Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
FIRE SAFETY
14 page student lesson - 1 of 14
D
eath from fires and burns is the fifth most common cause of unintentional death in the United States.
America’s fire death rate is one of the highest per capita in the industrialized world. The National Fire
Protection Association provided the following statistics as a snapshot of the true cost of fire in the
United States.
2008 Snapshot of the Cost of Fire in the United States:
l More than 3,500 civilians lost their lives as the result of fire.
l Over 16,700 civilian injuries occurred as the result of fire.
l There were 118 firefighters killed while on duty in 2008.
l Fire killed more Americans than all natural disasters combined.
l 84% of all civilian fire deaths occurred in residences.
l There were an estimated 1.5 million fires in 2008.
lDirect property loss due to fires is estimated at $15.5 billion. This figure includes
the 2008 California wildfires with an estimated loss of $1.4 billion.
l An estimated 32,500 intentionally set structure fires resulted in 315 civilian deaths.
l Intentionally set structure fires resulted in an estimated $866 million in property damage.
In order to protect yourself and those around you, it is important
to understand the basic characteristics of fire:
lFire spreads quickly.
You do not have time
to gather valuables;
get out immediately.
lThe smoke and hot air can
be as dangerous as the fire
itself, scalding lungs and
causing asphyxiation.
Continued on the next page
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-4
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
FIRE SAFETY CONTINUED
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F
ires need three ingredients:
2
1
3
igniter
an
(a match,
an electrical spark or
other source of
intense heat)
oxygen
fuel (something that
will burn—wood,
clothing, trash)
It is important to know the common ways fires can start, as well as general
prevention techniques and precautions for keeping a fire-safe home. It is
a good idea to keep an up-to-date fire extinguisher in a readily available
place in your kitchen and garage.
lInstall smoke alarms on every floor and
check the batteries regularly.
General Precautions
lMake sure you know your escape routes
and review them with your family and peers.
lSleep with your door closed.
lUse only the fuel designated for the heating
unit and follow all instructions.
Heating
Flammable Liquids
lKeep heaters away from flammable materials.
lKeep a screen in front of the fireplace and make sure all curtains
and drapes are safely out of the way.
lNever use flammable liquids (gasoline, naphtha, benzene) indoors.
lStore dangerous liquids in approved containers in well-ventilated
storage areas.
lNever use matches or smoke near flammable liquids.
Electrical Wiring
Matches and
Smoking
l
l
Have a certified electrician check your wiring.
l
Make sure there are no frayed cords or exposed wiring.
l
l
Keep matches and lighters away from infants and children.
Do not overload outlets.
Never smoke or use matches in bed.
Continued on the next page
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LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
FIRE SAFETY CONTINUED
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During a Fire
If your clothes catch on fire, stop, drop and roll until the fire is extinguished.
lCheck closed doors for heat before you open them. If it’s hot, DO NOT OPEN IT.
If it’s cool, open it slowly and check that the route is not blocked before escaping.
lWhen escaping, stay close to the ground to avoid the smoke and poisonous gases.
Hang a sheet from a window to signal for help if you are trapped.
lClose doors behind you as you leave to slow down the fire.
lCall 911.
lCool and cover burns. (See Lesson 7.5 for details on first aid for burns.)
S m o k e A la rm s S a v e L iv e s!
hs
T he m aj or it y of fi re -r el at ed de at
oc cu r in ho m es w it ho ut w or ki ng
tl y
sm ok e al ar m s. A sm ok e al ar m gr ea
re du ce s yo ur ch an ce s of dy in g in a
le d
fi re . Sm ok e al ar m s m us t be in st al
an d m ai nt ai ne d pr op er ly .
Smoke alarm
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-6
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
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I
mproper and unsafe electricity use can cause electric shock, electrocution,
burns, fires and explosions. Consider these annual statistics:
lElectrical hazards cause approximately 4,000 injuries and 400
deaths in the United States per year.
lLarge appliances are responsible for 10% of electrocutions
each year.
lElectrocutions from wiring hazards—including damaged or
exposed wiring and household wiring—total approximately
20% yearly.
Quick Notes
electrocution
jolts of electricity to the
body resulting from contact
with exposed conductors;
these can result in anything
from mild tingling to heart
lLadders contacting power lines cause 9% of electrocutions.
lIn another 5% of electrocution deaths, victims contacted highvoltage power lines, including train track high-voltage lines.
electrical safety
lPower tools are responsible for 9% of electrocution
deaths annually.
household electricity
lLandscaping, gardening and farming equipment cause
7% of electrocutions each year.
attack or death
make sure to use
safely—don’t overload
sockets, don’t use frayed
cords, use GFCIs, be careful
of outdoor power lines;
power tools and all
appliances carry risks
of electrocution if not
The Five Most Common Electrical
Hazards Found in Households
used properly
electricity injuries
1. overloaded electrical systems
2. wiring hazards, including old and improperly installed wiring
3. misuse of surge protectors, power strips and extension cords
4. contact with power lines
5. contact with electricity in large and small home appliances
cause 4,000 injuries and
Continued on the next page
Source: <http://www.cpsc.gov> Essential Health
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400 deaths every year
7.4-7
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
ELECTRICAL SAFETY CONTINUED
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Electrical Fires
Uncontrolled electricity flow or improper insulation where the wire is in contact with flammable
material can lead to fire. Be careful not to overload outlets. If you plug too many appliances into a
single outlet, too much current can be drawn from the outlet, potentially leading to fire.
Electrical Shock
Exposed wires or other conductors that come into contact with the body can produce electrical
shocks, which can range anywhere from a faint tingle to severe burns, heart attack or death. If you see
somebody “frozen” to an electrical current, immediately shut off the current. If that is not possible, use
a wooden board or other non-conducting material to push the person away from the current.
General Electricity Safety
Make sure never to run cords under or near flammable objects in the house, like rugs or carpets. Make
sure that all of the appliances and equipment you are using is in working order, without any cracked
insulation or frayed ends. Never put anything other than a plug or a plastic protector in any outlet;
this will lead to a direct flow of the current to the person touching the conductor. Always cover outlets
with plastic protectors if children can reach them. Do not use electrical appliances in the bathtub or
while you are wet: dropping a hair dryer in the bathtub could be fatal.
GFCIs
Wherever possible install Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCIs).
These special outlets automatically cut the flow of electricity to
a circuit when they detect a ground fault or electrical surge.
Before the invention and use of Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
(GFCIs), nearly 800 people died annually from household
electrocutions. Currently, fewer than 200 people die annually
from household electrocutions. Just like smoke alarms, GFCIs
should be tested on a regular basis to make certain they
are working properly.
GFCI outlet
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-8
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
CHEMICAL AND HOUSEHOLD POISONS
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T
hough you might not expect it, many common chemicals found around
the house are toxic and dangerous. Household cleaners in particular must
be handled with caution. Many require the use of gloves and eye protection
to avoid contact burns. All require sufficient ventilation to avoid toxic fumes.
All household chemicals must be properly stored away from heat and away
from children and pets.
Quick Notes
carbon monoxide
Common toxic household chemicals include:
a highly toxic by-product
of gas engines, wood-
Ammonia
Chlorine bleach
Drain cleaners
Oven cleaners
Pesticides
Paints
A volatile chemical found in some glass and
window cleaners, urine and some paints. It can
damage your eyes, skin and respiratory tract.
and gas-burning stoves
A strongly corrosive chemical that can damage
skin, eyes and respiratory tract. It is used as a
disinfectant and is found in many household
products. A stronger form of chlorine-based
bleach is often used in pool cleaners.
a naturally occurring gas
Cleaners used to clear up clogged drains; they
often contain strong chemicals such as lye,
hydrochloric acid or trichlorethane.
NEVER MIX these two
Cause burns to skin and eyes on contact.
Contain lye. Avoid contact with skin, eyes,
mucous membranes and clothing. Do not
ingest. Avoid breathing spray mist.
Often contain a variety of toxic and potentially
lethal chemicals. Must be handled with care.
Oil-based paints produce fumes that can damage
lungs, eyes and skin. Spray paints are easy to
inhale if not used in a properly ventilated place.
Polyurethane
Used to seal wood floors. It emits toxic fumes
and is flammable.
Glues and fixatives
May be harmful if inhaled. Liquid or vapor
may cause irritation of nose, throat and lungs.
Some forms of “super” glue bond skin and
eyelids instantly.
radon gas
that causes lung cancer.
Tests kits are available.
ammonia + bleach
chemicals! It produces
a toxic gas that can
be deadly.
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da ta ba se fo r
ho us eh old pr od uc ts
inf or ma tio n at
<h tt p: // ww w.
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LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
CHEMICAL AND HOUSEHOLD POISONS CONTINUED
7 of 14
CAUTION! Never Mix These Chemicals!
lAmmonia and bleach. Mixing these two chemicals creates
toxic and potentially lethal vapors.
lBleach and acids (including vinegar). Mixing bleach with
any acids produces chlorine gas, which can irritate the
skin and respiratory tract. In high doses, this combination
can result in death.
lDifferent brands of one type of product. Often they have
different active ingredients that create toxic reactions.
I f somebody is exposed to a poisonous gas, immediately remove
the source, ventilate the room and call 911.
Carbon Monoxide
or
Carbon monoxide detect
Carbon monoxide is an odorless and colorless toxic gas. At low
levels, carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, including
headache, dizziness, fatigue and nausea. At higher levels, carbon
monoxide poisoning can be fatal. Carbon monoxide can come
from gas-fired appliances, charcoal grills, wood-burning furnaces
or fireplaces and motor vehicles. Because carbon monoxide
is impossible to smell or see, it is essential that you install
carbon monoxide detectors in your home and ensure adequate
ventilation when working with a potential source of carbon
monoxide. If a carbon monoxide alarm goes off, immediately
open doors and windows and turn off all possible sources. If
anyone is feeling ill, evacuate the home and call 911 for help.
Radon Gas
Throughout the United States, radon gas occurs naturally from the
decay of radium in the soil. Radon gas trapped indoors is the second
leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. (smoking is #1) and causes
about 20,000 deaths each year. You cannot see, smell or taste radon
gas. Higher levels accumulate inside houses when windows are closed.
The Surgeon General recommends that all houses be tested for radon
gas using test kits that are available through hardware stores. Radon
gas trapped inside the house can be abated with ventilation systems.
Radon test kit
Source: <http://www.epa.gov/radon>
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-10
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
NUCLEAR RADIATION AND CHEMICAL POISONING
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N
uclear power plant reactor accidents, the release of toxic industrial
emissions into the air and water, accidents while transporting hazardous
materials and even terrorist attacks using chemicals or nuclear weapons
are all potential risks to our safety.
These events are referred to as technological disasters because they arise
from the misuse of high-tech facilities and materials. Usually, very little
warning precedes them. In some cases, people do not learn of exposure to
toxins until years later, when symptoms become evident.
Quick Notes
nuclear radiation
a by-product of nuclear
reactors, including power
Nuclear Radiation
plants and nuclear bombs.
Although nuclear power plants are closely regulated and monitored,
it is possible that an accident could happen. Local state and government
agencies are required to have emergency response plans.
Low levels cause burns,
The danger from a nuclear event is emitted radiation, which can be inhaled
or ingested without noticing. Radiation has a cumulative effect: the more you
have been exposed to, the worse the symptoms will be. Low levels of radiation
can cause burns and damage internal organs; higher levels cause death; longterm low-level exposure causes cancer. To minimize exposure to radiation,
there are three things to put between you and the source:
and death.
accidents, particularly
l distance
cancer; high levels cause
radiation poisoning
chemical poisoning
accidents
there are many types
of chemical poisoning
during transportation
l shielding (heavy, dense materials)
ltime (because radioactivity loses
its strength fairly quickly)
of hazardous materials
or accidental release
of industrial toxins
Chemical Dangers
Chemicals are used everywhere, in all parts of the country and in many different industries. Accidental
spills or leakage can occur during manufacturing, storage, transportation or disposal. Chemical spills can
be harmful to both people and the environment. If there is release of hazardous chemicals in your area,
listen to the news for information and instructions from the police or other authorities. Stay away from the
area. Remember that you cannot always see or smell the chemicals. Evacuate if you are told to do so. If you
are outside when the release occurs, try to go uphill or upwind of the dangerous area. If you are in a motor
vehicle, close all windows and air vents; when possible, stop and find shelter in a building. If you are told to
stay indoors, close all doors and windows and turn off all air conditioners. Go into an above-ground shelter
room with the fewest number of openings to the outside. Seal the room by covering all cracks with plastic
and duct tape. Use rags to fill holes and cracks in the room (such as those around pipes).
Continued on the next page
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LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
NUCLEAR RADIATION AND CHEMICAL POISONING CONTINUED
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A
lthough there has not been a successful foreign terrorist attack in the United States since September 11,
2001, we remain at risk for the types of attacks that have happened elsewhere in the world, from poison gas to
conventional bombs to “dirty” bombs that release radiation to potential nuclear bombs. The U.S. government
has established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate all federal and state law enforcement
efforts to protect us from terrorist attack. See <http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm> for up-to-date information
on alerts, advisories and safety guidelines for dealing with potential terrorist attacks.
Homeland Security Advisory System
The Homeland Security Advisory System is a color-coded system designed to alert the public to levels of
perceived threat from terrorists. There are five levels to the system: severe, high, elevated, guarded and low.
To learn more about the Homeland Security Advisory System and other methods of disaster management,
go to <http://www.DisasterHelp.gov>.
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-12
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
AVALANCHES, LANDSLIDES, EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES
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S
ome natural disasters are not directly related to weather conditions
(See Lesson 7.3) but are due to other geological factors. For example, if
you live in an area of the country that is located on a fault line, you may
experience earthquakes. Natural disasters are events that occur outside
human control and threaten lives and property. Sometimes we can predict
natural disasters by examining historical or regional patterns. Events such
as landslides, mudslides, earthquakes and volcano activity affect thousands
of people every year.
Quick Notes
avalanche/landslide/
mudslide
fast downhill movement
Avalanches and Landslides
of snow, earth or mud
Avalanches and landslides are similar phenomena. Each is triggered when
gravity and shifting conditions cause masses of snow, rock, earth, mud or
other debris to move down a slope. An avalanche can occur in any snowy,
mountainous terrain. Landslides occur all around the United States. A
mudslide or debris slide occurs when large quantities of water accumulate
on the ground due to rainfall or snowmelt, changing the earth into a
flowing river of mud. Avalanche, landslides and mudslides can occur at
great speeds (from 20 to 225 mph) with little or no warning.
earthquake
shaking or trembling of
the earth due to tectonic
shift or volcanic activity
volcano
release of molten rock
Watch for these signs of danger:
through the earth’s surface
lnew cracks appearing in the ground or in the
plaster of buildings
natural disasters
l water seeping through the ground in new locations
human control and threaten
l fences and trees beginning to move
l a deep rumbling sound
lthe ground beginning to slope or
move in one direction
events that occur outside
lives and property
What to do if you encounter an avalanche,
landslide or mudslide:
lMove away as quickly as possible. If you
are caught in the slide, curl into a ball
and protect your head with your arms.
lDo not try to go against the slide—
go with it. You may be able
to “swim” through it.
Mudslide
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LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
AVALANCHES, LANDSLIDES, EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES CONT.
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lAfterwards, move away from the slide area; further slides are possible. Check for trapped
or injured people without re-entering the danger area. Watch for tangential dangers like
broken electrical or gas lines and damaged roadways.
lCall 911 if possible.
lAvoidance is the best way to escape a slide. Be aware of your surroundings.
Follow posted warnings.
lNever ski or hike alone.
Earthquake damage
Earthquakes
n earthquake is a shaking or trembling movement of the earth caused by volcanic or tectonic forces.
A
Sometimes the movement is gradual, while other times it is brief, intense and destructive.
lSome areas are much more prone to earthquakes than others because they are near “fault
lines” where subterranean tectonic plates meet. You should know whether you live in
an earthquake-prone area.
lIt is impossible to know exactly when an earthquake will happen, although scientists
have developed models for predicting earthquakes with greater accuracy. If you live in an
earthquake area, you should take the following precautions for general readiness: repair
defective electric wiring in your house; place heavy or delicate objects on the ground or on
low shelves; install safety latches to keep kitchen cabinets closed to prevent broken glass
and household chemical spills.
lDuring an earthquake: stay indoors; take cover under a sturdy desk, table or against
an inside wall; move away from anything that could fall, including lights; stay inside until
the shaking stops and it is clearly safe to move. If you are outside, stay there and move
away from anything that could fall on you, including electrical wires and trees.
Continued on the next page
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LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-14
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
AVALANCHES, LANDSLIDES, EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES CONT.
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lBe prepared for aftershocks—secondary
shockwaves that follow the main
earthquake. If you are near the shore,
be aware of possible tsunamis (large
tidal waves) caused by earthquakes.
lFollow emergency alert information
and instructions from the authorities.
lCheck for ruptured gas or electrical lines
and stay clear of dangerous conditions
like failing debris and fire.
Tsunami
Volcanoes
A volcano is a vent in the earth through which
molten rock escapes to the surface. Eruptions occur
when too much pressure builds up. They can be
quiet or explosive.
Dangers associated with volcanoes include hot lava
flows, volcanic ash that can build up causing roofs to
collapse and the release of toxic gases.
Volcano
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lDuring an eruption, you should evacuate
immediately. Avoid low-lying areas and be
aware of possible mudflows.
lTo protect from ash and other toxic gases,
wear long-sleeved shirts and pants and
use a dust mask or cloth to help with
breathing. Stay inside unless the roof is in
danger of collapsing. Close all windows
and doors; seal ventilation into the house
including air conditioning.
lAvoid driving unless absolutely necessary.
lFollow emergency alert information and
instructions from the authorities.
7.4-15
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
NATURAL DISASTERS AND MENTAL HEALTH
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D
Quick Notes
post-traumatic
stress disorder
a condition that can
develop after exposure to
a life-threatening event.
Its symptoms may include
flashbacks, insomnia and
feelings of isolation, anger,
sadness and depression
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
isasters are not only physically dangerous; survivors’ mental health
is often impacted as well, ranging from minor emotional hardships to
full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is a condition that
can develop after exposure to a life-threatening event that may or may not
have caused physical injury. The generative event can be anything from
an accident to an earthquake to war. Symptoms may include flashbacks
(reliving the event), trouble sleeping, feelings of isolation, anger, sadness
and depression. PTSD can begin soon after the trigger event or months
afterwards. If you suspect you or someone you know has post-traumatic
stress disorder, seek professional help. Talking to a therapist can be an
effective way to treat this.
After a traumatic event, people may feel many different emotions—relief,
numbness, loss, anger, grief, fear, guilt and horror at the events that have
transpired. Emotional recovery may take many months, even years.
lKnow that it will take time for you to start to feel better both
physically and mentally. Healing is not a fast process. You may
experience physical health consequences related to anxiety,
insomnia and depression. Psychological symptoms may
persist for many years.
lTalk to somebody about your feelings, whether it is a physician,
family member, friend or teacher.
lIt is common to feel helpless, angry, anxious or aggressive.
lIt is not unusual to have bad dreams about the event, have
trouble sleeping or experience a loss of appetite. These are
all normal reactions to a traumatic event.
lTry to develop a set routine and follow it as much as possible.
It is important not to let the memory of the event influence
your life for years to come.
lMake sure to stay active. Exercise and participate in community
events. Do not isolate yourself from others.
lConsider seeking professional help if the feelings listed above
continue to persist.
lBe aware that the incidence of suicide increases significantly
for all age groups and both sexes after a natural disaster.
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-16
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LESSON 7.4
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
STUDY POINTS
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N o t e t o s e lf .. .
S T U D Y t h is !
1. Most residential fires occur in homes that are not equipped with working
smoke alarms. Smoke alarms save lives.
2. Carbon monoxide is an invisible and odorless toxic gas that can be deadly
in high quantities. It is important to have carbon monoxide detectors and
adequate ventilation to avoid buildup.
3.It is important to listen to the radio and news for instructions when dealing
with disasters such as radiation leaks or chemical spills. They can strike with
little warning and immediate evacuation may be necessary.
4. Never mix ammonia and bleach. It produces a toxic gas that can be deadly,
particularly in small, enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces.
5.Smoke can be nearly as dangerous as the fire itself. Hot air can scald the
respiratory tract and smoke can cause asphyxiation. It is important to stay
low to the ground to get fresh air.
6. Landslides, mudslides and avalanches can strike quickly and without
warning. Be careful of unstable areas when re-entering danger areas, even
if the main event seems to have passed.
7.After a traumatic event, it is best to talk to someone, whether it is a friend,
family member, teacher or therapist. Try to establish a regular routine and
use a support system to deal with the emotional difficulties of resuming
a normal life.
8.During an earthquake, stay inside and take cover under a small, sturdy desk
or table. Avoid windows and things that are likely to fall down. Be prepared
for aftershocks—secondary shocks that strike after the main event.
End of LESSON 7.4
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Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
LESSON 7.4
NOTES
Module 7—Injury and Prevention
LESSON 7.4— Fire Safety, Chemical Dangers & Natural Disasters
7.4-18
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