PTA1 is needed to discharge a capacitor. This is necessary to emulate an ADC. PTA4 is the PWM output (this signal goes to a DC bulb). PTA0 is an input for the level signal; it goes to the ACMP. PTA2 selects between function 1 (piano) and function 2 (dimmer). 3.2.3.2 ACMP Module The ACMP module is configured for only the dimmer light. When the ACMP— is greater than ACMP+, an interrupt generates. With this we can determine the ADC value. ACMP+ is located in pin number 8 (PTA0). ACMP– is located in pin number 7 (PTA1). 3.2.3.3 MTIM Module The MTIM module emulates the ADC. The MTIM interrupts every 1 ms; this configuration works only for function 2. In function 1, the module interrupts every 40 counts. 3.2.4 Software Interrupts See Table 3-1 for software interrupts used in the MC9RS08KA2 PADL. Table 3-1. Interrupts Module Type of Interrupt Purpose ACMP Asynchronous Verify whether ACMP– is above ACMP+ MTIM Asynchronous Generate PWM Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 20 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Firmware Implementation 3.2.5 Main Variables of the Project These variables control module functionality: • Var • Times • SensorReading • C1 • C2 • CountsSet • CounterClr • CounterL • Counts • PCBuffer 3.2.6 Memory Usage Table 3-3 shows software memory usage of the MC9RS08KA2 PADL. Table 3-2. Memory Usage Memory Type Total Size (Bytes) Used Memory (Bytes) Free Memory (%) Flash 2048 491 Approx. 77% RAM 63 11 Approx. 82% 3.3 Firmware Implementation This section contains the complete description of the firmware included with the board. 3.3.1 Application When the switch is in position 1 (logic level 0), the application works on the piano demonstration. This function selects one of the seven electrodes and knows which was pressed (Figure 3-1and Figure 3-2). The application switches three pins (PTA3, PTA4, and PTA5) from 001 to 111 (see Figure 3-1, Figure 3-2, and Table 3-3); this signal is sent to the electrical field and then selects an electrode to read the level voltage. This is the main loop from this firmware section. NOTE The signals A, B, and C can be switched at least 2 ms after the last changes were made. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 21 Firmware Description MC34940 1 0 0 MC9RS08KA2 A E7 B C Level B E6 A E5 G E4 F E3 E2 E1 E D C Shield Power Stage Buzzer Figure 3-1. MC9RS08KA2 Piano and Dimming Switches Signals MC34940 1 1 1 MC9RS08KA2 A E6 B A E5 G E4 F E3 E D C E7 B C Level E2 E1 Shield Power Stage Buzzer Figure 3-2. MC9RS08KA2 Piano and Dimming Switches Signals Table 3-3. Signals Switch to Select a Pad Microcontroller Signals Electrical-Field Signals A B C 0 0 1 E1 Selected Pad C 0 1 0 E2 D 0 1 1 E3 E 1 0 0 E4 F 1 0 1 E5 G 1 1 0 E6 A 1 1 1 E7 B Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 22 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Firmware Implementation After the electrode is selected, it is assigned the number of counts necessary to generate a musical note. The counts and the MTIM (configured with a prescaler of 1 and 40 counts before interrupts) generate the PWM. The PWM subroutine requires the pulse in the middle of the period (Figure 3-2). If the pulse is not generated at the middle of the period, the resulting frequency is incorrect for the required note. 3.3 V 0% 50% 100% Figure 3-3. MC9RS08KA2 Piano and Dimming Light PWM After the sound is generated, the application reads PTA2 and executes the function depending on the switch position. If the switch changes to position 2 (logical level 1), the application works on the dimmer light. For this part of the firmware only one electrode is selected (signal A is active, signal C is set to GND). When the electrode is pressed, the ACMP detects the voltage change. Then a value is read from the ADC. This value is used to make a PWM and reveal the intensity light in a DC bulb. This application has only five light intensities. For more information about the firmware, refer to Figure 3-3. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 23 Firmware Description Start Configure MCU Configure MTIM Configure PTA5, PTA4, and PTA1 as Outputs no Is PTA2 pin set? yes Configure PTA4 as Output Scan Electrodes Configure MTIM no Is an electrode Discharge Capacitor pressed? yes Configure Analog Comparator Which electrode was pressed (Musical note)? Read Value from ADC Increment Times Variable Generate PWM yes Does times variable = 255? no no Is SensorReading ≤ 11? Configure MTIM yes Generate PWM Adjust sensor-reading variable for new PWM Figure 3-4. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Flowchart Diagram Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 24 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Firmware Implementation Appendix A. BOM and Schematics Table A-1. MC9RS08KA2 PADL Reference Design Bill of Materials Item QTY Reference Description Manufacturer Part Number 1 3 C3,C5,C8 0.01μ KEMET 399-1158-1-ND 2 3 C1,C4,C9 0.1 μ KEMET 399-3676-1-ND 3 2 C2,C10 10 μ KEMET 399-3687-1-ND 4 2 C6,C7 47 μ KEMET 7343-31(D-EIA) 5 1 R5 120 Ω Rohm RHM120CC-ND 6 3 R4,R6,R7 1 kΩ Panasonic P1.0KACT-ND 7 2 R10,R11 2.2 kΩ Yageo 311-2.2KARCT-ND 8 1 R8 39 kΩ Yageo 311-39.0KCRCT-ND 9 2 R2,R9 47 kΩ Yageo 311-47KARCT-ND 10 6 R1,R3,R12,R13, R14,R15 10 kΩ Yageo 311-10.0KCRCT-ND 11 2 NU Pot 100 kΩ Bourns 3266W-104-ND 12 1 NU Lm358DR – Op Amp 3-M 296-1014-1-ND 13 1 NU EG4208 – Switch E-Switch EG1914-ND 14 1 NU MMBT6427 – NPN Darlington Fairchild Semiconductor MMBT6427-FSCT-ND 15 1 NU Microcontroller Freescale Semiconductor MC9RS08KA2 16 1 NU Electrical Field Freescale Semiconductor MC34940 17 1 NU MMBT2222A – BJT Fairchild MMBT2222A-FDICT-ND 18 1 NU B0520WS-7-F – Diode Taiwan Semiconductor B0520WS-FDICT-ND 19 1 NU Buzzer Mallory 458-1064-ND 20 1 NU 7219 – Bulb Chicago Miniature CM7219-ND 21 1 NU 22 1 NU LM2937IMP-3.3 National – 3.3V Regulator Semiconductor PJ-002A – DC Power Jack CUI Inc LM2937IMP-3.3CT-ND CP-002A-ND Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 25 Firmware Description Figure A-1. PADL Block Diagram Schematic Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 26 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice Firmware Implementation Appendix B. Glossary • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ACMP – Analog comparator module. It provides a circuit to compare two analog inputs’ voltage or one analog input’s voltage to an internal reference. ADC – Analog to digital converter. Binary – Relating to the base 2 number system. Bit – A binary digit that has a value of logic 0 or logic 1. Byte – A set of 8 bits. DC – Direct current. EEPROM – Electrically erasable and programmable, read-only memory. Firmware – Instructions and data that control the operation of a microcontroller. MCU – Microcontroller unit, which is a complete computer system, including a CPU, memory, a clock oscillator, and Input/Output (I/O) on a single integrated circuit. PADL – Piano and dimming light. Port – A set of wires for communicating with off-chip devices. Prescaler – A circuit that generates an output signal related to the input signal by a fractional scale such as 1/2, 1/8, 1/10, etc. PWM – Pulse width modulation. Toggle – To change the state of an output from logic 0 to logic 1 or from logic 1 to logic 0. VBatt – Battery voltage. Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 Freescale Semiconductor 27 Firmware Description Piano and Dimming Light Using Ultra Low-End MCU and E-Field Sensor, Rev. 0 28 Freescale Semiconductor Subject to Change Without Notice How to Reach Us: Home Page: www.freescale.com E-mail: support@freescale.com USA/Europe or Locations Not Listed: Freescale Semiconductor Technical Information Center, CH370 1300 N. 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